South Africa
| Charu cha South Africa 10 other official names[1]
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| Chiluso: "ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke" (ǀXam) "Unity in diversity" |
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| Nyimbo: "National anthem of South Africa" |
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| Msumba Waboma | ||||||
| Msumba usani | Johannesburg[3] | |||||
| Chiyowoyelo chaboma | 11 languages[1]
Languages with special status[4]
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| Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2019[5]) | ||||||
| Vipembezo |
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| Mwenecharu | South African | |||||
| Mtundu wa Boma | Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic with an executive presidency | |||||
| - | President | Cyril Ramaphosa | ||||
| - | Deputy President | Paul Mashatile | ||||
| - | Chairperson of the National Council | Amos Masondo | ||||
| - | Speaker of the National Assembly | Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Raymond Zondo | ||||
| - | Upper house | National Council | ||||
| - | Lower house | National Assembly | ||||
| Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||||
| - | Union | 31 May 1910 | ||||
| - | Statute of Westminster | 11 December 1931 | ||||
| - | Republic | 31 May 1961 | ||||
| - | Democratisation | 27 April 1994 | ||||
| Ukulu wa Malo | ||||||
| - | Malo | 1,221,037 km2 (24th) 471,443 sq mi |
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| - | Maji (%) | 0.380 | ||||
| Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu | ||||||
| - | 2022 estimate | 60,604,992 (2022 est.)[6] (24th) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 51,770,560[7]:18 | ||||
| - | Density | 42.4/km2 (169th) 109.8/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | |||||
| - | Total |  $990 billion[8] (33rd) |
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| - | Per capita | $16,090[8] (97th) |
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| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |||||
| - | Total |  $400 billion[8] (39th) |
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| - | Per capita | $6,485[8] (96th) |
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| Gini (2014) |  63.0[9]very high |
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| HDI (2021) | 0.713[10] high ·109th |
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| Ndalama | South African rand (ZAR) |
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| Mtundu Wanyengo | SAST (UTC+2) | |||||
| Kalembelo kasiku | Short formats: | |||||
| Woko la galimoto | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | ZA | |||||
| Intaneti yacharu | .za | |||||
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South Africa, icho ni Charu cha South Africa, ntcharu icho chili kumwera kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mtunda wa makilomita 2,798 (1,739 mi) ndipo chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Atlantic na Indian Ocean;[13][14][15] kumpoto kuli vyaru vya Namibia, Botswana, na Zimbabwe, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Mozambique na Eswatini. Kweniso charu cha Lesotho chili mukati mwake.[16] Ni caru ca kumwera comene pa caru ca Cikale, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kumwera kwa equator. Charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 miliyoni. Msumba wa Pretoria ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma, ndipo msumba wa Cape Town ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma. Malo gha Bloemfontein ghakumanyikwa kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyeruzgo.[17] Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na khoti likuru comene ni Johannesburg.
Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa mbanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.[15]Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi mba ku Europe (Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa), ku Asia (Ŵahindi ŵa ku South Africa na Ŵachinayi ŵa ku South Africa), kweniso ŵa mitundu yinandi (Ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa). Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ndimo viliriso na viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Chizulu (22.7%) na Chixhosa (16.0%). Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakulondezgapo ni vya ku Europe: Cifurikansi (13.5%) cikafuma ku Ciholandi ndipo nchakwamba ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu South Africa; Cingelezi (9.6%) cikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira caru.
Charu ichi nchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka mu Africa ivyo vindachitepo viwawa, ndipo kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku mavoti. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake mu South Africa ŵakapika wanangwa uwu mu 1994. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1948, chipani cha National Party chikamba kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali na nkhaza kwa African National Congress na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalimbananga na apartheid mu caru na kuwaro kwa caru, malango ghakupambaniska ŵanthu ghakamba kufiskika pakati pa ma 1980. Kwambira mu 1994, mafuko ghose na viyowoyero vyose vili na ŵimiliri mu vyaru ivyo vili na demokilase. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuchema charu cha South Africa kuti "charu cha chiŵingavula" chifukwa cha mitheto yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya apartheid.[18]
Charu cha South Africa chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Ni caru ico cikucita makora yayi, ndipo cili pa nambara 109 pa ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura. Banki ya Caru Cose yikati ni caru ciphya ico cikucita vyamalonda, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa ico cili na cuma cikuru comene ndiposo cacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghanandi agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu pa charu chose. Kufuma waka apo nkhaza zacigaŵa zikamalira, boma laŵikapo mtima comene pa vinthu vyawo kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu waŵa uwemi comene. Ndipouli, uphuvya, ukavu na kuleka kuyana vinthu vikulutilira, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵalije nchito mu 2021, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 60% ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu ndipo cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu ŵakukhala pasi pa $2.15 pa zuŵa.[19][20][21]
Zina
[lemba | kulemba source]Zina lakuti "South Africa" lili kufuma ku malo agho charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa. Pakwamba, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Union of South Africa mu Chingelezi na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu Chidachi. Kwamba mu 1961, zina lakwamba mu Chingelezi ni "Republic of South Africa" na Republiek van Suid-Afrika mu chiAfrikaans. Kwambira mu 1994, charu ichi chili na zina mu viyowoyero 11.
Mzansi, kufuma ku lizgu la Xhosa uMzantsi ilo likung'anamura "kumwera", ni zina la South Africa, apo maboma ghanyake gha Pan-Africanist ghakutemwa lizgu lakuti "Azania".[22]
Mbili
[lemba | kulemba source]Kufukura vinthu vyakale
[lemba | kulemba source]
Ku South Africa kuli malo ghanyake ghakale comene pa caru capasi agho ŵanthu ŵakusangako visomba.[23][24][25] Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga viswaswa vinandi mu mphanji zinandi mu chigaŵa cha Gauteng. Malo agha ghali kulembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Site, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni "malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga". Vinthu ivi ni Sterkfontein, malo agho ghali na visomba vinandi chomene vya ŵanthu, kweniso Swartkrans, Gondolin Cave, Kromdraai, Cooper's Cave, na Malapa. Mu 1924, Raymond Dart wakamanya kuti munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakamusanga ku Africa ni mwana wa Taung (uyo ŵakamusanga kufupi na Taung). Viwangwa vinyake vya ŵanthu vikusangika ku Makapansgat mu chigaŵa cha Limpopo; Cornelia na Florisbad mu chigaŵa cha Free State; Border Cave mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal; Klasies River Caves mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Cape; na Pinnacle Point, Elandsfontein na Die Kelders Cave mu chigaŵa cha Western Cape.
Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakaŵako mu South Africa vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kwambira na Australopithecus africanus, na Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano (Homo sapiens). Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa kwa vyaka 170,000. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵali kusanga vinthu vyakuzengera mu dambo la Mlonga wa Vaal.[26][27]
Kukula kwa mtundu wa Bantu
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Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa mlonga wa Limpopo (uno ni mphaka ya kumpoto na Botswana na Zimbabwe) m'ma 400 panji 500 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachimbizga, kuwukira, na kupoka ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan, Khoikhoi, na San. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti visimi vyakwambilira vya visulo mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal vikaŵako mu 1050. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakumwera chomene ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakafika ku Great Fish River, mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Eastern Cape Province. Apo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakamba kusama. Mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga, ŵanthu ŵali kusanga mizere yinandi ya malibwe pamoza na malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakaghapanga na zina lakuti Kalendala ya Adamu..[28][29]
Kufufuza kwa ku Portugal
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Mu 1487, munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake Bartolomeu Dias, ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kufika ku Africa.[30]Pa Disembala 4, wakakhira pa nyanja ya Walfisch Bay (iyo sono ni Walvis Bay mu Namibia). Malo agha ghakaŵa kumwera kwa malo ghakutali comene agho wakadangirapo, Diogo Cão wa ku Portugal, wakafikako mu 1485. Dias wakalutilira kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pamanyuma pa Janyuwale 8, 1488, wakaleka kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja chifukwa cha chimphepo, ndipo wakafuma mu nyanja na kujumpha ku Africa. Mu Meyi 1488, wakafika pa mtunda utali comene uwo ukaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, m'paka ku Rio do Infante. Wakati wawerako wakawona congo ico wakacicema kuti Cabo das Tormentas. Themba John II likathya malo agha kuti Cabo da Boa Esperança, panji Cape of Good Hope, cifukwa ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi vya ku East Indies.[31] Ivyo Dias wakacita vikulongosoreka mu buku la Luís de Camões lakuti Os Lusíadas.
Kuwusa kwa ŵa Dutch
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Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1600, charu cha Portugal chikamba kuchepa pa nkhani ya malonda gha vyakununkhira. Mu 1601, ŵimiliri ŵa British East India Company ŵakizanga ku Cape Cape kupenja vyakurya, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ascension Island na Saint Helena ni malo ghanyake ghakubisamamo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakamba kukopeka na nkhani iyi mu 1647, apo ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵa Dutch East India Company ŵakabira ngalaŵa ku Cape kwa myezi yinandi. Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ŵakasanganga maji ghawemi na nyama ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵakaseŵa vyakurya mu dongo liwemi. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Holland, ŵakaphalirako ŵanyawo kuti chirwa ichi chingaŵa "malo ghakusungiramo vinthu" kuti ŵagulire vyakurya vya ngalaŵa izo zikujumpha.[32]
Mu 1652, pakati pajumpha vilimika 150 kufuma apo ŵakasangira nthowa ya ku Cape, Jan van Riebeeck wakambiska malo ghakusungirako vyakurya ku Cape of Good Hope, uko kukazgoka Cape Town. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici awo ŵakacemekanga kuti vrijlieden. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakizaso na ŵazga ŵanandi kufuma ku Indonesia, Madagascar, na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe mtundu uphya wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, awo ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciholandi na Ŵakhristu.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakati ŵafika kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa awo ŵakendanga kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Vrijburg awo ŵakaŵa ŵalimi ŵakujiyimira paŵekha pa mphaka ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mba Boer, ndipo ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga umoyo wa kusama ŵakachemekanga kuti trekboers. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan kuti ŵathereske Ŵachixhosa. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikamba kurwa nkhondo, kweni vikatondeka kumazga nkhondo.[32]
Kuwusa na Ulendo Ukuru wa Britain
[lemba | kulemba source]Britain yikakora msumba wa Cape Town pakati pa 1795 na 1803 kuti uleke kuwusika na boma la France ilo likagalukira vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu 1803, msumba uwu ukaweleraso ku mazaza gha Ŵachidachi. Nkhondo za Napoleon zikati zamara, charu ichi chikapelekeka ku Britain ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaluta ku South Africa mu 1818 ndipo ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵaphya awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kugwira ntchito mu charu ichi.[33]
Mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1800, Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakasazgirako vigaŵa vyawo. Nkhondo ya Shaka yikalongozgera ku Mfecane ('kuswa'), uko ŵanthu 1 panji 2 miliyoni ŵakakomeka ndipo chigaŵa cha mukati mwa charu chikabwanganduka na kumara ŵanthu mu ma 1820.[34][35] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele, awo ŵakaŵa mphapu ya Ŵazulu, ŵakapanga ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya mu chigaŵa cha mapiri.
Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony uko ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain. Ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya Natal, Free State, na Transvaal. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska vyaru vya Boer: South African Republic, Natalia Republic, na Orange Free State.
Ŵakati ŵasanga dayamondi mu 1867 na golide mu 1884 mu charu ichi, vinthu vikasintha chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵalutilire kuŵawusa. Nkhondo ya kulamulira vinthu vyakuzirwa ivi yikaŵa cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakoleranenge na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.[36]
Pa Meyi 16, 1876, pulezidenti Thomas François Burgers wa ku South Africa wakapharazga nkhondo ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pedi. Themba Sekhukhune likathereska ŵasilikari pa Ogasiti 1, 1876. Ŵasilikari ŵa Lydenburg Volunteer Corps nawo ŵakathereskeka. Pa Febuluwale 16, 1877, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikalemba phangano la mtende ku Botshabelo.[37] Ŵaburu ŵakati ŵatondeka kukanizga Ŵapedi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burger ŵakafumako na kwamba kulamulira na Paul Kruger. Mu 1878 na 1879, ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa Britain ŵakathereskeka m'paka apo Garnet Wolseley wakathereskera Sekhukhune mu Novembala 1879 na ŵasilikari 2,000 ŵa Britain, Boers na 10,000 ŵa Swaziland.
Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu yikacitika mu 1879 pakati pa Britain na Ufumu wa Zulu. Fumu Carnarvon yikati yafika makora pa Canada, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali izo zikachitanga nthena, pamoza na ŵasilikari, zingawovwira maufumu gha mu Africa, vigaŵa vya mafuko, na vyaru vya Ŵaburu mu South Africa. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere wakatumika ku South Africa kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain. Pa masuzgo agha pakaŵa maboma gha Boer na ŵasilikari ŵa Zululand. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ŵakathereska Ŵabritishi pa Nkhondo ya Isandlwana. Paumaliro, charu cha Zululand chikathera pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo mtundu wa Zulu ukaleka kujiwusa wekha.
Nkhondo za ma Boer
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Maboma gha ma Boer ghakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ma Boer (1880-1881) pakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za nkhondo za ŵasilikari. Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakawelera na unandi wa ŵasilikari, maluso ghanandi, na nthowa yiphya mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer (1899-1902) ndipo, nangauli ŵakakomeka comene cifukwa ca kuyuzgika, kweni paumaliro ŵakawina. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakujumpha 27,000 ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakafwa mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya Britain.[38]
Kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku South Africa. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo izo zikacitika, ŵalimi ŵa mafuko gha Boer ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakachimbilira ku misumba kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Transvaal na Orange Free State kuti ŵakasange vyakukhumbikwa.[39]
Kujilamulila
[lemba | kulemba source]Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakasuskanga boma la Britain ndipo ŵakakhumbanga chomene kuti charu chawo chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu nyengo iyo charu cha Netherlands na Britain vikalamuliranga charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhananga yayi chifukwa cha mitundu yawo, kweni ŵakaŵikapo malango ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora mu charu ichi.[40][41][42][43][44]
Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kufuma apo Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya ku Boer yikamalira, ndipo pamanyuma pa vilimika vinayi vya kudumbiskana, Dango la South Africa Act 1909 likapeleka wanangwa wa kujilongozga apo likapangiska kuti South Africa yikhalenge yekha pa 31 May 1910. Boma ili likaŵa na vigaŵa vya Cape, Transvaal na Natal, kweniso Orange Free State. Mu 1913, dango la Natives' Land Act likakanizga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuŵa na malo ghawo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa na malo ghakukwana 7% pera. Pamanyuma, malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ghakakwera pachoko waka.[45]
Mu 1931, wupu uwu ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha pakuyana na ufumu wa United Kingdom. Mu vyaru vinyake vitatu vya mu Africa, Liberia, Ethiopia, na Egypt, vikaŵa vyambura mazaza. Mu 1934, chipani cha South African Party na National Party vikasazgikana na kupanga chipani cha United Party. Mu 1939, chipani ichi chikagaŵikana chifukwa cha umo wupu uwu ukanjilira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose.
Nyengo ya Apartheid
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Mu 1948, chipani cha National Party chikamba kuwusa. Likakhozga comene kusankhana mitundu uko kukamba mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Dutch na British. Pakugwiliskira nchito dango la ku Canada lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, boma la ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada likagaŵa ŵanthu wose mu mitundu yitatu (Ŵachizungu, Ŵachikuda, Ŵaindiya, na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana) ndipo waliyose wakaŵa na wanangwa wake. Ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵachoko (pasi pa 20%) ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa kuti apartheid. Nangauli ŵazungu ŵakaŵa na umoyo uwemi comene mu vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, nga umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vya ku Western, kweni ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene pa vigaŵa vyose, kusazgapo ndalama, masambiro, nyumba, na umoyo.[46] Chikalata cha wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikalembeka mu 1955 na wupu wa Congress Alliance, chikati ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu.
Pa Meyi 31, 1961, caru ici cikazgoka caru cakucemeka republic pamanyuma pa referendum (iyo yikaŵa yakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanalume ŵatuŵa pera) iyo yikapokelereka mwakukwana. Elizabeth II wakataya zina lakuti Fumukazi ya ku South Africa, ndipo Kazembe Mukuru waumaliro, Charles Robberts Swart, wakaŵa pulezidenti wa boma. Pakuti boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wasankhike na nyumba ya malango, pakaŵavya uyo wakimikanga. W. Dango la Botha la mu 1983, likawuskapo udindo wa nduna yikuru ndipo likakhazikiska "pulezidenti wankhongono" uyo wakaŵa na udindo ku nyumba ya malango. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika na vyaru vinyake vya Commonwealth of Nations, South Africa yikafumamo mu wupu uwu mu 1961 ndipo yikaweleramo mu 1994.
Nangauli boma likasuskanga muwuso wa katangale mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake, kweni likapeleka malango kuti muwuso uwu ulutilire. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma, ndipo nkhaza zikazara chomene, ndipo mawupu agho ghakatinkhanga apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organization, na Pan-Africanist Congress ghakachitanga nkhondo ya ŵasilikari na kunanga vinthu mu misumba. Magulu ghatatu agha ghakakumananga nyengo zinyake apo ghakakumananga kuti ghaŵe na mazaza. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la South Africa pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma, ŵakawovwira kuti paŵe vyeruzgo vya pa caru cose ndiposo kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo.[47][48]
Nyengo ya apartheid
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Mu 1974, Mangosuthu Buthelezi na Harry Schwarz ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith. Paumaliro, F.W. de Klerk wakamba kudumbiskana na Nelson Mandela mu 1993 kuti ŵasinthe ndondomeko na boma.
Mu 1990, boma la National Party likamba kumazga sankho apo likawuskapo dango lakukanizga ANC na mawupu ghanyake. Likamufumiska Nelson Mandela mu jere pamanyuma pa vilimika 27 ivyo wakakhala mu jele cifukwa ca kunanga vinthu. Pamanyuma pake, ŵakadumbiskana. Mu 1992, boma likapokera wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵazungu pa referendum, ndipo likalutilira kudumbiskana kuti ŵamazge nkhaza za katangale. Mu 1994, ku South Africa kukaŵa mavoti ghakwamba, ndipo ANC ndiyo yikawina. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma ili ndakukhora. Charu ichi chikaŵaso mu wupu wa Commonwealth ndipo chikaŵa mu wupu wa Southern African Development Community.
Ku South Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kukwera m'paka kufika mu magulu ghapakati panji ghapachanya, kweni unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵalije nchito ukakwera comene pakati pa 1994 na 2003. Ukavu pakati pa ŵazungu, uwo ukaŵa ucoko, ukakura. Boma likayezgayezga kuti liŵe na ndyali na ndarama kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ndondomeko ya United Nations Human Development Index yikakwera m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990 ndipo yikakhira kufuma mu 1995 m'paka 2005 pambere yindafike pa m'paka mu 2013. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kwachitika chifukwa cha mliri wa HIV/AIDS wa ku South Africa, uwo ukapangiska kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ku South Africa ukhale wa vyaka 62, mu 1992 kufika pa vyaka 53 mu 2005, kweniso chifukwa chakuti boma likutondeka kuchitapo kanthu pa suzgo ili.[49]
Mu Meyi 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 ŵakafwa pa viwawa. Wupu unyake ukati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake mwakuzomerezgeka na dango yayi, kweniso ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2006, wupu wa South African Migration Project ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakususka chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza mu charu chawo. Wupu wa UN High Commissioner for Refugees ukati mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000 ŵakapempha malo ghakubisamamo ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Zimbabwe, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Somalia. Kuphalizgana cifukwa ca nchito, mwaŵi wa bizinesi, mauteŵeti gha boma, na nyumba kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo na awo ŵakuŵapokelera. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kutinkhana ŵalendo, kweni wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukati mu 2011, nkhaza zafika paheni chomene. Ndipouli, pakuti South Africa yikulutilira kusuzgika na nkhani za kusankhana mitundu, nthowa yimoza iyo yikovwira njakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengepo malango, nga ni malango ghakukhwaskana na kusankhana mitundu.
Kufika mu 2020, macenjezgo ghanandi ghafumiskika kuti South Africa yili pafupi kunjira ku boma lakupeleŵera na ndarama za boma zambura kukhazikika, unandi wa ŵambura nchito, unandi wa milandu, vimbundi, mabungwe gha boma agho ghakutondeka na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeka.[50][51][52] [53][54]Mu 2022, wupu wa World Economic Forum ukati charu cha South Africa chili pangozi yakuparanyika ndipo ukati pali vinthu vikuruvikuru vinkhondi ivyo vingatimbanizga charu ichi.[55] Mulara wa vya ndalama wa ku South Africa, Dondo Mogajane, wakati, "SA yikulongora vimanyikwiro vya boma ilo likutondeka". Jay Naidoo, uyo wakaŵa nduna, wakayowoya kuti caru ca South Africa cili mu suzgo yikuru ndipo cikulongora kuti nchakutondeka, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵazamusanga nchito yayi. Dawie Roodt, mulembi mukuru wa vyachuma wa Efficient Group wakati caru cili mu suzgo yikuru, "Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵaŵa ŵakavu comene kwa vyaka 10. Iyo wakati wakwenjerwa comene cifukwa cakuti "ŵanthu 32 miliyoni ŵakusanga ndalama ku boma. Boma lingakwaniska yayi kuchita nthena".[56] Neal Froneman, mulara wa kampani ya Sibanye-Stillwater, wakati upusikizgi uli kuthera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti para ŵagura vinthu, ŵakuchita 'vyakupusikizgira nga ni vigeŵenga.' "Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵapangiska suzgo ili ndipo ŵakucita kalikose yayi. Boma lingatondeka kulimbana nalo cifukwa likususkana na maghanoghano ghawo". Pulofesa Eddy Maloka, wa pa Institute of Risk Management, wakati: "Chipani cha ANC chatipa suzgo likuru. Ŵazgora suzgo lawo kuŵa lithu. Maboma gha mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu charu ichi ghawa. Tikulaŵiska umo mizi yikubwangasukira". Pulofesa David Himbara wakati: "Charu cha South Africa chili na boma la chipani chimoza. Mu Meyi 2023, Chairman wa Sygnia, Magda Wierzycka, adati "machenjezo oti South Africa ikhale boma lolephera akuchedwa kwenikweni ′′ tili kale kumeneko".[57]
Makhalilo gha charu
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Charu cha South Africa chili kumwera chomene kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghakukwana 1,219,912 km2 (471,011 sq mi). Kwambura kupenda virwa vya Prince Edward, caru ici cili pakati pa latitude 22° na 35° S, na longitude 16° na 33° E. Charu cha South Africa chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili pa mtunda wa pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 2,100. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo chili na mapiri ghanandi chomene. Malo agha ghali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghakuru agho ghakumwera na ghapacanya nkhanira ghakucemeka Drakensberg. Mafadi mu Drakensberg pa mamita 3,450 (11,320 ft) ndiyo yili pachanya chomene. Mphepete mwa chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal na Lesotho pali chigaŵa cha Great Escarpment icho chili pachanya pa mamita 3,000.
Chigaŵa chakumwera na kumwera kwa mapiri (pa mtunda wa mamita 1,100 na 1,800) na chigaŵa cha pasi (pa mtunda wa mamita 700 na 800) chikuchemeka Great Karoo. Kumpoto kwa charu ichi, chipalamba cha Great Karoo chikunjira mu chipalamba icho chikuchemeka Bushmanland. Chigaŵa chapakati cha kumafumiro gha dazi na cha pachanya nkhanira cha chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Highveld. Malo agha ghali na maji ghanandi, ndipo ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene mu charu ichi. Kumpoto kwa Highveld, kufuma pa 25° 30' S latitude, chigaŵa ichi chikukhilira ku Bushveld, ndipo paumaliro chikuchemeka Limpopo River lowlands panji Lowveld.[58]
Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja icho chili kusi kwa Great Escarpment, icho chikwenda mu nthowa ya mawoko kufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, chili na chigaŵa cha Limpopo Lowveld, icho chikunjira mu Mpumalanga Lowveld, kusi kwa Mpumalanga Drakensberg (chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Great Escarpment). Malo agha ngakotcha comene, ngakomira, ndipo ghakulimika comene yayi kuluska malo gha Highveld agho ghali pacanya pa mapiri. Kruger National Park, iyo yili mu vigaŵa vya Limpopo na Mpumalanga kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, yili na malo ghakukwana 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi).[59]
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Mphepete mwa nyanja, kumwera na kumwera kwa mphepete kwa Great Escarpment, kuli mapiri ghanandi gha Cape Fold Mountains agho ghakwenda lumoza na mumphepete mwa nyanja.[60][61] (Mapiri agha ghali pa mapu, kumalyero. Wonani umo mapiri agha ghakambira kumpoto kwa Great Escarpment.) Charu icho chili pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg kumwera na Swartberg kumpoto chikuchemeka Little Karoo, ndipo chili na makuni ghakupambanapambana ghakuyana waka na gha Great Karoo. Malo gha Little Karoo ngakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kulima viyuni vyakuchemeka ostrich. Chigaŵa chakumpoto kwa Swartberg m'paka ku Great Escarpment ndicho chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Karoo, icho nyengo yake na vyakumera vyake vikupambana yayi na vya ku Karoo. Mphepete mwa nyanja pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg muli vula zinandi izo zikulokwa chaka chose. Cikaŵa cakumanyikwa cifukwa ca nkhorongo zinandi izo zili mu caru ca South Africa.
Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, cirwa ca Cape Peninsula ndico cili kumwera comene kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilumba cha Cape chili na mphepo ya Mediterranean, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti chigaŵa ichi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi nacho ndivyo viŵe vyekha mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara uko kukulokwa vula yinandi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi.[62][63] Mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Cape Peninsula kuli Nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Cape Fold ghakumalira pa latitude 32° S, ndipo pamanyuma pake Great Escarpment yikumalira pa nyanja. Chigaŵa chakumwera chomene cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ichi chikuchemeka Swartland and Malmesbury Plain, ndipo ni malo ghakulimira tirigu. Chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto chomene chikuchemeka Namaqualand. Para vula yikuwa pachoko, kanandi yikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi.
South Africa nayo wali na malo gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja, chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Prince Edward Islands, icho chili na chirwa cha Marion (290 km2) na Prince Edward Island (45 km2) (kusazgikana yayi na chigaŵa cha Canada icho chili na zina lenelili).
Nyengo
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Charu cha South Africa chili na mphepo yakuzizima chifukwa chili kuzingilizgika na nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean ku vigaŵa vitatu, ndipo chili ku Southern Hemisphere. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivi vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakupambanapambana. Vyaru ivi vili mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Nyengo ya chiwuvi mu South Africa yikuŵa pakati pa Juni na Ogasiti. Ku chigaŵa chakutali chomene cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli nyengo yakuyana na ya ku Mediterranean. Malo agha ndigho ghakupangira vinyo linandi ku South Africa ndipo ghakumanyikwa na mphepo izo zikuputa pafupifupi cilimika cose. Pakuti mphepo iyi yikaŵa yankhongono comene, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa ŵakasuzgikanga comene kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, vula yikuwira mwakuyana waka chaka chose, ndipo malo agha ngakutowa. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikukwera chomene kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Lowveld, chomenechomene kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chigaŵa cha Free State ntchakudikanya comene cifukwa chili pakati pa mapiri. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Vaal, malo gha Highveld ghakuthirira makora ndipo ghakuŵa na chithukivu yayi. Johannesburg, mu mphepete mwa Highveld, yili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,740 (5,709 ft) pachanya pa nyanja ndipo yikulokwa mvula ya mamita 760 pa chaka. Mu chigaŵa ichi nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima, nangauli chiwuvi chikuŵa chichoko.
Malo ghakuzizima chomene mu charu cha South Africa ni Buffelsfontein ku Eastern Cape, uko kukazizima chomene mu 2013. Virwa vya Prince Edward vili na mphepo zakuzizima comene, kweni ku Buffelsfontein kuzizima comene. Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu cha South Africa ndimo muli kutentha chomene: mu 1948 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape cha Kalahari kufupi na Upington mukaŵa kutentha kwa 51.7 °C (125.06 °F).
Kusintha kwa nyengo ku South Africa kukupangiska kuti kuthukira kwa maji kuchepeko. Vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha vula vikuwoneka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakwenjerwa comene na nkhani iyi cifukwa cakuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, nga ni umo maji ghakukhalira. Vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro comene pa caru, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu na vinthu vinyake vyambenge kusuzgika. Kuyana na ivyo likusanda boma la South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa, mu 2050 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape kuzamuŵa chithukivu chikuru chomene. Vikuwoneka kuti malo gha Cape Floral ghazamusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo. Vyakumera vinandi vizamumara chifukwa cha chilangalanga, moto uwo ukubuka kanandi waka, kweniso chifukwa cha kuthukira kwa nyengo. Ku South Africa kukaŵa malipoti ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa nyengo mu 2011 na 2016. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska mphepo zinandi chomene za carbon dioxide, ndipo chili pa nambara 14. Nga umo charu cha South Africa chikapelekera ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, charu ichi chajipeleka kuti chileke kunjizga poyizoni pakati pa 2020 na 2025.[64]
Vinthu vyakupambanapambana
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Pa Juni 4, 1994, charu cha South Africa chikalembapo chikalata pa Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha chikalata ichi pa Novembala 2, 1995. Kufuma apo, wupu uwu ukalemba pulani ya vyakucita na ndondomeko ya vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana iyo yikapokera pa ungano uwu pa Juni 7, 2006. Pa vyaru 17 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, charu ichi chili pa nambara 6. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyalo vinandi vya ku South Africa vyamba kulondezga vyalo vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi.
Mu chipalamba ichi muli vinyama vinandi chomene nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe wa ku Africa, cheetah wa ku South Africa, southern white rhinos, blue wildebeest, kudus, impalas, hyena, hippopotamus na giraffe wa ku South Africa. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Bushveld chili kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, kusazgapo Kruger National Park na Sabi Sand Game Reserve. Ku South Africa kuli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vikukhala ku malo agha.
Kuzakafika mu 1945, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga mitundu yakujumpha 4,900 ya tusomba (kusazgapo tusomba uto tukupangiska nthura). Mu 2006, ku South Africa kukaŵa vyakumera vyakukwana mitundu 200,000, kweni vikayananga yayi na vyakumera vinyake. Usange ndimo viliri nadi, mbwenu hona wa ku South Africa ni mucoko comene kuluska vyakumera. Mu vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru vya ku South Africa, viyuni vinandi vikupambana chomene na vyakumera. Ndondomeko ya vyamoyo na ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikulongosorapo yayi za bowa (kusazgapo bowa uyo wakupangiska nthura).
Ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vinandi, ndipo kuli vyakumera vyakujumpha 22,000. Malo agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ni malo ghakuliskako vyakumera, comenecomene ku Highveld, uko kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, makuni ghapasi, na makuni gha acacia. Vyakumera vikusangika viŵi yayi kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi cifukwa ca vula yichoko. Mu Namaqualand muli vyakumera vinandi ivyo vikusunga maji nga ni aloyi na euphorbia. Ndipo kuyana na wupu wa World Wildlife Fund, ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, vyakumera na minga vikukura chomene. Mu chigaŵa ichi, kufupi na kumpoto kwa Kruger National Park, muli makuni ghanandi gha baobab.[65]
Vinyama vinandi ivyo vikukhala mu nkhorongo iyi vili mu chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Western Cape, ndipo vili na vyakumera vyakujumpha 9,000. Vinyama ivi ni vinandi chomene kuluska nkhorongo ya Amazon. Vipasi vinandi ni vyakumera vyakukhora ivyo vikuŵa na mahamba ghakutowa nga gha singano. Mtundu unyake wa vyakumera vya mu South Africa ni Protea. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera vinandi, kweni malo ghakukwana 1% gha charu ichi ni nkhorongo. Nanga ni makuni ghapusu comene ghakumara moto. Vipambi vinandi vya makuni gha ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene makuni gha eucalyptus na pine, ivyo ni vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake.
Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca South Africa caleka malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, kukura kwa vinthu, na kudumulika kwa makuni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Charu ichi chili na chiŵerengero cha 4.94/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172. Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika comene na vinyama vya mitundu yinyake, ndipo vyamoyo vinandi (nga ni viyuni vya black wattle, Port Jackson willow, Hakea, Lantana na Jacaranda) vikupweteka comene vyamoyo vya mu caru ici kweniso maji agho ghalipo. Nkhorongo yakwamba iyo yikasangika na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe, ŵakayigwiliskira nchito m'paka pakakhala tuvigaŵa tuchoko waka. Pa nyengo yasono, makuni ghanyake gha ku South Africa nga ni yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), na black ironwood (Olea capensis) ghakuvikilirika na boma. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵakakoma viyuni 1,215 mu charu ichi. Pakuti mu South Africa muli vyakumera vinandi (vinandi mwa vyakumera ivi vikusangika ku Karoo), ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupenja vyakumera.[66]
Ŵanthu
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Charu cha South Africa chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 60 miliyoni (kwambira mu 2021) ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana, viyowoyero, na visopa. Kafukufuku waumaliro uyu wakacitika mu 2011, ndipo pa caka cilicose ŵanthu ŵakweruzgika. [67]Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni awo ŵiza kwambura kuzomerezgeka, kusazgapo ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe.[67][68][69] Mu Meyi 2008, pakachitika viwawa vinandi vyakwimikana na ŵalendo.
Wupu wa Statistics South Africa ukupempha ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongore ŵekha mu vigaŵa vinkhondi. Pa kalembera wa 2011, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa: Ŵachikuda ŵa ku Africa 79.2%, Ŵachizungu 8.9%, Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake 8.9%, Ŵachindi panji Ŵaciindiya 2.5%, na Ŵanyake/Ŵambura Kuzunulika 0.5%.
Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchimbilira ku caru cinyake. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa U.S. Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira kwawo na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake yikati mu 2007, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 144,700. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Zimbabwe (ŵanthu 48,400), DRC (ŵanthu 24,800), na Somalia (ŵanthu 12,900) ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 awo ŵakacimbira na kupenja ciphokwero. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, na Port Elizabeth.[70]
Viyowoyelo
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Ku South Africa kuli viyowoyero 11 vyakuzomerezgeka: Chizulu, Chixhosa, Chifurikansi, Chingelezi, Chipedi, Chitswana, Chisotho cha Kumwera, Chitsonga, Chiswazi, Chivenda, na ChiNdebele cha Kumwera (mwakuyana na awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chakwamba). Pa nkhani iyi, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pamanyuma pa Bolivia, India, na Zimbabwe. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose ni vyakuyana, kweni viyowoyero vinyake vikuyowoyeka chomene kuluska vinyake. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Chizulu (22.7%), Chixhosa (16.0%), na Chifurikansi (13.5%). Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi nchakumanyikwa kuti nchiyowoyero ca malonda na sayansi, kweni ni ciyowoyero cacinayi ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu caru ici, ndipo pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafumbika mu 2011, ŵanthu 9.6% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri pa viyowoyero vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuwaro kwa nyumba zawo.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, na Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku South Africa.[71] Viyowoyero ivi vingagwiliskirika ntchito mu vigaŵa vichoko waka uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoekhoe ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku malo agha, vikusangika kumpoto kwa Namibia na Botswana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakukhala ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kuleka kuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo viyowoyero vyawo vinyake vili pafupi kumara.
Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵangayowoyaso viyowoyero vya ku Europe, nga Chiitaliya, Chiphwitikizi (ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola na Mozambique ŵakuyowoya), Chidachi, Chijeremani, na Chigiriki. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi.
Chisopo
[lemba | kulemba source]Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, Ŵakhristu ŵakaŵa 79.8% ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana vya Chipulotesitanti (ivyo vikusazgapo matchalitchi gha ku Africa) kweniso Ŵaroma na Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵachoko waka. Mu gulu la Ŵakhristu muli Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Ziyoni (11.1%), Ŵapentekosite (Charismatic) (8.2%), Ŵaroma Katolika (7.1%), Ŵamethodisti (6.8%), Ŵachidachi Ŵakunozgekera (6.7%), na Ŵanglican (3.8%). Ŵanthu ŵanyake 36 pa 100 ŵali mu visopa vinyake vya Cikhristu. Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.5% ca ŵanthu, Ŵahindu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.2%, visopa vya ku Africa vikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.3% ndipo Ciyuda cikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.2%. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15.1% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, 0.6% ŵakaŵa "ŵanyake", ndipo 1.4% ŵakaŵa "ŵambura kumanya chisopa chawo".[73][74][75]
Matchalitchi agho ghakafuma ku Africa ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali mu cisopa cilicose yayi ŵakalondezganga cisopa ca ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 200,000 awo ŵakuchizga ŵalwari, ndipo ŵanthu 60 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuluta ku ŵanthu aŵa. Ŵakuchizga aŵa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vigomezgo vya ŵasekuru na kugomezga kuti vyamoyo vya mu malo agha ni vyamzimu kweniso ni vyakuti vingovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na visambizgo vya cisopa ivyo vikusazgapo visambizgo vya Cikhristu na vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha.
Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na ŵa ku India. Ŵasambiri ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵali kung'anamukira ku cisopa ca Ciarabu na Cizungu, kweniso awo ŵali kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵali kutorana nawo. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya kuti cisopa cawo ndico cikukura mwaluŵiro comene mu caru ici.[76][77]
Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 120,000 mu ma 1970, kweni lero ŵalipo 67,000 pera, ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca Ŵayuda mu South Africa ciŵe ca nambara 12 pa caru cose.[78]
Masambilo
[lemba | kulemba source]
Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 88.7%. Ku South Africa kuli masukulu gha vigaŵa vitatu. Ŵasambiri ŵakusambira kwa vyaka 12, kwambira mu kilasi 1 m'paka 12. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa gredi R ŵakwamba kusambira pambere ŵandafike ku pulayimale. Sukulu za pulayimale zikuchitika kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakutora vilimika vinkhondi. Para munthu wakwaniska kilasi la nambara 12, wakuŵa na chiyezgelero cha National Senior Certificate. Masukulu ghapacanya pa boma ghakupambana mu mitundu yitatu: masukulu ghapacanya ghacilengiwa, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku yunivesite; masukulu gha sayansi (agho kale ghakacemekanga technikon), agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku nchito; na masukulu ghapachanya, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha mitundu yose yiŵiri. Ku South Africa kuli maunivesite 23 gha boma: 11 ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu wose, 6 gha sayansi, na 6 ghakupambanapambana.
Mu nyengo ya apartheid, masukulu gha ŵanthu ŵafipa ghakaŵanga na sankho chifukwa cha ndalama zakukwana yayi kweniso pakaŵa ndondomeko yinyake yakuchemeka Bantu Education.
Mu 2004, charu cha South Africa chikamba kunozga masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni ŵa masukulu ghapachanya ŵawovwirika na ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa ndalama iyo yikamba mu 1999.[79]
Umoyo
[lemba | kulemba source]
Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa (South African Institute of Race Relations) ukati mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 71, ndipo ŵafipa vyaka 48. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vya cipatala ni pafupifupi 9% ya GDP. Pafupifupi 84% ya ŵanthu ŵakuthemba wovwiri wa boma wa vyaumoyo. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 20 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwiliskira nchito wovwiri wa boma. Ŵanthu 16 pera ndiwo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala; ŵanyake wose ŵakujilipira ŵekha panji ŵakupokera wovwiri wa mu chipatala. Mabungwe ghatatu gha vipatala, Mediclinic, Life Healthcare na Netcare, pamoza ghakwendeska 75% ya msika wa vipatala vyapadera.[80]
Edesi (HIV/AIDS)
[lemba | kulemba source]
Lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2015, likati ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 7 miliyoni awo ŵali na HIV. Mu 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV (ŵakujumpha vyaka 15 m'paka 49) chikaŵa 20.4%, ndipo mu chaka chenechicho ŵanthu 71,000 ŵakafwa na matenda gha AIDS.[81]
Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2008, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵali na HIV. Pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, 13.6% ŵali na HIV, apo pa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, 0.3% pera ndiwo ŵali na HIV. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufwa cifukwa ca matenda gha AIDS ŵakuŵa na ndalama zinandi. Ku South Africa kuli ŵana ŵalanda 1,200,000.
Kwa nyengo yitali, pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki na nduna yake ya vyaumoyo, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, ŵakakana kuti HIV, nthenda iyo yikuthandazgika na kugonana, na AIDS vikukolerana. Mu 2007, boma la Britain likamba kulimbana na matenda gha AIDS cifukwa ca kucenjezgeka na vyaru vinyake. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2009, Purezidenti Jacob Zuma adasankha Aaron Motsoaledi kukhala nduna ya zaumoyo ndipo adadzipereka ku boma lake kuti liwonjezere ndalama zoyendetsera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa chithandizo cha HIV, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2015, South Africa idapita patsogolo kwambiri, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mankhwala a antiretroviral zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo chiwonjezeke kuchokera zaka 52.1 mpaka zaka 62.5.[82]
Chitauni
[lemba | kulemba source]Pa webusayiti yinyake pali madera ghakujumpha 12,600 mu South Africa. Maofesi gha munthavi gha ku South Africa[83]
.
| Mndandanda | Province | Ŵanthu | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Johannesburg  Cape Town |
1 | Johannesburg | Gauteng | 9,167,045 |  Durban  Pretoria | ||||
| 2 | Cape Town | Western Cape | 4,004,793 | ||||||
| 3 | Durban | KwaZulu-Natal | 3,661,911 | ||||||
| 4 | Pretoria | Gauteng | 2,437,000 | ||||||
| 5 | Gqeberha | Eastern Cape | 1,263,051 | ||||||
| 6 | Vereeniging | Gauteng | 957,528 | ||||||
| 7 | Soshanguve | Gauteng | 841,000 | ||||||
| 8 | East London | Eastern Cape | 810,528 | ||||||
| 9 | Bloemfontein | Free State | 759,693 | ||||||
| 10 | Pietermaritzburg | KwaZulu-Natal | 679,766 | ||||||
Boma
[lemba | kulemba source]
Charu cha South Africa chili na boma laparamende, kweni mwakupambana na maparamende ghanyake, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma kweniso mutu wa boma. Wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakwimika malango na wupu wakweruzga, vyose vikukolerana na Dango la South Africa, ndipo makhoti ghapachanya ghali na mazaza gha kulekeska malango gha wupu wakulongozga na malango gha Nyumba ya Malango usange ghakususkana na dango. Nyumba ya Malango, iyo ni nyumba yaciŵiri ya boma, yili na ŵanthu 400 ndipo yikuŵa na ŵimiliri. Wupu wa vigaŵa, uwo ni nyumba yikuru, uli na mamembara 90, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa 9 chikusankha mamembara 10.[86]
Para maungano ghaparamende ghajumpha, wupu wa National Assembly ukusankha yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu wupu uwu kuŵa pulezidenti. Palije pulezidenti uyo wangaŵa pa udindo nyengo zinandi kuluska ziŵiri. Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na nduna izo zikuyimira dipatimenti yinyake. Nyumba ya Malango yingawuskapo purezidenti na nduna za boma mwa kuleka kugomezga. Pa chisankho chaposachedwapa, chomwe chinachitika pa 8 May 2019, ANC inapeza 58% ya mavoti ndi mipando 230, pamene chipani chachikulu chotsutsa, Democratic Alliance, chinalandira 21% ya mavoti ndi mipando 84. Gulu la Economic Freedom Fighters, ilo likakhazikiskika na Julius Malema, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa ANC Youth League ndipo pamasinda wakafumiskika mu ANC, likapokera mavoti 11% na vithuzithuzi 44. Kufuma apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ANC ndiyo yikulongozga mu South Africa.[86]
Charu cha South Africa chilije msumba ukuru. Cipaturo cacinayi ca dango ili cikuti: "Malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ni Cape Town, kweni Dango la Nyumba ya Malango ilo lalembeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya 76 (1) na (5) lingapangiska kuti malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ghaŵe kunyake". Maboma ghatatu gha mu caru ici ghali kugaŵika mu misumba yakupambanapambana. Msumba wa Cape Town, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; Pretoria, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; ndipo Bloemfontein ndiwo msumba ukuru wa khoti likuru la apilu. Maboma ghanandi gha vyaru vinyake ghali ku Pretoria.[87]
Kwambira mu 2004, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵankhaza. Pali milandu yinandi ya nkhaza za ndyali kweniso kuthaskika kwa nkhaza izo zikususkana na dango la chalo, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona vya ndyali na mawupu gha wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakuti pali panji pangaŵa suzgo la nkhaza za ndyali.[86][87]
Mu 2008, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru 48 vya mu Africa. Boma la South Africa likaŵa na masambiro ghapachanya pa nkhani ya malango, kujikora na vimbundi, kweniso vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kweni likaŵa na masambiro ghachoko pa nkhani ya chivikiliro. Mu 2006, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.
Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku South Africa ndiyo njakwenelera. Malamulo gha ku South Africa ghakafuma ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Roma na ŵa ku Netherlands, kweniso ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku England.[88] Dango lakwamba la ku Europe ilo likakhazikiskika ku South Africa likafuma ku Dutch East India Company ndipo likucemeka dango la Ŵaroma na ŵa ku Netherlands. Dango ili likatoleka pambere dango la ku Europe lindanozgeke na kunjizgika mu Dango la Napoleon. Mu ma 1800, boma la England likamba kulondezga malango gha boma. Pamanyuma pa kuwungana mu 1910, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa na nyumba yake ya malango iyo yikapeleka malango ghakukhwaskana na charu ichi. Makhoti agha ni: Khoti Likuru Chomene (Supreme Court of Appeal) na Khoti Likuru Chomene (Constitutional Court).
Ubale na vyaru vinyake
[lemba | kulemba source]
Pakuŵa mu wupu wa South Africa, charu ichi chikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations (UN), ndipo nduna yikuru Jan Smuts ndiyo wakalemba mazgu ghakwamba gha United Nations Charter.[89][90] Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu wupu wa African Union (AU). Ndilo liŵapo pa gulu la AU la New Partnership for Africa's Development. Boma la apartheid likati lamara, charu cha South Africa chikaweleraso ku Commonwealth. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa G77 ndipo chikaŵa na mazaza pa wupu uwu mu 2006. Charu cha South Africa chili mu chalo cha Southern African Development Community, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, Antarctic Treaty System, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, G8+5, na Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa.
Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, charu cha South Africa chachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano mu vyaru vya ku Africa nga ni Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Comoros, na Zimbabwe.
Pulezidenti Jacob Zuma na Pulezidenti wa China Hu Jintao ŵakakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi mu 2010 apo ŵakasaina phangano la Beijing ilo likakwezga "ubwezi wakudumura" wa South Africa na China ku "ubwezi wakudumura" mu vyaru vyose vya vyaru ivi. Mu 2011, chalo cha South Africa chikapokelerana na maboma gha Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRICS), agho Zuma wakamanya kuti ni maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha charu ichi kweniso maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha Africa. Mr. Zuma wakati vyaru vya BRICS vicitirenge lumoza nchito kwizira mu UN, G20, na India, Brazil South Africa (IBSA).[91]
Kugawikana kwa boma
[lemba | kulemba source]
Chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa ivi chili na wupu wa malango uwo ukuŵa na nyumba yimoza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusankhika mu vigaŵa vyose vyaka 5. Wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ukusankha nduna yikuru kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma, ndipo nduna yikuru yikwimika wupu wa Executive Council kuŵa nduna yikuru ya boma. Maufumu gha vigaŵa ghakukhala waka pa nkhani izo zili kulembeka mu dango; nkhani izi ni za umoyo, masambiro, nyumba za ŵanthu wose, na mendero.
Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 52, ndipo vili na matawuni 8. Ŵana ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 205. Ŵalara ŵa boma, awo ŵakulongozga misumba yikuruyikuru, ŵakucita milimo ya boma la cigaŵa na la cigaŵa.
| Province | Provincial capital | Largest city | Area (km2)[92] | Population (2016)[93] | Population (2020)[94] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastern Cape | Bhisho | Gqeberha | 168,966 | 6,996,976 | 6,734,000 |
| Free State | Bloemfontein | Bloemfontein | 129,825 | 2,834,714 | 2,929,000 |
| Gauteng | Johannesburg | Johannesburg | 18,178 | 13,399,724 | 15,488,000 |
| KwaZulu-Natal | Pietermaritzburg | Durban | 94,361 | 11,065,240 | 11,532,000 |
| Limpopo | Polokwane | Polokwane | 125,754 | 5,799,090 | 5,853,000 |
| Mpumalanga | Mbombela | Mbombela | 76,495 | 4,335,964 | 4,680,000 |
| North West | Mahikeng | Klerksdorp | 104,882 | 3,748,435 | 4,109,000 |
| Northern Cape | Kimberley | Kimberley | 372,889 | 1,193,780 | 1,293,000 |
| Western Cape | Cape Town | Cape Town | 129,462 | 6,279,730 | 7,006,000 |
Ŵasilikari na ŵamazaza
[lemba | kulemba source].jpg)
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Gulu la South African National Defence Force (SANDF) likapangika mu 1994 nga ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujipeleka ilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵa kale ŵa South African Defence Force, ŵasilikari ŵa magulu gha African nationalist (uMkhonto we Sizwe na Azanian People's Liberation Army), na ŵasilikari ŵa bantustan. Wupu wa SANDF uli kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi, South African Army, South African Air Force, South African Navy, na South African Military Health Service.[95]Gulu la SANDF lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 75,000 m'paka mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, SANDF yazgoka gulu likuru lakuvikilira mtende mu Africa, ndipo yikugwira nchito ku Lesotho, DRC, na Burundi, na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso likateŵeterapo mu mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha UN, nga ni UN Force Intervention Brigade. Mu 2022, chalo chikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana US$3.069 billion pa vya nkhondo izo ni 0.86% ya GDP yose ya chalo. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvikilira caru zachepa comene cifukwa pasono caru ici cikukumana yayi na suzgo la nkhondo.
Gulu la SANDF kanandi likugwira ntchito pakukoma vigeŵenga ndipo para ŵapolisi ŵa South African Police Service (SAPS) ŵaleka kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vili makora. Mu nyengo ya vivulupi vya ku South Africa mu chaka cha 2021, chiwawa chankhongono chomene ku South Africa kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira, ŵasilikari 25,000, ma helikopita gha ŵasilikari ghakujumpha 12 na magalimoto ghakuŵa na vilwero vikapelekeka ku vigaŵa vya KwaZulu-Natal na Gauteng kuti ŵawovwire ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa kumazga vivulupi na kupoka vinthu. Ichi chikaŵa chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru chomene ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ŵakachitanga kufuma mu 1994, ndipo chikaŵa chikuru chomene kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira. Charu cha South Africa chili na maofesi gha ŵasilikari ghanandi agho ghali palipose mu charu ichi.[96]
Makampani gha kuvikilira caru ca South Africa ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru cose. Kufika mu 2020 chalo cha South Africa chili pa chigaŵa cha 24 pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska vilwero pa charu chose chapasi. Charu ichi chikupanga mitundu yinandi ya vilwero kufuma ku vyakuphakaphaka vya nkhondo mpaka ku mabomba gha balistic, vilwero vyakuzirwa vya ku South Africa vikusazgapo Ratel IFV, galimoto yakwamba ya nkhondo ya ŵasilikari pa charu chose. Charu ichi chikapangaso ndege yake yakuchemeka "Denel Rooivalk" iyo njimoza mwa vilwero vyakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Japan likapangana ndalama zakukwana R16 biliyoni (USD 1 biliyoni) na makampani ghakuvikilira charu ichi kuti ghapangire magalimoto gha Badger gha muwiro uphya 244 gha nkhondo.
Charu cha South Africa ndicho pera mu Africa icho chili kupanga makora vilwero vya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuleka na kumazga mapulogiramu ghake gha nyukiliya (panyuma pa Ukraine) ndipo chikalemba phangano la kuleka kusazgirako vilwero vya nyukiliya mu 1991. Mu ma 1970, caru ca South Africa cikamba kupanga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Ku South Africa ŵakayowoya kuti kukachitika kuyezga nyukiliya mu 1979, kweni boma likakana. De Klerk wakati charu cha South Africa "chindachitepo kuyezga nyukiliya mwakubisilizga". Pakati pa 1980 na 1990, ŵakazenga mabomba ghankhondi na limoza, kweni ghose ghakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 1991. Mu 2017, charu cha South Africa chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.[97]
Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango
[lemba | kulemba source]
Boma la South Africa ndilo likulongozga ŵapolisi. Wupu wa SAPS ndiwo ukupenjerezga milandu na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu caru cose. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na maofesi gha ŵapolisi ghakujumpha 1,154 mu charu chose. Mu chaka cha 2023, gulu la Special Task Force (SAPS) likaŵa na malo gha nambara 9 pa mpikisano wa SWAT wa pa caru cose kufuma pa magulu 55 gha ŵapolisi kufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana.
Charu cha South Africa chili na makampani ghakuvikilira ŵanthu ghakujumpha 10,380 na ŵanthu ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 miliyoni. Gulu la ŵapolisi la South African Police Service (SAPS) ndilo likovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vigeŵenga mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, nchito ya kuvikilira ŵanthu yafika paheni comene.
Kufumira mu February 2023, charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vigeŵenga vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Kwambira mu Epulero 2017 m'paka mu Malichi 2018, ŵanthu 57 ŵakakomeka zuŵa lililose mu South Africa. Mu chaka icho chikajumpha mu Malichi 2017, ŵanthu 20,336 ŵakakomeka ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakakomeka chikaŵa 35.9 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 526,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakomeka kufuma mu 1994 mpaka mu 2019.[98]
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Ku South Africa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka mwankhaza, ndipo mu 2014/15 pakachitika ŵanthu 43,195. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2009 pakati pa ŵanalume 1,738 ku KwaZulu-Natal na Eastern Cape na Medical Research Council, wakalongora kuti mwanalume yumoza pa ŵanalume ŵanayi waliyose wakazomera kuti wakachita uleŵi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugona ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekha, kweni ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuti ŵakugona ŵanakazi ŵekha yayi. Ŵana (ŵanyake ŵa vyaka 10 pera) ndiwo ŵakugona ŵanakazi. Ŵana na ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza comene pa caru, comene cifukwa ca cisambizgo cakuti ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa ŵakutozgeka.
Pakati pa 1994 na 2018, ku South Africa kukacitika vinthu vyakukhuŵazga ŵalendo vyakujumpha 500. Chiwawa cha 2019 ku Johannesburg chikaŵa chakuyana na chiwawa cha 2008 icho chikachitikaso ku Johannesburg.[99]
Chuma
[lemba | kulemba source]
Charu cha South Africa chili na chuma chakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vyalo vinandi chomene mu Africa. [101]Charu ichi chili na GDP yikuru chomene pa munthu yumoza pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku sub-Saharan Africa US$16,080 pa kugura vinthu nga umo vikaŵira mu 2023. Nangauli vili nthena, charu cha South Africa chili na ukavu na kusoŵa nchito ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru 10 vyapacanya pa caru cose pa nkhani ya ndalama.[101][102][103]
South Africa yili pa malo gha 40 pa chuma chose, ndipo ni chalo chachiŵiri chakukhwima chomene mu Africa, pakuyowoya za usambazi wa ŵanthu. South Africa yili na usambazi wa ŵanthu 651 biliyoni.
Ŵanthu pafupifupi 55.5% (30.3 miliyoni) ŵakukhala mu ukavu uwo uli pachanya pa ukavu wa pa caru cose uku ŵanthu 13.8 miliyoni (25% ya ŵanthu) ŵakusuzgika na ukavu wa vyakurya.
Mu 2015, ŵanthu 10% ndiwo ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 71%, apo ŵanthu 60% ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 7% pera.
Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vikavu, caru ca South Africa nchambura ndalama. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya ku South Africa, 15 pera ndiwo ŵali mu vyaru vyambura kulembeka. Wupu wakuwona vya ndalama (OECD) ukuti chifukwa cha mphambano iyi ni umo vinthu viliri mu charu cha South Africa. Kafukufuku wa Banki ya Caru Cose wakulongora kuti caru ca South Africa cili na mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa GDP ya munthu yumoza na Index ya Kukura kwa Munthu.[104]
Kufuma mu 1994, boma likakhwimiska ndalama, likakhozga ndalama za boma, ndipo likakopa ndalama zinyake za ku vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu vyaru ivi. Pa nyengo iyo Jacob Zuma wakaŵa pulezidenti, boma likakhozga comene makampani gha boma. Mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru agho ghali na boma ni Eskom, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya magesi, South African Airways (SAA), na Transnet, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya kujima sitima na madoko. Mabungwe ena a boma sanali opindulitsa, monga SAA, yomwe idafunikira ndalama zokwana R30 biliyoni ($ 2.03 biliyoni) pazaka 20 zisanafike 2015.[106]
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Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ni Germany, United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom na Spain. Lipoti la 2020 Financial Secretion Index likati South Africa ndi malo 58 ghakukhora chomene pa charu chose.
Makampani gha vyakurya gha ku South Africa ghakupanga pafupifupi 10% ya ntchito za boma, ndipo ni vichoko chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Cifukwa cakuti malo agha ngakomira comene, 13.5% pera ndigho ghakugwilira nchito pakupanda vyakurya, ndipo 3% pera ndigho ghakugwirapo nchito.
Mu Ogasiti 2013, chalo cha South Africa chikapika malo ghapachanya pa vyalo vya ku Africa ku fDi Intelligence pakususkana na chuma cha chalo ichi, malo gha ntchito, ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, vinthu vyakwendeskeka, bizinesi, na ndondomeko ya ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyalo vinyake.[107]
Mining
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Nyengo zose South Africa yikaŵa na migodi yinandi. Kufika mu 2006, South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose pakupanga golide kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, kweni kuumaliro wa 2009, migodi ya golide mu South Africa yikamba kuchepa chomene chifukwa mu 2008 yikapanga golide wakukwana matani 205.[108] Nangauli vili nthena, caru ici nchali na golide wakukwana matani 6,000 ndipo nchali pa nambara 5 pa vyakusangirapo golide. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga vinthu vinandi chomene nga ni chrome, manganese, platinamu, vanadium, na vermiculite. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga ilmenite, palladium, rutile, na zirconium. Ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska malasha pa caru cose. Charu ichi chikupanga chomene visulo; mu 2012, chikajumpha India kuŵa charu chachitatu pa charu chose icho chikuguliska visulo ku China.[108]
Tourism
[lemba | kulemba source]Infrastructure
[lemba | kulemba source]Roads
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Ku South Africa kuli misewu yitali ya makilomita 750,000, iyo njikuru comene kuluska misewu yose ya mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Kuyana na SANRAL, msewu uwu uli na mtengo wa R2.1 trillion. SANRAL ndiyo wakwendeska misewu ya mu vyaru vyose ndipo wali na misewu ya makilomita 22 197. Vigaŵa ivi vili na mtunda wa makilomita 222,951, ndipo kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Malango, msumba uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 275,661. Misewu yinyake njakukhoma yayi (iyo yikovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi) ntheura palije boma la misewu ilo likuyiwona. Mu caru ici muli magalimoto ghakujumpha 12 miliyoni, ndipo pa mtunda wa makilomita limoza pali magalimoto 16. Msewu wa chigaŵa ichi uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 222,951, ndipo uli na makilomita 170,837 gha misewu yambura kujintha na makilomita 52,114 gha misewu yakukhoma.[109]
Njanji
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Mtundu wa njanji mu caru ca South Africa ngwakuzirwa comene pa vinthu vya mu caru ici. Matawuni ghose ghakurughakuru ghakukolerana na njanji. Transnet Freight Rail yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu, apo PRASA yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu. Gulu la boma la Transnet Freight Rail ndilo likwendeska masitima ghakurughakuru pa Africa.[110]
Njanji za ku South Africa ni zinandi comene mu Africa ndipo ni zinandi comene pa vyaru vyose. Kweni katundu, ŵanthu na malo ghakunjilira mu ngalaŵa vikusuzga comene. Mafuta na njere vikwendeskeka chomene pa mizere iyi, njanji ya chalo ichi yikendeskanga katundu pafupifupi matani 230 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2017 kweni ichi chakhira kufika matani 179 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2021.[111]
Airports
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Ku South Africa kuli ma eyapoti gha vyaru vinandi mu misumba yinkhondi na umoza: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley na Nelspruit.
Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chalo cha South Africa chikaŵa na ma airport 407, icho chikupangiska kuti chiŵe chalo chakudanga mu Africa pakuyowoya za katundu wa ma airport.[112]
Malo ghanayi ghakurughakuru gha ndege mu South Africa ni: O.R. Tambo International Airport mu Johannesburg, Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport mu Durban na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport mu Port Elizabeth.
Ku cipatala. Ndege ya Tambo International Airport ku Johannesburg ndiyo ni ndege yikuru comene na yakufuluka comene mu Africa ndipo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21 miliyoni pa caka. Pa 2022 Skytrax World Airport Awards, Cape Town International Airport ndiyo yikaŵa ndege yiweme chomene pa Africa kwa chaka cha 7. Ndege ya Tambo International yikakhala yachitatu.[113]
Magesi
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Charu cha South Africa chili na nkhongono zinandi comene ndipo pa nyengo yasono ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera pa caru ca Africa ico cili na sitima ya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga magesi ghanandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo pa caru cose cili pa nambara 21. Charu cha South Africa chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga malasha ghanandi pa caru cose, ndipo chikupanga matani ghakujumpha 248 miliyoni gha malasha ndipo pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya mafuta agha vikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Pafupifupi 77% ya nkhongono izo charu cha South Africa chikukhumbikwira zikufuma ku malasha ndipo 92% ya malasha agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu Africa ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu South Africa. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska magasi ghanandi chomene pa charu.[114]
Kampani iyi ndiyo yikupanga magesi ghanandi chomene mu Africa, ndipo yili pakati pa makampani 7 ghakwamba pa charu chose. Ndico cikuru comene pa vyamalonda vya boma mu South Africa. Eskom wakupangiska magesi pafupifupi 95% mu South Africa ndipo wakwendeskanga magesi ghanandi, kusazgapo Koeberg Nuclear Power Station mu Cape Town, ghekha ghakukhazikiska magesi gha nyukiliya mu Africa, Kendal Power Station, ghakukhazikiska magesi ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose, kweniso Duvha Power Station agho ghakaŵa magesi ghakwamba pa charu chose kugwiliskirika ntchito na pulse jet fabric filter plants. Mu 2001, Eskom wakacemeka kampani yiweme ya magesi pa caru cose.[115]
Energy crisis
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Chifukwa cha upusikizgi na upusikizgi wa Eskom, kampani iyi yili na ngongoli ya R392 billion ($22 billion) ndipo yikutondeka kukwaniska ivyo boma la South Africa likukhumba. Chifukwa cha ivi, Eskom wakambiska ndondomeko ya kulekeska magesi ku magesi ghanyake mu nyengo zakupambanapambana. Ku South Africa, para magetsi ghamara, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵaleke kunanga makina ghose. Para ŵanthu ŵafumamo mu mawoko gha mawoko, pa charu chose ŵakuleka kwendeska mawoko. Kafukufuku wa Eskom wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kugwiliskira ntchito makora magesi. Mu chaka cha 2023, ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa ŵakatumika kuti ŵavikilire magesi gha Eskom ku vigeŵenga.[117]
Mu 2007, Eskom yikamba kuzenga magesi gha "Kusile" na "Medupi", magesi ghaŵiri ghakuru agha ndigho ghazamuŵa ghakurughakuru pa charu chose. Kweni ma power station agha ghakafika yayi pa nyengo yawo, ndipo hafu pera ya ma unit 6 agho ghamalizgika kugwiriska ntchito chifukwa cha kucedwa kwa nyengo yitali kweniso ndalama zinandi izo zikugwirapo nchito izo zikukwana R300 billion ($16 billion) pa ma power station ghaŵiri agha.[118]
Sayansi na tekinoloji
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Vinthu vinandi vya sayansi na vyakupangapanga vyafuma ku South Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili pa malo 61 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 63 mu 2019.[119][120][121][122] Mu Disembala 1967, dokotala wa vya mtima, Christiaan Barnard, wakachita opareshoni yakwamba ya mtima kufuma kwa munthu kuya kwa munthu ku Groote Schuur Hospital. Max Theiler wakapangiska katemera wakukoma nthenda ya yellow fever, Allan MacLeod Cormack wakambiska opareshoni ya X-ray computed tomography (CT scan); ndipo Aaron Klug wakapangiska nthowa za crystallographic electron microscopy. Cormack na Klug ŵakapokera njombe ya Nobel cifukwa ca mulimo wawo. Sonosono apa, mu 2002, Sydney Brenner ndiyo wakapokera njombe iyi chifukwa cha ntchito yake yakupharazga za umoyo.
Mark Shuttleworth ndiyo wakambiska kampani yinyake yakuvikilira Intaneti yakuchemeka Thawte, iyo pamanyuma yikagulika na Verisign. Boma likukhumba kuti vinthu visinthenge mu vyaru ivyo vikuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya tekinoloje.
Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya vya nyenyezi. Mu tawuni iyi muli Southern African Large Telescope, telescope yikuru comene ya ku Southern Hemisphere. Pa nyengo yasono, caru ca South Africa cikuzenga Karoo Array Telescope, iyo njakovwira pakuzenga pulogiramu yakuchemeka Square Kilometre Array.[123]
Transport
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Vinthu ivi ni misewu, njanji, viŵanja vya ndege, maji, na mapaipi gha mafuta. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku South Africa ŵakwenda pa basi. Mu misumba yinyake, mabasi ghakwenda mwaluŵiro ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora kweniso mwamahara. Makina agha ghakatambuzgika comene cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito. Charu cha South Africa chili na maboti ghanandi ghakuru, kusazgapo Cape Town, Durban, na Port Elizabeth, agho ghakupokelera ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa sitima.
Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa
[lemba | kulemba source]Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikupambana na maji mu charu cha South Africa ni ndondomeko ya kupeleka maji kwawanangwa na maboma gha maji, agho ghakupeleka maji ghanandi na kuguliska maji ku maboma. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya ndalama za awo ŵakupeleka mauteŵeti. Kufuma waka apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakumwa ŵakasazgikira chomene. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakwenda makora ŵakakwera kufuma pa 71% kufika pa 79%.[124] Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, maji na vyakusungiramo vinthu vyaukazuzi vyafika paheni chomene nangauli boma la Russia lajipeleka kuti liŵawovwire makora na kuŵapa ndalama zakwendeskera vyakusungiramo maji.
Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa vikusuzgika na chilangalanga chifukwa cha El Niño. Kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Cape Town, uwo uli na nyengo zakupambana na za mu charu chose, ukaŵa na suzgo la maji. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti zuŵa lililose munthu waliyose waleke kumwa maji ghakujumpha malita 50. Msumba wa Cape Town ukakana wovwiri uwo Israyeli wakapeleka kuti uŵawovwire kuzenga malo ghakusololera maji.[125][126][127][128]
Mwambo
[lemba | kulemba source]Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵali na mitheto ya mitheto iyo yikukhalilira; cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghanandi ndipo ŵakukhala ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghapakati, awo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbatuŵa, kweni ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake, ŵa mitundu yinyake, na ŵa ku India.[129]
Maluso
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Vinthu vyakale chomene vya ku South Africa vili kusangika mu mphanji yinyake ya ku South Africa, ndipo vyaka 75,000 ivyo vyajumpha.[130] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan awo ŵakasamukira ku South Africa kufuma mu 10,000 B.C.E., ŵakaŵa na luso lwawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu/Nguni ndiwo ŵakaŵawuskapo ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazgu ghawo. Vinthu vinyake vyakusanguluska vikamba kuwoneka mu migodi na mu matawuni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka trekboers na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya ku malo agha, awo ŵakalondezganga chomene mitheto ya ku Europe kwambira mu ma 1850, nawo ŵakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora.
Popular culture
[lemba | kulemba source]Boma la South Africa lili na vyakupharazga vinandi, ndipo ndimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene vya mu Africa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ndipouli, viyowoyero vinyake vyose 10 vilipo.
Mu sumu za ku South Africa muli vyakupambanapambana. Ŵakwimba ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kupanga sumu za mtundu wa Kwaito na Amapiano, izo zikuyowoyeka kuti zili kunjilirapo pa wayilesi, TV, na magazini.[131] Brenda Fassie, uyo wakamba kumanyikwa na sumu yake ya "Weekend Special", wakayimba mu Cingelezi. Ŵakwimba awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Ladysmith Black Mambazo, apo Soweto String Quartet ŵakwimba sumu za ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵakwimba ŵa jazz awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, na Sathima Bea Benjamin. Sumu za mu ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans zili na mitundu yinandi, nga ni Steve Hofmeyr, gulu la punk rock la Fokofpolisiekar, na wakwimba Jeremy Loops. Ŵakwimba ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵasanga vitumbiko pa charu chose ni Manfred Mann, Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die Antwoord, rock band Seether na rappers nga AKA, Nasty C na Cassper Nyovest.
Nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵanthu ŵakumanyapo vinandi yayi vya mafilimu gha ku South Africa. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, filimu yakumanyikwa comene iyo yikulongosora vya caru ca South Africa ni District 9. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana ni filimu ya Tsotsi, iyo yikapokera Academy Award for Foreign Language Film pa nyengo ya 78th Academy Awards mu 2006, kweniso U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, iyo yikapokera Golden Bear pa 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. Mu 2015, filimu ya Oliver Hermanus The Endless River yikaŵa filimu yakwamba ya ku South Africa iyo yikasankhika pa Venice Film Festival.
Mabuku
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Mabuku gha ku South Africa ghakafuma mu mbiri ya ŵanthu na ndyali. Buku lakwamba lakucemeka Mhudi, ilo wakalemba mu 1930, likalembeka na Solomon Thekiso Plaatje. Mu ma 1950, magazini ya Drum yikazgoka malo ghakusungiramo nkhani za ndyali, vyakusekeska, na nkhani, ndipo yikapeleka mazgu ku ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mu misumba.
Mu 1948 Alan Paton wakalemba buku lakuti Cry, the Beloved Country. Mu 1991, Nadine Gordimer wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku South Africa kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. J.M. Mu 2003, Coetzee wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu nkhani zakulemba. Pakupereka chawanangwa ichi, wupu wa Swedish Academy ukati Coetzee "wakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakujipulikira".[132]
Maseŵero gha Athol Fugard ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinandi mu South Africa, London (Royal Court Theatre) na New York. Buku la Olive Schreiner lakuti The Story of an African Farm (1883) likaŵa lakukondweska chomene mu nyengo ya Victorian.
Breyten Breytenbach ŵakamujalira mu jele cifukwa ca kunjilirapo pa gulu lakususkana na apartheid. André Brink wakaŵa munthu wakwamba uyo boma likamukanizga kulemba buku lake lakuti A Dry White Season.
Kuphika
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Vyakurya vya ku South Africa ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo vyakurya vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vikukondweska ŵanthu wose, ndipo chomenechomene ŵakuguliska ku ŵalendo awo ŵakukhumba kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivi vikupangika na nyama ndipo ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachezgenge pa chiphikiro chakuchemeka braai. Charu cha South Africa nacho chili na minda yinandi ya mpheska iyo yili mu madambo ghakuzingilizga Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl na Barrydale.[133]
Maseŵera
[lemba | kulemba source]South Africa's most popular sports are association football, rugby union and cricket.[134] Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni kusambira, maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi, gofu, nkhonya, tenisi, rugby, ringball, hockey, kuskamba, na netball. Nangauli maseŵero gha bola (soccer) ndigho ghakwendeskeka comene na ŵawukirano, kweni maseŵero ghanyake nga ni basketball, judo, softball na skateboard ghakwamba kutchuka comene.
Mpira wa mawoko ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu South Africa.[135][136][137] Ŵaseŵera ŵa mpira awo ŵakaseŵera mu magulu ghakurughakuru gha ku vyaru vinyake ni Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radebe, Philemon Masinga, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, na Delron Buckley. Ku South Africa ndiko kukachitikira maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha FIFA mu 2010, ndipo Sepp Blatter, pulezidenti wa FIFA, wakapeleka mapointi 9 pa 10 ku South Africa cifukwa ca kucita makora maseŵero agha. Msewera Benni McCarthy ndi mphunzitsi wa timu yoyamba ya mpira wa England Manchester United.[138]
Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa maseŵero gha nkhondo nga ni Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Corrie Sanders, Gerrie Coetzee, Brian Mitchell na Dricus du Plessis. Jordy Smith wakathereska mu 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open ndipo ndiyo wakathereska chomene pa charu chose. Mu 1979, Jody Scheckter, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa caru cose pa maseŵero gha galimoto, wakafuma ku South Africa. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Kagiso Rabada, David Miller, Keshav Maharaj, Anrich Nortje, Reeza Hendricks na Faf du Plessis.
Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuseŵera rugby, kusazgapo Francois Pienaar, Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha, Bryan Habana, Eben Etzebeth, Cheslin Kolbe na Siya Kolisi. Charu cha South Africa chili kuwina nkhonya ya Rugby World Cup katatu, ndipo chili pamoza na charu cha New Zealand pa kuwina nkhonya zinandi chomene. Mu 1995, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikapokera chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Rugby World Cup. Ŵakawina chiphalizgano ichi mu 2007 na mu 2019. Chalo ichi chikapokeleraso nkhonya ya chalo cha Africa mu chaka cha 1996. Mu chaka cha 2022, timu ya ŵanakazi nayo yikathereska chiphalizgano cha Africa Cup of Nations cha ŵanakazi, pakuthereska Morocco 2-1 pa chiphalizgano chaumaliro. Charu ichi chikapokeleraso maseŵera gha Cricket World Cup mu 2003, World Twenty20 Championship mu 2007. Timu ya ku South Africa yakuchemeka Proteas nayo yikaluska West Indies pa chiphalizgano cha 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy. Mpikisano wa ICC Women's T20 World Cup wa 2023 ukachitikira ku South Africa ndipo gulu la ŵanakazi likaŵa laciŵiri. Gulu la South Africa la ŵanthu ŵachibulumutira likathereskaso chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Cricket World Cup mu 1998.
Mu 2004, gulu la ŵakuseŵera la Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend na Ryk Neethling ŵakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu Athens, ndipo nyengo yimoza ŵakathereska mbiri ya caru mu maseŵero gha 4×100 Freestyle Relay. Penny Heyns wakathereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta mu 1996, ndipo sonosono apa, Tatjana Schoenmaker na Lara van Niekerk ŵakathereska malekodi gha caru cose na kuthereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta. Mu 2012, Oscar Pistorius wakaŵa wakwamba kuchimbira pa maseŵero gha ku London. Mu gofu, Gary Player wakuwoneka kuti njumoza wa ŵakuseŵera gofu ŵakuluska wose, pakuti ndiyo wakatora mphaka ya Career Grand Slam. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵathereska maseŵero ghakurughakuru ni Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen na Charl Schwartzel.
Wonaniso
[lemba | kulemba source]Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').
Ukaboni
[lemba | kulemba source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (PDF) (2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 Ogasiti 2018. Retrieved 17 Epulelo 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "South Africa at a glance | South African Government". www.gov.za. Archived from the original on 26 Meyi 2020. Retrieved 18 Juni 2020.
- ↑ "Principal Agglomerations of the World". Citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 25 Disembala 2018. Retrieved 30 Okutobala 2011.
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Vyakulemba vinyake
[lemba | kulemba source]- A History of South Africa, Third Edition. Leonard Thompson. Yale University Press. 2001. 384 pages. ISBN 0-300-08776-4.
- Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN.
- Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. ISBN 0-415-93559-8.
- Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. ISBN 0-631-21661-8.
- South Africa: A Narrative History. Frank Welsh. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. ISBN 1-56836-258-7.
- South Africa in Contemporary Times. Godfrey Mwakikagile. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. ISBN 978-0-9802587-3-8.
- The Atlas of Changing South Africa. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. ISBN 0-415-21178-6.
- The Politics of the New South Africa. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. ISBN 0-582-38227-0.
- Twentieth-Century South Africa. William Beinart Oxford University Press 2001, 414 pages, ISBN 0-19-289318-1.
Vigaŵa vya kuwalo
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