Ethiopia

Kufuma Wikipedia
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Msumba WabomaAddis Ababa
Chiyowoyelo chaboma Seamhare
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu {{{ethnic_groups}}}
Mwenecharu Ethiopian
Mtundu wa Boma Federal repabliki
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 1,104,300 km2 (27th)
426,373 sq mi
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  estimate 99 465 819 (2015)
Ndalama Birr (ETB)
Mtundu Wanyengo (UTC+3)
 -  Summer (DST) not observed (UTC)
Woko la galimoto kumalyelo
Intaneti yacharu .et

Ethiopia ntchalo icho chili pa mphondo ya Afrika,ndipo chilipanga malile na chalo cha Eritrea na Djibouti ku mpoto,Somaliland ku mpoto kwa mafumilo gha dazi,Somalia ku mafumilo gha dazi,Kenya kummwera,Sudan ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi.Ukulu wake ni 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi).

Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakafuma ku Ethiopia ndipo ŵakaluta ku Near East na kunyake mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic.[1][2][3][4][5] Kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia kwayowoyeka kuti ni malo gha chiyowoyero cha Afroasiatic.[6] Mu 980 B.C.E., Ufumu wa D'mt ukathandazga ufumu wake pa Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, apo Ufumu wa Aksum ukasungilira civilisation mu chigaŵa ichi kwa vyaka 900. Chikhristu chikapokelereka na ufumu mu 330,[7] ndipo Chisilamu chikafika na Hijra yakwamba mu 615.[8] Pamanyuma pa kuparanyika kwa Aksum mu 960, maufumu ghakupambanapambana ghakaŵako mu charu cha Etiyopiya. Ufumu wa Zagwe ukalamuliranga kumpoto na pakati m'paka apo ukawuskikira na Yekuno Amlak mu 1270, ndipo ukayambiska ufumu wa Ethiopia na ufumu wa Solomonic. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ufumu uwu ukakura chomene chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa vyawo na kulimbana na vigaŵa vinyake. Nkhondo ya Adal (1529-1543) ndiyo yikawovwira kuti ufumu uwu uŵe wakupambana. Fumu Tewodros II yikamalizga Zemene Mesafint pakwamba kwa muwuso wake mu 1855, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chiphalizgano cha kuwungana pamoza kwa Ethiopia.[9]

Kwambira mu 1878, Themba Menelik II likapoka vigaŵa vinandi vya charu cha Ethiopia. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu cha Ethiopia chikajivikilira ku ŵalwani awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo na charu cha Egypt na Italy. Mu 1935, boma la Fascist Italy likapoka charu cha Ethiopia na kuwunjika pamoza na vyaru vya Eritrea na Somaliland. Mu 1941, pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Gulu la Derg, ilo likawovwirika na Soviet Union, likamba kuwusa mu 1974 pamanyuma pa kuwuskapo Themba Haile Selassie na muwuso wa Solomoni. Pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo Derg yikamara mu 1991, gulu la Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakwambana kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo ndyali zilije mtende. Kwambira mu 2018, magulu ghakupambanapambana gha vigaŵa na mafuko ghakachitanga nkhondo zinandi mu Ethiopia.[10]

Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakujumpha 80. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu. Boma ili ndilo likambiska Wupu wa United Nations, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 24, Gulu la Ŵambura Kujibatika, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 77, na Wupu wa Umoza wa ku Africa. Ku Addis Ababa ndiko kuli wupu wa African Union, Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa charu chose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene yayi, kweni nyengo zinyake chikucemeka kuti ni caru ico cikukura comene.[11] Ndipouli, kuyana na ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakuguliska na fundo ya Human Development Index, caru ici nchikavu comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakavu, kweni ŵakuchindika yayi wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 49%. Kulima ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri lazachuma ku Ethiopia, lomwe lili ndi 36% ya GDP ya dzikolo kuyambira 2020.[12][13]

Maukaboni[lemba | kulemba source]

  1. Kessler, David F. (2012). The Falashas : a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-283-70872-2. OCLC 819506475.
  2. Hopkin, Michael (16 February 2005). "Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo sapiens". Nature. doi:10.1038/news050214-10.
  3. Li, J.Z.; Absher, D.M.; Tang, H.; Southwick, A.M.; Casto, A.M.; Ramachandran, S.; Cann, H.M.; Barsh, G.S.; Feldman, M.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.; Myers, R.M. (2008). "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation". Science. 319 (5866): 1100–04. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1100L. doi:10.1126/science.1153717. PMID 18292342. S2CID 53541133.
  4. "Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says". Bloomberg News. 21 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  5. Kaplan, Karen (21 February 2008). "Around the world from Addis Ababa". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  6. Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past (in English). AltaMira Press. pp. 150–163. ISBN 978-0759104662.
  7. Moore, Dale H. (1936). "Christianity in Ethiopia". Church History. 5 (3): 271–284. doi:10.2307/3160789. ISSN 0009-6407. JSTOR 3160789. S2CID 162029676.
  8. Abbink, Jon (1998). "An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 11 (2): 109–124. doi:10.1080/13696819808717830. hdl:1887/9486. ISSN 1369-6815. JSTOR 1771876.
  9. "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia" (PDF). 12 April 2022.
  10. BBC Staff (3 November 2020). "Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state". BBC (in English). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  11. "Overview". World Bank (in English). Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  12. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020". Statista.
  13. "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy". The Low Ethiopian Reports. 16 June 2022.