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Eritrea

Sintha malink
Coordinates: 15°N 39°E / 15°N 39°E / 15; 39
Kufuma Wikipedia
"Erythrea" redirects here. For other uses, see Erythrean (disambiguation), Eritrea (disambiguation), and Eritrean (disambiguation).
For the Greek town, see Eretria.

State of Eritrea
Mbendela Emblem
Nyimbo: ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ (Tigrinya)
"Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea"
[[File:
|center|250px|alt=|]]
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Asmara
Chiyowoyelo chaboma None[1]
Viyowoyelo vyaboma
Working languages
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2021)
Vipembezo See religion in Eritrea
Mwenecharu
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary one-party presidential republic under a totalitarian dictatorship[3][4][5][6][7]
 -  President Isaias Afwerki
Independence from Ethiopia
 -  Eritrean War of Independence 1 September 1961 
 -  De facto 24 May 1991 
 -  De jure 24 May 1993 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 117,600 km2 (97th)
45,400 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 14.1%
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2023 estimate 6,274,796[8] (111th)
GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate
 -  Total $6.88 billion[9]
 -  Per capita $1,910[9]
GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate
 -  Total $2.25 billion[9]
 -  Per capita $626[9]
HDI (2019)Increase 0.459[10]
low ·180th
Ndalama Nakfa (ERN)
Mtundu Wanyengo EAT (UTC+3)
 -  Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+3)
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .er
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Eritrea (/ˌɛrɪˈtriː.ə, -ˈtreɪ-/ (pulikizgani machemelo)),[11][12][13] panji kuti Charu cha Eritrea, ni chalo icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Horn of Africa ku East Africa, na msumba wake ukuru ku Asmara. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Ethiopia kumwera, Sudan kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Djibouti kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi. Kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Eritrea kuli mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana pafupifupi 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), ndipo chikusazgapo Dahlak Archipelago na virwa vinandi vya Hanish.

Vinthu ivyo vikukhalapo vya ŵanthu ivyo vikusangika ku Eritrea ni vyaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Eritrea chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu 9 ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 9 vyakupambanapambana, ndipo chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka chomene ni Chitigrinya, ndipo viyowoyero vinyake ni Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen, na Chiarabic. ChiTigrinya, Chiarabic, na Cingelezi ni viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya.[2][14][15][16] Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya mu banja la Afroasiatic, panji viyowoyero vya ku Etiyopiya ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Semite. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinyas ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi. Kweniso kuli mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici ŵakusopa Cikhristu panji Cisilamu, ndipo ŵanji ŵakusopa visopa vinyake.

Ufumu wa Aksum, uwo ukaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo sono ni Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 panji 200 C.E.[17][18] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Mu nyengo za pakati, chigaŵa chikuru cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Medri Bahri. Charu cha Eritrea icho sono chikuchemeka Eritrea, chikaŵako chifukwa cha kukolerana kwa maufumu ghanyake (nga ni Medri Bahri na Aussa Sultanate). Nkhondo ya ku Italy yikati yamara mu 1942, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira charu cha Eritrea m'paka mu 1952. Kuyana na ivyo Wupu wa United Nations ukadumura mu 1952, charu cha Eritrea chikeneranga kujilamulira na nyumba ya malango ya ku Eritrea, kweni pa nkhani za vyaru vya kuwaro na kuvikilira charu, chikaŵa pasi pa Ethiopia kwa vyaka 10. Ndipouli, mu 1962, boma la Ethiopia likawuskapo boma la Eritrea na kupoka charu ichi. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujipatura ku charu cha Eritrea likambiska gulu la Eritrean Liberation Front mu 1961 ndipo likarwa Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira palokha ya Eritrea m'paka apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1991. Mu 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha.

Charu cha Eritrea nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vindafike pa msinkhu wakulera ŵana. Boma ili lili na chipani chimoza ndipo palije maungano gha vyamalamulo panji gha pulezidenti.[19][5] Isaias Afwerki wakuteŵetera nga ni purezidenti kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1993. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukuti boma la Eritrea lili na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni chomene pa charu chose. Boma la Eritrea likukana ivyo boma likuyowoya. Ufulu wa vyalo ku Eritrea ngwakupeleŵera comene. Kufika mu 2022, wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukuwona kuti charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakuluska wose pa charu chose.

Charu cha Eritrea chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, na Intergovernmental Authority on Development, ndipo chili na wupu wa Arab League pamoza na Brazil na Venezuela.[20]

Zina

Zina lakuti Eritrea lili kufuma ku zina lakale la Chigiriki lakuti Nyanja Yiswesi (Erythra Thalassa, kufuma ku lizgu lakuti ἐρυθρός erythros, "chiswesi"). Mu 1890, charu ichi chikachemeka kuti Italy Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea).[21] Zina ili likalutilira mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Britain na Ethiopia, ndipo likakhazikiskikaso na referendum ya 1993 na dango la 1997.[22]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Eritrea

Prehistory

Deka Rock Art ku Deka Arbaa, dera la Debub ku Eritrea vyaka 5-10,000 ivyo vyajumpha

Madame Buya ni zina la cisomba ico ŵasayansi ŵa ku Italy ŵakasanga ku Eritrea. Ŵanthu ŵakuti ni visomba vyakale chomene ivyo vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakasinthira kufuma ku vinyama vinyake, ndipo vikulongora kuti pakaŵa kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale. Viwangwa vyake vili na vyaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Ni viwangwa vyakale comene vya mtundu uwu ndipo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti chigaŵa cha Danakil Depression ku Eritrea ndicho chikawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthe.[23]

Mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa chiwuvi, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi ku Eritrea ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa pa nthowa yakufumira ku Africa iyo ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 1999, gulu la ŵasayansi ŵa ku Eritrea, Canada, America, Netherlands, na France, ŵakasanga malo agho pakaŵa vinthu vya malibwe na vya obsidian vyaka vyakujumpha 125,000 kumwera kwa Massawa, mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo ivi pakusanga vyakurya vya mu nyanja nga ni visomba na oyisitara.[24][25][26][27]

Antiquity

Nkhani ikulu: Gash Group, Land of Punt, and Dʿmt
Viwunjiko vyamalibwe ivyo vikaŵa mu Qohaito
Adulis archeological site

Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu Dambo la Barka ivyo vikalembeka mu 8000 B.C.E. vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mitundu yinandi ya ku Eritrea ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kukhala mu malo agha.

Mu charu cha Eritrea, ŵanthu awo ŵakafukura vinthu mu Agordat na kufupi na Agordat ŵakasanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu charu cha Gash. Ŵakasanga vinthu vya dongo ivyo vikalembeka pakati pa 2500 na 1500 B.C.E.

Pafupifupi mu 2000 B.C.E., vigaŵa vinyake vya Eritrea vikwenera kuti vikaŵa mu charu cha Punt.[28][29][30] Msumba uwu ukaŵa wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kupanga na kutumizga golide, vyakununkhira, makuni gha blackwood, ebony, mino gha zovu, na vinyama vyamuthondo. Chigaŵa ichi chikumanyikwa kufuma ku mabuku gha ku Eguputo ghakale agho ghakulongosora za maulendo gha malonda agho ghakaŵako, comenecomene ulendo wa ku Punt uwo ukacitika mu 1469 B.C.E. apo Hatshepsut wakambaso kwenda mu nthowa za malonda.[31][32][33][34]

Ku Sembel ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Asmara. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni ya Ona ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵacekuru comene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku East Africa awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto na kulima. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusangika pa malo agha vikulongora kuti vikaŵako pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 400 B.C.E., ndipo vikaŵako nyengo yimoza na malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵako pambere Aksumite wandababike.[35][36][37]

Kingdom of D'mt

Nkhani ikulu: Dʿmt
Nyali ya mafuta ya mkuŵa iyo yikasangika ku Matara, ya mu Ufumu wa Dʿmt (cha m'ma 100 B.C.E. panji kumasinda)

Dʿmt ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukaŵako kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 m'paka 500 B.C.E. mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Pakuti ku Yeha kukaŵa tempile likuru, malo agha ndigho ghakaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Qohaito, uyo kanandi wakachemekanga msumba wa Koloe mu nyengo ya ku Nyanja ya Erythraean, kweniso Matara, ukaŵa msumba wakuzirwa wa ufumu wa Dʿmt kumwera kwa Eritrea.

Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na vyakumweramo maji, viŵiya vyakupwanthirapo, vyakumera, na kupanga vilwero. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Dʿmt wabwangandulika mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na maufumu ghachoko. Ivi vikalutilira m'paka mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, ufumu wa Aksum ukamba kulamulira.[38]

Kingdom of Aksum

Nkhani ikulu: Kingdom of Aksum

Ufumu wa Aksum ukaŵa ufumu wa malonda uwo ukaŵa ku Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Likaŵako kwamba cha m'ma 100-940 C.E., ndipo likakura kufuma mu nyengo ya Iron Age ya mu nyengo ya Akshumi m'ma 400 C.E. m'paka mu nyengo ya 100 C.E.

Buku linyake (Liber Axumae) likuti msumba wakwamba wa Aksum, Mazaber, ukazengeka na Itiyopis, mwana wa Kush. Pamanyuma, likuru la caru ici likasamukira ku Axum, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Ufumu uwu ukamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Etiyopiya mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakazenga vigongwe vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵakasoperangamo pambere Chikhristu chindafike. Yimoza mwa mizati iyi ni Obelisk of Aksum, iyo yili na mamita 27. Ku Ezana (fl. 320-360), pamanyuma pake Aksum wakazomera Cikristu.[39]

Chikhristu ndicho chikaŵa chisopa chakwamba mu charu cha Eritrea, ndipo nyumba yakale chomene ya ŵasembe mu charu ichi, Debre Sina, yikazengeka m'ma 400 C.E. Ni yimoza mwa nyumba zakuluska mu Africa na caru cose. Debre Libanos, nyumba yachiŵiri yakale comene, yikwenera kuti yikazengeka kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 400 panji kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Pakwamba yikaŵa mu muzi wa Ham, kweni yikasamukira ku malo ghambura kufikako agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa jalawe. Mu chalichi lake muli Baibolo lakwengeka na visulo la Golden Gospel, ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Mecca, awo ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa ntchimi Muhammad, ŵakachimbilira ku ufumu wa Qurayshi kuti ŵaleke kutambuzgika. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ndiwo ŵakazenga moski wakwamba wa ku Africa, Mosque of the Companions, Massawa.

Ufumu uwu ukuzunulika mu buku la Periplus of the Erythraean Sea kuti ukaŵa msika wakuzirwa wa mino gha zovu, agho ghakatumizgikanga ku vyaru vinyake. Pa nyengo iyi, msumba wa Aksum ukaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Zoskales, uyo nayo wakalamuliranga dowoko la Adulis. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Aksum ŵakaŵanga na ndalama zawo na kucitiska malonda.[40]

Middle Ages

Medri Bahri

Nkhani ikulu: Medri Bahri, Habesh Eyalet, Sultanate of Aussa, and Dankali Sultanate
Medri Bahri at its height in the 1520s

Pamanyuma pakuti Aksum wabwangandulika, chigaŵa cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Medri Bahri, uwo ukawusikanga na Bahri Negus (panji Bahri Negash, kung'anamura "themba la nyanja"). Pakwamba malo agha ghakachemekanga Ma'ikele Bahri ("pakati pa nyanja na milonga", kung'anamura charu icho chili pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na mlonga wa Mereb).[41] Chigaŵa chose cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Ma'ikele Bahri chikaŵa pasi pa Adal Sultanate mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din. Pamanyuma, themba la ku Ethiopia zina lake Zara Yaqob likapoka charu ichi na kuchithya kuti Medri Bahri ("Charu cha mu Nyanja" mu Chitigrinya). Msumba uwu ukaŵa na msumba wa Debarwa.

File:Bahta Hagos.jpeg
Bahta Hagos wakaŵa mulongozgi wakuzirwa wa ŵanthu ŵa Eritrea awo ŵakakanizganga kuwusika na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene ŵa kumpoto kwa Ethiopia na Italy.

Kuzakafika mu 1517, Ŵaotomu ŵakathereska msumba wa Medri Bahri. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa chose cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Eritrea, kufuma ku Massawa m'paka ku Swakin mu Sudan. Chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Ottoman, icho chikachemekanga Habesh Eyalet. Msumba wa Massawa ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa chiphya ichi. Msumba uwu ukati wamba kuwoneka kuti ngwambura kuzirwa pa nkhani ya vyachuma, likuru la boma likasamukira ku Jeddah.

Munthu wakwamba uyo wakafika ku Eritrea wakaŵa Francisco Alvares wa ku Portugal. Mabuku ghake ghakulongosora za ufumu wa Tigray, ufumu wa Axum na Barnagais (fumu ya vyaru vya mumphepete mwa nyanja)

Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea ndiyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵalutilire kukolerana na chigaŵa cha Tigray uko Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵa na malo ghachoko waka. Mu 1541 ŵasilikari ŵa Cristóvão da Gama ŵakafika ku Massawa, ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Adal mu nkhondo ya Wayna Daga mu 1543.[42]

Mu 1559, Ŵaturuki ŵakayezga kuti ŵapoke chigaŵa cha Medri Bahri, kweni ŵakakanizgika. Ŵakacimbizgika na ŵasilikari ŵa Bahri Negash na ŵasilikari ŵa ku mapiri. Mu 1578, ŵakayezga kuti ŵalute ku vigaŵa vya mapiri na wovwiri wa Bahri Negash Yisehaq, uyo wakasintha ŵabwezi chifukwa cha kulimbana na ŵamazaza. Muwusi wa ku Etiyopiya, Sarsa Dengel, wakacimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey mu 1588 cifukwa ca kuwukira kwawo vigaŵa vya kumpoto.

Paumaliro, Ŵaotomu ŵakaŵachimbizga mu cigaŵa caumaliro ca vilimika vya m'ma 1500. Ndipouli, iwo ŵakalutilira kulamulira mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka apo charu cha Eritrea chikambira ku Italy m'ma 1800.[43][44][45]

Mu 1734, mulongozgi wa Afar, Kedafu, wakambiska muwuso wa Mudaito mu Ethiopia, uwo pamanyuma ukakhwaska vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Denkel ku Eritrea. Caka ca m'ma 1500 cikaŵaso nyengo iyo Ŵaotomu ŵakiza mu caru ca ku Nyanja Yiswesi.[43][46][47][48][49]

Mbili yasono

Italian Eritrea

Nkhani ikulu: Italian Eritrea
Ascaris wa ku Eritrea, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy, pa cimati ca mu 1898
Kadi la Carabinieri lakufuma ku Italy ku Eritrea mu 1907
Piazza Roma in Italian Asmara

Vyaru ivyo sono ni Eritrea vikaŵa mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Africa. Mu 1869 panji 1870, mulongozgi wa chigaŵa ichi wakaguliska malo agho ghakazingilizga nyanja ya Assab ku Rubattino Shipping Company. Malo agha ghakaŵanga malo ghakusungiramo malasha agho ghakaŵa mu nthowa za ngalaŵa izo zikaŵa mu Suez Canal.

Mu nyengo iyo Themba Yohannes IV likafwa mu 1889, Gen. Oreste Baratieri wakakhalamo mu vigaŵa vya mapiri ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea, ndipo Italy yikapharazga kuti charu cha Eritrea, icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Italy, chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu phangano la Wuchale (It. Mu chaka chenechichi, Themba Menelik la Shewa, ilo likaŵa ufumu wa kumwera kwa Etiyopiya, likazomera kuti charu cha Italy chiŵe pasi pa maboma gha Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, na Serae. Nkhondo iyo wakathereska mathemba ghanyake na kukhomeka pa chitengo nga ni Fumu Menelek II (1889-1913) yikapangiska kuti phangano ili liŵe lakukhozga ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici.[50]

In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888,[51] and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911.[52] Msewu wa Asmara-Massawa Cableway ndiwo ukaŵa utali comene pa caru cose, kweni pamanyuma pake ukabwangandulika na ŵa ku Britain mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Padera pa milimo yikuru ya kuzenga vinthu, maboma ghakaŵaso na ndalama zinandi mu vyakurya. Wakapelekaso wovwiri ku ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni ya Asmara na Massawa, kweniso wakalemba ntchito ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea mu maofesi gha boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakalembeskeka ku usilikari mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri.

Mwakusazgirapo, boma la Italy ku Eritrea likajura mafakitale ghanyake agho ghakapanganga mabotolo, mafuta gha kuphikira, makaroni, vyakuzenga, nyama, hona, vikumba, na vinthu vinyake vya mu nyumba. Mu 1939, ku malo agha kukaŵa mafakitale pafupifupi 2,198 ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ku mafakitala agha ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Eritrea. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy na Eritrea ŵakamba kukhala mu matawuni. Mu vyaka vinkhondi, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi chikakwera kufuma pa 4,600 kufika pa 75,000.[53]

Mu 1922, Benito Mussolini wakati waŵa na mazaza mu Italy, boma la ku Eritrea likasintha comene. Il Duce wakati wapharazga kuti Ufumu wa Italy wababika mu Meyi 1936, Eritrea wa ku Italy (wakasazgikira na vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Ethiopia) na Somaliland wa ku Italy vikasazgikana na Ethiopia uyo wakaŵa kuti wapokeka waka. Mu nyengo iyi, ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukakura chomene mwakuti ukaŵa nga ni "Ufumu uphya wa Ŵaroma". Boma la Italy likasankha Eritrea kuŵa malo ghakwendeskera vyamalonda ku Italy.

Asmara yikapangika makora chomene mu 1935, ndipo yikamba kuwoneka nga ni "mzinda wa Art Deco" (mu 2017 yikapharazgika kuti ni "Mzinda wa UNESCO wa Charu Chose",) uwo uli na vinthu vyakupambanapambana, malo ghakutowa, na nyumba za ŵanthu wose, nga ni mafilimu, mashopu, mabanki, visopa, maofesi gha ŵanthu wose na gha ŵanthu ŵekha, mafakitale, na nyumba za ŵanthu (kuyana na mabuku gha UNESCO). Ŵataliyana ŵakapanga nyumba zakujumpha 400 mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyo yikaŵa kuti yindachitike. Mu nyumba izi mukaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru za ku Italy nga ni Fiat Tagliero Building na Cinema Impero.

British administration

Mu 1941, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakachimbizga Ŵaitaliya na kwamba kuwusa caru.[54]

Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵika charu cha Eritrea mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakeneranga kuzomerezgera kuti charu ichi chiwelere.

Pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakakolerana yayi pa nkhani ya malo gha Eritrea, boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mpaka mu 1950. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la Britain likati charu cha Eritrea chigaŵike mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pakuti boma la Soviet Union likaghanaghananga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Italy ndiwo ŵazamutonda, pakwamba likakolerana kuti charu cha Eritrea chiwelere ku Italy.

Annexation with Ethiopia

Nkhani ikulu: Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea
Eritrean War of Independence against Ethiopia 1961–1991

Mu ma 1950, boma la Ethiopia ilo likalongozgekanga na Themba Haile Selassie likakhumbanga kutora charu cha Eritrea na Somaliland. Mu kalata iyo wakalembera Franklin D. Roosevelt pa ungano wa Paris Peace Conference na pa ungano wakwamba wa United Nations. Mu wupu wa United Nations, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kudumbiskana vya vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy. Ŵa Britain na America ŵakakhumbanga kupeleka charu chose cha Eritrea ku Ŵaetiyopiya kuti ŵaŵawovwire pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.[55] Gulu la vyaru vya ku Eritrea ilo likucemeka Independence Bloc, likapempha wupu wa United Nations General Assembly kuti ucitenge referendum mwaluŵiro.

Pamanyuma pakuti U.N. Mu Disembala 1950, kuyana na fundo 390A (V) ya wupu wakulongozga, charu cha Eritrea chikakolerana na Ethiopia. Pa fundo iyi, ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Eritrea na Ethiopia viŵe pamoza. Eritrea wakeneranga kuŵa na boma lake na makhoti ghake, ndembera yake, na kulamulira vinthu vya mu caru, kusazgapo ŵapolisi, boma, na msonkho. Boma la ku Russia ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za malonda, kuvikilira ŵanthu, ndalama, na mendero. Fundo iyi yikasuskana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakakhumbanga, kweni yikaŵapa wanangwa wa demokilase na kujiyimira pawekha.

Independence

Nkhani ikulu: Eritrean War of Independence, Flag of Eritrea, and Eritrea under Isaias Afwerki
A view over Asmara

Mu 1958, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea likambiska gulu lakucemeka Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM). Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea, na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru. Gulu ili likacitanga vinthu vya ndyali mwakubisilizga kuti likanizge boma la Ethiopia. Pa Seputembala 1, 1961, Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), pasi pa muwuso wa Hamid Idris Awate, yikamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari. Mu 1962, Fumu Haile Selassie yikawuskamo ŵamazaza mu charu cha Eritrea na kupoka charu ichi. Nkhondo ya wanangwa ya Eritrea yikatora vyaka 30 m'paka mu 1991, apo gulu la Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) likathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya mu Eritrea.

Ku Eritrea, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira paŵekha. Gulu la EPLF likapoka mazaza, likakhazikiska boma la chipani chimoza na kukanizga milimo yinyake ya ndyali. Mu 2020, pakaŵavya mavoti.[56][57][58][59] Pa Meyi 28, 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations.

Nkhondo ya Eritrea-Ethiopia kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2000 yikaŵa na nkhondo yikuru pa mphaka, chomenechomene ku Badme na Zalambessa, ndipo paumaliro yikamara mu 2018. Mu 2020, ŵasilikari ŵa Eritrea ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya Tigray ku chigaŵa cha boma la Ethiopia.[60][57][58][59] Mu Epulero 2021, Eritrea yikati ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakurwa nkhondo mu Ethiopia.[61]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Eritrea
Map of Eritrea

Charu cha Eritrea chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ku mpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Nyanja Yiswesi, kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Sudan, kumwera kuli Ethiopia, ndipo kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Djibouti. Charu cha Eritrea chili pakati pa latitude 12° na 18°N, ndipo longitude 36° na 44°E.

Charu ichi chili pakati pa vigaŵa viŵiri vya East African Rift. Ku Eritrea, kumwera kwa Nyanja Yiswesi, ndiko kuli mphinjika. Virwa vya Dahlak na malo ghake ghakukwerapo somba vili mumphepete mwa nyanja.

The Dahlak Archipelago

Charu cha Eritrea chili mu vigaŵa vitatu. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri agha kuli malo ghakuthukira agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghakuthukira agho ghali na vyakumera vinandi, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 3,000, ghali na malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakupambanapambana, kufuma ku nkhorongo ya Filfil Solomona m'paka ku majalawe na madambo gha kumwera.[62] Pa malo agha pakaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu charu ichi ni Emba Soira, agho ghali pakatikati pa charu cha Eritrea.

Msumba ukuru wa Asmara, uwo uli ku mpoto kwa charu ichi, na tawuni ya Asseb, iyo yili ku mpoto kwa charu ichi, kweniso tawuni ya Massawa, iyo yili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi.

Charu cha Eritrea chili mu gulu la vyaru 14 ivyo vili mu wupu wa Global Environment Facility, uwo ukukolerana na mawupu gha pa caru cose, mawupu gha wupu wa wupu wakwendakwenda, na mabungwe gha boma kuti ghasange mazgoro gha mafumbo gha pa caru cose ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa. Vinthu vikusintha pa malo agho kukulokwa vula, ndipo maji ghakukamuka pachoko, ndipo ivi vingapangiska kuti dongo liswe, maji ghatutuke, chilangalanga, charu chivunduke, na kuzgoka mapopa.

Mu 2006, charu cha Eritrea chikapharazga kuti chizamuŵa charu chakwamba pa charu chose chapasi kuŵa na malo ghakuvikilirika. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya makilomita 1,347, pamoza na makilomita ghanyake 1,946 (1,209 mi) kuzingilizga virwa vyakujumpha 350, vizamutoleka na boma.

Highlands between Asmara and Massawa

Wildlife

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Eritrea
Wonaniso: List of mammals in Eritrea and List of birds of Eritrea
Pelicans in a pond near Asmara

Ku Eritrea kuli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vikwambiska nthenda iyi.

Mu charu cha Eritrea muli nyama zinandi za nyama. Malango agho ghalembeka ghakovwira kuti chiŵelengero chawo chikure mu Eritrea mose. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikuŵako mazuŵa ghano ni mbunda ya ku Abyssinia, mphaka ya ku Africa, mbunda yakuchemeka Black-backed jackal, mphumphi ya golide ya ku Africa, Genet, chiŵiya chakuchemeka Ground squirrel, pale fox, Soemmerring's gazelle, na warthog. Viyuni ivi vikusangika comene mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja na ku Gash-Barka.

Eritrean landscape near road to Massawa

Ŵanyake ŵakuti nkhalamu zikukhala mu mapiri gha mu chigaŵa cha Gash-Barka. Mu vigaŵa vinandi muli viyuni vya mtundu uwu. Mbunda ya ku Africa iyo yili pafupi kumara yikusangika mu chigaŵa cha Denakalia. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha ni viyuni vya bushbuck, duikers, greater kudu, Klipspringer, leopards, oryx, na crocodiles.[63][64] Chinyama cha chimbwi ntchikuru chomene.

Mu nyengo yakale, njovu za mu munda wa Afrika zikamanyikwanga kuti zikwenda mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu. Pakati pa 1955 na 2001 pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakawona viŵeto vya njovu, kweni ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vikapwetekeka na nkhondo ya wanangwa. Mu Disembala 2001, mu malo gha Dambo la Gash mukaŵa viŵeto pafupifupi 30, kusazgapo ŵana 10. Vikawoneka kuti njovu zikamba kuŵa na ubali wakukolerana na njovu za maolive.[65]

Ntcheŵe yakucemeka African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) iyo yili pa ngozi yikusangika kale mu Eritrea, kweni sono yikuwoneka kuti yili kumara mu caru cose ici. Ku Gash-Barka, njoka zinandi zikuwoneka. Viyuni ivi vikusangika mu malo ghanandi, nanga nkhu mapiri. Mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, mukusangika visomba vya mu nyanja nga ni dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin, swordfish, na manta ray.[64]

Climate

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, charu cha Eritrea chili mu vigaŵa vitatu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha Eritrea vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na mphepo yiwemi. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuwoneka mu malo agha vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakupambana mu charu chose. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri ivi nyengo njakuthukira chaka chose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu vigaŵa vya mapiri ni vyakomira. Kuyana kwa vula na vyakumera vikupambana mu caru cose. Nyengo ya ku Eritrea yikupambana cifukwa ca nyengo na malo agho kuli maji.

Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2022, wakulongora kuti ndalama izo Eritrea yikwenera kulipira kuti yizgoŵere kusintha kwa vinthu na kugega masuzgo agho ghangaŵapo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ni zinandi chomene.[66]

Climate data for Eritrea in general, based on 14 cities
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		29.8
(85.6) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33
(91) 		32
(90) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30
(86) 		28.3
(82.9) 		31
(88)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20.8
(69.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26
(79) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.3
(73.9)
Average low °C (°F) 17.8
(64.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21
(70) 		23.3
(73.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		20
(68) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.8
(69.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 6.7
(0.26) 		6.9
(0.27) 		9
(0.4) 		14.8
(0.58) 		20.3
(0.80) 		26.5
(1.04) 		100
(3.9) 		99.7
(3.93) 		25.4
(1.00) 		8.6
(0.34) 		11.9
(0.47) 		9.4
(0.37) 		347
(13.7)
Source: weatherbase[67]

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Eritrea
President Isaias Afewerki with U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, December 2002

Chipani cha People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) ndi chipani chokha chovomerezeka ku Eritrea. Magulu ghanyake gha ndyali ghakupokelereka yayi kuwungana, nangauli dango la ndyali la mu 1997 likusambizga kuti pali vyaru vinandi. Nyumba ya Malamulo yili na mipando 150. Pa nyengo na nyengo, maungano gha chigaŵa ghakuŵapo ndipo ghakuŵavya.[68] Pulezidenti Isaias Afwerki wali pa udindo kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1993. Mu 1993, ŵanthu 75 ŵakasankhika kuŵa mu wupu wa National Assembly. Lipoti la wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council likati: "Kwamba nyengo iyo, palije maungano gha boma agho ghacitika, ndipo palije maungano gha pulezidenti agho ghacitika. Kufuma mu 2003-2004, paŵavya maungano gha chigaŵa panji gha chigaŵa. Mu 1993, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (National Assembly) ukasora Isaias Afwerki kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu cha Eritrea. Afwerki wakati wasankhika, wakalutilira kulamulira boma la Eritrea". Pulezidenti Isaias Afwerki wakuyowoya kanandi waka kuti wakuyuyura demokilase iyo wakuyichema kuti "ya ku Western". Mwaciyelezgero, mu 2008 mu nkhani iyo wakapeleka ku Al Jazeera, pulezidenti wakati: "Eritrea wazamulindilira vyaka 30 panji 40, panji kujumpha apa, pambere wandacite mavoti. Ni njani wakumanya?"[69]

National, regional, and local elections

Nkhani ikulu: Elections in Eritrea

Pakughanaghanira kuti dango la mtende na ubwezi pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia lichali kuleka kufiskika, boma la Eritrea likuwona kuti phangano la mtende likufiskika yayi. Ndipouli, maungano gha chigaŵa ghakalutilira mu Eritrea. Chisankho cha boma chaposachedwapa chinachitika mu 2010 na 2011.

Military

Eritrean Navy, branch of the Eritrean Defence Forces during ceremony

Ŵasilikari ŵa Eritrea sono ndiwo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Eritrea. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Eritrea ndimoza mwa ŵasilikari ŵankhongono comene mu Africa.

Mu 1995, boma likakanizga ŵanthu kunjira usilikari. Kuyana na dango, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakunjira usilikari ŵakwenera kuteŵetera kwa myezi 18. Ntheura ŵanthu pafupifupi 5% ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵasilikari mu mapopa ndipo ŵakuzenga misewu.

Dango la mu 1995 ilo likukanizga ŵanthu kugwira ntchito zausilikari likuzomerezga yayi. Kuyana na dango la ku Ethiopia ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1957 apo charu cha Eritrea chikapokera wanangwa, para munthu waleka kujilemba usilikari panji kukana kugwira ntchito zausilikari, wakujalirika mu jele kwa myezi 6 m'paka vyaka 5.[70] Nyengo iyo munthu wakulembekera usilikari yingaŵa yitali para pali suzgo. Kwambira mu 1998, waliyose uyo wandafike vyaka 50 wakulembeka usilikari kwa nyengo yitali m'paka wafumiskike. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakacitikira ŵanthu 200 awo ŵakacimbira usilikari, ŵakasanga kuti ŵakateŵetera vyaka 6.5 ndipo ŵanyake ŵakateŵetera vyaka vyakujumpha 12.[71]

Foreign relations

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Eritrea
Msonkhano wa 23 wa ISCOE East Africa ku Asmara mu 2019
Isaias Afwerki na President wa Russia Vladimir Putin ku Kremlin ku Moscow pa 31 May 2023

Charu cha Eritrea chili mu wupu wa United Nations na African Union. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa vyaru vya maarabu pamoza na Brazil, Venezuela, na Turkey. Charu ichi chili na mpando mu wupu wa United Nations Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Charu cha Eritrea chili mu wupu wa International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa, na World Customs Organization.

Boma la Eritrea likafumiska nthumwi yake ku African Union pakususkana na umo wupu wa African Union ukutondekera kufiska ivyo likukhumba pa m'paka wa Eritrea na Ethiopia. Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2011, boma la Eritrea lasankha thenga, Tesfa-Alem Tekle, ku AU.[72]

Ubwezi wawo na Djibouti na Yemen uli palipose chifukwa cha mphindano za vigaŵa vya Doumeira Islands na Hanish Islands.

Pa Meyi 28, 2019, boma la United States likafumiska charu cha Eritrea pa "Chikalata cha Awo Ŵakuleka Kovwira pa Nkhani ya Kuthana na Vigeŵenga". Kweniso myezi yiŵiri kumasinda, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la United States ŵakiza ku Eritrea, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu vyaka 14.[73]

Pamoza na Belarus, Syria, na North Korea, Eritrea yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vinayi pera kwambura Russia ivyo vikavoterapo ku United Nations General Assembly kuti vikususka ivyo Russia yikacita ku Ukraine mu 2022.[74]

Relations with Ethiopia

Wonaniso: Eritrea–Ethiopia relations and Eritrean–Ethiopian War
Wonani vinandi: Eritrean War of Independence and Eritrean independence referendum, 1993
Zuŵa la Wanangwa ni holide yakuzirwa comene mu Eritrea.

Mphepete mwa charu cha Eritrea na Ethiopia ndiko kuli suzgo likuru. Nkhondo ya vyaka 30 iyo yikachitika pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia yikati yamara, ubwezi wawo ukakhora chomene. Nkhondo ya pa mphaka yikananga ndalama zinandi.

Cifukwa ca kugaŵikana uko kukacitika pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu suzgo yikuru ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakasuzgikanga comene na nkhondo.[75][76][77] Pa cifukwa ici, pulezidenti wa Eritrea wakaciska wupu wa UN kuti ucitengepo kanthu pa nkhani ya Ethiopia na makalata 11 agho pulezidenti wakalembera wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Vinthu vikulutilira kuhenipa cifukwa cakuti ŵalongozgi ŵa Eritrea na Ethiopia ŵakulutilira kovwirana mu vyaru vinyake.[78][79] Mu 2011, Etiyopiya wakapa mulandu Eritrea kuti wakazenga mabomba pa ungano wa wupu wa African Union ku Addis Ababa. Kweni charu cha Eritrea chikakana.

Pa Julayi 8, 2018, ŵakalayizga kuti ŵaŵenge pa mtende. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ŵakasayina chikalata chakulongosora umo nkhondo ya pa mphaka ya Eritrea na Ethiopia yikamalira.[80][81]

Kuyana na sukulu ya malango ya NYU, komiti ya malango ya Unduna wa vya Malango yikulaŵilira ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti munthu waŵe loya mu Eritrea. Nangauli dango la 88/96 likukanizga yayi kukhazikiska wupu wakuyimira pawekha, kweni palije wupu uwu. Ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti ili ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivyo khoti ili lili na mazaza. Pa nkhani ya ŵanakazi awo ŵakugwira nchito ya kuzenga milandu, khoti likumanya makora yayi.[82]

Human rights

Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in Eritrea
Building of regional administration in Asmara

Eritrea ni boma la chipani cimoza ndipo maungano gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana ghakusintha nyengo zinandi. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati boma ili lili na wanangwa ukuru chomene pa charu chose. Vyaru vinandi vikususka boma la Eritrea kuti likukora na kukaka ŵanthu mwambura kwenelera, kweniso kuti likujalira ŵanthu ŵanandi kwambura kuŵapa mulandu cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakucita. Mu Eritrea, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo mbambura kuzomerezgeka.

Gulu lakuzirwa la ŵanthu 15 ŵa ku Eritrea, lakucemeka G-15, kusazgapo mamembala ghatatu gha nduna, ŵakakakika mu Seputembala 2001 pamanyuma pa kufumiska kalata yakupharazga ku boma na pulezidenti Isaias Afewerki yakuchema kuti paŵe kudumbiskana kwa demokilase. Gulu ili na ŵanyake ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵali mu gulu ili, ŵali mu jele kwambura mulandu, mulandu, panji cheruzgo.[83][84]

Kufuma waka apo Eritrea yikakumanira na Ethiopia mu 1998-2001, wupu wa United Nations ukadandawura chomene pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵakuti kanandi boma ndilo likuphwanya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wanangwa wa kuyowoya, wa kulemba nkhani, kuwungana, na kuwungana uli na mphaka. Awo ŵali mu visopa ivyo "vindalembeke", awo ŵakukhumba kucimbira mu caru, panji awo ŵakukhumba yayi kunjira usilikari, ŵakukakika na kujalirika mu jere. Mu 2009, ciŵelengero ca ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali cikaŵa pakati pa 10,000 na 30,000, kukaŵa nthambuzgo zinandi ndiposo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, ndipo "waliyose" pa "cifukwa cilicose panji cara", kusazgapo ŵana ŵa vyaka 8, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 80, na ŵalwari, ŵakakakikanga, ndipo Eritrea wakaŵa "imoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wankhongono comene na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu". Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Eritrea na Nkhondo ya ku Eritrea na Ethiopia mu 1998, boma la Ethiopia likachitira nkhaza ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura vilwero.[85][86]

Asmara, Eritrea in 2015
Traditional Eritrean agudo/tukul huts in a village near Barentu

Mu Juni 2016, lipoti la wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council la mapeji 500 likati boma la Eritrea likuchita vinthu nga nkhupeleka ŵanthu ku khoti yayi, kutambuzga, kugwira ntchito ya usilikari kwa nyengo yitali (pa avereji vyaka 6.5), na kuchichizga ŵanthu kugwira ntchito.[3][87] Barbara Lochbihler wa mu Komiti ya Malango gha Ŵanthu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Europe wakati lipoti ili likulongosora "vinthu viheni comene ivyo vikucitika pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu". Unduna wa vya Kunja wa Eritrea ukazgora na kuyowoya kuti lipoti la komiti iyi ni "vinthu vyambura kupulikikwa" ivyo "ni vyambura maukaboni". Awo ŵakwimira boma la United States na China ŵakasuska umo lipoti ili likayowoyekera.

Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Eritrea awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 40 ŵakwenera kugwira ntchito zausilikari. Dango ili likakhazikiskika apo charu cha Eritrea chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufumamo mu charu ichi kuti ŵaleke kunjira usilikari.[71][88][89]

Pakukhumba kunozga vinthu, mu 2006, ŵalara ŵa boma la Eritrea na ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu ghambura vya boma ŵakawungana na kudumbiskana. Pa maungano agha, ŵakazgoranga mafumbo ghakuzirwa nga ni agha: "Kasi wanangwa wa munthu ni vichi?", "Kasi ni njani uyo wakumanya wanangwa wa munthu?", ndiposo "Kasi wanangwa wa munthu panji wa ŵanthu wose ni vichi?"

Mu 2007, boma la Eritrea likakanizga kuti ŵanakazi ŵaleke kupika minthumbo. Mu maungano gha vigaŵa na mu visopa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakususka comene ukotoli wa ŵanakazi. Para ŵakuyowoya nthena, ŵakuyowoya kuti chakuzirwa comene ni umoyo wawo ndiposo wanangwa wawo. Kweniso ŵakuŵeyelera ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi kuti ŵaleke kucita vinthu ivi.

Mu 2009, gulu lakucemeka Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea likapangika kuti liŵawovwire kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na boma. Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu bweka na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali pafupi na boma. Kufuma waka apo gulu ili likambira, boma la Eritrea lindayezgeyezgepo comene kuti liŵe na wanangwa uwu.

Mu Julayi 2019, mathenga gha vyaru 37, kusazgapo Eritrea, ghakasayina kalata yakuyana na iyi ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikucitira na ma Uyghur na visopo vinyake mu chigaŵa cha Xinjiang.[90]

Media freedom

Nkhani ikulu: Freedom of press in Eritrea
Wonaniso: Mass media in Eritrea

Mu 2017 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders yikati vyalo vya ku Eritrea vili pasi pa vyalo 180. Kuyana na BBC, "Eritrea ndiyo ni caru cimoza pera ca ku Africa ico cilije wayilesi", ndipo wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukayowoya za wayilesi za boma kuti, "[Ŵakucita] cinthu cilicose cara kweni kutandazga nkhani za nkhondo na za kutinkha caru za boma... Palije nanga njumoza [munyamata wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake] uyo sono wakukhala mu Asmara". Wupu wakuwona vya makani wa boma ukuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za vinthu ivyo vikucitika kuwaro kwa caru. Ŵapharazgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha ŵakukanizgika kwambira mu 2001. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti boma la Eritrea ndilo lili na ŵapharazgi ŵanandi chomene mu jele kuluska vyaru vinyake.[91]

Administrative divisions

Nkhani ikulu: Regions of Eritrea and Districts of Eritrea

Charu cha Eritrea chili na vigaŵa 6. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 58.

A map of Eritrea regions. 1. Northern Red Sea, 2. Anseba, 3. Gash-Barka, 4. Central (to right), 5. Southern, 6. Southern Red Sea
Regions of Eritrea
Region Area (km2) Capital
Central 1,300 Asmara
Anseba 23,200 Keren
Gash-Barka 33,200 Barentu
Southern 8,000 Mendefera
Northern Red Sea 27,800 Massawa
Southern Red Sea 27,600 Assab


Vyaru vya Eritrea ni vyaru ivyo boma likwendeskera. Mu vigaŵa vyose vinkhondi na cimoza, muli vigaŵa vya Maekel/Central, Anseba, Gash-Barka, Debub/Southern, Northern Red Sea na Southern Red Sea. Apo charu cha Eritrea chikamba kujiwusa chekha mu 1993, chikaŵa na vigaŵa 10. Vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakuyana na vigaŵa 9 ivyo vikaŵa mu nyengo ya ukoloni. Mu 1996, vigaŵa ivi vikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza (zobas). Malire gha vigaŵa ivi ghakukolerana na malo agho maji ghakusangika.

Transportation

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Eritrea
Eritrean mountain road

Mu charu ichi muli misewu yikuruyikuru, maofesi gha ndege, njanji, na madoko.

Misewu yikuruyikuru ya mu Eritrea yikucemeka kuyana na umo misewu yili kupangikira. Vinthu ivi ni: vyakwamba (P), vyaciŵiri (S), na vyaciŵiri (T). Msewu wapasi chomene ni wacigaŵa caciŵiri ndipo ukuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kanandi misewu iyi yikuŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake yikuŵa yakutowa. Mu nyengo ya vula, misewu iyi yikuŵa yambura kwenda.

Msewu wakulondezgapo uwo uli pachanya ni msewu waciŵiri ndipo kanandi ni msewu wa asphalt wa chigaŵa cimoza. Misewu iyo yikuwoneka nga ni misewu yikuru ni iyo yili kuzengeka na asphalt (mu utali wake wose) ndipo yikwendeska magalimoto pakati pa misumba yikuruyikuru na matawuni mu Eritrea.

Steam train outside Asmara on the Eritrean Railway

Mu 1999, mu Eritrea mukaŵa njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 317. Sitima ya ku Eritrea yikazengeka pakati pa 1887 na 1932.[92][93] Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose na nkhondo zinyake izo zikachitika pamasinda, ŵakajara chigaŵa na chigaŵa, ndipo ŵakajara mu 1978. Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵakamba kuzengaso, ndipo chigaŵa chakwamba chikajulika mu 2003. Mu 2009, chigaŵa chakufuma ku Massawa kuya ku Asmara chikazengekaso.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, viŵaro vyakukhalapo na vya magalimoto vyazengekaso. Ntchito iyo yikuchitika sono njakudumura comene cifukwa ca unandi wa vinthu vya njanji ivyo viliko sono ndiposo cifukwa cakuti vikusangika bweka yayi. Ŵakunozgekera kuzengaso. Sitima ya pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 5 iyo yikayaniskanga Agordat na Asmara na dowoko la Massawa yikaleka kugwira ntchito mu 1978. Kale njanji yikendanga kufuma ku Massawa kuluta ku Bishia kwizira ku Asmara, ndipo pasono yikuzengekaso.

Nanga ni mu nyengo ya nkhondo, charu cha Eritrea chikamba kupanga misewu yiphya, kunozga madoko, na kunozga misewu iyo yikanangika na nkhondo. Ntchito yikuru comene njakuti kuzenga msewu wa makilomita ghakujumpha 500 uwo ukakolerananga Massawa na Asseb, kweniso kunozga njanji ya Eritrea. Msewu wa njanji pakati pa dowoko la Massawa na msumba wa Asmara uli kuzengekaso, kweni ŵanthu ŵakwendamo viŵi yayi. Nyengo zinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito magalimoto gha nthukumusi.

Economy

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Eritrea
Eritrea's main exports, 2013

Mu 2020, IMF yikati GDP ya Eritrea ni $2.1 billion, panji $6.4 billion pa PPP. Kufumira mu 2009, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakutumizga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikaŵa 32 peresenti ya GDP.[12][94]

Mining

Mu 2013, chiŵelengero chikakwera chomene chifukwa chakuti kampani ya Canadian Nevsun Resources yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito migodi ya golide na siliva ya Bisha, yikamba kupanga simenti kufuma ku fakitare ya simenti ku Massawa, kweniso chifukwa cha ndalama izo makampani gha Australia na China ghakugwiliskira ntchito mu migodi ya mkuwa, zinki, na potashi ya Colluli ku Eritrea.[95][96][97]



Agriculture

Page 'Agriculture in Eritrea' not found

Tourism

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Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Eritrea

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu charu cha Eritrea. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵalipo 3.600,000 ndipo ŵanyake 6.700,000. Boma la Eritrea lindanozgepo ŵanthu.[98][99][100]

 
 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Eritrea
Mndandanda Region Ŵanthu
Asmara
Asmara
Keren
Keren 		1 Asmara Maekel 963,000 Dekemhare
Dekemhare
Massawa
Massawa
2 Keren Anseba 120,000
3 Dekemhare Debub 120,000
4 Massawa Northern Red Sea 54,090
5 Mendefera Debub 53,000
6 Assab Southern Red Sea 28,000
7 Barentu Gash-Barka 15,891
8 Adi Keyh Debub 13,061
9 Edd Southern Red Sea 11,259
10 Ak'ordat Gash-Barka 8,857

Ethnic composition

A woman and a man in Barentu wearing traditional clothes

Ku Eritrea kuli mitundu 9 ya ŵanthu awo boma likuŵamanya makora.[68][101] Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuchemeka Tigrinya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Asia. Kweniso ku Eritrea kuli mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Kunama na Nara. Mtundu uliwose ukuyowoya ciyowoyero cakupambana kweni kanandi ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rashaida awo mba Cirabu ŵalipo pafupifupi 2% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Eritrea.[102] Ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyamumphepete mwa nyanja vya kumpoto kwa Eritrea na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Rashaida ŵakiza ku Eritrea mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 kufuma ku Hejaz.

Kweniso ku Asmara kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Eritrea awo ŵakukhala ku Italy. Ŵakuŵa ŵenekaya yayi kwambura kutora panji kutengwa panji usange boma likuŵapa wanangwa uwu. Mu 1941, mu Eritrea mukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 760,000, ndipo 70,000 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakafumako ku Eritrea ŵakati ŵajiyimira ŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 100,000 ŵa ku Eritrea ŵali kufuma ku Italy.[103][104]

Languages

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Eritrea
Population pyramid of Eritrea 2016

Charu cha Eritrea chikuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Charu ichi chilije chiyowoyero cha boma, chifukwa Dango la charu ichi likuti "viyowoyero vyose vya ku Eritrea ni vyakuyana". Eritrea yili na viyowoyero vinkhondi na viŵiri: Tigrinya, Tigre, Afar, Beja, Bilen, Kunama, Nara, na Saho. ChiTigrinya, Chiarabu, na Chingelezi ni viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa sukulu za ku yunivesite. Nangauli Chiitaliya, chiyowoyero icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa maboma, chikumanyikwa na boma yayi mu Eritrea, kweni ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi.[105] Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Italy ndipo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Italy.

Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku Eritrea ni vya mu banja la viyowoyero vya ku Asia. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Asia ivyo vikuzunulika mu Cushitic navyo vikuyowoyeka chomene mu charu ichi. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Afar, Beja, Blin, na Saho. Kweniso viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara (Kunama na Nara) vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kunama na Nara awo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi.

Magulu ghachoko waka ghakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Afroasiatic, nga ni Dahlik na Chiarabic (viyowoyero vya Hejazi na Hadhrami ivyo Rashaida na Hadhrami ŵakuyowoya).

Religion

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Eritrea
Eritrea religious groups
U.S Department of State 2019[106] Pew Research Center 2020[107]
Religion Percent
Christianity
 
 49%
Islam
 
 49%
Others
 
 2%
Religion Percent
Christianity
 
 63%
Islam
 
 36%
Others
 
 1%

Visopa vikuruvikuru mu Eritrea ni Chikhristu na Chisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu cisopa cilicose. Kuyana na lipoti la Pew Research Center, mu 2010, ŵanthu 62.9% ku Eritrea ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 36.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ndipo 0.4% ŵakaŵa mu visopa vya ku Africa. Ŵanyake wose ŵakasopanga vya Chiyuda, Chihindu, Chibuda, na visopa vinyake (<0.1%), panji ŵakasopanga vyautesi (0.1%). U.S. Dipatimenti ya vya Charu ya ku Eritrea yikati mu 2011, ŵanthu 50 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Eritrea ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 48 pa 100 ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ndipo 2 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵavisopa vinyake. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chakale chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo nyumba yakwamba ya cisopa ya Debre Sina yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 300.

Kwambira mu Meyi 2002, boma la Eritrea likuzomerezga tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris), na Evangelical Lutheran church. Visopa vinyake vyose vikwenera kulembeska. Mwaciyelezgero, boma likukhumba kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali mu cisopa cilicose ŵapeleke maukaboni gha umo ŵaliri kuti ŵaŵe ŵakwenelera kusopa.[108]

Boma la Eritrea likususka ivyo likuwona kuti ni visopa "vyakusintha" panji "vyakukolerana na visopa vinyake". Ntheura, visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni visopa vya Cisilamu na Cikhristu, Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, na visopa vinyake vinandi ivyo ni vyacipharazgi yayi, ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka kusopa. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵatatu ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵali mu jele kwambira mu 1994 pamoza na ŵanji 51.[109][110][111] Boma likuŵacitira nkhaza comene Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, likuŵakanira makadi gha vyakurya na vikalata vya nchito. Mu Okutobala 1994, pulezidenti wakazomerezga kuti Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵaleke kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa charu ichi.

Lipoti la 2017 la U.S. Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Vyaru yikati caru ca Eritrea nchakuzirwa comene.[112]

Health care

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Eritrea

Eritrea yaluta panthazi comene pa nkhani ya cipatala ndipo njimoza mwa vyaru vichoko ivyo vili kufiska vilato vyake vya Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) pa nkhani ya umoyo, comenecomene umoyo wa ŵana. Umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira kufuma pa vyaka 39.1 mu 1960 kufika pa vyaka 66.44 mu 2020.

Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (WHO) mu 2008 ukasanga kuti munthu wakukhala vyaka vyakukwana 63, ndipo mu 2020 wakukhala vyaka 66.44. [113] Wupu wakuwona vya maleriya ku charu chose wa Unduna wa vya Umoyo ukawona kuti kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2006, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa na maleriya chikakhira kufika pa 85%. Boma la Eritrea lazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanakazi ŵakomeke, chifukwa likuyowoya kuti nkharo iyi njakupweteka ndipo yikuŵika umoyo wa ŵanakazi pangozi.

Ndipouli, ku Eritrea kuli masuzgo ghanandi. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵadokotala chikakwera kufuma pa 0.2 mu 1993 kufika pa 0.5 mu 2004 pa ŵanthu 1,000, kweni chichali chichoko chomene. Matenda gha maleriya na chibabira ghakukata yayi. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵali na HIV. Pa mwanakazi yumoza, ŵakubaba ŵana pafupifupi 4.1. Kufwa kwa ŵamama kukakhira comene kufuma mu 1995 kufika mu 2002, kweni ni viŵi yayi. Mwakuyana waka, kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2002, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika na ŵantchito awo ŵakumanya vya munkhwala chikakwera kaŵiri. Cinthu cimoza ico cikukoma comene ŵana awo ŵababika waka ni nthenda yikuru. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo ni zicoko.[114]

Education

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Eritrea
The Eritrea Institute of Technology
Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵavwara yunifomu

Ku Eritrea kuli masukulu gha vigaŵa vinkhondi. Ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 1,270,000 ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha pulayimale, gha sekondale, na gha sekondale. Pali masukulu pafupifupi 824, mayunivesite ghaŵiri, (Yunivesite ya Asmara na Eritrea Institute of Technology), na makoleji ghachoko na masukulu gha vyaumisiri.

Ku Eritrea, sukulu njakukakamizga ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 13.[115]

Education system in Eritrea[116]
Basic Education – 7 years
Middle – Junior High School (Years included in basic)
Secondary – Secondary School – 4 years
Post-secondary – Advanced Diploma – 3 years
Higher Education – Bachelor – 4/5 years
Higher Education – Master – 2 years

Pa sukulu za pulayimale, ŵana 70 mpaka 90 peresenti ŵakusambira pulayimale. Ŵasambiri na ŵasambizgi ŵali palipose: 45:1 pa sukulu za pulayimale na 54:1 pa sukulu za sekondare. Ŵana ŵa kilasi limoza ŵalipo 63 na 97 pa kilasi limoza pa chigaŵa cha pulayimale na sekondare. Nyengo zinandi para munthu wakusambira pa sukulu wakuŵa na maora ghambura kukwana 6.

Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeska ŵanthu kusambira ku Eritrea ni vyakuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa yayi kusambira, malipiro gha sukulu (ghakukwana pakulembeska na kupeleka vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa sukulu), kweniso ndalama izo mabanja ghachoko ghalipiranga.

Eritrea Institute of Technology (EIT) ni sukulu ya tekinoloje iyo yili kufupi na tawuni ya Himbrti, Mai Nefhi kufupi na Asmara. Sukulu iyi yili na makoleji ghatatu: Science, Engineering and Technology, and Education. Sukulu iyi yikamba na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 5,500 mu chaka cha masambiro cha 2003-2004.

Literacy rate Eritrea 2018, source: World bank, UNESCO[117][116]
Literacy rate Percent (%)
All Adults
76.6
Age: 15–24
93.3

EIT yikajulika pamanyuma pakuti Yunivesite ya Asmara yasinthika. Kuyana na Unduna wa vya Masambiro, sukulu iyi yikapangika kuti ŵanthu wose ŵasambirenge mwakuyana mu vigaŵa vyakutali na msumba wa Asmara. Ntheura, masukulu ghanyake ghakuyana waka ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Eritrea Institute of Technology ni sukulu yikuru ya sayansi, injiniya, na masambiro. Yunivesite ya Asmara ndiyo ni yakale comene mu caru ici ndipo yikajulika mu 1958. Pa nyengo yasono yikugwira nchito yayi.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba. Pa ŵawukirano ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ni 93.3% (93.8% ku ŵanalume na 92.7% ku ŵanakazi).[118]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Eritrea

One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony.[119] Ŵanthu ŵakumwa khofi (Ge'ez ቡን būn) para ŵaluta kukacezga na ŵabwezi ŵawo, pa viphikiro, panji pa vinthu vinyake. Pa nyengo ya ciphikiro ca khofi, ŵanthu ŵakulondezga mitheto yinyake. Khofi uyu wakupeleka mu vigaŵa vitatu: chigaŵa chakwamba chikuchemeka awel mu Chitigrinya (kung'anamura "wakwamba"), chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikuchemeka kalaay (kung'anamura "chachiŵiri"), ndipo chigaŵa chachitatu chikuchemeka bereka (kung'anamura "wakutumbikika").

Kavwaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea kakupambana chomene. Mu matawuni ghakurughakuru, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu maofesi, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wuwo ŵakuvwara masuti. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Tigrinya ŵakuvwara malaya ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka zurias, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakuvwara mashati ghatuŵa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku Eritrea, uko kuli Ŵasilamu, ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya mitundu yakutowa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakutemwa chomene sumu na mazgu gha sumu, majowelo, mafuta ghakununkhira, na vyakuvwara nga umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchitira mu charu ichi.[120]

Kuphika

Wonaniso: Eritrean cuisine
Injera ya ku Eritrea na vyakurya vyakupambanapambana

Cakurya cikuru comene ca ku Eritrea ni injera, ndipo kanandi ŵakurya nyama ya ng'ombe, nkhuku, mberere, panji somba. Vyakurya vya ku Eritrea vikuyana chomene na vya ku Ethiopia, nangauli vyakurya vya ku Eritrea vikuŵa na vyakurya vya mu nyanja kuluska vya ku Ethiopia chifukwa cha malo agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja.[121][122] [121][121]Kweniso vyakurya vya ku Eritrea kanandi vikuŵa "vyambura kunono" kuluska vya ku Ethiopia. Kweniso ŵakugwiliskira nchito batala na vyakununkhira viŵi yayi, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira nchito tomato comene, nga umo ŵakucitira na tsebhi dorho.

Kweniso chifukwa chakuti charu cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari, vyakurya vya ku Eritrea vikukolerana chomene na vya ku Italy kuluska vya ku Ethiopia. Vyakurya vya ku Italy na Eritrea vikamba kupangika mu nyengo iyo Ufumu wa Italy ukalamuliranga charu ichi. Iwo ndiwo ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito makaroni mu caru ca Eritrea, ndipo ni cakurya cikuru comene mu Asmara. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vya ku Eritrea, nga ni "pasta al sugo e berbere" (vyakurya vya ku Eritrea ivyo vili na msuzi wa tomato na vyakununkhira vya berbere), lasagna, na "cotoletta alla Milanese" (mbuzi ya ku Milan).

Padera pa khofi, ŵanthu ŵakumwa moŵa. Vinyake mwa vyakurya ivi ni sowa, chakumwa chakukali icho ŵakupanga na balere wakusazgako mafuta, na mies, vinyo la uchi wakusazgako mafuta.[123]

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pa Julayi 8, 2017, msumba wose wa Asmara ukalembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zinandi za Art Deco, zamunthazi, za mazuŵa ghano, na za ku Eritrea.[124][125][126][127][128][129] Msumba wa Asmara, uwo ukaŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kukura mwaluŵiro mu 1889. Kweniso msumba uwu ukaŵa malo ghakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene vya ku malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyamunthazi. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakapanganga mapulani gha msumba, ŵakuzenga nyumba, na mainjiniya ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kuzenga, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Asmarino ŵakumanya kuti msumba wawo ngwakuzirwa.[130]

Eritrean national museum in Asmara
The Fiat Tagliero Building

Msumba uwu uli na nyumba zinandi za m'ma 1900. Nyumba zinyake zikuwoneka nga ni tchalitchi la Our Lady of the Rosary. Mu msumba wose muli vinthu vya Art Deco. Mu Africa Pension Building na mu nyumba zinyake, muli vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora umo vinthu vikaŵira. Nyumba ya Fiat Tagliero yikulongora umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo yakale. Mazuŵa ghano, nyumba zinyake zazengeka makora chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake zikunanga umo misumba yinyake yikuwonekera.

Mu nyengo iyi, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi, nga ni mahotelo na mafilimu. Nyumba zinyake zakuzirwa ni Art Deco Cinema Impero (iyo yikajulika mu 1937 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyiwona kuti ni yimoza mwa nyumba zakutowa chomene pa charu chose) Cubist Africa Pension, Eritrean Orthodox Enda Mariam Cathedral na Asmara Opera, Fiat Tagliero Building, neoclassical Asmara city hall.[131]

A statement from UNESCO read:

It is an exceptional example of early modernist urbanism at the beginning of the 20th century and its application in an African context.

— UNESCO[124]

Music

Nkhani ikulu: Music of Eritrea
Eritrean artist Helen Meles

Mtundu uliwose ku Eritrea uli na sumu na kuvina kwake. Mu chiyowoyero cha Tigrinya, sumu iyo yikumanyikwa chomene ni guaila. [132]Vyakwimbira vya ŵanthu vya ku Eritrea ni krar, kebero, begena, masenqo na wata (mwana wa m'bale wa viyuni). Muwimbi munyake wakumanyikwa chomene wa ku Eritrea ni Helen Meles, uyo wakumanyikwa na mazgu ghake ghakuru. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Kunama ni Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Ghebremichael na Abraham Afewerki.

Sports

Wonaniso: Sport in Eritrea
Tour of Asmara cycling competition in Asmara, Eritrea.

Mu charu cha Eritrea, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola na njinga.

Cycling

Mu charu cha Eritrea, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kwenda pa njinga ndipo ŵakamba kuchita nthena mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Eritrea.[133][134]

Mpikisano wa njinga wa Tour of Eritrea, uwo uli na vigaŵa vinandi, ukachitika kakwamba mu 1946 ndipo ukachitika mu 2013.

Magulu gha vyalo vya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakwenda pa njinga ŵali pa malo ghakwamba mu Africa, ndipo gulu la ŵanalume lili pa malo 16 pa charu chose mu February 2023.[135]

Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa njinga la ku Eritrea laŵa na viwemi vinandi, ndipo vyaka vinandi laŵa pa chiphalizgano cha ku Africa. Mu chaka cha 2013, timu ya ŵanakazi yikapokera mendulo ya golide mu African Continental Cycling Championships kakwamba, ndipo kachiŵiri mu 2015 ndipo kachitatu mu 2019. Gulu la ŵanalume lawina golide kankhondi na kaŵiri mu vyaka 12 ivyo vyajumpha mu Africa continental cycling championships, pakati pa 2010 na 2022.[136][137][138][139]

Mosana Debesay is the first female cyclist of African origin to compete in a Olympics, representing Eritrea in the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics
Eritreas mens national cycling team, ranked 15th in the world rankings (2023),[140][141] and ranked first on the African continent[142]

Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6 ŵakufuma ku Eritrea ŵali kusaina mapangano na magulu gha pa caru cose, kusazgapo Natnael Berhane na Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane wakachemeka African Sportsman of the Year mu 2013, apo Teklehaimanot wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Eritrea kukwera Vuelta a España mu 2012. Mu 2015, Teklehaimanot wakathereska chiphalizgano cha King of the Mountains mu Critérium du Dauphiné. Teklehaimanot na Merhawi Kudus wa ku Eritrea ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwendeska njinga ŵakwamba ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵapikisane pa Tour de France, apo ŵakasoleka na timu ya Template:Ct pa mpikisano wa 2015. Mu Julayi wa chaka chenechichi, Teklehaimanot wakaŵa wakwamba kufuma ku timu ya ku Africa kuvwara malaya gha polka dot pa Tour de France.

Mosana Debesay wakazgoka mwanakazi wakudanga waku Africa uyo wakwendeska njinga wakudanga kupikisana pa Olimpiki, wakwimira Eritrea pa Olimpiki ya Tokyo 2020.[143][144] Ni mwanakazi uyo wakathereska ma African Continental Cycling Championships mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana.

Mu chaka cha 2022, Biniam Girmay wakaŵa munthu wakudanga wa ku Africa uyo wakathereska Gent-Wevelgem na stage mu Grand Tours. Ndipouli, zuŵa lakulondezgapo wakaleka kuchimbira chifukwa wakabisama mu jiso lake..[145][146]

Other sports

Ŵaseŵera ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakutumbikika chomene pa maseŵero ghanyake. Zersenay Tadese wa ku Eritrea, wakaŵa na mbiri ya kucimbira mu mtunda wa mamarafoni. Ghirmay Ghebreslassie ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Eritrea kutora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha ku charu chose. Charu cha Eritrea chikamba kuseŵera pa maseŵera gha Winter Olympic pa 25 February, 2018, apo chikaŵa pa maseŵera gha Winter Olympics mu Pyeongchang, South Korea. Munthu uyo wakimiranga timu ya ku Eritrea wakaŵa Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda, uyo wakathereskanga ŵanthu pa chiphalizgano ichi.[147][148][149]

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

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Longola ivyo vyabudika: <ref> tag with name "EHREA_Lasting_Struggle" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

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  • Cliffe, Lionel & Davidson, Basil (1988), The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace. Spokesman Press, ISBN 0-85124-463-7
  • Connell, Dan (1997), Against All Odds: A Chronicle of the Eritrean Revolution With a New Afterword on the Postwar Transition. Red Sea Press, ISBN 1-56902-046-9
  • Connell, Dan (2001), Rethinking Revolution: New Strategies for Democracy & Social Justice: The Experiences of Eritrea, South Africa, Palestine & Nicaragua. Red Sea Press, ISBN 1-56902-145-7
  • Connell, Dan (2004), Conversations with Eritrean Political Prisoners. Red Sea Press, ISBN 1-56902-235-6
  • Connell, Dan (2005), Building a New Nation: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1983–2002). Red Sea Press, ISBN 1-56902-198-8
  • Firebrace, James & Holand, Stuart (1985), Never Kneel Down: Drought, Development and Liberation in Eritrea. Red Sea Press, ISBN 0-932415-00-8
  • Drudi, Emilio (2021). Una storia eritrea. Beyan, Adam, Amr. Calamaro Edizioni. ISBN 9788894463927
  • Gebre-Medhin, Jordan (1989), Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea. Red Sea Press, ISBN 0-932415-38-5
  • Hatem Elliesie: Decentralisation of Higher Education in Eritrea, Afrika Spectrum, Vol. 43 (2008) No. 1, p. 115–120.
  • Hill, Justin (2002), Ciao Asmara, A classic account of contemporary Africa. Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-349-11526-9
  • Iyob, Ruth (1997), The Eritrean Struggle for Independence: Domination, Resistance, Nationalism, 1941–1993. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-59591-6
  • Jacquin-Berdal, Dominique; Plaut, Martin (2004), Unfinished Business: Ethiopia and Eritrea at War. Red Sea Press, ISBN 1-56902-217-8
  • Johns, Michael (1992), "Does Democracy Have a Chance", Congressional Record, 6 May 1992 Archived 23 Ogasiti 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  • Keneally, Thomas (1990), To Asmara ISBN 0-446-39171-9
  • Kendie, Daniel (2005), The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. Signature Book Printing, ISBN 1-932433-47-3
  • Killion, Tom (1998), Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-3437-5
  • Mauri, Arnaldo (2004), "Eritrea's Early Stages in Monetary and Banking Development", International Review of Economics, Vol. LI, n. 4.
  • Mauri, Arnaldo (1998), "The First Monetary and Banking Experiences in Eritrea", African Review of Money, Finance and Banking, n. 1–2.
  • Miran, Jonathan (2009), Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-22079-0
  • Müller, Tanja R.: Bare life and the developmental State: the Militarization of Higher Education in Eritrea, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 46 (2008), No. 1, p. 1–21.
  • Negash T. (1987); Italian Colonisation in Eritrea: Policies, Praxis and Impact, Uppsala Univwersity, Uppsala.
  • Ogbaselassie, G (10 Janyuwale 2006). "Response to remarks by Mr. David Triesman, Britain's parliamentary under-secretary of state with responsibility for Africa". Archived from the original on 16 Novembala 2006. Retrieved 7 Juni 2006.
  • Pateman, Roy (1998), Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning. Red Sea Press, ISBN 1-56902-057-4
  • Phillipson, David W. (1998), Ancient Ethiopia.
  • Reid, Richard. (2011). Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict Since c. 1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199211883
  • Wrong, Michela (2005), I Didn't Do It For You: How the World Betrayed a Small African Nation. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-078092-4
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