Jump to content

Guinea

Sintha malink
Coordinates: 11°N 10°W / 11°N 10°W / 11; -10
Kufuma Wikipedia
"Guinée" redirects here. For the concept in the African diasporic religion, see Haitian Vodou.
Kutimbanizga chala na mazina ghanyake ngati ni French Guiana, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, or New Guinea.
For the region, see Guinea (region). For other uses, see Guinea (disambiguation).

Republic of Guinea
République de Guinée (French)
𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 (Pular)
ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ (Eastern Maninkakan)
Flag
Mbendela Coat of arms
Chiluso: "Travail, Justice, Solidarité" (French)
"Work, Justice, Solidarity"
Nyimbo: Liberté (French)
"Freedom"
Guinea in dark green
Guinea in dark green
Guinea in dark green
Makhalilo gha  Guinea  (dark blue) – in Africa  (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union  (light blue)
Makhalilo gha  Guinea  (dark blue)

– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)
– in the African Union  (light blue)

Makhalilo gha  Guinea  (dark blue)

– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)
– in the African Union  (light blue)
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Conakry
Chiyowoyelo chaboma French
Vernacular
languages
List
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu ([1])
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Guinean
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary republic under a military junta
 -  Interim President and CNRD Chairman Mamady Doumbouya
 -  Prime Minister Bernard Gomou
 -  Speaker of Parliament
 -  Supreme Court
Independence (was the colony of French Guinea since 1891)
 -  from France 2 October 1958 
 -  Republic 2 October 1958 
 -  4th constitution 2 October 1958 
 -  Second Republic Day 3 April 1984 
 -  2021 Guinean coup d'état 5 September 2021 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 245,857 km2 (77th)
94,926 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) negligible
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2023 estimate 13,607,249[2] (75th)
 -  Density 40.9/km2 (164th)
106.1/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase $33.7  billion[3] (142nd)
 -  Per capita Increase$2,993[3] (166th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$14.8  billion[3] (140th)
 -  Per capita Increase$1,346[3] (161st)
Gini (2012)33.7[4]
medium
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.465[5]
low ·182nd
Ndalama Guinean franc (GNF)
Mtundu Wanyengo GMT (UTC )
Woko la galimoto right
ISO 3166 code GN
Intaneti yacharu .gn

Guinea (/ˈɡɪni/ (pulikizgani machemelo) GHIN-ee),[lower-alpha 1] mwalamulo Charu cha Guinea (French: République de Guinée), ni charu icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ku West Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi, Guinea-Bissau kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Senegal kumpoto, Mali kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, Côte d'Ivoire kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, Sierra Leone na Liberia kumwera. Nyengo zinyake charu ichi chikuchemeka Guinea-Conakry chifukwa cha msumba wake wa Conakry.[6][7][8][9] Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 13.5 miliyoni ndipo chigaŵa chake chili na makilomita 245,857.[10]

Charu ichi kale chikachemekanga French Guinea, kweni chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1958. Ku Guinea ŵanthu ŵakwamba kuwukira boma.[11][12][13] [14]Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi kufuma apo boma likamba kulamulira mwaurunji, mu 2010 ŵakachita chisankho chakwamba.[13][15][16] Apo boma likalutilira kucita maungano gha vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkhana, vimbundi vikazara, kweniso ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi ŵakacitiranga nkhaza ŵanthu.[16][17] Mu 2011, boma la United States likati ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakusuzgika na ŵasilikari kweniso ŵakutambuzgika. Mu 2021, gulu la ŵasilikari likawuskapo pulezidenti Alpha Condé na kukanizga dango la chalo.[11][12][13]

Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 85%.[6][18][19] Charu ichi chili kugaŵika vigaŵa vinayi: Malire gha Nyanja ya Guinea ku Atlantic Coast, Fouta Djallon panji mapiri gha ku Middle Guinea, chigaŵa cha Upper Guinea savanna kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na chigaŵa cha Guinea forestière. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa sukulu, mu boma, na mu manyuzipepara. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 24, ndipo viyowoyero vikuru chomene ni Susu, Pular, na Maninka. Chuma cha ku Guinea chikuthemba pa ulimi na vinthu vyakuthupi.[20] Ni caru caciŵiri pa caru cose ico cikupanga bauxite, ndipo muli malibwe gha dayimani na golide.[21] Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa pakwamba pa nthenda ya Ebola mu 2014.

Zina

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Guinea (region) § Etymology

Zina lakuti Guinea lili kufuma ku chigaŵa cha Guinea icho chili mumphepete mwa Gulf of Guinea. Likwendera kumpoto mu vigaŵa vyamuthondo na kumalira ku Sahel. Lizgu la Chingelezi lakuti Guinea likufuma ku lizgu la Chiphwitikizi lakuti Guiné ilo likafuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 kuti likung'anamura malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵakakhalanga.

Mbili

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: History of Guinea

Charu icho sono chikuchemeka Guinea chili kufupi na maufumu ghanyake gha ku Africa pambere Ŵafarisi ŵandafike mu ma 1890. Pa Okutobala 2, 1958, charu cha Guinea chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Kufuma apo charu cha Guinea chikapokera wanangwa wake m'paka pa nyengo ya maungano gha boma mu 2010, chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵamazaza ŵanandi.[22][23][24]

Maufumu na maufumu gha ku West Africa

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Imamate of Futa Jallon and Wassoulou Empire

Charu icho sono chikuchemeka Guinea chikaŵa ku mizi ya maufumu gha ku West Africa. Ufumu wakwambilira, uwo ukaŵa wa Ghana, ukakuranga cifukwa ca malonda ndipo pamasinda ukaparanyika cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa Almoravid. Mu nyengo iyi ndipo chisopa cha Ciisilamu chikambira mu cigaŵa ici kwizira mu ŵamalonda ŵa ku North Africa.

Ufumu wa Sosso (zaka za m'ma 1200 m'paka 13 C.E.) ukakura chomene, ndipo Ufumu wa Mali ukamanyikwa chomene apo Soundiata Kéïta wakatonda Soumangourou Kanté uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Sosso pa Nkhondo ya Kirina, mu c. 1235. Ufumu wa Mali ukalamuliranga na ŵanthu awo ŵakachemekanga Mansa (Mafumu), kusazgapo Kankou Moussa uyo wakachita ulendo wa haji ku Mecca mu 1324. Ufumu wa Mali ukayamba kuchepa mu 1500, ndipo pamasinda ukaleka kulamulira.

Ufumu wa Songhai ukakura kufuma mu 1460 ndipo pamasinda ukajumpha ufumu wa Mali. Msumba uwu ukalutilira kukura m'paka apo Askia Daoud wakafwira mu 1582. Ufumu uwu ukathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Morocco pa Nkhondo ya Tondibi vilimika vitatu pamanyuma pake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakatondeka kuwusa makora ufumu uwu ndipo ukagaŵikana mu maufumu ghacoko.

Ufumu unyake wa ku West Africa ukati wabwanganduka, maufumu ghakupambanapambana ghakawuka mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Guinea. Ŵasilamu ŵa Fulani ŵakasamira ku Futa Jallon ku Central Guinea, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska boma la Chisilamu kufuma mu 1727 m'paka 1896, ilo likaŵa na dango lakulembeka na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake. Ufumu wa Wassoulou panji Wassulu (1878-1898) ukalongozgekanga na Samori Toure mu chigaŵa cha Malinké icho sono ni Upper Guinea na kumwera kwa Mali (Wassoulou). Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, charu ichi chikasamira ku Ivory Coast.

Chikoloni

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kwambira mu ma 1700, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuphalizgana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Cape.[25][26] Ŵazga ŵakatumizgikanga ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵakagwire nchito. Ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi.

Nyengo iyo charu cha Guinea chikaŵa pasi pa mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku France yikamba m'ma 1800. Mu 1898, ŵasilikari ŵa Samori Touré, uyo wakaŵa themba la ufumu wa Ouassoulou kweniso mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Malinké, ŵakathereskeka.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha France chikapangana na Britain vya Sierra Leone, Portugal vya Guinea (iyo sono ni Guinea-Bissau), na Liberia. Mu nyengo ya Ŵafarisi, charu ichi chikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha French West Africa. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakalongozganga vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma agha.

President Ahmed Sékou Touré was supported by Communist states, and in 1961, visited Yugoslavia.

Mu 1958, caru ca France cikawa cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali ndiposo cifukwa ca kutondeka kucita vinthu na maboma ghake, comenecomene Indochina na Algeria. Pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose wa pa Seputembala 28, 1958, boma la France likapeleka wanangwa ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma ili. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikalamulilikanga na boma ili, charu cha Guinea chikapokera wanangwa. Chipani ichi chikalongozgekanga na Ahmed Sékou Touré uyo chipani chake cha Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (PDG) chikapokera vithuzithuzi 56 pa vithuzithuzi 60 mu ma 1957 territorial elections. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakafumako, ndipo pa Okutobala 2, 1958, Guinea yikajiphara kuti ni charu chakujiyimira paŵekha, ndipo Sékou Touré ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti.

Nyuzipepara ya Washington Post yikati Ŵafalansa "ŵakofya" ŵakagumura vinthu vyose ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vyawovwira Guinea. Ŵakawuskamo mababu gha magesi, ŵakawuskamo pulani ya maji gha ku Conakry, msumba ukuru, na kotcha munkhwala m'malo mwa kulekera ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea".[27]

Nkhondo Yakumaliro gha Chikoloni (1958 ̇)

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonaniso: Opération Persil

Pamanyuma, charu cha Guinea chikakolerana na Soviet Union ndipo chikachita vinthu mwakukolerana na fundo za boma. Kufuma apo, yikamba kulondezga fundo za ku China. Likalutilira kupokera ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni United States. Kuzakafika mu 1960, Touré wakapharazga kuti PDG ndiyo yekha wakaŵa chipani cha ndyali mu caru ici, ndipo kwa vilimika 24 vyakulondezgapo, boma na PDG vikaŵa cimoza. Touré wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti kwa vyaka 47, ndipo pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pakulondezga fundo za kusankhana mitundu mu vyaru vya mu Africa na Pan-Africanism mu vyaru vinyake, Touré wakazgoka mulongozgi uyo wakachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupulikana, ndipo boma lake likakanizga ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaleke kupulikana nayo.

Mu m'ma 1960, boma la Guinea likakanizga ŵanthu kugura malo, likawuskapo ŵalongozgi awo ŵakimikika na ŵa ku France, kweniso likakanizga ubwezi wawo na boma la France na makampani gha ku France. Boma la Touré likathembanga Soviet Union na China kuti liŵawovwire pa vinthu vyakuthupi. Pa Novembala 22, 1970, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakachita opareshoni yakuchemeka Operation Green Sea. Pakati pa vilato vyawo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhumbanga kukoma panji kukora Sekou Touré cifukwa ca wovwiri wake wa PAIGC, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ilo likacitanga vivulupi mu Guinea kufuma ku misasa yawo mu Guinea.[28] Pamanyuma pa nkhondo, ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhozgekanga na Ŵapwitikizi ŵakawelera, ŵakafwatura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakaŵa mu jele ku Conakry. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, boma la Touré likaŵawuskamo ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵanyake ŵakakakika na kutambuzgika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakacicizgika kufumamo mu caru ici, cifukwa cakuti ŵakutorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵakakakika ndipo ŵana ŵawo ŵakaŵapeleka ku boma.

Guinea wakasankhika kuŵa ciŵaro cambura kukhazikika ca wupu wa UN Security Council mu 1972-73.

Mu 1977, chuma chikamba kunangika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndyali yikakhalanga makora yayi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuchita malonda. Ici cikapangiska Touré kuti wasinthe comene vinthu. Touré wakaleka kukhozgera Soviet Union na kwamba kukhozgera United States. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1970 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1980, vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Pakuyowoya za ubwezi wake na France, pamanyuma pakuti Valéry Giscard d'Estaing wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa France, malonda ghakasazgikira ndipo vyaru viŵiri ivi vikamba kwendera lumoza.

Sékou Touré wakafwa pa 26 March, 1984, pamanyuma pa opareshoni ya mtima mu United States, ndipo wakasinthika na nduna yikuru Louis Lansana Beavogui, uyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti wa nyengo yeneyiyo, pakulindilira mavoti ghaphya. Pa 3 Epulero 1984, PDG yikeneranga kusankha mulongozgi muphya. Kuyana na dango ili, munthu uyu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa yekha mulongozgi wa boma. Maora ghacoko waka pambere ungano uwu undambe, Koloneli Lansana Conté na Diarra Traoré ŵakatora mazaza mwa kuwukira boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Conté wakaŵa pulezidenti, ndipo Traoré wakaŵa nduna yikuru m'paka mu Disembala.

United States Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter wakupokelera Ahmed Sékou Touré kuwaro kwa White House, Washington, D.C., 1979

Conté wakasuska ivyo boma lakwamba likacita pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kufumiska ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali 250 na kukhozga ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 kuti ŵawelere kufuma ku wuzga. Wakayowoya mwakupulikikwa makora kuti wafumengepo pa kusopa kwautesi.

Mu 1992, Conté wakapharazga kuti wawelerenge ku boma, ndipo mu 1993, wakachita mavoti gha pulezidenti. Mu Seputembala 2001, mulongozgi wa chipani chinyake, Alpha Condé, ŵakamujalira mu jele cifukwa ca kunanga civikiliro ca boma. Pamanyuma, wakakhalako kanyengo mu caru ca France.

Mu 2001, Conté wakanozga na kutonda pa referendamu ya kusazgirako nyengo ya kuwusa kwa pulezidenti, ndipo mu 2003, wakamba uteŵeti wake wacitatu. Mu Janyuwale 2005, Conté wakapona ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukhumba kumukoma apo wakawonekera pa wumba mu msumba wa Conakry. Ŵalwani ŵake ŵakayowoya kuti ni "munthu wakuvuka", ndipo wakeneranga kufumapo, kweni awo ŵakamukhozganga ŵakagomezganga kuti watonda ŵalwani ŵake. Kuyana na magazini ya Foreign Policy, caru ca Guinea cikaŵa pangozi ya kuzgoka caru cakutondeka.[29]

Mu 2000, ku Guinea kukaŵa vivulupi ivyo vikakhwaska vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Vikawonekanga nga kuti charu ichi chili pafupi kuparanyika. Conté wakati ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vyapafupi ŵakudokera usambazi wa mu Guinea, kweni ŵanthu ŵakakana. Mu 2003, charu cha Guinea chikakolerana na vyaru vyapafupi kuti chilimbane na ŵakugaluka. Mu 2007, boma la Guinea likasankha nduna yikuru.[30][31][32]

Conté wakalutilira kuwusa m'paka apo wakafwira pa Disembala 23, 2008. Maora ghacoko waka pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, Moussa Dadis Camara wakapoka mazaza mwa kuwukira boma, ndipo wakajiphara kuti ni mulongozgi wa boma la ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma ili ndipo ŵanthu 157 ŵakafwa apo pa Seputembala 28, 2009, boma likalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawukire ŵanthu awo ŵakawungana kuti ŵakane ivyo Camara wakachita kuti waŵe pulezidenti. Ŵasilikari ŵakamba kutimba ŵanthu, kuŵapweteka, na kuŵakoma, ndipo boma la Britain likakanizga ŵasilikari ŵanyake kuti ŵaleke kovwira boma liphya.[33][34][35][36]

Pa Disembala 3, 2009, movwiri wake wakamukoma Camara apo ŵakakwesananga pa ivyo vikacitika mu Seputembala. Camara wakaluta ku Morocco kuti wakapwelelereke.[33][37] Wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti (na nduna ya vya vimbundi) Sékouba Konaté wakafuma ku Lebanon kuti wazakalongozge caru. Pamanyuma pa kukumana ku Ouagadougou pa 13 na 14 January 2010, Camara, Konaté na Blaise Compaoré, Pulezidenti wa Burkina Faso, ŵakapanga ndondomeko ya malango 12 agho ghakulayizga kuti Guinea wawelerenge ku boma la ŵanthu mu myezi 6. Pa 27 Juni, pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma pakaŵa mautesi ghakukhwaskana na upusikizgi, ndipo pa 7 Novembala pakaŵaso ungano unyake. Kuvota kukaŵa "kwapacanya", ndipo mavoti ghakaŵa "ghawemi". Alpha Condé, mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka cha Rally of the Guinean People (RGP), wakathereska mavoti, ndipo wakalayizga kuti wasinthenge vinthu pa nkhani ya kuvikilira na kunozgaso mapangano gha migodi.

Mu Febuluwale 2013, nkhaza za ndyali zikawuka pamanyuma pa viwawa vya mu misewu vyakususkana na mavoti gha mu Meyi. Ŵanthu 9 ŵakakomeka pa viphikiro ivi ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 220 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira nchito vilwero vyakofya. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe kulimbana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Malinke na Fula. Pa 26 March 2013, chipani chakususka chikafumamo mu viphikiro na boma pa nkhani ya chisankho, ŵakati boma lindasungilire ivyo likayowoya, ndipo laswa mapangano ghose.[38]

Chiwonetsero cha 2019-2020 ku Guinea chotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Alpha Condé

Pa Malichi 25, 2014, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo pa charu chose (WHO) ukati ku Guinea kuli nthenda ya Ebola. Mu nyengo yakwamba iyi, ŵanthu 86 ŵakafwa, ndipo 59 ŵakafwa. Pa Meyi 28, ŵanthu 281 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ndipo 186 ŵakafwa. Munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakagomezga kuti wakafwa wakaŵa Emile Ouamouno, msepuka wa vyaka viŵiri wa ku Meliandou. Wakalwara pa 2 Disembala 2013 ndipo wakafwa pa 6 Disembala. Pa Seputembala 18, 2014, ŵanthu 8 ŵa gulu la ŵapharazgi ŵa Ebola ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi wa Womey. Pa Novembala 1, 2015, ku Guinea kukaŵa ŵanthu 3,810 awo ŵakalwara nthenda iyi ndipo 2,536 ŵakafwa.

Nkhondo ya 2019-2020 ku Guinea yikaŵa mbembe zinandi na vivulupi vya ŵanthu ŵanandi ivyo vikacitika pa Okutobala 14, 2019 kwimikana na boma la Alpha Conde. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800 ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2020 ku Guinea, chisankho cha Alpha Condé ku nyengo yachitatu chinatsutsidwa ndi otsutsa, omwe adamunamizira zachinyengo. Condé wakayowoya kuti pa March 2020 pakachitika referendum iyo yikamovwira kuti waŵepo pa mavoti.

Pa 5 September 2021, pamanyuma pa kuwombera kwa maora ghanandi kufupi na nyumba ya pulezidenti, Lt. Col. Mamady Doumbouya wakatora mazaza pa TV ya boma ndipo wakapharazga kuti boma la Pulezidenti Alpha Conde lapasuka ndipo mphaka za chalo zajalika. Namise, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakamba kulamulira msumba wa Conakry na ŵasilikari ŵa charu. Kuyana na Guinée Matin, pa Seputembala 6, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kulamulira boma na kwamba kunjizga ŵasilikari mu malo mwa boma. Wupu wa United Nations, European Union, African Union, ECOWAS (iyo yikakanizga Guinea kuŵa mu wupu wa ECOWAS) na La Francophonie ŵakasuska boma ilo likapoka boma ili, ndipo ŵakacema kuti pulezidenti Condé wafwatulike. Vinthu vyakuyana waka vikafumira ku vyaru vinyake vya ŵazengezgani na vyakumanjiliro gha dazi (nga ni United States), kweniso ku China (uko ukugwiliskira ntchito Guinea kuti upange hafu ya visulo vyake vya aluminiyamu. Nangauli vili nthena, pa 1 Okutobala 2021, Mamady Doumbouya wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa nyengo yitali.[39]

Makhalilo gha charu

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Guinea
Mapu agho ghakulongora misumba ya ku Guinea na vigaŵa vyake

Guinea yili na mphaka na Guinea-Bissau kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, Senegal kumpoto, Mali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, Ivory Coast kumafumiro gha dazi, Sierra Leone kumwera kwa dazi na Liberia kumwera. Charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ndipo chikujumphilira kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku mphaka yake ya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Guinea-Bissau. Maji gha Mlonga wa Niger, Gambia, na Senegal, ghose ghali mu chigaŵa cha Guinea Highlands.[40][41][42]Mu charu ichi muli vyaru vyakukwana 245,857 km2. Mphepete mwa nyanja muli mtunda wa makilomita 320 (200 mi) na mphaka ya makilomita 3,400 (2,100 mi). Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 7° na 13°N, kweniso longitude 7° na 15°W, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa latitude 15°.

Mapu gha nyengo gha Köppen

Charu cha Guinea chili na vigaŵa vinayi: Charu cha Maritimic Guinea, icho chikuchemekaso kuti Lower Guinea panji Basse-Coté lowlands, icho ŵanthu ŵake mbanandi chomene ŵa fuko la Susu. Charu cha Fouta Djallon chili na mapiri ghanandi ndipo chili kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mu mapiri gha ku Guinea ndimo mukufuma milonga ya Niger, Gambia, na Senegal. Phiri la Nimba ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu Guinea. Apo vigaŵa vya ku Guinea na Ivory Coast vya Nimba Massif ni malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo gha UNESCO, chigaŵa icho chikuchemeka Guinea Backbone chikuluta ku Liberia, uko ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito migodi vyaka vinandi.

Ku Guinea kuli malo 5 agho kuli vyakumera vinandi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa cha 4.9/10, ndipo chili pa nambala 114 pa vyaru 172.[43][44]

Vyamoyo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Guinea
Badiar National Park

Chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Guinea chili mu nkhorongo ya Guinea ku West Africa. Viyuni vinyake vikukhala mu malo ghakutali chomene na malo ghakuvikilirako ŵanthu.

Vinyama ivi ni ivi:

Regions and prefectures

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Administrative divisions of Guinea
Regions of Guinea

Charu cha Guinea chili na malo ghakukwana ma kilomita 245,857 mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa vinayi ivyo vikupambana na vinyake.

  • Maritime Guinea (La Guinée Maritime) covers 18% of the country.
  • Middle Guinea (La Moyenne-Guinée) covers 20% of the country.
  • Upper Guinea (La Haute-Guinée) covers 38% of the country.
  • Forested Guinea (Guinée forestière) covers 23% of the country, and is both forested and mountainous.
Fouta Djallon highlands in central Guinea

Charu cha Guinea chili na vigaŵa 8 ivyo vili na vigaŵa 33. Msumba ukuru wa Conakry, uwo uli na ŵanthu 1,675,069, uli mu chigaŵa chapadera.

Chigaŵa Msumba Ŵanthu
(2014 census by National Institute of Statistics)
Conakry Region Conakry 1,675,069
Nzérékoré Region Nzérékoré 1,591,716
Kindia Region Kindia 1,573,690
Boké Region Boké 1,092,291
Labé Region Labé 1,001,392
Mamou Region Mamou 737,062
Kankan Region Kankan 1,979,038
Faranah Region Faranah 949,589

Ndale

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Politics of Guinea

Charu cha Guinea ni charu cha Republic. Pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu ndipo ni mulara wa boma. Nyumba ya Malango ya caru cose iyo yili na nyumba yimoza ndiyo yikupanga malango mu caru, ndipo ŵanthu ndiwo ŵakusankha ŵanthu awo ŵali mu nyumba iyi. Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Guinea ndilo lili na mazaza pa milandu yose.[45]

Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Guinea, yikaŵavya maungano kufuma mu 2008 m'paka mu 2013, apo yikagaŵirika pamanyuma pa boma kuwukira boma mu Disembala. Kufuma waka mu 2007, mavoti ghakasunkhunyika kanandi waka. Mu Epulero 2012, Pulezidenti Condé wakachedweska mavoti kwamuyirayira, chifukwa cha kukhumbikwa kuti ghaŵe "ghapusu na gha demokilase".[46] Pa Seputembala 24, 2013, ku Guinea kukachitika chisankho chapulezidenti. Chipani cha Pulezidenti Alpha Condé, Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), chikapokera vithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Guinea, na vithuzi 53 pa vithuzi 114. Maphwando a chipani chakususkana nagho ghakapokera vithuzithuzi 53, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani chakususkana nawo ŵakasuska kuti ivyo vikalembeka vikaŵa vyautesi.

Mulara wa boma la Guinea wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kuti waŵe na vyaka 5. Munthu uyo wawina wakwenera kupokera mavoti ghanandi kuti waŵe mulara wa boma. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakulamulira charu cha Guinea, ndipo wakuwovwirika na ŵalara ŵa boma 25. Boma likwendeska vinthu mu vigaŵa 8, vigaŵa 33, vigaŵa vichokovichoko vyakujumpha 100, na vigaŵa. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakusankhika; pulezidenti wakusora ŵantchito ŵa vigaŵa vinyake vyose. Pulezidenti wakale Alpha Condé wakawovwirika na mtundu waciŵiri ukuru comene mu Guinea, wa Malinke. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Fula ndiwo ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi.[47]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Foreign relations of Guinea
President Alpha Condé with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 28 September 2017

Charu cha Guinea chili mu wupu wa African Union, Agency for the French-Speaking Community, African Development Bank, Economic Community of West African States, World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, IMF, na United Nations.

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu Febuluwale 2009, Kufumira waka mu 1985, ubwezi wa Guinea na vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ukwenda makora comene. Lipoti la Dipatimenti iyi mu Okutobala 2018 likati nangauli "U.S. yikasuska" boma la Guinea la " 2008 coup d'etat", kweni "U.S". yikaŵa na "ubwezi wakukhora" na Guinea pambere boma la Guinea lindanjire, ndipo pamanyuma pa "mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Guinea mu 2010, United States yikambaso kukolerana na boma". Chikalata ichi chikayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na "masankhiro gha wupu wakulongozga mu 2013 na chisankho chachiŵiri cha pulezidenti mu 2015". Lipoti la U.S. March 2021 Dipatimenti ya vyaru vya ku America yikanena kuti boma, mawupu gha vimbundi, na mabungwe gha vyamalonda mu Guinea vikutimbanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Lipoti ili likayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi pa caru cose ŵakususka ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha boma agho ghakacitika sonosono apa, agho ghakapangiska kuti "Purezidenti Alpha Conde wasankhikeso (nangauli pakaŵa mphindano)... pamanyuma pa kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu mwezi wa Malichi. Dipatimenti iyi yikadandawura na boma ilo likawuskapo boma mu 2021, ndipo yikachenjezga kuti "nkhaza na viyezgo vyose vyambura kukolerana na dango vizamumara waka mtende, kukhazikika, na kutukuka kwa Guinea, [ndipo] vingapangiska kuti United States na ŵabwezi ŵanyake ŵa Guinea ŵaleke kovwira charu ichi...," Nangauli ŵakayowoyapo yayi kuti pulezidenti Condé wawelere ku mazaza, kweni boma la United States likati "mphapo za charu chose kuti viwovwire kuti vinthu vyende makora mu charu ichi kweniso kuti paŵe mtende".[48][49]

Wupu wa United Nations ukadandawura mwaluŵiro kuti boma likapoka mazaza mu 2021, ndipo ŵabwezi ŵanyake ŵa Guinea ŵakadandawura. Wupu wa African Union na West Africa's regional bloc (ECOWAS), wose ŵakawopanga kuti ŵaŵikenge vyeruzgo apo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti vyeruzgo ivi viŵenge na nkhongono zichoko chifukwa chakuti Guinea njumoza wa vyeruzgo vya West African currency union yayi. ECOWAS yikatumizga mwaluŵiro wupu wa Guinea, ndipo yikapempha kuti pulezidenti Condé wafwatulike, uku yikutuma mathenga ku Conakry kuti ghasange nthowa yakumazgira suzgo ili. Ku China (uko kukuthemba pa Guinea pa hafu ya aluminiyamu wake, na kukolerana na pulezidenti Condé) kukususkana na boma.[50][51][52][49]

Ŵankhondo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Military of Guinea

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Guinea lili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi: ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa mu nyanja, ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga, ŵasilikari ŵa National Gendarmerie na ŵasilikari ŵa Republican Guard. Kuonjezerapo, magulu a chitetezo cha boma akuphatikizapo National Police Force (Sûreté Nationale). Gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likuvikilira ŵanthu, lili na ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi.

Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵali na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 15,000, ndipo ni gulu likuru comene la ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakujumpha 700. Vinthu vyake vikusazgapo ndege zinandi zakulwera nkhondo na vyakurya vya ku Russia. Ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵali na ŵantchito pafupifupi 900 ndipo ŵakwendeska maboti na maboti ghachoko.

Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in Guinea

Ku Guinea, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. Mu 2010, nduna yikuru yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana ŵalije wanangwa uwu.

Anastasia Gage, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Tulane, na Ronan van Rossem, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Ghent, ŵakuti mu Guinea ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukomekera ŵanakazi. Mu 2009, ku Guinea, ŵanakazi ŵakujumpha 98% ŵakachitiskanga viŵaro vyawo. Ku Guinea, "pafupifupi ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, visopa, na mafuko" ŵakukoma ŵanakazi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2005, wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 96 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kuchitapo opareshoni iyi.[53][54][54][55]

Chuma

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Guinea
Malinke fisher women on the Niger River, Niandankoro, Kankan Region, in eastern Guinea
Kissidougou market

Ulimi

[lemba | kulemba source]

Pa nyengo yinyake, vyakurya vikagwiranga nchito ŵanthu pafupifupi 75%. Mpunga uwu ukulimika mu malo agho kuli maji ghanandi pakati pa milonga. Chifukwa chakuti mpunga uwo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakupanga ngwakukwana yayi, ŵakuguliska kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuliska mphonje za khofi, anase, maperekisi, vipasi, mango, malalanje, mabhanana, mbatata, matumato, macucumber, malibwe, na vyakurya vinyake. Charu cha Guinea nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga maapulo na mapeyala. Pali minda ya mpheska, ya makomamanga, ndipo mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyakumera vya makomamanga vyamba kukura.[56]

Vyachilengiwa

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ku Guinea kuli mabomba gha bauxite ghakukwana 25% panji kujumpha apa. Muli malibwe gha dayamondi, golide, na visulo vinyake. Bauxite na alumina ni vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Makampani ghanyake ghakupanga moŵa, maji, vyakumwa vyakunowa na hona. Vyaru vili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 75 peresenti. Mu nyengo iyo charu cha Guinea chikalamuliranga na ŵa ku France, chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi nga ni nthochi, anase, khofi, mankhwaŵa, na mafuta. Malo agha ghali na dongo, maji, na mphepo.

Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Mining industry of Guinea
A proportional representation of Guinea exports, 2019

Ku Guinea kuli matani ghakujumpha 25 biliyoni gha bauxite, panji kuti hafu ya malo agho ghalipo pa caru cose. Vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo charu ichi chili navyo ni matani ghakujumpha 4 biliyoni gha visulo vyamahara, dayamondi, golide, na uranium. Mu vigaŵa vyose ivi, muli mwaŵi wa kupanga ndalama na malonda, ndipo "nthondo ya ku Guinea iyo njambura kukhazikika ndiposo vimbundi vikulutilira kutondeska ŵanthu kupanga ndalama zinandi".

Makampani ghakukolerana agho ghakupanga mabomba gha bauxite na alumina kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Guinea ghakupanga pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama za ku Guinea. Bauxite wakuzgoka aluminiyamu, ndipo pamanyuma wakuzgoka aluminiyamu. Wupu wa Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG) ukupeleka matani pafupifupi 14 miliyoni gha bauxite ya mtundu wapachanya pa chaka. CBG ni kampani yakukolerana, 49% yili na boma la Guinea ndipo 51% yili na kampani ya Halco Mining Inc., iyo yikulongozgeka na kampani ya Alcoa (AA) iyo yikupanga aluminiyamu, Rio Tinto Group na Dadco Investments. Wupu wa CBG uli na wanangwa wakuŵa na bauxite mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Guinea m'paka mu 2038. Mu 2008, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ntchito ya magesi ŵakajara misewu iyo CBG yikendangamo. Mu mapangano agho ŵakachita na makampani gha mafuta gha pa caru cose, Guinea wali na fundo yakuti ŵantchito ŵake ŵapelekenge magesi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kufupi.[57]

Ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito za mawoko kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa mu mbumba zawo.

Wupu wa Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia (CBK), uwo ni wupu wa boma la Guinea na wa RUSAL, ukupanga matani pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni pa chaka, ndipo pafupifupi matani ghose agha ghakutumizgika ku Russia na ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe. Dian Dian, wupu wa ku Guinea na Ukraine, uwo ukupangiska bauxite, ukupangika matani 1,000,000 (1,102,311 short tons; 984,207 long tons) pa chaka. Mu 2004, kampani ya Alumina Compagnie de Guinée (ACG) iyo yikapoka kampani ya Friguia Consortium, yikapanga matani pafupifupi 2.4 miliyoni gha mafuta gha aluminiyamu. Malo agha ghakutumizga matani 750,000 gha alumina. Global Alumina na Alcoa-Alcan ŵali kulembeska mapangano na boma la Guinea kuti ŵazenge mafakitale ghakurughakuru ghakupangira alumina, agho ghali na nkhongono yakuchitira vinthu pafupifupi matani 4 pa chaka.

Mu mgodi wa Simandou muli visulo vinandi vya visulo. Mu Malichi 2010, kampani ya Anglo-Australian Rio Tinto Group na aluminiyamu yikuru chomene ya China (Chinalco) ŵakasazga phangano lakukhwaskana na mulimo wa Rio Tinto. Mu 2017, wupu wakuwona vya upusikizgi (SFO), uwo ni wupu wakuwona vya upusikizgi ku Britain, ukayambiska kafukufuku pa ivyo Rio Tinto wakachitanga mu Guinea.

Tigui Camara, uyo kale wakaŵa wamaseŵera, ni mwanakazi wakwamba mu Guinea kuŵa na kampani ya migodi iyo yikwendeskeka na ŵanthu.[58]

Mafuta

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu 2006, charu cha Guinea chikachita phangano na Hyperdynamics Corporation ku Houston kuti ŵapenje malo ghakutali na nyanja. Chibuŵa chakwamba, Sabu-1, chikeneranga kwambika mu Okutobala 2011, pa malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa maji mamita pafupifupi 700. Sabu-1 yikaŵa na vigaŵa vinayi vya mchenga wa Cretaceous, ndipo yikaghanaghananga kuti yifwenge mamita 3,600.

Pamanyuma pa kumalizga kubowozga mu 2012, chisimi cha Sabu-1 chikawoneka kuti ntchakovwira yayi. Mu Novembala 2012, kampani ya Hyperdynamics, SCS, yikapangana kuti yigulitse 40% ya malo ogulitsira ku Tullow Oil, ndipo chiŵerengero cha eni ake ku Guinea chinakwera kufika pa 37% Hyperdynamics, 40% Tullow Oil, ndi 23% Dana Petroleum. Hyperdynamics yizamuŵa na nyengo m'paka Seputembala 2016, mwakuyana na phangano ilo lilipo sono, kuti yambe kubowozga pa malo ghanyake agho yikukhumba, agho ni Fatala Cenomanian turbidite fan prospect.[59][60][61][62]

Ŵalendo

[lemba | kulemba source]
The "Voile de la Mariée" (Bride's Veil) waterfall in Kindia

Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska chomene mu Guinea ni majigha agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya Basse Guinea (Lower Guinea) na Moyenne Guinea (Middle Guinea). Chigwa cha Soumba pa phiri la Kakoulima ku Kindia, Voile de la Mariée (Valo la Mkwatibwi) ku Dubreka, chigwa cha Kinkon chomwe chili pafupifupi mamita 80 (260 ft) pa Kokoula River ku Pita, mathithi a Kambadaga omwe amatha kufika mamita 100 (330 ft) nyengo yamvula pamtsinje womwewo, mathithi a Ditinn & Mitty ku Dalaba, ndi mathithi a Fetoré ndi mlatho wamwala m'chigawo cha Labe ndi ena mwa malo okopa alendo okhudzana ndi madzi.

Mayendelo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Guinea

Malo ghakwendera ndege gha Conakry International Airport ndigho ni ghakurughakuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ghakwendera ku misumba yinyake mu Africa na ku Europe.

Njanji iyi yikazengeka pakati pa 1904 na 1910, ndipo yikaŵaso yayi kugwira ntchito mu 1995 ndipo mu 2007 yikamara. Pakwamba, ŵakakhumbanga kunozga msewu uwu kuti uŵe wakwendamo ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo apo ntchito yikambanga mu 2010, ŵakayowoya kuti mulimo uwu uli kumara chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pali njanji iyo yikwendeskeka na boma iyo yikukolerana na migodi ya bauxite ya Sangarédi na dowoko la Kamsar (137 km) kweniso njanji ya m'ma 1960 iyo yikwendeskeka na Russia RusAl ku migodi ya Fria (143 km).

Pakuŵa chigaŵa cha ndondomeko ya kwambaso kuguliska migodi ya visulo pa Simandou block 1 na 2, wupu uphya uwu ukalayizga mu 2019 kuti uzamupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mulimo wa kuzenga njanji yiphya yakuya ku Matakong pa nyanja ya Atlantic uko ŵazamuguliska ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 20 gha ku America kuti ŵazenge dowoko la maji ghakunyang'amira. Njira ya makilomita 650 njitali kuluska nthowa yinyake yakulongozgera kumwera ku Buchanan, Liberia, iyo yikawonekanga nga ni nthowa yinyake mu October 2019.[63][64][65][66] Ndipouli, nthowa ya Matakong yikeneranga kuŵa mu Guinea ndipo yikeneranga kuŵa na nthowa yakwendeskera vyakurya.

Mu Guinea, magalimoto ghanyake ghali na vyaka vyakujumpha 20, ndipo magalimoto gha taxi ni magalimoto gha vipata vinayi agho mweneko wayowoya kuti ghapangike. Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi, awo ŵalije magalimoto, ŵakugwiliskira nchito magalimoto gha tekisi na mabasi ghacoko kuti ŵendenge mu tawuni na mu caru cose. Mahachi na mbunda vikuguza magileta, comenecomene pakunyamura vinthu vya kuzenga.

Ŵanthu

[lemba | kulemba source]
Population in Guinea[67][68]
Year Million
1950 3.0
2000 8.8
2021 13.5
Nkhani ikulu: Demography of Guinea

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵalipo 13.5 miliyoni. Msumba wa Conakry ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga mu Guinea chikaŵa 4.93 pa mwanakazi waliyose.[69]

 
 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Guinea
According to the 2014 Census[70]
Mndandanda Region Ŵanthu
Conakry
Conakry
Nzérékoré
Nzérékoré 		1 Conakry Conakry 1,660,973
2 Nzérékoré Nzérékoré 195,027
3 Kankan Kankan 190,722
4 Manéah Kindia 167,354
5 Dubréka Kindia 157,017
6 Kindia Kindia 138,695
7 Siguiri Kankan 127,492
8 Kissidougou Faranah 99,931
9 Labé Labé 92,654
10 Kamsar Boké 83,428

Chiyowoyero cha ku Guinea ni Chifurenchi. Mu 2018, ŵanthu 33.9% ŵakayowoyanga Chipular, ndipo ŵanthu 29.4% ŵakayowoyanga Chimandingo. Chilankhulo chachitatu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ndi Chisu, chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi 21.2% ya anthu mu 2018 ngati chilankhulo chawo choyamba. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Guinea nga ni chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea vikakwana 16% mu 2018, kusazgapo Kissi na Kpelle.[1]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵali mu mafuko pafupifupi 24. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka, awo ŵakumanyikwaso kuti Mandingo panji Malinké, ŵalipo 29.4% ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea.[10] TŴafula panji Ŵafula, ŵalipo 33.4% ndipo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Futa Djallon. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soussou ŵalipo 21.2% ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Conakry, Forécariah, na Kindia. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakukhala pa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 16%, kusazgapo Kpelle, Kissi, Zialo, Toma na ŵanyake. Ku Guinea kuli ŵanthu 10,000 awo mba ku Africa yayi, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Lebanon, France, na vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe.[71][10][72][73][72][72]

Chisopo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Religion in Guinea
Guinea religious sects[74]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 85%
Christianity
 
 8%
Traditional African religion
 
 7%

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵalipo 85% Mbasilamu ndipo 8% Mbakhristu. Ŵanyake, Ŵasilamu na Ŵakristu wuwo, ŵakulondezga vigomezgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.[74][75]

Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Guinea ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni, cha Maliki. Magulu gha Cikristu ghakuphatikizapo ŵa Katolika, ŵa Anglican, ŵa Baptist, ŵa Seventh-day Adventist, na ŵa Evangelical. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakugwira nchito mu caru ici ndipo boma likuŵamanya makora. Ku malo agha kuli cisopa ca Bahá'í. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake mba Chihindu, Chibuda, na ŵa chisopa cha Chitchayinizi.

Ku Nzerekore kukaŵa nkhondo za mitundu na visopa kwa mazuŵa ghatatu mu Julayi 2013.[76][77][78] Nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kpelle awo Mbakhristu panji ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo, na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Konianke awo Mbasilamu ndipo ŵali pafupi na fuko la Malinke, ŵakafwa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 54. Ŵanyake awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵakoma na vilwero na kotcha ŵamoyo. Nkhaza zikamara apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Guinea ŵakaŵikapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo.[78][78]

Masambilo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: Education in Guinea
Schoolgirls in Conakry

Mu 2010, ŵanthu 41 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba (52 pa 100 pa ŵanalume na 30 pa 100 pa ŵanakazi).[79] Sukulu ya pulayimale njakukakamiza kwa vyaka 6. Mu 1999, ŵanthu 40 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakasambiranga ku pulayimale. Ŵana, comenecomene ŵasungwana, ŵakufumiskika ku sukulu kuti ŵawovwire ŵapapi ŵawo pa nchito za pa nyumba panji zaulimi, panji kuti ŵatoreke: Mu Guinea muli "ciŵelengero cikuru comene" ca ŵana awo ŵakutengwa.[80][81][82]

Umoyo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Health in Guinea

Ebola

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa

Mu 2014, ku Guinea kukabuka nthenda ya Ebola. Lekani dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo yikakanizga kuguliska na kurya viyuni ivi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, nthenda iyi yikathandazgika kufuma ku vigaŵa vya ku mizi kuya ku Conakry, ndipo mu Juni 2014 yikafika mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Sierra Leone na Liberia. Mu Ogasiti 2014, charu cha Guinea chikajara mphaka na Sierra Leone na Liberia kuti chileke kuthandazga nthenda iyi.[83]

Nthenda iyi yikamba mu Disembala mu muzi wa Meliandou, kumwera kwa Guinea, kufupi na mphaka na Liberia na Sierra Leone. Munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakamupima wakaŵa mwana wa vyaka viŵiri, ndipo wakafwa pa 6 Disembala, chifukwa cha nthenda ya malungo, kuputa, na vyoto vyaswesi. Pakati pajumpha sabata yimoza, amama ŵa mwana uyu ŵakafwa, ndipo pamanyuma mudumbu na abuya ŵake ŵakafwa. Pamanyuma, nthenda iyi yikathandazgikira ku mizi yinyake cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapweleleranga.

"Malo ghakusungirako ŵakufwa" ndigho ghakwambiska nthenda iyi. Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose (WHO) ukati cifukwa ca kuleka kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, ŵantchito ŵa vyaumoyo ŵakatondeka kusanga uko kukafuma nthenda iyi.

Apo WHO yikamalizga ndondomeko ya Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) pa 29 March 2016, lipoti la Ebola Situation Report ilo likapelekeka pa 30 March likakhozga kuti ŵanthu 5 ŵanyakeso ŵakalwara nthenda iyi mu masabata ghaŵiri agho ghakajumpha, ndipo nthenda iyi yikakhwaskana na nthenda ya Novembala 2014.

Nthenda ya Ebola yikananga nthowa zakuchizgira matenda ghanyake mu Guinea. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kuluta ku chipatala chifukwa cha kopa nthenda iyi kweniso chifukwa cha kuleka kugomezga ndopa. Kweniso chifukwa cha Ebola, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kupwelelera ndopa.

Ebola yikwambaso ku Guinea mu January/February 2021.[84][85][86][87][88]

Maternal and child healthcare

[lemba | kulemba source]

Chiŵerengero cha amayi omwe amafa mu 2021 pa kubadwa 100,000 ku Guinea ndi 576.[89] Pa ciŵelengero ici, mu 2010 kukaŵa 680 ndipo mu 2008 kukaŵa 859.9 ndipo mu 1990 kukaŵa 964.7. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa pa ŵana 1,000 146, ndipo ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa 29. Ku Guinea, pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, mwanakazi yumoza ndiyo wakuŵa mama, ndipo pa ŵanakazi 26 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakufwa. Ku Guinea ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵakukoma ŵanakazi.[90][91][92]

HIV/AIDS

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: HIV/AIDS in Guinea

Paumaliro wa 2004, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 170,000 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi.[93][94]Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2001 na 2002 wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika na HIV mu misumba kuluska ku mizi. Ku Conakry (5%) na mu misumba ya ku Forest Guinea (7%) iyo yili kufupi na Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, na Sierra Leone ndiko kukaŵa nthenda iyi.

Matenda gha HIV ghakuthandazgika comene para munthu wakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyake. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuŵa na nthenda ya HIV mwakuyana waka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24 ndiwo ŵakusuzgika comene. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito za kugonana (42%), ŵasilikari (6.6%), ŵakwendeska magalimoto na matekisi (7.3%), ŵanthu ŵakugwira ntchito mu migodi (4.7%) na ŵanthu ŵakukhwima awo ŵali na TB (8.6%), viŵelengero ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito za kugonana (42%).

Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikwambiska nthenda ya HIV/AIDS ku Guinea. Vinthu ivi ni kugonana kwambura kuvikilirika, kugonana na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, ukavu ukuru, mphaka zambura kukhazikika, ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo, kusoŵerwa kwa wovwiri wa boma, na kusoŵa kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala na wovwiri wa boma.[95][95][95]

Kuŵa na njara

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara matenda gha matenda agha mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti ŵana 139,200 ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya, 609,696 ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 1,592,892 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya kusulura ndopa. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupwelelera ŵanyawo, ŵaleke kusanga wovwiri wa munkhwala, ŵaleke kuŵa na utozi uwemi, kweniso kuti vyakurya vileke kuŵa vyakupambanapambana.[96]

Malaria

[lemba | kulemba source]

Maleriya ghakuthandazgika chaka chose, ndipo ghakuthandazgika chomene kwamba mu Julayi m'paka Okutobala. Ku Guinea ŵanthu ŵakulwaralwara cifukwa ca matenda agha.[97][98]

COVID-19 pandemic

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea

Munthu wakwamba uyo wakasangana na nthenda ya COVID-19 wakalembeka mu Guinea pa 13 March 2020. Paumaliro wa 2020, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasangika na nthenda iyi chikaŵa 13,722. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 13,141 ŵakachira, 500 ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo, ndipo 81 ŵakafwa.[99][100]

Mwambo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Malo agho ŵakuguliskako vyakurya mu chigaŵa cha Dinguiraye, ku Guinea

Maseŵera

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu charu cha Guinea, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola.

Wupu wakuwona vya maseŵero wa Guinea Football Federation ndiwo ukuchita maseŵero agha. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukwendeska timu ya mpira wa ku caru cose, na ligi ya ku caru cose. Likakhazikiskika mu 1960 ndipo likukolerana na FIFA kufuma mu 1962 na Confederation of African Football kufuma mu 1963.

Gulu la mpira la ku Guinea, lakucemeka Syli nationale (Ndlovu za ku Guinea), likucitako maseŵero gha mpira wa pa caru cose kwamba mu 1962. Ŵakamba kulimbana na East Germany. Ŵandafikepo pa chigoti cha World Cup, ndipo ŵakathereskeka na Morocco pa Africa Cup of Nations mu 1976.[101][101][102][103][104][105][101]

Guinée Championnat National ndi chigawo chapamwamba cha mpira wa ku Guinea. Kufuma waka apo yikambira mu 1965, magulu ghatatu ghakaŵa na chilato cha kutonda mphindano za ku Guinea. Horoya AC wali na vithuzithuzi 16 ndipo ndiyo wakathereska mu 2017. Hafia FC (iyo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Conakry II mu ma 1960s) yili na vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha 15. AS Kaloum Star (iyo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Conakry I mu ma 1960s) yili na maudindo 13. Magulu ghose ghatatu ghali mu msumba wa Conakry.

Hafia FC yikathereska African Cup of Champions Clubs katatu, mu 1972, 1975 na 1977, apo Horoya AC yikathereska African Cup Winners' Cup mu 1978.[106][107]

Kutora mitala

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Polygamy in Guinea

Dango la ku Guinea likukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi, kweni pali vinyake ivyo vikukanizgika. Mu 2020, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ŵakatoranga ŵanakazi ŵanandi (29% Ŵasilamu na 10% Ŵakhristu).[108][109]

Kuphika

[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani vinandi: Cuisine of Guinea

Vyakurya vya ku Guinea vikupambana kuyana na chigaŵa. Cassava wakumwa. Vyakurya vya ku Guinea ni yétissé, msuzi wa ma nuts, msuzi wa okra na chingwa cha tapalapa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakurya mu "mbale yikuru" na kurya na mawoko kuwaro kwa nyumba.[110][111]

Sumo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Vyakuona

[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso

[lemba | kulemba source]

Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

Ukaboni

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 26 Disembala 2020.
  2. ↑ "Guinea". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 Juni 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  4. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 10 Janyuwale 2019. Retrieved 10 Janyuwale 2019.
  5. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2022.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Guinea-Conakry". Archived from the original on 5 Febuluwale 2009. Retrieved 11 Febuluwale 2009.
  7. ↑ "Music Videos of Guinea Conakry". Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2007. Retrieved 12 Epulelo 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ↑ "The Anglican Diocese of Ghana". Netministries.org. Archived from the original on 7 Janyuwale 2009. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  9. ↑ "CFI - Africa - Guinea Conakry". Archived from the original on 11 Meyi 2011. Retrieved 11 Febuluwale 2009.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Nations Online: Guinea – Republic of Guinea – West Africa". Nations Online. Archived from the original on 3 Meyi 2003. Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2014.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Nicholas Bariyo & Benoit Faucon, Military Faction Stages Coup in Mineral-Rich Guinea, Wall Street Journal (September 5, 2021).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Krista Larson, EXPLAINER: Why is history repeating itself in Guinea's coup?, Associated Press (September 7, 2021).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Danielle Paquett, Here's what we know about the unfolding coup in Guinea, Washington Post (September 6, 2021).
  14. ↑ West Africa economic bloc suspends Guinea after military coup, Deutsche Welle (September 8, 2021).
  15. ↑ Abdourahmane Diallo and Adam Nossiter, Guinea Votes in Its First Democratic Presidential Election, New York Times (November 7, 2010).
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Guinea, Freedom in the World, Freedom House, 2021.
  17. ↑ Saliou Samb, Guinea President Conde vows to tackle corruption during third term, Reuters (December 15, 2020).
  18. ↑ "Religion in Guinea". Visual Geography. Archived from the original on 14 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  19. ↑ "The Pan African Bank". Ecobank. Archived from the original on 19 Malichi 2012. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  20. ↑ "Guinea Conakry: Major Imports, Exports, Industries & Business Opportunities in Guinea Conakry, Africa". Archived from the original on 5 Novembala 2010. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2014.
  21. ↑ "Guinea Conakry Support – Guinee Conakry Trade and Support. (GCTS)". Archived from the original on 5 Janyuwale 2015. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2014.
  22. ↑ Zounmenou, David (2 Janyuwale 2009). "Guinea: Hopes for Reform Dashed Again". allAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 11 Janyuwale 2009. Retrieved 27 Disembala 2009.
  23. ↑ "UN Human Development Report 2009". Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from the original on 13 Epulelo 2010. Retrieved 28 Malichi 2010.
  24. ↑ Ross, Will (2 Okutobala 2008). "Africa | Guineans mark '50 years of poverty'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 Juni 2010. Retrieved 28 Malichi 2010.
  25. ↑ "John Lovell". in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558-1603, ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981. History of Parliament Online website Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  26. ↑ "America and West Indies: October 1653." Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 1, 1574-1660. Ed. W Noel Sainsbury. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1860. 409–410. British History Online website Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  27. ↑ Dash, Leon (28 Malichi 1984). "Guinea's Longtime President, Ahmed Sekou Toure, Dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 Janyuwale 2023.
  28. ↑ "Mr Sekou Touré, who gave the PAIGC unstinting support during its war against the Portuguese,..."Black revolt Archived 8 Malichi 2009 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist (22 November 1980)
  29. ↑ "Failed States list 2008". Fund for Peace. Archived from the original on 26 Juni 2008. Retrieved 27 Juni 2008.
  30. ↑ "Austrian Study Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution (ASPR) | Peace Castle Austria" (PDF). ASPR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 Juni 2007. Retrieved 9 Sekutembala 2013.
  31. ↑ "Guinea head blames neighbours". BBC News. 6 Janyuwale 2001. Retrieved 2 Epulelo 2010.
  32. ↑ "Civil war fears in Guinea". BBC News. 23 Okutobala 2000. Archived from the original on 19 Juni 2004. Retrieved 2 Epulelo 2010.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 MacFarquhar, Neil (21 Disembala 2009). "U.N. Panel Calls for Court in Guinea Massacre". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 Meyi 2011. Retrieved 23 Disembala 2009.
  34. ↑ Walker, Peter (23 Disembala 2008). "Army steps in after Guinea president Lansana Conté dies". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 26 Ogasiti 2009. Retrieved 23 Disembala 2009.
  35. ↑ "Guinea massacre toll put at 157". London: BBC. 29 Sekutembala 2009. Archived from the original on 2 Okutobala 2009. Retrieved 23 Disembala 2009.
  36. ↑ McGreal, Chris (23 Disembala 2008). "Lansana Conté profile: Death of an African 'Big Man'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 23 Disembala 2009.
  37. ↑ "Guinean soldiers look for ruler's dangerous rival". malaysianews.net. 5 Disembala 2009. Archived from the original on 23 Julayi 2011. Retrieved 23 Disembala 2009.
  38. ↑ Bate Felix (26 Malichi 2013). "Guinea election talks fail, opposition threatens protests". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 1 Julayi 2017.
  39. ↑ "Guinea coup leader sworn in as interim president". www.aljazeera.com (in English).
  40. ↑ "The Senegal River basin". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 19 Okutobala 2012. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  41. ↑ "The Niger River basin". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 21 Julayi 2017. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  42. ↑ "The West Coast". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 11 Okutobala 2012. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  43. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  44. ↑ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  45. ↑ Samb, Saliou (16 Novembala 2013). "Guinea's Supreme Court rejects election challenges". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  46. ↑ RNW Africa Desk (28 Epulelo 2012). "Guinea president postpones parliamentary elections indefinitely". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 30 Epulelo 2012. Retrieved 22 Ogasiti 2012.
  47. ↑ "Guinea". 23 Sekutembala 2021.
  48. ↑ "On the Military Seizure of Power in Guinea,", September 5, 2021, United States Department of State, retrieved September 6, 2021
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Guinea coup leader bars foreign travel for government officials," Reuters News Service, retrieved September 6, 2021
  50. ↑ "China Is OK With Interfering in Guinea's Internal Affairs,", September 8, 2021, Foreign Policy retrieved September 9, 2021
  51. ↑ West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry," September 9, 2021, Reuters News Service, retrieved September 9, 2021
  52. ↑ "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup," September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021
  53. ↑ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2012). "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Guinea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 27 Ogasiti 2012.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Rossem, R. V.; Gage, A. J. (2009). "The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (2): 178–185. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9237-5. PMID 17943434. S2CID 40103661.
  55. ↑ Van Rossem, R; Gage, AJ (2009). "The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea". Arch Sex Behav. 38 (2): 178–85. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9237-5. PMID 17943434. S2CID 40103661.
  56. ↑ Madiou, Sow (2020). "Impact on agricultural productivity in Guinea of R&D Investment, Foreign Aid and Climate Change". North American Academic Research. 3: 86–106. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3611652. S2CID 244984398.
  57. ↑ Saliou Samb; Daniel Magnowski (1 Novembala 2008). "One dead in Guinea protest, mine trains stop". Minesandcommunities.org. Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2013.
  58. ↑ "TIGUI CAMARA: Leading In The Male Dominated Mining Industry". African Leadership Magazine (in American English). Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.
  59. ↑ Hyperdynamics. "Overview of the Guinea Project". Hyperdynamics.com. Archived from the original on 3 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 3 Febuluwale 2015.
  60. ↑ Thomas Adolff; Charlotte Elliott (21 Janyuwale 2014). "Tullow Oil". Equity Research. Credit Suisse. p. 15. Archived from the original on 17 Okutobala 2016. Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2016.
  61. ↑ "Tullow Oil Agrees Farm-in to Guinea Concession". Tullowoil.com. Archived from the original on 3 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 3 Febuluwale 2015.
  62. ↑ "Hyperdynamics completes drilling at Sabu-1 well offshore Guinea-Conakry". Offshore-technology.com. 14 Febuluwale 2012. Archived from the original on 3 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 3 Febuluwale 2015.
  63. ↑ "SP Global report, November 2019".
  64. ↑ "Georges Pilot's history of railways in West Africa (in French)" (PDF).
  65. ↑ "Africa Confidential December 2019".
  66. ↑ Amadou Timbo Barry (14 Meyi 2015). "Kankan : Le chemin de fer Conakry-Niger à quand sa réhabilitation ?". Guinee News. Archived from the original on 15 Sekutembala 2016.
  67. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  68. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  69. ↑ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 28 Okutobala 2009. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2014.
  70. ↑ "Cities and Regions". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2021.
  71. ↑ "Guinea". State.gov. 22 Novembala 2016. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 12 Epulelo 2018.
  73. ↑ In French: Peul. In Fula: Fulɓe.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Guinea 2012 International Religious Freedom Report", US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
  75. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Guinea . United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (29 December 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  76. ↑ ""Guinea's Conde appeals for calm after 11 killed in ethnic clashes", Reuters, 16 July 2013". Reuters. 17 Julayi 2013. Archived from the original on 6 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2014.
  77. ↑ Harrow, Kenneth (1983). "A Sufi Interpretation of 'Le Regard du Roi'". Research in African Literatures. 14 (2): 135–164. JSTOR 3818383.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 ""Guinean troops deployed after deadly ethnic clashes", BBC Africa, 17 July 2013". BBC News. 17 Julayi 2013. Archived from the original on 17 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2014.
  79. ↑ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 24 Novembala 2016. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2014.
  80. ↑ According to the WHO:"The 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, 75%; Chad and Central African Republic, 68%; India, 66%; Guinea, 63%; Mozambique, 56%; Mali, 55%; Burkina Faso and South Sudan, 52%; and Malawi, 50%."[1] Archived 24 Epulelo 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ↑ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015: Guinea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 19 Novembala 2016.
  82. ↑ Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) – U.S. Department of Labor Archived 5 Disembala 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Dol.gov. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  83. ↑ "Ebola: Guinea outbreak reaches capital Conakry". BBC. 28 Malichi 2014. Archived from the original on 30 Malichi 2014. Retrieved 30 Malichi 2014.
  84. ↑ "Guinea declares Ebola epidemic: First deaths since 2016". Africa. BBC News. BBC. 14 Febuluwale 2021. Retrieved 15 Febuluwale 2021. Guinea has officially declared that it is dealing with an Ebola epidemic after the deaths of at least three people from the virus.
    They - and four others - fell ill with diarrhoea, vomiting and bleeding after attending the burial of a nurse. [...] A nurse who worked a health centre in Goueké, near the south-eastern city of Nzérékoré, died on 28 January and her funeral was held four days later.
  85. ↑ "Ebola is no longer a public health emergency". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 31 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 14 Febuluwale 2017.
  86. ↑ "Ebola Situation Report – 4 March 2015 | Ebola". apps.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 Malichi 2017. Retrieved 14 Febuluwale 2017.
  87. ↑ "Ebola Situation Report – 30 March 2016 | Ebola". apps.who.int. Archived from the original on 13 Juni 2016. Retrieved 14 Febuluwale 2017.
  88. ↑ Ndawinz, Jacques D A; Cissé, Mohamed; Diallo, Mohamadou S K; Sidibé, Cheik T; D'Ortenzio, Eric (Epulelo 2015). "Prevention of HIV spread during the Ebola outbreak in Guinea" (PDF). The Lancet. 385 (9976): 1393. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60713-9. PMID 25890415. S2CID 41478740.
  89. ↑ "Impact Brief: Guinea". 21 Meyi 2021. Archived from the original on 28 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 28 Okutobala 2022.
  90. ↑ "WHO – Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices". Archived from the original on 12 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2014.
  91. ↑ "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change – UNICEF DATA" (PDF). Unicef.org. 22 Julayi 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 Epulelo 2015. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  92. ↑ "The State of the World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Archived from the original on 25 Disembala 2011. Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2011.
  93. ↑ "Status of HIV/AIDS in Guinea, 2005" (PDF). World Health Organisation. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 Ogasiti 2009. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2007.
  94. ↑ "Epidemiological Fact Sheets: HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, December 2006" (PDF). World Health Organisation. Disembala 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 Okutobala 2007. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2007.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Health Profile: Guinea". USAID (March 2005).
  96. ↑ "Enquête nationale nutrition-santé, basée sur la méthodologie SMART, 2011–2012" (PDF). World Food Programme. 2012. Retrieved 12 Meyi 2014.[permanent dead link]
  97. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 Ogasiti 2014. Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  98. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 Ogasiti 2014. Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  99. ↑ "COVID-19 and W/Africa: 1,994 new cases, 31 new deaths in 24 hours". APA. 31 Disembala 2020. Retrieved 2 Janyuwale 2021.
  100. ↑ "EU employee tests positive for coronavirus in Guinea's first case". Reuters. 13 Malichi 2020.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Falola, Toyin; Jean-Jacques, Daniel (14 Disembala 2015). Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society. ABC-CLIO. pp. 568–569. ISBN 9781598846669. Retrieved 5 Novembala 2016.
  102. ↑ "Member Associations: Fédération Guinéenne de Football (FGF)". Confederation of African Football. Archived from the original on 2 Julayi 2018. Retrieved 24 Disembala 2018.
  103. ↑ "At a glance: Guinea - Football boosts girls' education". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 24 Disembala 2018. Retrieved 3 Disembala 2013.
  104. ↑ Guinea, Post Report. United States Department of State. 1985. p. 9. Retrieved 8 Sekutembala 2021.
  105. ↑ "Associations: Guinea". FIFA. Archived from the original on 10 Okutobala 2018. Retrieved 24 Disembala 2018.
  106. ↑ Kuhn, Gabriel (15 Malichi 2011). Soccer vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics. PM Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781604865240.[permanent dead link]
  107. ↑ "Guinea: List of champions". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 24 Disembala 2018.
  108. ↑ "Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions".
  109. ↑ Articles 315-319 Archived 21 Meyi 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Civil Code of the Republic of Guinea (Code Civil de la Republique de Guinee)
  110. ↑ "Eating in the Embassy: Guinean Embassy Brings West African Food To Washington". WAMU. Archived from the original on 1 Febuluwale 2014. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.
  111. ↑ "Recipes & Cookbooks". Friends of Guinea. Archived from the original on 3 Febuluwale 2014. Retrieved 23 Julayi 2017.

Vyakulemba

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ French: Guinée, Template:Lang-fuf, Template:Lang-wo, Template:Lang-nqo, Template:Lang-bm

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Template:Guinea topics

11°N 10°W / 11°N 10°W / 11; -10

Kufuma ku "https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinea&oldid=111185"