Egypt
| Charu cha Egypt جمهورية مصر العربية
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| Nyimbo: "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" "بلادى، بلادى، بلادى" (English: "My country, my country, my country") |
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| Msumba Waboma kweneso Msumba Usani | Cairo | |||||
| Chiyowoyelo chaboma | Arabic | |||||
| National language | Egyptian Arabic[a] | |||||
| Mitundu ya Ŵanthu | {{{ethnic_groups}}} | |||||
| Vipembezo | See Religion in Egypt | |||||
| Mwenecharu | Egyptian | |||||
| Mtundu wa Boma | Unitary semi-presidential republic | |||||
| - | President | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Moustafa Madbouly | ||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| - | Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt[1][2][b] |
c. 3150 BC | ||||
| - | Muhammad Ali dynasty inaugurated | 9 July 1805[3] | ||||
| - | Independence from United Kingdom |
28 February 1922 | ||||
| - | Revolution Day | 23 July 1952 | ||||
| - | Republic declared | 18 June 1953 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | 18 January 2014 | ||||
| Ukulu wa Malo | ||||||
| - | Malo | 1,010,408[4][5] km2 (29th) 387,048 sq mi |
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| - | Maji (%) | 0.632 | ||||
| Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu | ||||||
| - | 2023 estimate | 104,635,983[6] (14th) | ||||
| - | 2017 census | 94,798,827[7][8] | ||||
| - | Density | 103.56/km2 (118th) 270.34/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate | |||||
| - | Total |  $1.8 trillion[9] (18th) |
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| - | Per capita | $16,980[9] (93rd) |
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| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |||||
| - | Total |  $378.110 billion[9] (41st) |
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| - | Per capita | $3,644[9] (128th) |
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| Gini (2017) |  31.5[10]medium |
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| HDI (2021) |  0.731[11]high ·97th |
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| Ndalama | Egyptian pound (LE/E£/£E) (EGP) |
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| Mtundu Wanyengo | EGY (UTC+2[c]) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC+3) | ||||
| Woko la galimoto | right | |||||
| Intaneti yacharu | ||||||
| a. | ^ Literary Arabic is the sole official language.[12] Egyptian Arabic is the spoken language. Other dialects and minority languages are spoken regionally. | |||||
| b. | ^ "Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation".[1] Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. | |||||
| c. | ^ See Daylight saving time in Egypt. | |||||
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Egypt (Arabic: مصر Miṣr [mesˁr], Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mɑsˤr]), panji kuti Arab Republic of Egypt, ni charu icho chili kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na kumwera kwa Asia. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani kumpoto, Gaza na Israyeli kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, Nyanja Yiswesi kumafumiro gha dazi, Sudan kumwera, na Libya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mlonga wa Aqaba, uwo uli kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, ukupatura Eguputo na Jordan na Saudi Arabia. Cairo ni msumba ukuru wa Eguputo, ndipo msumba waciŵiri ukuru comene ni Alexandria.[13] Ku Eguputo kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 100 miliyoni. Ili ni charu cha nambara 14 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi, ndipo ni lachitatu pa vyaru vya mu Africa.
Charu cha Eguputo chili na mbiri yakale chomene kuluska charu chilichose. Ku Eguputo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalembanga, kulima, kukhazikika mu misumba, kusopa, na boma.[14]Vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni Giza Necropolis na Great Sphinx, kweniso mabwinja gha Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, na Valley of the Kings, vikulongora kuti vinthu ivi ni vyaunenesko. Charu cha Egypt chili na mitheto yinandi iyo yikulongora kuti chili pa malo ghapadera chomene pa charu chose chapasi.[15]Charu cha Egypt chikaŵa chakwamba na chakuzirwa chomene pa Chikhristu, kweni chikazgoka Chisilamu mu virimika vya m'ma 700 C.E. ndipo chikulutilira kuŵa na visopa vinandi vya Chisilamu.
Charu cha Egypt chikamba kulamulira mu 1922 apo chikafwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa mu 1952, Eguputo wakajizgora yekha charu cha Republic, ndipo mu 1958, chikaŵa pamoza na Syria. Mu hafu yaciŵiri ya vilimika vya m'ma 1900, caru ca Egupto cikasuzgika cifukwa ca nkhondo za pa caru cose, za cisopa, na za ndyali. Mu 1978, Eguputo wakalemba mapangano gha Camp David, ndipo wakaleka nadi kuwukira Gaza na kuzomerezga Israyeli. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ku Eguputo kukambira vivulupi mu 2011, ndipo Hosni Mubarak wakathereskeka, mu charu ichi mukaŵa masuzgo gha ndyali. Boma la Egypt, ilo ndilo likulongozgeka na Abdel Fattah el-Sisi kwambira mu 2014, likulongosoreka na ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ndakuzomerezgeka na boma ndipo likukhozga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.
Chisopa cha Cisilamu ndicho ntchakuzomerezgeka mu Eguputo ndipo Cirabu ndicho ni ciyowoyero cake.[16] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, uwo uli na malo ghakukwana makilomita 40,000. Malo ghakuru gha mu mapopa gha Sahara, agho ghakukwana chigaŵa chikuru cha Eguputo, ghalije ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pafupifupi 43% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Eguputo ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba yikuru ya Cairo, Alexandria, na misumba yinyake yikuru mu Nile Delta.
Eguputo wakuwoneka kuti ni ufumu ukuru comene mu vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Middle East, na mu caru ca Muslim. Charu ichi chili na chuma chakupambanapambana, ndipo ni charu chacitatu pa vyaru vya mu Africa, ca 41 pa vyaru ivyo vili na GDP yikuru, ndipo ca 20 pa vyaru ivyo vili na GDP yikuru pa caru cose. Eguputo ni wupu wa United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation na World Youth Forum.
Mazina
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"Miṣr" (Charabic pronunciation: [mes??ɾ]; "مِصر") ni zina la Classical Quranic Arabic na zina la sono la Egypt, apo "Maṣr" (Charabic pronunciation: [məsɾ]; مَصر) ni zina la Egypt mu Arabic. Zina ili lili kufuma ku Chiyuda, ndipo likuyana waka na mazgu ghanyake gha Chiyuda ghakuyowoya vya Eguputo nga ni Chihebere " מִצְרַיִם " ("Miṣráyim/Mitzráyim/Mizráim"). Zina lakale chomene la ku Eguputo ni "mi-iṣ-ru" ("miṣru") la ku Akadi. Ufumu wa Asiriya ukagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu lakuti Mu-ṣur.
Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakacemanga caru ici kuti
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Mbili
Prehistory and Ancient Egypt
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Pali maukaboni agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakajambura malibwe mumphepete mwa milonga ya Nayelo na mu vigaŵa vya mu mapopa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakukora vyakurya. Nyengo yikati yasintha panji viŵeto vikamba kukwera chomene mu 8000 B.C.E., ndipo vikapangiska kuti malo gha ku Eguputo ghaŵe ghakukhoma viŵeto. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakasamukira ku Mlonga wa Nayelo uko ŵakamba kulima chomene.
Pafupifupi mu 6000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic ŵakamba kukhala mu Dambo la Nayelo. Mu nyengo ya Neolithic, mitheto yinandi iyo yikaŵako pambere Ufumu wa Wankhongonozose undaŵeko yikakura mu Upper na Lower Egypt. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Badari na awo ŵakaŵako pamanyuma pawo, awo ŵakachemekanga Naqada ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Eguputo. Malo ghakale chomene gha ku Lower Egypt, agho ni Merimda, ghakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 700 pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Badari ŵandaŵeko. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lower Egypt ŵakakhalanga lumoza na ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 2,000. Ukaboni wakwambilira wa malemba gha ku Eguputo agho ghakalembeka mu mipukutu ghakawoneka mu nyengo iyo Ufumu wa Farawo ukaŵa kuti undaŵeko.[19]
Ufumu wakukolerana ukapangika c. Mu 3150 B.C.E., Themba Menes ndilo likawusa Eguputo vyaka 3,000. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakakhalanga makora mu nyengo iyi ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na chisopa chawo, luso, chiyowoyero, na mitheto yawo. Mafumu ghaŵiri ghakwambilira agho ghakawusa mu Eguputo ghakawovwira kuti nyengo ya Ufumu Wakale yikwane. 2700-2200 BCE, uyo wakazenga mapiramidi ghanandi, chomenechomene mapiramidi gha Djoser gha muwuso wachitatu na gha Giza gha muwuso wachinayi.
Nyengo Yakwamba ya Vinthu Viphya yikamba na masuzgo gha ndyali agho ghakatora vyaka pafupifupi 150. Kweni maji ghakuru gha mu Nile na boma ilo likakhazikika, vikawovwira kuti mu Middle Kingdom muŵeso mtende. Mu 2040 B.C.E., ukafika pachanya chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Farawo Amenemhat III. Nyengo yaciŵiri ya kugaŵikana yikapharazga za kwiza kwa ufumu wakwamba wa Ŵaegupto, wa Ŵasemi. Ŵankhondo ŵa Hyksos ŵakatora chigaŵa chikuru cha Lower Egypt cha mu 1650 B.C.E. ndipo ŵakakhazikiska msumba ukuru ku Avaris. Ŵakachimbizgika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Upper Egypt awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Ahmose I, uyo wakambiska ufumu wa nambara 18.
Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuyowoya vya cisopa cimoza ca Ciuta. Ufumu uphya ukaŵa na maghanoghano ghaphya cifukwa ca kukolerana na mitundu yinyake. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya, Nubians, na Asiriya ŵakanjira na kuwukira caru ici, kweni paumaliro Ŵaeguputo ŵakaŵachimbizga na kuwusa caru cawo.[20]
Achaemenid Egypt
Mu 525 B.C.E., Ŵaperesiya ŵankhongono ŵa ku Achaemenid, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Cambyses II, ŵakamba kuthereska Eguputo, ndipo paumaliro ŵakakora Farawo Psamtik III pa nkhondo ya Pelusium. Kufuma apo, Cambyses II wakamba kulamulira Eguputo kufuma ku nyumba yake ya Susa ku Peresiya (uko sono ni Iran). Mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ŵaeguputo, kufuma mu 525 m'paka mu 402 B.C.E., Ŵaperesiya ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga charu cha Eguputo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakagalukira Ŵaperesiya, kweni Eguputo wakatondeka kuŵathereska.[21]
Ufumu wa 30 ndiwo ukaŵa waumaliro kulamulira mu nyengo ya Farawo. Mu 343 B.C.E., msumba uwu ukathereskeka na Ŵaperesiya. Kweni ufumu waciŵiri wa Ŵaegupto ukamara yayi, pakuti Ŵaperesiya ŵakathereskeka na Alexander Mukuru. Ptolemy I Soter, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Makedoniya, ndiyo wakambiska ufumu wa Ptolemy.
Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt
Ufumu wa Ptolemaic ukaŵa ufumu wankhongono wa Ŵagiriki, uwo ukafumanga kumwera kwa Siriya kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka ku Kirene kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera m'paka ku mphaka ya Nubia. Msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Ŵagiriki, ndipo ndiwo ukendanga chomene na malonda. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵaŵatemwenge, ŵakajizunura kuti ndiwo ŵazamunjira mu malo gha Farawo. Ŵanalume ŵa Ptolemy awo ŵakaŵako pamasinda ŵakamba kutolera mitheto ya Ŵaeguputo, ŵakajambura vithuzithuzi vyawo mu vyakuvwara vya Ŵaeguputo, ndipo ŵakamba kuchitako vinthu vya cisopa.[22][23]
Fumu yaumaliro ya mu mphapu ya Ptolemy yikaŵa Cleopatra VII, uyo wakajikoma wati wasunga mu mawoko Mark Antony, uyo wakafwa na lupanga. Ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Ptolemy ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakagalukira boma lawo. Ndipouli, cikaya ca Ŵagiriki cikalutilira kukura mu Egupto nanga ni apo Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kuwukira caru ici.
Ŵakhristu ŵakiza ku Eguputo na Mariko mulara mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Diocletian (284-305 C.E.), Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakatambuzgika. Pa nyengo iyi, Testamente la Sono likaŵa kuti lang'anamulika mu Ciegupto. Pamanyuma pa Msonkhano wa ku Chalcedon mu 451 C.E., Tchalitchi la Coptic la ku Eguputo likakhazikika.[24]
Middle Ages (7th century – 1517)
Ŵa Byzantine ŵakaŵaso na mazaza pa charu ichi pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵasasanid ku Persia kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Ŵasasanid mu 602-628, ŵakazenga chigaŵa chiphya icho chikaŵako kwa vyaka 10 ndipo chikachemekanga kuti Sasanian Egypt. Ŵarabu ŵati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Byzantine ku Eguputo, ŵakiza na cisopa ca Ciisilamu mu caru ici. Nyengo yinyake mu nyengo iyi, Ŵaeguputo ŵakamba kusanganiska cisopa cawo ciphya na vigomezgo na maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe visopa vyaciSufiti ivyo vichalipo mpaka lero. Maluso agha ghakapona mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Coptic.[25]
Mu 639 C.E., mulongozgi waciŵiri wa ŵasilikari, Umar, wakatuma ŵasilikari pafupifupi 4,000 ku Eguputo. Mu 640, ŵasilikari ŵanyake 5,000 ŵakakolerana nawo ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Roma pa nkhondo ya Heliopolis. Pamanyuma, Amr wakaluta ku Alexandria, uko wakajipeleka na phangano ilo wakalemba pa Novembala 8, 641. Mu 645, msumba wa Alekizandiriya ukaweleramo mu mawoko gha Ufumu wa Byzantium, kweni mu 646 Amr wakawupoka. Mu 654, Constans II wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵarwe nkhondo. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, Ŵaroma ŵa ku Byzantium ŵakayezgapo yayi kuti ŵambeso kulamulira caru ici.
Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakakhazikiska msumba ukuru wa Fustat, uwo pamasinda ukawotcheka pa nyengo ya Nkhondo za pa Mtunda. Pamanyuma, Cairo wakazengeka mu 986 C.E., ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru comene na usambazi comene mu caru ca Arabia.
Abbasid period
Mu nyengo ya Ŵababasi mukaŵa misonkho yiphya, ndipo mu chaka chachinayi cha muwuso wa Ŵababasi, Ŵacopti ŵakambaso kugaluka. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Abdallah ibn Tahir wakamba kuwusa Eguputo kwizira mwa kazembe. Mu 828, Ŵaeguputo ŵakambaso kugaluka, ndipo mu 831, Ŵacipwitikizi ŵakakolerana na Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Eguputo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Ŵababayidi ŵakaluza mazaza mu Baghdad, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakamba kulamulira Eguputo.
Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 vyakulondezgapo, Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵakalutilira kulamulira mu Eguputo, ndipo msumba wa Cairo ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ufumu wa Fatimid. Paumaliro wa muwuso wa Ayyubid, Mamluk, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Turko-Circassian, ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1250. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1300, Eguputo wakayaniskanga Nyanja Yiswesi na India, Malaya, na East Indies. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, nthenda yakuchemeka Black Death yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 40 pa 100 mu charu ichi.[26]
Early modern period: Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)
Mu 1517, Ŵaotomu ŵakathereska Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman. Kujivikilira kwa ŵasilikari kukapweteka ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici kweniso vinthu vyawo. Cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma ndiposo nthenda ya miliri, caru ca Eguputo cikaŵa cakusuzgika comene ku ŵalwani. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita malonda agha. Pakati pa 1687 na 1731, mu Eguputo mukaŵa njara zinkhondi na yimoza. Mu 1784 njara yikakoma pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza vya ŵanthu.[27]
Nyengo zose Ŵaeguputo ŵakasuzgikanga chomene kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ufumu wa Ottoman, chifukwa cha mazaza gha Mamluks, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo.
Mu 1798, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵa Napoleon Bonaparte ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanalume ŵa ku France ŵakati ŵathereskeka na ŵa ku Britain, mu Eguputo mukaŵa suzgo la mazaza.
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Ŵafarisi ŵakati ŵachimbizgika, mu 1805 Muhammad Ali Pasha uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ku Eguputo, ndiyo wakapoka mazaza. Nangauli wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa fumu ya Eguputo, kweni wakajilambikanga waka ku fumu ya Ottoman. Muhammad Ali wakakoma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mamluks na kukhazikiska ufumu uwo ukawusa Eguputo m'paka mu 1952.
Muhammad Ali wakatora vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Sudan (1820-1824), Syria (1833), na vigaŵa vinyake vya Arabia na Anatolia. Kweni mu 1841, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe ŵakamuchichizga kuti wawezgere vinthu vinandi ivyo wakapoka ku Ottoman. Cifukwa ca kukhumba nkhondo, wakakhumbikwiranga kunozga caru: wakazenga mafakitale, maji ghakumwa na kwendeska magalimoto, na kunozga maofesi gha boma.
Wakazenga boma la ŵasilikari na ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 peresenti awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu ŵasilikari kuti Eguputo waŵe na mazaza mu Ufumu wa Ottoman mu nthowa iyo yikulongora vyakuyana na ivyo vikacitikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet (ŵambura Chikomyunizimu) mu virimika vya m'ma 1900.[28]
Muhammad Ali Pasha wakasintha ŵasilikari kufuma ku ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito za ku nyumba na nyumba kuŵa ŵasilikari ŵamazuŵa ghano. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, wakalemba ŵanalume wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu Eguputo kuti ŵanjire usilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵaphya ŵakeneranga kusambira na kusambizgika. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵasunganga mu nyumba za ŵasilikari kuti ŵaleke kutimbanizgika. Paumaliro, ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaleka kutinkha usilikari ndipo ŵakamba kutemwa chomene charu chawo. Wakawovwira gulu la nkhondo ili kuti Muhammad Ali waŵike mazaza ghake pa Eguputo.
Ndondomeko iyo Mohammad Ali Pasha wakalondezga mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake yikulongosora cifukwa ico ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyanga kuŵerenga mu Eguputo cikakuranga comene yayi pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku North Africa na Middle-East.
Muhammad Ali wakasankhika na mwana wake Ibrahim (mu Seputembala 1848), kufuma apo muzukuru wake Abbas I (mu Novembala 1848), kufuma apo Said (mu 1854), na Isma'il (mu 1863) awo ŵakakhozga sayansi na ulimi na kukanizga wuzga mu Eguputo.[28]
Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914)
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Muhammad Ali, Eguputo wakaŵa chigaŵa cha Ottoman. Mu 1867, likapika mazaza gha kuŵa boma lakujiyimira palekha panji Khedivate.
Mu 1869, ŵakamalizga kuzenga Suez Canal. Ŵabangi ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakagulira nyumba iyi. Kweniso ndalama zinandi zikagwiliskirika nchito na vimbundi. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya chomene na misonkho yiphya iyo yikapelekeka. Mu 1875 Ismail wakaleka kunanga maji agha mwa kuguliska masheya ghose gha Eguputo ku boma la Britain. Mu vyaka vitatu ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Eguputo muŵe ŵamazaza ŵa ku Britain na France, awo "ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa boma".
Vinthu vinyake nga ni nthenda zakwambukira (nthenda ya ng'ombe mu ma 1880), vula na nkhondo vikapangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora yayi mu vyaru ivi.[29]
Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakondwa yayi na Khedive kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakachitiranga vinthu. Ntheura mu 1879, gulu lakwamba la ŵanthu ŵakutemwa charu chawo likapangika. Pamanyuma pakuti vinthu vyamba kunangika chomene na kugaluka kwa ŵasilikari, mu 1882, Britain yikawukira Eguputo. Pamanyuma, Chediva wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Ottoman.
Mu 1899, pakalembeka phangano la Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement. Ndipouli, boma la Britain ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Sudan.
Mu 1906, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakakolerana na gulu la Denshawai.
Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)
Mu 1914, Ufumu wa Ottoman ukanjira mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose pamoza na maufumu gha ku Central; Khedive Abbas II (uyo wakaŵa kuti wazgoka wankhaza comene ku Britain mu vilimika vyakumasinda) wakadumura kuti wawovwire caru cawo mu nkhondo. Pakulondezgapo, ŵa ku Britain ŵakamuwuskapo pa mazaza na kumupa munung'una wake Hussein Kamel.
Hussein Kamel wakapharazga kuti caru ca Eguputo capokera wanangwa kufuma ku ufumu wa Ottoman, ndipo wakamba kucemeka Sultan of Egypt. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo caru ca Eguputo cikapokera wanangwa wake, caru ici cikamba kulamulirika na Britain.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, Saad Zaghlul na chipani ca Wafd ŵakalongozga gulu la ku Eguputo kuti liŵe na wanandi mu Nyumba ya Malango. Apo ŵa Britain ŵakathereska Zaghlul na ŵabwezi ŵake ku Malta pa 8 March 1919, caru ici cikaŵa na cipanduko cakwamba. Chigaluka ichi chikapangiska kuti boma la Britain lipharazge kuti charu cha Egypt chijilamulirenge chekha pa Febuluwale 22, 1922.[30]
Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)
Wakati waŵa wakufwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain, Sultan Fuad I wakamba kulamulira nga ni Themba la Eguputo. Nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa wakufwatuka, kweni ukaŵa pasi pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.
Mu 1923, boma liphya likanozga na kukhazikiska dango la ndyali. Chipani cha Wafd chikapambana pa mavoti gha 1923-1924 ndipo Saad Zaghloul wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru.
Mu 1936, pakaŵa phangano la Anglo-Egypt ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakafumamo mu Eguputo. Phangano ili likamazga yayi suzgo la Sudan, ilo likati mu 1899, mu nyengo ya Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement, charu cha Sudan chikeneranga kulongozgeka na Eguputo na Britain, kweni mazaza ghenecho ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Britain.[31]
Ŵa Britain ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito caru ca Eguputo pa nkhondo izo ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakacitanga, comenecomene nkhondo izo ŵakacitanga na Italy na Germany ku North Africa. Iyo wakakhumbanga chomene kuti wakwaniske kulamulira vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, na kujura Suez Canal kuti ŵamalonda ŵendengemo, kweniso kuti ŵenderenge nayo ku India na Australia. Boma la Eguputo, na ŵanthu ŵa mu Eguputo, ŵakacitapo kanthu pacoko mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Nkhondo yikati yamba mu Seputembala 1939, Eguputo wakapharazga dango la nkhondo na kumazga ubwezi wake na Germany. Likapharazga nkhondo yayi ku Germany, kweni Nduna Yikuru yikakolerana na nkhondo ya Britain. Mu 1940, charu ichi chikamara kukolerana na Italy, kweni chikapharazga yayi nkhondo nanga ni apo ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakanjira mu Eguputo. Themba Farouk likaŵa na maghanoghano ghakuyana waka na gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵakarwa nkhondo yayi. Ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakawonanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ndiwo ŵakutimbanizga nkhondo. Mu Juni 1940, themba likamulekeska ntchito nduna yikuru Aly Maher. Boma liphya likapangika na Hassan Pasha Sabri uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru.
Pamanyuma pa suzgo la nduna mu Febuluwale 1942, kazembe Sir Miles Lampson, wakakhwimiska Farouk kuti waŵe na boma la Wafd panji la Wafd-coalition ilo lingasintha boma la Hussein Sirri Pasha. Pa usiku wa Febuluwale 4, 1942, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na matangi ŵakazingilizga nyumba ya Abdeen ku Cairo ndipo Lampson wakapeleka dango kwa Farouk. Farouk wakajipeleka, ndipo Nahhas wakambiska boma. Ndipouli, Farouk wakakhozgeka soni, ndipo ivyo Wafd wakacita pakukolerana na ŵa ku Britain na kupoka mazaza, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na Wafd ŵaleke kukhozgeka na ŵasilikari kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa ku Egypt.
Mu 1947, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Britain ŵakawelera ku Suez Canal (nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakaŵa na msasa wa ŵasilikari mu malo agha), kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkha Britain. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kutinkha muwuso wa ufumu wa ufumu wa Babuloni. Mu 1950, chipani cha Wafd chikathereskeka ndipo themba likakanizgika kusankha Mostafa El-Nahas kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mu 1951, Eguputo wakafumamo mu phangano la Anglo-Egypt la 1936 ndipo wakaphalira ŵasilikari wose ŵa Britain kuti ŵafumemo mu Suez Canal.
Ŵanandi ŵakakana kufumamo mu msasa wawo uwo ukaŵa pafupi na Suez Canal, ndipo boma la Eguputo likakana kuŵapa maji na vyakurya mu msasa wa Suez Canal. Pa Janyuwale 24, 1952, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakaŵawukira ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Pa 25 January, Jenerale George Erskine wakatuma magaleta gha nkhondo gha Britain na ŵasilikari kuti ŵazingilire ofesi ya ŵapolisi ku Ismailia ndipo wakapeleka ora limoza kuti ŵapolisi ŵapeleke vilwero. Mulara wa ŵapolisi wakachema nduna ya mukati, Fouad Serageddin, woko lamalyero la Nahas, uyo wakakhwanga ndudu mu bathtub yake pa nyengo iyi, kuti wamufumbe usange wakwenera kujipeleka panji kurwa nkhondo. Serageddin wakaphalira ŵapolisi kuti ŵarwe "m'paka munthu waumaliro na futi yaumaliro". Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵapolisi ŵakome ŵapolisi 43 ŵa ku Eguputo na ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa ku Britain. Cinthu ico cikacitika ku Ismailia cikakwiyiska comene Eguputo. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, 26 January 1952, likaŵa "Zuŵa laciŵiri lakufipirwa", nga ni umo vivulupi vyakwimikana na Britain vikaŵira, ndipo msumba ukuru wa Cairo uwo Khedive Ismail the Magnificent wakazenga mwakuyana na umo ŵakazengera ku Paris, ukawotcheka. Farouk wakanena Wafd chifukwa cha chipolowe cha Black Saturday, ndipo wakathereska Nahas pa udindo wa nduna yikuru zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Wakasinthika na Aly Maher Pasha.[32]
Pa 22-23 July 1952, gulu la Free Officers Movement, ilo likalongozgekanga na Muhammad Naguib na Gamal Abdel Nasser, likambiska boma la Egypt (Egypt Revolution of 1952) kwimikana na fumu. Farouk I wakalekera ufumu mwana wake Fouad II, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na myezi 7. Mbumba yacifumu yikafumamo mu Egupto pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghacoko waka ndipo Council of Regency, yakulongozgeka na Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim yikapangika.
Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro, ntheura pa Ogasiti 12, 1952, ŵaganyu ŵa mu tawuni ya Kafr Dawar ŵakagaŵikana. Pamanyuma pa kuyezgapo nyengo yichoko waka na boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu, Ŵasilikari Ŵakufwatuka ŵakalekeska muwuso wa ufumu na dango la mu 1923 ndipo ŵakapharazga kuti Eguputo ni republic pa Juni 18, 1953. Naguib wakaŵikika kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo Nasser wakaŵa nduna yikuru..
Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa mu 1952, boma la Eguputo likapokeka na ŵasilikari ndipo magulu ghose gha ndyali ghakakanizgika. Pa Juni 18, 1953, boma la Egypt likamba kulamulira, ndipo Mulara Muhammad Naguib ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba.
President Nasser (1956–1970)
Naguib wakacicizgika kufumapo mu 1954 na Gamal Abdel Nasser, pan-Arabist ndipo ndiyo wakambiska nadi gulu la 1952. Naguib wakati waleka mulimo wake, udindo wa pulezidenti ukaŵavya m'paka apo Gamal Abdel Nasser wakasankhikira mu 1956.
Mu Okutobala 1954, Eguputo na Britain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge phangano la Anglo-Egypt Condominium Agreement la 1899 na kupeleka wanangwa ku Sudan.
Nasser wakamba kuwusa mu Juni 1956. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamalizga kufumamo mu Suez Canal Zone pa Juni 13, 1956. Wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya Suez Canal pa Julayi 26, 1956; umo wakachitiranga na Israyeli kweniso vinthu vyachuma vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵaarabu na Israyeli (Suez Crisis). Nkhondo yikamara cifukwa ca ndyali za ku United States na Soviet Union ndipo vinthu vikambaso kwenda makora.
United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
Mu 1958, Eguputo na Siriya ŵakamba kukolerana ndipo ŵakacemeka United Arab Republic. Mu 1961, charu cha Syria chikapatuka. Mu nyengo yose iyo yikaŵako, charu cha United Arab Republic chikakolerananga na charu cha North Yemen (panji Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen). Mu 1959, boma la Palestina lose la Gaza, ilo likaŵa la Ŵaeguputo, likapokelereka na boma la United Arab Republic, ndipo likaŵaso na mazaza yayi. Mu 1962, pakaŵa chipani chiphya chakuchemeka Arab Socialist Union.
Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1960, Eguputo wakanjilirapo comene pa nkhondo ya ku North Yemen. Pulezidenti wa ku Eguputo, Gamal Abdel Nasser, wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa ku Yemen na ŵasilikari 70,000 ŵa ku Eguputo na vilwero vya makemikolo. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵakachitapo kanthu na kukolerana kuti paŵe mtende, kweni nkhondo yikamara. Pamanyuma, ivyo Eguputo wakacita pa nkhani ya Yemen vikasuzgika comene.
Pakati pa mwezi wa Meyi 1967, Soviet Union yikachenjezga Nasser kuti Israyeli wizenge na nkhondo ku Syria. Nangauli mulara wa ŵasilikari, Mohamed Fawzi, wakawona kuti ivyo ŵakayowoya vikaŵa vyawakawaka, kweni Nasser wakachitapo vinthu vitatu ivyo vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yileke kumara. Pa Meyi 14, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake ku Sinai kufupi na mphaka na Israyeli. Pa Meyi 19, wakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa UN awo ŵakakhalanga ku mphaka ya Sinai na Israyeli. Pa Meyi 23, wakajara Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tiran kuti ŵanthu ŵa Israyeli ŵaleke kwendera. Pa Meyi 26, Nasser wakayowoya kuti: "Nkhondo iyi yizamuŵa yikuru comene ndipo cilato cithu cikuru cizamuŵa kuparanya Israyeli".
Israyeli wakawerezgapo kuti kujara dambo la Tiran kukaŵa suzgo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Ŵaarabu na Israyeli (Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa 6), iyo yikati yachitika, Israyeli wakawukira Eguputo na kupoka chirwa cha Sinai na Gaza. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya mu 1967, boma likakhazikiska dango lakuyowoya za suzgo la ŵasilikari, ndipo likaŵako m'paka mu 2012, kupaturako nyengo ya myezi 18 mu 1980/81. Dango ili likasazgirako mazaza gha ŵapolisi, kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na kuzomerezga censorship.
Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Eguputo ukaparanyikira mu 1950, ŵanthu ŵakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi, ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanayi ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi, ndipo 17 ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Ŵana ŵambura kukwana hafu pa ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vya kusukulu ŵakasambiranga sukulu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵanyamata. Fundo za Nasser zikasintha vinthu. Kusintha kwa vinthu pa nkhani ya malo na kugaŵa, kusazgikira kwa masambiro gha ku yunivesite, na wovwiri wa boma ku mafakitale gha mu vyaru vyawo, vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora pa umoyo wawo. Kufuma mu chaka cha masambiro cha 1953-54 m'paka mu 1965-66, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalembeskeka ku sukulu za boma chikakwera chomene. Ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu mu Eguputo, ŵakamba kukhala mu mskambo wa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵadokotala, mainjiniya, ŵasambizgi, maloya, na ŵapharazgi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo. Mu m'ma 1960, chuma cha Eguputo chikamba kuchepa ndipo chikaŵa pafupi kumara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵambura wanangwa, ndipo Nasser wakaleka kutchuka.[33]
Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)
President Sadat (1970–1981)
Mu 1970, pulezidenti Nasser wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima ndipo Anwar Sadat ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Sadat wakasintha maghanoghano gha Eguputo pa nkhani ya nkhondo yakuzizima kufuma ku Soviet Union kuya ku United States, ndipo mu 1972 wakachimbizga ŵapharazgi ŵa Soviet. Wakambiska ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu pa vya cuma ya Infitah, uku wakulimbana na visopa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusopa. Mu 1973, Eguputo pamoza na Siriya, ŵakambiska Nkhondo Yachinayi ya Ŵaarabu na Israyeli (Yom Kippur War), kuwukira kwachilendo kuti ŵatore chigaŵa cha Sinai icho Israyeli wakapoka vyaka 6 kumasinda. Paumaliro, Israyeli wakathereska nkhondo iyi, kweni vinthu vikamwendera makora chomene mu Eguputo, ndipo Sadat wakawuskapo nkhongono na mtima wa Ŵaeguputo.
Mu 1975, Sadat wakasintha ndondomeko ya Nasser ya vyachuma ndipo wakayezga kugwiliskira nchito kutchuka kwake kuti wachepeske malango gha boma na kukhuŵilizga ndalama zakunja kwizira mu ndondomeko yake ya Infitah. Kwizira mu ndyali iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukopeka na misonkho yakuchepeskeka na mitheto yakugulira vinthu ku vyaru vinyake.[34] Nangauli ndondomeko ya Sadat yikaŵa ya kuzgora caru ca Egypt kuŵa ciphya na kovwira ŵanthu ŵa cigaŵa capakati, kweni yikapindulira comene ŵanthu ŵa cigaŵa capacanya, ndipo cifukwa ca kulekeska wovwiri wa vyakurya, yikapangiska kuti mu 1977 ku Eguputo kuŵe vivulupi vya vyakurya.
Mu 1977, Sadat wakawuskapo wupu wa Arab Socialist Union na kuwusintha na National Democratic Party.
Sadat wakaluta ku Israyeli mu 1977, ndipo wakafika pa phangano la mtende pakati pa Eguputo na Israyeli mu 1979 kuti Israyeli wafumeko ku Sinai. Ŵaeguputo nawo ŵakazomera kuti Israyeli ni ufumu wawo. Ivyo Sadat wakacita vikapangiska kuti mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu muŵe mphindano zikuru comene ndipo vikapangiska kuti Eguputo wafumemo mu wupu wa Arab League. Sadat wakakomeka na munthu munyake wa cisopa ca Cisilamu mu Okutobala 1981.
President Mubarak (1981–2011)
Hosni Mubarak wakafika pa mazaza pamanyuma pakuti Sadat wakomeka pa referendum apo iyo yekha ndiyo wakaŵa wakwimilira.
Hosni Mubarak wakadidimizgapo ubwezi wa Eguputo na Israyeli kweni wakachepeskako mphindano na ŵazengezgani ŵa Eguputo. Mubarak wakasangana na masuzgo ghakuru mu caru cake. Nangauli vyakurya vikakura, kweni ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga yayi. Ukavu na kusoŵa nchito vikapangiska mbumba za ku mizi kuti zilute ku misumba nga ni Cairo uko zikakhala mu malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵacoko waka.
Pa Febuluwale 25, 1986, ŵapolisi ŵakamba kugaluka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵasazgirenge uteŵeti wawo kufuma pa vilimika vitatu kufika pa vinayi. Mu Cairo, mahotelo, ma nightclub, malo gha vyakurya na ma casino ghakasuzgika ndipo kukaŵa vivulupi mu misumba yinyake. Ŵakapeleka dango lakuti ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zuŵa lililose. Vikatora mazuŵa ghatatu kuti ŵasilikari ŵambeso kwendeska vinthu.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, 1990, na 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakoleka na vigeŵenga ku Eguputo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, gulu linyake la chisopa la Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, likamba kuchita nkhaza zinandi, kwambira pa kukoma ŵanthu na kuyezga kukoma ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, na kupweteka ŵalendo. Vinthu vikasuzga comene cigaŵa cikuru comene ca vya cuma ca ku Eguputo, ico ni vyakusanguluska, kweniso boma.
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mubarak, chipani cha National Democratic Party ndicho chikaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Likapeleka dango la vyamalonda la 1993, la 1995 la vyakupharazga, na la 1999 la mawupu ghambura kwendera boma, ilo likakanizga wanangwa wa kuwungana na kuyowoya mwa kuŵika malango ghaphya na kulanga ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa malango agha. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndyali za mu nyumba za malango zikaŵa zambura ntchito, ndipo nthowa zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakulongolera maghanoghano ghawo zikamba kuchepa.[35]
Pa Novembala 17, 1997, ŵanthu 62, comenecomene ŵalendo, ŵakakomeka kufupi na Luxor.
Kuumaliro wa Febuluwale 2005, Mubarak wakapharazga za kusintha kwa dango lakusankhira pulezidenti, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndipouli, dango liphya ili likaŵa na mphaka pa ŵanthu awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa ŵalongozgi, ndipo likawovwira kuti Mubarak wasankhike mwambura kusuzgika. Kuvota kukaŵa pasi pa 25%. Awo ŵakulaŵilira vyakusankha ŵakayowoyaso kuti boma likunjilirapo. Pambuyo pa chisankhocho, Mubarak adamanga Ayman Nour, wachiwiri.[36]
Lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch la mu 2006 pa nkhani ya Eguputo likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wawo, kusazgapo kutambuzgika, kukakika mwambura kwenelera, na kweruzgika panthazi pa makhoti gha ŵasilikari na gha boma. Mu 2007, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa Amnesty International ukalemba lipoti ilo likati Eguputo wazgoka malo ghakusoperapo ŵanthu. Mwaluŵiro, Unduna wa vya Vyaru wa ku Eguputo ukakanira lipoti ili.
Pa 19 Malichi, 2007, boma likasintha malango agho ghakakanizga ŵandyali kugwiliskira ntchito chisopa pakuchita vinthu vya ndyali. Mu 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Secretary of Media of the National Democratic Party (NDP), wakalongosora kuti Eguputo ni boma la "pharaonic", ndipo demokilase ni "cilato ca nyengo yitali". Dessouki wakayowoyaso kuti "chipatala ndicho chili na mazaza chomene mu Eguputo".[37]
Revolution (2011)
Bottom: protests in Tahrir Square against President Morsi on 27 November 2012.
Pa January 25, 2011, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka boma la Mubarak. Pa 11 February 2011, Mubarak wakafumapo na kucimbira ku Cairo. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa chomene na nkhani iyi mu Tahrir Square ku Cairo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira. Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, mulongozgi wa wupu wa Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Pa Febuluwale 13, 2011, ŵasilikari ŵakamazga nyumba ya malango na kukanizga dango la ndyali.
Pa 19 Malichi, 2011, ŵakachita referendum yakukhwaskana na dango la boma. Pa Novembala 28, 2011, Eguputo wakachita chisankho chakwamba chaparamende kufuma apo boma lakale likambira kulamulira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakiza pa ungano uwu ndipo pakaŵavya ukali panji vinthu vinyake vyambura kwenelera.[38]
President Morsi (2012–2013)
Mohamed Morsi wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pa 24 Juni 2012. Pa Juni 30, 2012, Mohamed Morsi wakapika mazaza kuŵa pulezidenti wa Eguputo. Pa 2 Ogasiti 2012, nduna yikuru ya Eguputo Hisham Qandil yikapharazga boma lake la ŵanthu 35 la ŵanthu 28 ŵaphya, kusazgapo ŵanayi ŵa gulu la Muslim Brotherhood.
Magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vya wanangwa na vyaru ghakafumamo mu wumba uwu cifukwa ŵakagomezganga kuti uzamunjira mu malango gha Chisilamu, apo awo ŵakukhozgera gulu la Muslim Brotherhood ŵakakolerana na Morsi. Pa Novembala 22, 2012, Pulezidenti Morsi wakalemba chikalata icho chikapeleka wanangwa wa kususka malango ghake na kuvikilira ntchito ya wupu wakulongozga.[39]
Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Eguputo mose muŵe vivulupi. Pa Disembala 5, 2012, ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi awo ŵakakolerana na Morsi ŵakakumana, ndipo kukaŵa nkhondo yikuru chomene pakati pa Ŵasilamu na ŵalwani ŵawo kwambira apo charu ichi chikambira kuwukira. Mohamed Morsi wakapeleka mwaŵi wa "kudumbiskana na ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani chakususka" kweni wakakana kulekeska referendum ya mu 2012.[40]
Political crisis (2013)
Pa Julayi 3, 2013, pamanyuma pa kukwiya kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkharo zautesi za boma la Muslim Brotherhood la Morsi, ŵasilikari ŵakamuwuskapo Morsi pa udindo wake, ŵakamazga wupu wa Shura na kukhazikiska boma la kanyengo kachoko.
Pa 4 July 2013, Chief Justice wa Supreme Constitutional Court wa ku Egypt Adly Mansour, wa vyaka 68, wakapika mazaza nga ni president wa boma liphya pamanyuma pa kufumiska Morsi. Boma liphya la Eguputo likakanizga gulu la Muslim Brotherhood na awo ŵakalikhozgeranga, ŵakajalira ŵanthu ŵanandi mu jele na kuthereska na nkhongono ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Morsi. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa gulu la Muslim Brotherhood ŵakweruzgika kuti ŵakomeke panji kukhala mu jele umoyo wawo wose mu milandu yinandi.[41][42][43]
Pa 18 January 2014, boma la nyengo yira likapanga dango liphya pamanyuma pa referendum ilo likakolerana na ŵanthu ŵanandi (98.1%). 38.6% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeska ŵakavota pa referendamu, ndipo ichi ntchiŵelengero chikuru kuluska 33% awo ŵakavota pa referendum mu nyengo ya Mursi.[44]
President el-Sisi (2014–present)
Pa 26 Malichi 2014, Field Marshal Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, nduna ya vyavikiliro ya ku Egypt na mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Egypt, wakaleka ntchito ya usilikari, ndipo wakapharazga kuti wazamwimilira pa chisankho cha 2014. Kafukufuku uyu wakachitika pakati pa 26 na 28 May 2014, ndipo wakawovwira kuti el-Sisi watonde. Sisi wakapika mazaza nga ni purezidenti wa Egypt pa 8 June 2014. Gulu la Muslim Brotherhood na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyaŵene na vyaru vinyake, ŵakakana kuvota. Nangauli boma la nyengo yichoko likasazgirako nyengo yakuvotera ku zuŵa lachitatu, kweni ŵanthu 46 pa 100 ŵalipo awo ŵakiza ku mavoti.
Mu Disembala 2015, ŵakachita maungano ghaparamende, ndipo vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Sisi ŵasange mazaza mu Nyumba ya Malango.
Mu 2016, Eguputo wakanjira mu suzgo la ndyali na Italy pamasinda pa kukoma mufufuzi Giulio Regeni: mu Epulero 2016, Prime Minister Matteo Renzi wakacema kazembe wa Italy kufuma ku Cairo cifukwa cakuti boma la Egypt likakolerana yayi na kafukufuku. Mulara uyu wakawelera ku Eguputo mu 2017 na nduna yikuru Paolo Gentiloni.
El-Sisi wakasankhikaso mu 2018, kwambura kususkika. Mu 2019, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikazomerezga kusintha malango gha boma, kusazgirako mazaza gha pulezidenti na ŵasilikari, kusazgirako nyengo ya pulezidenti kufuma pa vyaka vinayi kufika pa vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza. Fundo izi zikapokelereka pa referendum.
Mkangano pakati pa Egypt na Ethiopia pa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ukakura mu 2020. Ŵaeguputo ŵakuwona kuti chiziŵa ichi chikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kufwa.
Mu Disembala 2020, mavoti ghaumaliro gha pa mavoti gha pa chalo ghazomerezga kuti chipani cha Egypt cha Mostaqbal Watn (Future of the Nation) icho chikukhozgera chomene pulezidenti el-Sisi chiŵe na mavoti ghanandi. Chipani ichi chikasazgirako unandi wake, cifukwa ca malango gha vyakusankha ghaphya.[45]
Makhalilo gha charu
Charu cha Eguputo chili pakati pa latitude 22° na 32°N, kweniso longitude 25° na 35°E. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,001,450 sq km. Chifukwa cha chithukivu cha nyengo ya ku Egypt, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu chipalamba cha Nile na Delta, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 99% ŵakukhala mu chipalamba ichi.
Charu cha Egypt chili kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Libya, kumwera na Sudan, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na Gaza na Israyeli. Ntchito yakuzirwa iyo Eguputo wakuchita pa nkhani za ndyali yikuthemba pa umo waliri: ni charu icho chili pa mtunda wa makuni ghanandi, ndipo chili na mlatho pakati pa Africa na Asia (Suez Isthmus).
Padera pa Dambo la Nayelo, chigaŵa chikuru cha Eguputo chili mu mapopa. Mphepo zikupangiska kuti mu malo agha muŵe mchenga ukuru mamita 30. Ku Eguputo kuli vigaŵa vinyake vya mapopa gha Sahara na Libya. Mapopa agha ghakavikiliranga ufumu wa Faro ku vyakofya vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.
Mu misumba iyi muli Alexandria, msumba ukuru waciŵiri; Aswan; Asyut; Cairo, msumba ukuru wa Eguputo; El Mahalla El Kubra; Giza, malo agho pakaŵa Pyramid ya Khufu; Hurghada; Luxor; Kom Ombo; Port Safaga; Port Said; Sharm El Sheikh; Suez, uko kuli kuumaliro wa kumwera kwa Suez Canal; Zagazig; na Minya. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra, Kharga, na Siwa. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Ras Mohamed National Park, Zaranik Protectorate, na Siwa.
Pa Malichi 13, 2015, boma la Egypt likapharazga vya msumba uphya wa msumba uwu.[46]
Nyengo
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Ku Eguputo vula yinandi yikulokwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Kumwera kwa Cairo, vula yikulokwa pafupifupi 2 m'paka 5 m'paka 0.1 m'paka 0.2 mu inchi pa chaka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kukulokwa kwa maji kukukwana 410 mm, comenecomene pakati pa Okutobala na Malichi. Ku mapiri gha Sinai na misumba yinyake ya kumpoto kwa nyanja nga ni Damietta, Baltim, na Sidi Barrani kukuwa chiwuvi. Pa Disembala 13, 2013, ku Cairo kukawa chiwuvi chichoko chomene, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kwa vyaka vinandi. Kweniso mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Sinayi na cha pakati pa Eguputo muli chiwuvi. Charu cha Eguputo ndicho ntchakomira chomene pa charu chapasi ndipo pali dazi chomene.
Charu cha Eguputo chili na mphepo yakotcha, ya zuŵa kweniso yakomira. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, matenthedwe ngakukwera comene. Mphepo zakuzizima za ku Meditereniyani zikuputa pafupipafupi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto, ndipo zikovwira kuti mu nyengo ya chihanya vinthu viŵe makora. Khamaseen ni mphepo yakotcha na yakomira iyo yikufuma ku mapopa ghakuru gha kumwera ndipo yikuputa mu nyengo ya chihanya. Kanandi para kwafipa chomene, maji ghakufika pa 40 °C (104 °F) panji 50 °C (122 °F). Ku Eguputo, para Khamaseen yikuputa, ndipo ni nyengo iyo ku Eguputo kukuŵa kotcha comene. Nyengo mu Eguputo yikuŵa yiwemi nyengo zose, comenecomene mu misumba nga ni Aswan, Luxor na Asyut. Iyi ni malo agho kulije mabingu ghanandi kweniso kulije vula zinandi pa charu chapasi.
Pambere chingalaŵa cha Aswan chindazengeke, maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nayelo ghakazura chaka chilichose. Ici cikapangiska kuti mu Egupto muŵe vyakurya vinandi.
Para maji gha mu nyanja ghangakwera cifukwa ca kuthukira kwa caru, malo agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja gha Eguputo ghangasuzgika comene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya vya mlengalenga ŵakuti, para nyanja yikwambaso kukwera, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵazamuchimbilira ku malo ghanyake m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000.[47][48]
Biodiversity
Pa Juni 9, 1992, Eguputo wakalembapo chikalata pa Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, ndipo pa Juni 2, 1994, wakaŵa chigaŵa cha chikalata ichi. Kufuma apo, wupu uwu ukalemba pulani ya vyakucita na ndondomeko ya vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana iyo yikapokera pa ungano uwu pa Julayi 31, 1998. Apo mapulani ghanandi gha vyamoyo na vyamoyo vya mu caru ca CBD ghakunyoza vyamoyo vinyake padera pa vinyama na vyakumera, ndondomeko ya Eguputo yikaŵa yapadera comene pakupeleka fundo zakukwana za vyamoyo vyose.
Ndondomeko iyi yikati mu Eguputo mukaŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ya vyakumera: visomba (1483), vinyama (vikoko pafupifupi 15,000, ndipo vikoko vyakujumpha 10,000), tusomba (vikoko vyakujumpha 627), viyuni (319), vyakumera (vikoko 2426), na vinyama (vikoko 371). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi chiŵelengero cha viyuni ivi. Padera pa viŵeto vichoko waka nga ni viyuni, somba, vyamoyo vyakukhwaŵa, na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikwenda pasi na pasi, viŵeto ivi vikulutilira kusazgikira para vyamoyo vinyake vya ku Eguputo vyalembeka. Mwaciyelezgero, pa nkhani ya fungi, kusazgapo mitundu yinyake iyo yikupanga viswaswa, milimo iyo yikacitika pamasinda yikulongora kuti mitundu yakujumpha 2200 ya fungi yili kulembeka mu Eguputo, ndipo ciŵelengero ca mafungi ghose agho ghalipo mu caru ici nchakukwana yayi. Pa vyakumera ivi, vyakumera vyamuthengere na vyamuthengere 284 vikumanyikwa na kulembeka mu Eguputo.[49]
Boma
Nyumba ya Malamulo, iyo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵeterenge vyaka vinkhondi, yikumanya chomene vya malango. Paumaliro, mavoti ghakaŵako pakati pa Novembala 2011 na Janyuwale 2012. Pa 18 January, 2014, boma likapharazga kuti paŵenge maungano ghaparamende mu myezi 6. Pakwamba, boma likakhumbanga kuti paŵe Nyumba ya Malamulo pambere wandaŵe pulezidenti, kweni Adly Mansour, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wanyengozose, wakachichizga. Chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Egypt cha 2014 chikachitika pa 26-28 May. Malipoti gha boma ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu 25,578,233 panji 47.5% ŵakaluta ku mavoti, ndipo Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ndiyo wakathereska mavoti ghakukwana 23.78 miliyoni, panji 96.9% pakuyaniska na 757,511 (3.1%) gha Hamdeen Sabahi.
Pamanyuma pa kukwiya kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkharo zautesi za boma la Muslim Brotherhood la President Mohamed Morsi, pa 3 July 2013 General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi wakapharazga kuti wafumiskengepo Morsi pa udindo wake na kukanizga dango la chalo. Komiti ya malango ya ŵanthu 50 yikapangika kuti yisinthe dango ili, ndipo pamasinda likapharazgika kuti ŵanthu ŵavoterenge.
Mu 2013, Freedom House yikati wanangwa wa ndyali ku Egypt uli na nambala 5 (pa 1 ni wanangwa ukuru ndipo 7 ni wacoko), ndipo wanangwa wa ŵanthu uli na nambala 5, ico cikapangiska kuti wanangwa uwu uŵe "wacoko".
Chitemwa cha mtundu wa ku Eguputo chikaŵa na mizu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ndipo chikaŵa chakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Eguputo na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu nga ni gulu la Ŵabali Ŵachisilamu ghakukhozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu Eguputo.
Mu caru ca Ŵaarabu, caru ca Eguputo nchakukhora comene pa vyose pa nkhani ya malango. Ungano wakwamba wa ŵanthu wose ukaŵako mu 1866. Mu 1882, boma la Britain likati lakhalako, likazomerezga kuti paŵe wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi pera. Ndipouli, mu 1923, caru cikati cazakaŵa na wanangwa, ŵakalemba dango liphya ilo likati ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakusankha.[50]
Military and foreign relations
Ŵasilikari ŵali na mazaza pa ndyali na vya cuma mu Eguputo ndipo ŵakujipatura ku malango agho ghakugwira nchito ku vigaŵa vinyake. Likukondwa na mazaza ghanandi, ntchindi na kujikora mukati mwa boma ndipo likuwoneka kuti ndimoza mwa "maufumu ghakuru" gha ku Eguputo.[51][52][53]
Israel yikughanaghana kuti Egypt ndiyo ni chalo chachiŵiri mu chigaŵa ichi kuŵa na satellite ya spy, EgyptSat 1 kusazgapo EgyptSat 2 iyo yikatoleka pa 16 April 2014.[54]
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Bottom: President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Sochi, August 2014.
Boma la United States likupeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku Eguputo chaka chilichose, ndipo mu 2015 ukaŵa madola 1.3 biliyoni. Mu 1989, caru ca Egypt cikaŵa na ŵabwezi ŵanandi ŵa United States awo ŵakaŵa ku NATO yayi. Ndipouli, ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi wafika paheni kufuma apo mu Julayi 2013 pulezidenti wa Islamist Mohamed Morsi wakathereskeka, apo boma la Obama likususka Eguputo cifukwa ca kukanizga gulu la Muslim Brotherhood, na kulekeska maseŵero gha nkhondo agho ghacitikenge mu vyaru viŵiri ivi. Ndipouli, sonosono apa maboma ghaŵiri agha ghakayezgayezga kuwezgerapo ubwezi wawo, ndipo kanandi ghakuŵeyelera kuti ŵawovwiranenge kulimbana na uchigeŵenga. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pakuti Republican Donald Trump wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikakhumbanga kunozga ubwezi wa Egypt na America. Pa 3 Epulero 2017 al-Sisi wakakumana na Trump ku White House, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti pulezidenti wa ku Egypt wize ku Washington mu vyaka 8. Trump wakalumba al-Sisi mu ivyo vikayowoyeka kuti ni chigonjetso cha pulezidenti wa ku Egypt, ndipo wakalongora kuti nyengo yakwana yakuti ubwezi pakati pa Egypt na US uŵeso uwemi.
Ubwezi na Russia wawuka comene pamanyuma pa kufumiskika kwa Mohamed Morsi, ndipo kufuma nyengo iyo, vyaru viŵiri ivi vyalimbikira kukhozga ubwezi wawo wa nkhondo na malonda. Kweniso ubwezi withu na caru ca China wawongokera comene. Mu 2014, Eguputo na China ŵakakhazikiska "ubwezi ukuru". Mu Julayi 2019, mathenga gha vyaru 37, kusazgapo Eguputo, ghakasayina kalata yakuyana na iyi ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ŵanthu ŵa ku Xinjiang.
Malo ghakukhalapo gha wupu wa Arab League ghali ku Cairo ndipo mulembi mukuru wa wupu uwu ni Mueguputo. Mulimo uwu pasono ukucitika na nduna yakale ya vyaru vya kuwaro Ahmed Aboul Gheit. Mu 1978, wupu wa Arab League ukafumako ku Egypt kuluta ku Tunis kuti ukasuskire phangano la mtende la Egypt na Israel. Kweni pamanyuma ukawelera ku Cairo mu 1989. Maboma gha ku Gulf, kusazgapo United Arab Emirates na Saudi Arabia, ghapeleka ndalama mabiliyoni ghanandi kuti ghawovwire Eguputo kumazga masuzgo gha vyachuma kufuma apo Morsi wakathereskeka.[55]
Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya mu 1973 na phangano la mtende, Eguputo likaŵa fuko lakwamba la Ŵaarabu kukolerana na Israyeli. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakuwona kuti Israyeli ni charu chakususka. Eguputo wali na udindo wakuŵa mupayiniya pakumazga mphindano zakupambanapambana ku Middle East, comenecomene umo wakucitira na nkhondo ya Israyeli na Palestina ndiposo mtende. Ivyo Eguputo wakuchita pakukhumba kuti paŵe mtende mu Gaza vikususkana yayi na umo Israyeli wakafumiskira ŵanthu mu Gaza mu 2005, nangauli boma la Hamas likususkana chomene na boma ili.
Kanandi vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pakati pa Eguputo na vyaru vinyake vya ku Middle East, nga ni Iran na Turkey. Vinthu vyakutimbanizga ku Iran vikucitika cifukwa ca phangano la mtende ilo Eguputo wakacita na Israyeli kweniso cifukwa ca mphindano ya Iran na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa ku Gulf. Turkey yikovwira gulu lakucemeka Muslim Brotherhood ku Egypt ilo sono ndakukanizgika na ivyo likuyowoya kuti likucita ku Libya.
Eguputo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement na wa United Nations. Kweniso ni ciŵaro ca wupu wa International Organisation de la Francophonie, kwambira mu 1983. Mubali Boutros Boutros-Ghali, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna yikuru ya Eguputo, wakaŵa Secretary General wa United Nations kufuma mu 1991 mpaka 1996.
Mu 2008, ku Egypt kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵa ku Africa ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20,000 ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakalembeka na UNHCR kuti mbachimbizgi chifukwa cha nkhondo panji awo ŵakupenja malo ghakubisamamo. Ŵaeguputo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa "zikuru, ndipo nyengo zinyake zakukoma" pakulinda mphaka.[56]
Malango
Dango ili lili na malango gha Chisilamu na malango gha ŵanthu wose (makamaka gha ku Napoléon); kweniso khoti likuru chomene likuŵa na mazaza pa milandu.
Dango la Cisilamu ndilo lili na malango ghanandi. Makhoti gha Sharia na qadis ghakulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya Malango. Dango ilo likulongozga vinthu nga ni nthengwa, kupatana, na kupwelelera ŵana, likukolerana na Sharia. Pa khoti la mbumba, ukaboni wa mwanakazi ngwakuzirwa comene kuluska wa mwanalume.
Pa Disembala 26, 2012, gulu la Muslim Brotherhood likayezga kukhazikiska dango liphya ilo likaŵa lakusuzga. Ŵanthu ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose uwo ukachitika pa 15-22 Disembala 2012 ndipo ŵanthu 64% ŵakakolerana nayo. Chikaŵa nga ni Dango lakwamba la 2011 ilo likapelekeka ku Eguputo.
Dango ili likaŵa lapadera comene cifukwa lili na "Dango la Kuyuyura Ciuta". Makhoti agho ghalipo sono ghakuzomerezga kuti munthu wakomeke nanga wangaŵa kuti wandaŵeko. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America na Canada ŵakakomeka.
Pa 18 January 2014, boma la nyengo yichoko likakhazikiska dango lakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pulezidenti wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinayi ndipo wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri. Nyumba ya malango yingasuska pulezidenti. Dango la caru likutisimikizgira kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuyana waka ndiposo kuti tili na wanangwa wa kughanaghana. Gulu la ŵasilikari lili na wanangwa wa kwimika nduna ya vya kuvikilira caru kwa nyengo ziŵiri zakulondezgapo za muwuso wa boma kufuma apo dango la boma likambira kugwira nchito. Kuyana na dango ili, ŵandyali ŵangaŵa ŵambura kusankhana chifukwa cha "visopa, mtundu, kugonana, panji malo".[57]
Ufulu wa munthu
Wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Eguputo ni wupu uwo wakhalapo nyengo yitali chomene. Mu 2003, boma likakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo wupu uwu ukapangikira, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakasuskanga comene wupu uwu, awo ŵakayowoya kuti ukaŵa ciŵiya ca upharazgi wa boma kuti liphepiske viheni ivyo likacitanga na kupeleka wanangwa ku malango ghakukanizga ŵanthu nga ni dango la kucitako vinthu vyamabuci.[58]
Wupu unyake (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life) ukuti Eguputo ni caru ca nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵalije wanangwa wa kusopa. Wupu wa United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, wupu wakuyimira maboma ghaŵiri wa boma la United States, waŵika Eguputo pa ndandanda ya vyaru ivyo vikukhumbikwira kulongozgeka mwakupwelelera cifukwa ca mtundu na unandi wa kuswa wanangwa wa cisopa uko boma likucita panji kuzomerezga. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2010, ŵanthu 84 pa 100 awo ŵakafumbika ku Eguputo ŵakakolerana na dango lakuti munthu uyo waleka chisopa cha Cisilamu wakwenera kukomeka.
Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Coptic ŵakutambuzgika pa vigaŵa vinandi vya boma, kwambira pa maofesi gha boma m'paka malango agho ghakukanizga awo ŵakukhumba kuzenga panji kunozga matchalitchi. Kuleka kulekelera ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í, na ŵa visopa vinyake vya Cisilamu, nga ni Sufi, Shi'a, na Ahmadis, ni suzgo. Apo boma likagwiliskira nchito makadi ghakumanyiska munthu pa kompyuta, ŵanthu ŵa visopa vichoko waka, nga mba Baha'i, ŵakatondeka kusanga makadi. Pakwamba kwa chaka cha 2008, khoti linyake ku Egypt likadumura kuti ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake ŵangaŵa na makadi gha chipharazgo kwambura kuzunura chisopa chawo.
Nkhondo zikalutilira pakati pa ŵapolisi na awo ŵakakolerana na pulezidenti wakale Mohamed Morsi. Pa nkhondo izo zikacitika mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2013, ŵanthu 595 ŵakakomeka, ndipo pa Ogasiti 14, 2013 pakaŵa nyifwa zinandi comene kuluska zuŵa lililose mu mbiri ya Egypt.
Ku Eguputo ŵanthu ŵakulangika na chilango cha nyifwa. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Egypt ŵakuyowoyapo yayi vya ŵanthu awo ŵakweruzgika na kukomeka, nangauli mabungwe ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakaŵeyelera kanandi waka. Ofesi ya wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa United Nations na mawupu ghakupambanapambana ghakaŵa na "ntchindi zikuru" pamanyuma pakuti khoti la Minya Criminal Court ku Egypt likadumura kuti ŵanthu 529 ŵakomeke pa ungano umoza pa Malichi 25, 2014. Ŵalondezgi ŵa pulezidenti wakale Mohamed Morsi awo ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakacita pa nkhaza izo zikacitika mu Julayi 2013. Khoti likadumura mulandu uwu kuti ukususkana na malango gha caru cose. Kufika mu Meyi 2014, ŵanthu pafupifupi 16,000 (ndipo ŵakukwana 40,000 kuyana na umo The Economist yikupimira), ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa gulu la Muslim Brotherhood panji awo ŵakakolerananga nalo, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵajalirika mu jele pamanyuma pakuti Mursi wafumiskika pa udindo wake. Kuyana na wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, mu Eguputo muli ŵakayidi 60,000 ŵa ndyali.[59][60]
Mursi wakati walekeskeka na ŵasilikari, wupu wakweruzga ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha boma liphya. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakomeke. Pulezidenti Barack Obama na Secretary General wa UN, Ban Ki Moon.
Ku Egypt, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013, 95% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi.
Mu 2017, msumba wa Cairo ndiwo ukaŵa wakofya chomene ku ŵanakazi. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika zuŵa na zuŵa.[62]
Freedom of the press
Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukalemba charu cha Egypt pa malo 160 pa vyaru 180. Pa Ogasiti 2015, ŵapharazgi 18 ŵakaŵa mu jele ku Egypt. Mu Ogasiti 2015, dango liphya lakwimikana na uchigeŵenga likapelekeka ku ŵapharazgi awo ŵakapharazganga nkhani zakupambana na za boma.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakususka boma ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kuthandazga mautesi pa nkhani ya nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Egypt.[63][64]
Administrative divisions
Charu cha Eguputo chili na vigaŵa 27. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli matawuni na mizi. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na msumba ukuru uwo nyengo zinyake ukuchemeka na zina la chigaŵa chenechicho.[65]
Chuma
Chuma cha charu cha Egypt chikuthemba chomene pa ulimi, vyakupharazga, mafuta, na vyakusanguluska. Kweniso ku Eguputo kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3 miliyoni awo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Libya, Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf na Europe. Chiziŵa cha Aswan chikati chamara kuzengeka mu 1970, chiziŵa cha Nasser chikasintha chomene umo Mlonga wa Nayelo ukaŵira mu Eguputo. Ŵanthu ŵakukura mwaluŵiro, malo ghakuliskako viŵeto ngakukwana yayi, kweniso tikuthemba chomene Mlonga wa Nayelo.
Mu 2022 Chuma cha Egypt chidalowa mu suzgo, mapaundi aku Egypt ndichimodzi mwa ndalama zoyipa kwambiri, kukwera kwamitengo. kudafika 32.6% ndipo kukwera kwamitengo kwakwera pafupifupi 40% mu Marichi.
Boma la Russia laŵika ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya kutumirana mameseji na vinthu vinyake. Kufuma waka mu 1979, Eguputo wapokera wovwiri wa boma la United States (pa avereji $2.2 billion pa caka) ndipo ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikapokera wovwiri uwu kufuma ku boma la United States. Chuma cha Eguputo chikuthemba chomene pa vinthu ivi: vyakusanguluska, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, na ndalama izo zikufuma ku Suez Canal.
Vinthu vyamba kwenda makora mu caru ici cifukwa cakuti boma la Italy lacita vinthu mwakufwatuka, kweniso cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo likusanga kufuma ku vyalo vyakucezgera na vya malonda. Mu lipoti lake la cilimika cilicose, wupu wa vya ndalama wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) ukuti Eguputo njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikunozga comene vinthu pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Vinyake mwa vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo boma la Russia lachita kwambira mu 2003, ni kuchepeska chomene misonkho. Dango liphya la msonkho ilo likakhazikiskika mu 2005, likadumura msonkho wa makampani kufuma pa 40 peresenti kufika pa 20 peresenti.
Nangauli cimoza mwa masuzgo ghakuru agho ghakusuzga cuma ca ku Eguputo nchakuti usambazi ukufika waka ku ŵanthu bweka yayi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakususka boma lawo cifukwa ca kukwezga mitengo ya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa apo umoyo wawo panji nkhongono zawo zakugulira zikukhalilira waka zambura kukura. Kanandi Ŵaeguputo ŵakuyowoya kuti vimbundi ndivyo vikutondeska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. Boma likalayizga kuti lizamunozga vinthu vinandi mu charu ichi, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama izo Etisalat yikalipira kuti yigoŵere lachitatu ($3 billion) mu 2006. Mu 2013, charu cha Egypt chikaŵa pa nambara 114 pa nambara 177.[66]
_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg)
Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.7 miliyoni ŵa ku Egypt awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake, ŵakovwira kuti caru cawo ciŵe makora. Ndalama izo Ŵaeguputo ŵakutumizga ku caru cawo zikafika pa 21 biliyoni mu 2012, kuyana na World Bank.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵali na ndalama zinandi chomene, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 35~40% ŵakukhala na ndalama zichoko chomene kuluska $2 pa zuŵa.[67]
Wupu wakukopa ŵalendo
Ntchito ya kwendakwenda njimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene mu caru ici. Mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 12.8 miliyoni ŵakaluta ku Egypt, ndipo ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana madola pafupifupi 11 biliyoni. Ntchito ya viyuniŵayi yikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 12 pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira nchito mu Eguputo. Nduna ya vya Ulendo, Hisham Zaazou, yikaphalira ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga chifukwa cha vyalo ivi zikaŵa pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni 9.4.[68]
Malo agha ndigho ghakumanyikwa chomene ku Eguputo.
Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani na Nyanja Yiswesi, uko kuli mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 3,000, ndiko ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta.
Magesi
Mu Eguputo muli magesi, mafuta, malasha, na maji. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sinayi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malibwe gha mkuyu ghakukwana matani 600,000 pa chaka. Mafuta na gasi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa, mu Gulf of Suez, na Nile Delta. Eguputo wali na mafuta ghanandi chomene, ndipo ghakukwana 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi). Mu 2013, wupu wa Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) ukati caru ici cizamudumura vyakurya vya gasi na kuphalira mabungwe ghakurughakuru kuti ghachepeske vyakurya vyawo mu chihanya chino kuti ŵaleke kunjira mu suzgo la magesi na kulekeska vivulupi vya ndyali. Egypt yikughanaghana kuti Qatar ndiyo yikuguliska mafuta gha LNG mu chihanya, ndipo yikukhozga mafakitale kuti ghapange ndondomeko ya kunozga mafuta agha mu myezi iyi. Eguputo wakujipangira yekha magesi, kweni kufuma mu 2008, wakuguliska mafuta.
Mu 2013, charu cha Egypt chikapanga mafuta ghakukwana 691,000 bbl/d na gasi wakukwana 2,141.05 Tcf. Mu 2013, Eguputo ndiyo wakagwiliskiranga nchito mafuta na gasi ghanandi comene mu Africa, ndipo wakagwiliskiranga nchito mafuta ghakukwana 20% na gasi wakomira 40%. Kweniso, Eguputo ndiyo wali na mafuta ghanandi chomene mu Africa (mu 2012), ndipo ghakukwana mabotolo 726,000 pa zuŵa.
Pasono Eguputo wakunozgekera kuzenga sitima yake yakwamba ya nyukiliya ku El Dabaa, kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ndalama za ku Russia zakukwana madola 25 biliyoni.[69]
Transport
Ku Eguputo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu mizi yakuzungulira msumba wa Cairo. Mzere waukulu wa njanji ya mtundu wa 40,800-kilometre (25,400 mi) ukuchokera ku Alexandria kupita ku Aswan ndipo ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Egyptian National Railways. Mtundu wa misewu ya magalimoto wafika pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 34,000, ndipo uli na misewu 28, masiteshoni 796, na sitima zakujumpha 1,800 izo zikwenda mu Dambo la Nayelo na Nile Delta, ku Meditereniyani na ku Nyanja Yiswesi, ku Sinai, na ku Western oases.
Metro ya ku Cairo ku Egypt ndiyo njakwamba pa ma metro ghaŵiri mu Africa na mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Ntchito iyi njimoza mwa ntchito zakuzirwa comene izo zacitika sonosono apa mu Eguputo. Ndondomeko iyi yikusazgapo mizere yitatu iyo yikugwira nchito, ndipo munthazi yikulindizgika kuti yiŵe na mizere yinayi.
EgyptAir, iyo sono ni ndege yikuru comene ya mu caru ici, yikapangika mu 1932 na munthu munyake wa vyamalonda wa ku Eguputo zina lake Talaat Harb. Ndege iyi yili na ofesi yake pa Cairo International Airport, ndipo yikwendeska ndege za ŵanthu na katundu ku malo ghakujumpha 75 ku Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, na America. Pa nyengo yasono, EgyptAir yili na ndege 80.
Suez Canal
Suez Canal ni msewu wa maji uwo ukujumphizga nyanja mu Eguputo. Mu Novembala 1869, yikajulika pamanyuma pa vyaka 10 vya kuzenga, ndipo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge pa nyanja kufuma ku Europe kuya ku Asia kwambura kwenda mu Africa. Malo gha kumpoto ni Port Said ndipo malo gha kumwera ni Port Tawfiq ku Suez. Ismailia wali ku mphepete mwa nyanja, pa mtunda wa makilomita ghatatu kufuma pa malo agha.
Mu 2010, dambo ili likaŵa na utali wa makilomita 193.30, kujima mamita 24 na usani mamita 205. Likusazgapo nthowa ya kumpoto ya mtunda wa makilomita 22 (14 mi), nthowa ya mtunda wa makilomita 162.25 (100+7⁄8 mi) na nthowa ya kumwera ya mtunda wa makilomita 9 (5+1⁄2 mi). Mseu uwu uli na nthowa yimoza ndipo ukujumpha mu malo gha Ballah By-Pass na Great Bitter Lake. Mu ngalande iyi mulije vijaro, ndipo maji gha mu nyanja ghakwenda makora. Kanandi, dambo ili likwenda kumpoto kwa Bitter Lakes mu nyengo ya chiwuvi na kumwera mu nyengo ya chihanya. Mphepo iyi yikusintha kumwera kwa nyanja iyi para maji ghasintha pa Suez.
Pa Ogasiti 26, 2014, ŵakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵajure ngalande ya Suez. Mu Julayi 2015, ntchito ya kuzenga Suez Canal yikamara. Kanal iyi yikajulika pa 6 August 2015 pa ungano uwo ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakalutapo.[70][71]
Maji na kujipwelelela
Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 1990 na 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu misumba, kweni maji agho ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ghakakwera kufuma pa 89% kufika pa 100%. Mu nyengo iyi, Eguputo wakawuskapo suzgo la kututuka mu malo gha ku mizi. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Egypt ŵali na maji ghawemi, ndipo ŵali na 99 peresenti. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵali na maji ghakwenda.
Cifukwa cinyake nchakuti ŵana pafupifupi 17,000 ŵakufwa caka cilicose cifukwa ca nthenda ya kusulura. Suzgo linyake ndakuti maji ghakwendera bweka yayi pa charu chifukwa ghalije mtengo. Ivi vikupangiska kuti boma lipelekenge wovwiri wa ndalama ku ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupulikira malango ni maji na maji ghaheni.
Cifukwa cakuti ku Eguputo kulije vula zinandi, vyakurya vikuthukira pa ulimi. Maji ghakurughakuru ghakusunkhizga ni mlonga wa Nayelo, uwo ukwendeskeka na chiziŵa cha Aswan. Pa avereji, maji ghakufuma mu dambo ili ghakujumpha makilomita 55 pa chaka, ndipo makilomita 46 ghakufuma mu dambo ili ghakunjira mu migelo.
Mu dambo la Nile na mu chigaŵa cha Nile Delta, malo pafupifupi 33,600 (13,000 sq mi) ghakupambika vyakurya 1.8 pa chaka.[72]
Ŵanthu
| Chaka | Ŵanthu | kukula kwa pachaka. |
|---|---|---|
| 1882 | 6,712 | — |
| 1897 | 9,669 | +2.46% |
| 1907 | 11,190 | +1.47% |
| 1917 | 12,718 | +1.29% |
| 1927 | 14,178 | +1.09% |
| 1937 | 15,921 | +1.17% |
| 1947 | 18,967 | +1.77% |
| 1960 | 26,085 | +2.48% |
| 1966 | 30,076 | +2.40% |
| 1976 | 36,626 | +1.99% |
| 1986 | 48,254 | +2.80% |
| 1996 | 59,312 | +2.08% |
| 2006 | 72,798 | +2.07% |
| 2017 | 94,798 | +2.43% |
| Source: Population in Egypt[73][8] | ||
Charu cha Eguputo ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikakwera chomene kufuma mu 1970 m'paka mu 2010 chifukwa cha umo vyakurya vikupangikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Eguputo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 3 miliyoni apo Napoleon wakawukira caru ici mu 1798.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakukhala mu misumba yinandi, ndipo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo (makamaka ku Cairo na Alexandria), ku Delta na kufupi na Suez Canal. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵali kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru na awo ŵakukhala mu vikaya. Chigaŵa chose icho ŵanthu ŵakukhalamo chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 77,041.
Apo Nasser wakalamuliranga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1971, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti Sadat, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.7 miliyoni ku Egypt ŵakukhala ku vyaru vinyake. Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma ku Eguputo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu (923,600 mu Saudi Arabia, 332,600 mu Libya, 226,850 mu Jordan, 190,550 mu Kuwait na ŵanyake wose mu chigaŵa ichi) ndipo 30% awo ŵakhalako ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Europe na North America (318,000 mu United States, 110,000 mu Canada na 90,000 mu Italy). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kufuma ku vyaru vya Ŵaarabu kwamba mu ma 1950.[74]
Mtundu wa ŵanthu
Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Egypt ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalipo 99.7%. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Abaza, Ŵaturuki, Ŵagiriki, Ŵabedouin, Ŵarabu awo ŵakukhala ku mapopa gha kumafumiro gha dazi na ku Sinai Peninsula, Ŵasiwi (Ŵamazigi) awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberber (Amazigh) ŵa ku Siwa Oasis, na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo. Kweniso mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Beja, kweniso mafuko ghanyake gha Dom agho ghakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Nile Delta na Faiyum.
Ku Eguputo kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni awo ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Sudan. Ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku Iraq, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, na Eritrea.
Wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukati "ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzga" (ŵakucimbira kwawo, awo ŵakupenja ciphokwero, na ŵanthu ŵambura caru) ŵalipo pafupifupi 250,000. Mu 2015, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo ŵa ku Syria awo ŵakalembeka mu Eguputo cikaŵa 117,000, ndipo ici cikakhira comene pakuyaniska na caka cakumasinda. Boma la Eguputo likuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya miliyoni ŵakufuma ku Syria ŵakukhala mu Eguputo. Ku Egupto kuli ŵanthu 28,000 ŵakufuma ku Sudan.[75]
Ŵayuda na Ŵagiriki awo ŵakakhalanga ku Eguputo ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali, kweni ŵachalipo ŵachoko waka. Mu Cairo, Alexandria, na misumba yinyake muli malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusangira vinthu vyakale agho ghakusangika na Ŵayuda.
Viyowoyelo
Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chiarabu.[76] Viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ni: Chiarabic cha ku Egypt (68%), Chiarabic cha ku Sa'idi (29%), Chiarabic cha ku Eastern Egypt cha ku Bedawi (1.6%), Chiarabic cha ku Sudan (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi na vinyake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwiza mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya Chigiriki, Chiarmenia, Chitaliyana, na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Africa nga ni Chiamharic na Tigrigna.
Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu masukulu ni Cingelezi, Cifurenci, Cijeremani, na Citaliyana.
Kale ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chieguputo, ndipo chiyowoyero chaumaliro icho ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa Chieguputo cha ku Coptic. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 C.E., chiyowoyero ichi chikamara, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., chiyowoyero ichi chikalutilira kusangika ku Upper Egypt. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho chikugwiriskirika ntchito mu Tchalitchi la Coptic Orthodox la ku Alexandria. Chiyowoyero ichi chili mu gulu la viyowoyero vya ku Africa na Asia.
Chisopa
Charu cha Egypt chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa Chisilamu pa charu chose cha Arab, ndipo ni charu cha 6 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa Chisilamu. Charu cha Egypt ndicho chili na Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya ku Middle East na North Africa.
Charu cha Egypt chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sunni. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Egypt ŵakususkana na chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 85 ku 100 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵalipo ŵali mu chisopa cha Chiyuda, 10 ku 100 ŵali mu chisopa cha Chikoputiki, ndipo 1% ŵali mu chisopa cha Chikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 15-20%. Ŵasilamu awo ŵalije chisopa ŵakukwana 12%.[77][78]
Pambere vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. vindafike, caru ca Eguputo cikaŵa Cikhristu, ndipo apo Cisilamu cikati cafika, caru ici cikamba kuŵa Cisilamu. Tikumanya yayi apo Ŵasilamu ŵakafikanga pa unandi. 1000 C.E. m'paka m'ma 1300 C.E. Eguputo wakazgoka malo gha ndyali na maluso gha visopo mu caru ca Cisilamu. Mu muwuso wa Anwar Sadat, cisopa ca Cisilamu cikazgoka cisopa ca boma ndipo Sharia ndiyo yikaŵa dango likuru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ŵaeguputo 15 miliyoni ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya Ŵasifi. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 305 ŵakakomeka mu Novembala 2017 apo ŵakawukira mzikiti wa Sufi ku Sinai.
Paliso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa Chihiya. Wupu wa Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs ukuti ŵanthu ŵa Chi Shiite ŵalipo pakati pa 1 na 2.2 miliyoni. Ŵanthu ŵa Ahmadiyya ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 50,000, apo ŵa Salafi (Sunni) ŵalipo pakati pa 5 na 6 miliyoni. Cairo ngwakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca minara yinandi ya visopo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumucema kuti "Msumba wa Minara 1,000".[79]
Pa ŵanthu wose awo Mbakhristu mu Eguputo, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90% ŵali mu mpingo wa Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakulondezga Tchalitchi la Coptic Catholic, la Evangelical Church of Egypt, na matchalitchi ghanyake gha Chiprotesitanti. Ŵanthu awo Mbakhristu yayi ŵakusangika chomene mu misumba ya Cairo na Alexandria, nga ni Ŵasiriya na Ŵalibanoni, awo ŵali mu visopa vya Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, na Maronite Catholic.
Kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa tchalitchi la Greek Orthodox ŵakaŵa Ŵagiriki. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa ku Armenia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene mu mpingo wa Orthodox na wa Katolika. Kale ku Eguputo kukaŵaso Cikatolika cikuru, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Italy na Malta. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo pambere Nasser wandawuse.
Ku Eguputo kuli tchalitchi la Coptic Orthodox la ku Alexandria. Yikazengeka mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, ndipo yikaŵa tchalitchi likuru comene mu caru ici.
Ku Egypt nako kuli Yunivesite ya Al-Azhar (iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 969 C.E., yikamba kusambizga mu 975 C.E.), iyo lero ni "zina lakuzirwa comene pa caru cose la Sunni Islam".
Ku Eguputo kuli visopa vitatu pera: Chisilamu, Chikhristu, na Chiyuda. Visopa vinyake na visopa vinyake vya Cisilamu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakulondezga, nga ni visopa vichoko vya Bahá'í Faith na Ahmadiyya, boma likuvimanya yayi ndipo boma likuŵatambuzga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kulemba chisopa chawo (panji yayi) pa makadi agho boma likuŵapa ŵakukana (wonani nkhani ya makadi gha ku Eguputo) ndipo ŵakutondeka kusanga chikalata chakuŵawovwira kumanya chisopa chawo. Khoti likadumura kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali mu visopa vyambura kuzomerezgeka ŵaŵe na chikalata chakuŵawovwira kumanya chisopa chawo.[80][81]
Masambilo
Kufuma mu 1996, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba chikakhira chomene. Mu Julayi 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa pa 73.9%. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba ŵalipo ŵanandi chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 60, ndipo ŵalipo 64.9%.
Ŵa Ottoman ndiwo ŵakambiska masambiro ghakuyana na gha ku Europe mu Eguputo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Mu nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawusanga caru, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga masambiro zikakhira comene, ndipo masukulu gha boma agho ghakaŵa ghawanangwa, ghakamba kupeleka ndalama.
Mu ma 1950, Pulezidenti Nasser wakambiska masambiro ghaulere ku Ŵaeguputo wose.[82] Masambiro gha Ŵaeguputo ghakasintha chomene masambiro gha Ŵaarabu. Mwaluŵiro, boma likaleka kupeleka ndalama zinandi pa masambiro gha boma, ntheura masambiro gha boma ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa. Mazuŵa ghano, vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵasambizgi na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵaleke kuŵa ŵakuyana (kanandi ŵakuŵa pafupifupi 1 pa 50) kweniso kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaleke kuyana.
Ŵana ŵa ku Eguputo ŵali na wanangwa wakusambira sukulu za pulayimale kwa vyaka 6 na vyaka vitatu. Para ŵafika mu kilasi la nambara 9, ŵakusambira ku sukulu za sekondare. Masambiro gha sekondare ghakupanga ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵalutilire kusambira, ndipo awo ŵamalizga masambiro agha ŵakunjira masukulu ghapachanya chifukwa cha ivyo ŵasanga pa Thanaweya Amma.
Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghali na vigaŵa viŵiri, limoza ndakudumura kwa vyaka vitatu ndipo linyake ndakudumura kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Ŵanthu awo ŵamalizga masukulu agha ŵangasambira masambiro ghapachanya chifukwa cha ivyo ŵasanga pa mafumbo ghaumaliro.
Yunivesite ya Cairo ndiyo ni yunivesite yikuru comene mu Eguputo. Pasono, caru ici cikujura maofesi ghaphya gha kafukufuku kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire vinthu vyasono. Dziko la Egypt lili pa nambala 94 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kuchokera pa nambala 92 mu 2019.[83][84]
Umoyo
Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵazamukhala vyaka 73.20 pa kubabika. Ŵaeguputo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana 3.7 peresenti ya GDP yawo pa vya umoyo. Mu 2010, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 4.66% ya GDP. Mu 2009, pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 16.04 na ŵantchito ŵa munesi 33.80.
Cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga kwa vilimika vinandi, wupu wa vya cipatala wa ku Eguputo wasintha comene. Ku malo gha matawuni na ku mizi, wovwiri wa munkhwala wawovwira chomene ndipo sono ŵanthu 98 pa 100 ŵali na katemera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, kufuma pa 44.8 mu 1960 kufika pa 72.12 mu 2009. Kufwa kwa ŵana kukakhira comene (mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, ŵana ŵakafwanga 101 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo, mu 2000 ŵakafwanga 50 pa ŵanthu 60 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo mu 2008 ŵakafwanga 28 pa ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 1,000).
Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukati mu 2008, pa ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49, 91.1% ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakhwaskika na nthumbo. Mu 2016, dango ili likasinthika na kuŵapa chilango chakukhozga chomene awo ŵasangika na mulandu wa kuchita nthena. Awo ŵakulongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakomeka ŵangakakika vyaka vitatu.
Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt awo ŵakaŵa na inshuwalansi ya munkhwala chikafika pa 37 miliyoni, ndipo 11 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵachoko, ndipo ŵanthu 52 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa na inshuwalansi.[85]
Misumba ikulu
| Mndandanda | Governorate | Ŵanthu | Mndandanda | Governorate | Ŵanthu | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Cairo .jpeg) Alexandria |
1 | Cairo | Cairo | 9,153,135 | 11 | Asyut | Asyut | 462,061 |  Giza  Shubra El Kheima |
| 2 | Alexandria | Alexandria | 5,039,975 | 12 | Khusus | Qalyubia | 459,586 | ||
| 3 | Giza | Giza | 4,146,340 | 13 | Ismailia | Ismailia | 386,372 | ||
| 4 | Shubra El Kheima | Qalyubia | 1,165,914 | 14 | Zagazig | Sharqia | 383,703 | ||
| 5 | Port Said | Port Said | 751,073 | 15 | 6th of October | Giza | 350,018 | ||
| 6 | Suez | Suez | 660,592 | 16 | Aswan | Aswan | 321,761 | ||
| 7 | Mansoura | Dakahlia | 548,259 | 17 | New Cairo | Cairo | 298,343 | ||
| 8 | El Mahalla El Kubra | Gharbia | 522,799 | 18 | Damietta | Damietta | 282,879 | ||
| 9 | Tanta | Gharbia | 508,754 | 19 | Damanhur | Beheira | 262,505 | ||
| 10 | Faiyum | Faiyum | 475,139 | 20 | Minya | Minya | 245,478 | ||
Mwambo
Charu cha Eguputo nchakumanyikwa kuti nchigaŵa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Ciarabu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakutemwa chomene nkhani za Chiarabu, sumu, mafilimu, na TV. Mu ma 1950 na 1960, Eguputo wakaŵa na mazaza pa caru cose, ndipo vikakhozga comene cikaya ca ku Eguputo mu vyaru vya ciarabu.[86]
Chiyowoyero cha Ŵaeguputo chikasintha mu nyengo yitali iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kuti ŵakhalenge na ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chiisilamu, Chikhristu, na Chiyuda.
Mubali Rifa'a al-Tahtawi, uyo wakalembako mabuku ghakwambilira gha m'ma 1800, wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo vinthu vikaŵira ku Eguputo. Tahtawi wakambiska sukulu ya Egyptology pamoza na munthu munyake uyo wakasambizganga vya masambiro, Ali Mubarak.
Kuzakafika paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ku Eguputo kukaŵa ŵanthu nga ni Muhammad Abduh, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, Muhammad Loutfi Goumah, Tawfiq el-Hakim, Louis Awad, Qasim Amin, Salama Moussa, Taha Hussein na Mahmoud Mokhtar. Iwo ŵakambiska nthowa ya wanangwa ya Eguputo, iyo yikulongosoreka na kujipeleka kwa wanangwa wa munthu, kusopa yayi, na kugomezga sayansi kuti yilute panthazi.[87]
Maluso
Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kuzunura vinthu vyakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito. Mtundu wa buluu wa ku Eguputo, uwo ukuchemekaso kuti calcium copper silicate, ni mtundu uwo Ŵaeguputo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakuti ni mtundu wakwamba wakupangika. Vinthu ivyo ŵakajambura pa viliŵa vya nyumba ya Farawo vikaŵa na malango ghakudunjika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakumanyikwa na mapiramidi, matempile, na malaro.
Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya ni Pyramid of Djoser, iyo yikazengeka na munthu munyake uyo wakalimanga nyumba zina lake Imhotep, Sphinx, na tempile la Abu Simbel. Maluso gha ku Eguputo gha mazuŵa ghano ghakupambanapambana nga umo viliri na maluso ghanyake pa caru cose, kwambira ku maluso gha Hassan Fathy na Ramses Wissa Wassef, mpaka ku vikozgo vya Mahmoud Mokhtar, na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Coptic vya Isaac Fanous. Cairo Opera House ndiyo ni malo ghakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya vyakusanguluska mu msumba wa Cairo.
Vyakulemba mabuku
Mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakalemba ghakalembeka kale chomene. Nakuti Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kulemba mabuku. Ntchigaŵa chakuzirwa chomene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo. Ŵalembi ŵa mabuku gha ku Eguputo ndiwo ŵakamba kulemba mabuku gha Chiarabu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kutolera mabuku agha. Buku lakwamba la ku Eguputo lakuti Zaynab, ilo wakalemba Muhammad Husayn Haykal, likalembeka mu 1913. Naguib Mahfouz, mulembi wa mabuku wa ku Eguputo, ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel pa nkhani ya mabuku. Ŵanakazi ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mabuku ku Eguputo ni Nawal El Saadawi, uyo wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kulimbikira ntchito za ŵanakazi, kweniso Alifa Rifaat uyo wakulemba vya ŵanakazi na mitheto.
Sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo zikuzunulika chomene mu mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo.[88]
Wayilesi
Vyalo vya ku Egypt vili na mazaza chomene mu vyaru vya ma Arab, chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuvipulika kweniso kuti vikuleka kulamulirika na boma.[89][90]Dango la caru likunjizga wanangwa wa vyakupharazga, kweni malango ghanandi ghakukanizga wanangwa uwu.[89][91]
Vyakuonelela
Apo mazgu ghakamba kusangika, sinema ya ku Eguputo yikazgoka yikulutilira. Mu 1936, Studio Misr, iyo yikagwiliskirika nchito na munthu munyake wa vyamalonda zina lake Talaat Harb, yikazgoka studio yikuru ya ku Eguputo. Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 100, mafilimu ghakujumpha 4,000 ghapangika mu Eguputo, ndipo agha ndigho ghakukwana vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya mafilimu ghose gha ku Arabia.[92]Charu cha Eguputo chikuwoneka kuti ndicho chikulongozga pa nkhani ya mafilimu. Ŵalendo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyose vya Ŵaarabu ŵakukhumba kuwonekera mu mafilimu gha ku Eguputo kuti ŵatemweke. Chiphikiro cha Mafilimu cha Cairo International Film Festival chili pa viphikiro 11 ivyo vili na mavoti ghapachanya pa charu chose.
Apo mafilimu ghakupulikizga ghakamba kusangika, chiŵelengero cha mafilimu chikakwera ndipo chikafika 395 mu 1958. Chiŵelengero ichi chikamba kuchepa pamanyuma pakuti TV yikamba kusangika mu 1960 na sinema za boma mu 1962, ndipo chikafika pa 297 mu 1965, ndipo mu 1995 chikafika pa 141. Chifukwa cha malango na ndondomeko izo zikakhozgeranga ndalama zakwendeskera mafilimu, mafilimu agha ghakasazgikiraso, comenecomene mu malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu. Mu vyaka vyakujumpha 100, sinema ya ku Eguputo yikalongora mafilimu ghakujumpha 4,000
Sumo
Sumu za Ŵaeguputo zikusazgapo sumu za ku Africa, Mediterranean, na za ku Western. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu mitheto ya Ŵaeguputo kwamba kale comene. Ŵaegupto ŵakale ŵakatenge Ciuta wawo Hathor ndiyo wakapangiska sumu, ndipo Osiris ndiyo wakapangiska sumu izi. Ŵaeguputo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakwimbira kwamba kale.[95]
Sumu za lero za ku Eguputo zikufuma ku ŵanthu nga ni Abdu al-Hamuli, Almaz na Mahmoud Osman, awo ŵakakhwaska milimo ya Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab na Abdel Halim Hafez. Ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Egypt ŵali nga ni Amr Diab na Mohamed Mounir.
Kuvina
Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ku Eguputo ndiko ŵanthu ŵakutemwera kuvina. Vyakwimba vya ku Eguputo vili na mitundu yiŵiri yikuru: raqs baladi na raqs sharqi. Paliso mitundu yinandi ya kuvina ya ŵanthu iyo yikuzunulika mu Baibolo.
Vinthu vyakusungirako vinthu vyakale
Charu cha Eguputo chili na umoza mwa visopa vyakale comene pa caru. Likasangana na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ndipo likenda mu nyengo zinandi, kwambira mu nyengo yakale m'paka mu nyengo yithu yino. Chifukwa cha kupambaniska nyengo, kukolerana na mitundu yinyake, na nkhondo zinandi izo Eguputo wakakumana nazo, ku Eguputo kuli malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale pafupifupi 60.
Nyumba zitatu zikuruzikuru za ku Egypt ni The Egyptian Museum izo zili na vinthu vyakujumpha 120,000, the Egyptian National Military Museum and the 6th of October Panorama.
Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Giza Museum, ni nyumba yakuzengera vinthu vyakale iyo yizamuŵa na vinthu vinandi chomene vya ku Eguputo. Malo agha ghakeneranga kujura mu 2015 ndipo ghazamuŵa pa malo ghakukwana mahekitala 50. Mu Meyi 2015, nduna ya vinthu vyakale Mamdouh al-Damaty yikapharazga kuti malo agha ghazamujulika mu Meyi 2018.[96]
Festivals
Ku Eguputo, ŵanthu ŵakukondwelera viphikiro vinandi vya cisopa. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa mbakuzirwa chomene chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo. Mu mwezi wa Ramadan, ŵanthu ŵakukondwelera zuŵa ili na mazgu, ungweru (ŵakuniŵiska nyali) kweniso moto.
Chikondwelero cha kale cha Sham en Nisim (Coptic) chakumbukirika na Ŵaeguputo kwa vyaka vikwi vinandi, kanandi pakati pa myezi ya Paremoude (April) na Pashons (May), pamanyuma pa Sabata la Easter.
Chakulya
Vyakurya vya ku Eguputo vikovwira chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakurya vyakurya vya vyamuminda. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Alexandria na awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Eguputo ŵakutemwa kurya somba zinandi na vyakurya vinyake vya mu nyanja, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakurya vyakurya ivyo vikufuma pasi. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakaguranga chomene nyama, ntheura ŵakamba kupanga vyakurya vinandi vya vyakurya vya vyamuminda.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti cakurya ici ni kushari, ico cikusazga mpunga, lentil, na makaroni. Kweniso mungasazgako ŵabulumembe ku kushari. Kweniso vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni ful medames. Nkhaka za fava zikugwiliskirika nchito pakupanga falafel (iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti "ta'miya"), iyo yikwenera kuti yikafuma ku Eguputo ndipo yikathandazgikira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East. Para munthu wakuphika mpunga wakusazgako coriander, wakusazgako molokhiya.
Maseŵera
Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Eguputo. Kairo Derby njimoza mwa viphalizgano vyakusuzga comene mu Africa, ndipo BBC yikalisora kuŵa cimoza mwa viphalizgano vikuruvikuru 7 pa caru cose. Al Ahly ndi kilabu chopambana kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20 ku Africa malinga ndi CAF, ndikutsatiridwa kwambiri ndi omwe amalimbana nawo Zamalek SC. Ŵakucemeka "Chipani ca ku Africa ca mu Chaka". Na vithuzithuzi 20, Al Ahly ni kilabu ico chili na vithuzithuzi vinandi comene pa caru cose, ndipo yikuluska A.C. ya ku Italy. Milan na Boca Juniors ŵa ku Argentina, wose ŵakaŵa na vyaka 18.
Ŵaeguputo awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Farawo, ŵakatchaya nkhonya izi kankhondi na kaŵiri. Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakutchuka chomene pa charu chose cha Africa ndipo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu 10 pa charu chose. Magoli ghaŵiri gha Mohamed Salah mu chigoli chakumalizira cha timu iyi ghakatolera chalo cha Egypt ku World Cup ya 2018. Chipani cha Egypt cha Young Pharaohs chikapokera mendulo ya bronze pa chikho cha charu cha FIFA cha 2001 ku Argentina. Eguputo wakaŵa wacinayi pa maseŵero gha mpira pa maseŵero gha 1928 na 1964.
Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Eguputo ni squash na tenisi. Gulu la squash la ku Egypt likuchitako maseŵera gha pa charu chose kwambira mu ma 1930. Amr Shabana na Ramy Ashour ndiwo ŵakuseŵera makora chomene ku Egypt ndipo wose ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba pa woseŵera ŵa squash pa charu chose. Charu cha Egypt chawina maseŵera gha Squash World Championships kanayi.
Mu 1999, Egypt yikapokelera IHF World Men's Handball Championship, ndipo yikapokeleraso mu 2021. Mu 2001, timu ya charu ichi yikasanga malo ghacinayi pa maseŵera agha. Charu cha Egypt chili kuwina ka 5 mu African Men's Handball Championship, ndipo ndiwo gulu liwemi chomene mu Africa. Kweniso yikaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuseŵera maseŵero gha ku Mediterranean Games mu 2013, Beach Handball World Championships mu 2004, na Summer Youth Olympics mu 2010. Pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, timu ya basketball ya ku Egypt ndiyo yili kuchita makora chomene pa maseŵero gha basketball pa World Cup na pa Summer Olympics.[97][98]Kweniso timu iyi yikasanga mendulo 16 pa maseŵera gha ku Africa.
Eguputo wakwimba maseŵero gha Olympic kuyambira mu 1912 ndipo wakwimba maseŵero gha vyaru vinandi, kusazgapo maseŵero ghakwamba gha Mediterranean Games mu 1951, All-Africa Games mu 1991, FIFA U-20 World Cup mu 2009 na Pan Arab Games mu 1953, 1965 na 2007.
Egypt yikaŵa na timu ya chalo ya beach volleyball iyo yikathereskana pa 2018 🔥2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanakazi na ŵanalume.[99]
Wonaniso
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Vyakulemba vinyake
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Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
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- ↑ "No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid". Al-Jazeera. 24 Meyi 2020.
- ↑ "Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years". BBC News. 20 Disembala 2021.
- ↑ "The world's most dangerous megacities for women 2017". poll2017.trust.org. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 24 Okutobala 2017.
- ↑ "Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists". Deutsche Welle. 3 Epulelo 2020.
- ↑ "Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus". The Globe and Mail. 3 Epulelo 2020.
- ↑ Pierre Beckouche (2017). Europe's Mediterranean Neighbourhood. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78643-149-3.
- ↑ "Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale". 3 Disembala 2013. Archived from the original on 7 Disembala 2013. Retrieved 8 Disembala 2013.
- ↑ Lauren E. Bohn; Sarah Lynch (8 Febuluwale 2011). "Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman". Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 22 Meyi 2013. Retrieved 8 Febuluwale 2013.
- ↑ Farouk, Dalia (27 Disembala 2012). "Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012". Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 13 Julayi 2013. Retrieved 18 Juni 2013.
- ↑ "Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant". Reuters. 19 Meyi 2016. Archived from the original on 16 Meyi 2017. Retrieved 1 Julayi 2017.
- ↑ "Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion". BBC News. 6 Ogasiti 2015. Archived from the original on 6 Ogasiti 2015. Retrieved 6 Ogasiti 2015.
- ↑ Tadros, Sherine (6 Ogasiti 2015). "Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal". Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 Ogasiti 2015. Retrieved 6 Ogasiti 2015.
- ↑ Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt's Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.
- ↑ "Population in Censuses by Sex & Sex Ratio (1882–2006)" (PDF). Egypt State Information Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 10 Febuluwale 2013.
- ↑ Simona., Talani, Leila (1 Janyuwale 2010). From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean. Tauris Academic Studies. OCLC 650606660.
- ↑ Omer Karasapan, Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt? Archived 6 Julayi 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).
- ↑ "Constitutional Declaration 2011". Egyptian Government Services. Archived from the original on 1 Disembala 2017. Retrieved 1 Disembala 2017.
- ↑ "Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo". english.ahram.org.eg (in English). Archived from the original on 4 Meyi 2018. Retrieved 26 Epulelo 2018.
- ↑ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 Disembala 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 4 September 2013
- ↑ Robin Barton (19 Febuluwale 2001). "Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 26 Ogasiti 2017.
- ↑ "Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 19 Sekutembala 2008. Retrieved 24 Juni 2017.
- ↑ Johnston, Cynthia (29 Janyuwale 2008). "Egypt Baha'is win court fight over identity papers". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 Febuluwale 2008. Retrieved 30 Janyuwale 2008.
- ↑ "Education in Egypt: Key Challenges" (PDF). Chatham House. Malichi 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 Disembala 2012.
- ↑ "EGYPT" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. 2020. Retrieved 24 Janyuwale 2022.
- ↑ "Global Innovation Index 2021". World Intellectual Property Organization (in English). United Nations. Retrieved 5 Malichi 2022.
- ↑ "SIS". State Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 Novembala 2013. Retrieved 28 Novembala 2013.
- ↑ "Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)". Ipsnews.net. 29 Okutobala 2009. Archived from the original on 27 Epulelo 2011. Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2010.
- ↑ Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 130.
- ↑ "Culture of Egypt". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 Meyi 2022.
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Country profiles: Egypt". BBC News. 15 Janyuwale 2013. Archived from the original on 21 Epulelo 2009. Retrieved 8 Febuluwale 2013.
- ↑ "Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt's First Contested Presidential Elections". Tbsjournal.com. Archived from the original on 16 Ogasiti 2006. Retrieved 8 Febuluwale 2013.
- ↑ "Freedom House 2007 report". Freedomhouse.org. 10 Meyi 2004. Archived from the original on 27 Disembala 2010. Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2010.
- ↑ Houissa, Ali. "LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film". guides.library.cornell.edu (in English). Retrieved 4 Okutobala 2021.
- ↑ سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية.
- ↑ Shafik, Viola (2007). Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation (in English). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-053-0.
- ↑ Music of Ancient Egypt Archived 13 Okutobala 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
- ↑ "Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent". 10 Meyi 2015. Archived from the original on 9 Julayi 2015. Retrieved 14 Disembala 2016.
- ↑ "1950 World Championship for Men". FIBA. 9 Juni 2012. Archived from the original on 13 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 9 Juni 2012.
- ↑ "Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men". FIBA. 9 Juni 2012. Archived from the original on 11 Ogasiti 2012. Retrieved 9 Juni 2012.
- ↑ "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 Juni 2021. Retrieved 7 Ogasiti 2021.
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