Rwanda

Charu cha Rwanda
Charu cha Rwanda; Repubulika y'u Rwanda (Kinyarwanda); République du Rwanda (French); Jamhuri ya Rwanda (Swahili)
Mbendela	Coat of arms
	Chiluso: "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" ; (English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism"); (French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme"); (Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo")
	Nyimbo: "Rwanda Nziza"; (English: "Beautiful Rwanda");
	Makhalilo gha Rwanda (black) – in Africa (light blue & dark grey); – in the African Union (light blue)
Msumba Waboma; kweneso Msumba Usani	Kigali
Chiyowoyelo chaboma	Kinyarwanda ; French ; English ; Swahili;
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu	99% Banyarwanda; —85% Hutu ; —14% Tutsi ; —1% Twa; 1% Others ;
Vipembezo	93.8% Christianity ; 3.0% No religion ; 2.2% Islam ; 1.0% Others;
Mwenecharu	Rwandan; Rwandese;
Mtundu wa Boma	Unitary presidential republic under an authoritarian government
Formation
Ukulu wa Malo
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
Gini (2016)	43.7; medium
HDI (2021)	0.534; low ·165th
Ndalama	Rwandan franc (RWF)
Mtundu Wanyengo	CAT (UTC+2)
Woko la galimoto	right
Intaneti yacharu	.rw

Rwanda (/ruˈɑːndə, -ˈæn-/ (pulikizgani machemelo); Kinyarwanda: u Rwanda [u.ɾɡwaː.nda] (pulikizgani machemelo)), mwalamulo, Charu cha Rwanda,^[9]ntcharu icho chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Rift Valley ku Central Africa, uko chigaŵa cha African Great Lakes chikukumana na kumwera kwa Africa. Charu cha Rwanda chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Equator, ndipo chili kufupi na Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, na Democratic Republic of Congo. Charu ichi chili pachanya chomene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakucichema kuti "charu cha tumapiri 1,000". Mu charu ichi muli mphepo yakuzizima chomene, ndipo chaka chilichose kukuŵa nyengo ziŵiri za vula na nyengo ziŵiri za chilangalanga. Charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Kigali.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa awo ŵakalondezganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzgoka mafuko, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka maufumu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ufumu unyake uwo ukalongozgekanga na Themba Gihanga, ukakolerana na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu cha Rwanda. Ufumu wa Rwanda ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza kwambira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ndipo mafumu gha Ŵatutsi ghakatimbanizganga ŵanyawo, na kuŵika mazaza ghawo paŵekha, kweniso ŵakakanizganga Ŵahutu. Mu 1897, caru ca Germany cikamba kulamulira caru ca Rwanda, ico cikaŵa cigaŵa ca German East Africa. Vyaru vyose viŵiri vya ku Europe vikawusa kwizira mwa fumu ya ku Rwanda ndipo vikalutilira kovwira Ŵatutsi. Mu 1959, Ŵahutu ŵakagaluka. Ŵakakoma Ŵatutsi ŵanandi ndipo ŵakambiska boma lakujiyimira paŵekha la Ŵahutu mu 1962, ilo likaŵa na pulezidenti Grégoire Kayibanda. Mu 1973, ŵasilikari ŵakamuwuskapo Kayibanda na kwiza na Juvénal Habyarimana ku boma. Mu 1990, gulu la Tutsi lakucemeka Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) likambiska nkhondo. Habyarimana wakakomeka mu Epulero 1994. Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda iyo yikatora mazuŵa 100, yikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano. Gulu la RPF likamalizga kukoma ŵanthu mwa nkhondo mu Julayi 1994.

Nangauli vimbundi vikuru yayi mu charu cha Rwanda pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake, kweni charu ichi chili na vimbundi vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi mbawukirano ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakufuma ku fuko limoza pera, Ŵarwanda. Ndipouli, mu gulu ili muli magulu ghatatu: Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakukhala mu nkhorongo ndipo kanandi ŵakuwoneka kuti mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Rwanda. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chikinyarwanda.

Vyaru vya ku Rwanda vikuthemba pa ulimi. Mu Rwanda, khofi na tiyi ni vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikukura mwaluŵiro comene ndipo sono ndiyo yikupangiska ndalama zinandi mu caru ici. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, COMESA, OIF na East African Community.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Rwanda, German East Africa, and Ruanda-Urundi

Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Rwanda ŵakamba kukhala mu nyengo ya chiwuvi chaumaliro, mu nyengo ya Neolithic, kuzingilizga chaka cha 8000 B.C.E., panji mu nyengo ya nyengo ya chinyezi iyo yikalondezganga, kuzingilizga chaka cha 3000 B.C.E. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika viswaswa mu nyengo ya malibwe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha mu nyengo ya Iron Age.^[10]^[11]Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa, awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Rwanda mazuŵa ghano. Pakati pa 700 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaluta ku Rwanda, ndipo ŵakamba kulima makuni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa awo ŵakakhalanga mu nkhorongo ŵakataya malo ghanandi agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵali na vigomezgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake. Fundo yinyake njakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakendanga pachokopachoko ndipo ŵakendanga mwakukhazikika. Kuyana na fundo iyi, mphambano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi yikaŵako pamanyuma ndipo yikaŵa ya mtundu yayi kweni ya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake.^[12]^[13]

Mtundu wakwambilira wa ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi ukaŵa mbumba (ubwoko). Ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghanandi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Kwambira mu ma 1500, mafuko ghakamba kuzgoka maufumu. Ufumu unyake, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Themba Gihanga, ukapanga vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na ufumu wa Rwanda. Kuzakafika mu 1700, mu caru ico sono cikucemeka Rwanda mukaŵa maufumu pafupifupi 8. Limoza mwa maufumu agha ni Ufumu wa Rwanda, uwo ukawusikanga na mbumba ya Tutsi Nyiginya. Ufumu uwu ukafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo Themba Kigeli Rwabugiri likawusanga. Rwabugiri wakathereska vigaŵa vichoko waka, wakasazgirako ufumu wake kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto, ndipo wakambiska vyakusintha mu boma. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ubuhake, umo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakapelekanga viŵeto ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu panji Tutsi kuti ŵaŵateŵetere. Cifukwa ca kusintha kwa Rwabugiri, pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakakhalanga makora kuluska mu nyengo iyo Ufumu ukaŵa kuti undaŵeko, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakayamba kuvina mu nyumba ya ufumu, kweni unandi wawo ukalutilira kuchepa.^[14]

Pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884, ufumu wa Germany ukazomerezga kuti malo agha ghaŵe chigaŵa cha German East Africa. Mu 1894, Gustav Adolf von Götzen wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kwambuka charu chose cha Rwanda. Mu 1897, caru ca Germany cikamba kukhala mu caru ca Rwanda cifukwa ca kukolerana na fumu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na mazaza pa caru ici. Ŵachijeremani ŵakasintha yayi umo vinthu vikaŵira mu charu, kweni ŵakakhozgeranga themba na ŵamazaza awo ŵakaŵapo kale. Ŵalongozgi ŵa charu cha Belgium ŵakanjilira mu vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi mu 1916, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ndipo mu 1922, ŵakamba kuwusa vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi nga ni gulu la vyaru ivyo vikacemekanga Ruanda-Urundi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany na Belgium, ŵakati ŵamba kugalukira boma la Britain, ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ŵahutu na Ŵahutu mbakupambana. Mu 1935, caru ca Belgium cikamba kupanga makadi ghakumanyikwa nagho munthu waliyose uyo ni Mututsi, Muhutu, Twa, panji munthu uyo wali na cikaya. Nangauli kale Ŵahutu awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi chomene ŵakazomerezgekanga kuŵa Ŵatutsi, kweni makadi agha ghakatondeskanga ŵanthu kusama.^[15]

Belgium yikalutilira kuwusa Ruanda-Urundi (uko Rwanda ukaŵa kumpoto kwake) nga ni cigaŵa ca UN pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.^[16]^[17]Vinthu vikasintha chomene pakati pa Ŵatutsi, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, na Ŵahutu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu 1961, ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Ŵahutu, ŵakacita phangano la ŵanthu wose. Charu cha Rwanda chikapatukana na charu cha Burundi ndipo chikaŵa pa mtende pa Julayi 1, 1962. Kufuma apo, pakaŵaso nkhaza zinandi, ndipo Ŵakututsi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ŵakaŵawukira kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi. Mu 1973, Juvénal Habyarimana wakatora mazaza mwa kuwukira boma. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusankhana mitundu, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora pa nkhani ya vyachuma ndipo nkhaza izo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakachitiranga zikakwera. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Twa ŵakalutilira kukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu 1990 boma likaŵachimbizga mu nkhorongo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakakwera kufuma pa 1.6 miliyoni mu 1934 kufika pa 7.1 miliyoni mu 1989, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe mpikisano wa malo.^[18]

Mu 1990, gulu lakugaluka lakucemeka Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi, likapoka caru ca kumpoto kwa Rwanda kufuma ku Uganda, ndipo likambiska nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Wupu uwu ukasuska boma la Ŵahutu cifukwa ca kutondeka kusinthiska vinthu na kumazga masuzgo gha ŵanthu aŵa. Pa nkhondo iyi, palije chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na mazaza, kweni mu 1992 mazaza gha Habyarimana ghakachepa. Kulekeska nkhondo kukamara pa 6 Epulero 1994 apo ndege ya Habyarimana yikadumulika kufupi na chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kigali, ndipo wakafwa. Kuwiskira pasi ndege iyi ndiko kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵakomeke. Mu mazuŵa pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu pakati pa 500,000 na 1,000,000 ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi na Ŵahutu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyuyura ŵakakomeka na boma la kanyengo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Twa nawo ŵakakomeka, nangauli ŵakakomeka mwakudunjika yayi.^[19]

Gulu la Tutsi la RPF likambaso nkhondo, ndipo likamba kuwusa charu chose mu mwezi wa Julayi. Vyaru vinandi vikaleka kovwirapo pa nkhondo iyi, cifukwa vyaru vikuruvikuru vikakhumbanga yayi kukhozga ŵasilikari ŵa UN. Apo RPF yikamba kuwusa, Ŵahutu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakacimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene Zaire, cifukwa ca kopa kuwezgera nduzga. Mu charu cha Rwanda, pakaŵa mtende na urunji, ndipo khoti la International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) likakhazikiskika. Kufuma mu 2000, chuma cha ku Rwanda, unandi wa ŵalendo, na Human Development Index vikukura mwaluŵiro; pakati pa 2006 na 2011 ukavu ukakhira kufuma pa 57% kufika pa 45%, apo umoyo ukafuma pa 46.6 mu 2000 kufika pa 65.4 mu 2021.^[20]

Ndale na boma

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Rwanda, Foreign relations of Rwanda, and Rwanda Defence Force

Pulezidenti wa Rwanda ni mutu wa boma, ndipo wali na mazaza ghakupambanapambana kusazgapo kupanga ndondomeko pamoza na Kabinete ya Rwanda,^[21] kugwiliskira nchito mazaza gha lusungu, kulongozga ŵasilikari, kuyowoyeskana na kuzomerezga mapangano, kusaina malango gha pulezidenti, na kupharazga nkhondo panji suzgo. Pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vilivyose, pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu, ndipo wakwimika nduna yikuru na mamembara ghanyake ghose gha nduna^[21]. Pulezidenti wa sono ni Paul Kagame, uyo wakamba kuwusa apo Pasteur Bizimungu, uyo wakaŵapo pambere iyo wandawuse, wakafumapo mu 2000. Pamanyuma, Kagame wakathereska mavoti mu 2003 na 2010. Nangauli mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka kuti pa mavoti agha "pakaŵa nkhaza zinandi za ndyali na kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya". Ndime 101 ya dango la chalo iyi yikaŵa kuti yikukanizga kuti pulezidenti wangakhalanga nyengo ziŵiri pera, kweni ivi vikasinthika mu 2015 apo pakaŵa fundo ya ŵanthu wose. Kwizira mu kusintha kwa dango ili, Kagame wangalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 2034. Kagame wakasankhika kachitatu mu 2017 na mavoti 98.79%.^[21]

Ndondomeko iyi yikapokelereka mu 2003, ndipo yikanjira mu malo mwa ndondomeko iyo yikaŵa mu malo mwa 1994. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti maboma gha vipani vinandi ghaŵepo. Ndipouli, dango likukanizga kuti ŵandyali ŵachitenge vinthu vinyake. Ndime 54 yikati "magulu gha ndyali ghakukanizgika kujendera mtundu, mtundu, fuko, mbumba, chigaŵa, kugonana, cisopa panji cigaŵa cinyake ico cingapangiska kusankhana". Kweniso boma la Russia laŵika malango ghakukanizga ŵanthu kusopa vikozgo. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch, malango agha ghakupangiska kuti caru ca Rwanda ciŵe na boma la chipani cimoza, cifukwa "pakujibisa kuti cikukhumba kukanizga kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, boma likukana ŵanthu wose awo ŵakususka fundo za boma". Bungwe la Amnesty International nalo likususka; mu lipoti lake la mu 2014/15, likati malango agho ghakukanizga kuwukira panji kutimbanizga mtende pakati pa ŵanthu ghakugwiliskirika nchito kuti ŵanthu ŵakakike "pakuti ŵakulondezga wanangwa wawo wa kuwungana panji kuyowoya maghanoghano ghawo".^[21]

Nyumba ya Malamulo yili na vipinda viŵiri. Likupanga malango ndipo lili na mazaza ghakuwonera milimo ya pulezidenti na nduna. Nyumba ya mafumu yili na ŵanthu 80 ndipo waliyose wakuŵa na vyaka vinkhondi. Viŵalo 24 vya mu wupu uwu ni vya ŵanakazi, ndipo ŵakusankhika pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma; viŵalo vinyake vitatu ni vya ŵawukirano na ŵanthu ŵakupendera. Kufumila pa mavoti gha 2018, banthu bakusoleka mu chalo ichi bakukhalapo ŵanakazi 49, kufuma pa 51 mu chaka cha 2013. Nyumba yikuru ya malango ni Senate, iyo yili na ŵanthu 26, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuyimilira ŵakusoleka na maboma ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa pa ciŵelengero ca ŵapharazgi 30 pa 100. Ŵabali ŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakuteŵetera vyaka 8.^[21] (Wonaniso Gender equality in Rwanda.)

Photograph of the Chamber of Deputies with highway in the foreground — Chamber of Deputies building

Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku Rwanda yikukolerana comene na malango gha boma la Germany na Belgium kweniso malango gha cikaya. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, nangauli pulezidenti na Senate ndiwo ŵakwimika ŵeruzgi ŵa Khoti Likuru Chomene. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch wawonga boma la Rwanda chifukwa cha ivyo likucita pakupeleka urunji, kusazgapo kuwuskapo cilango ca nyifwa, kweni ukuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa boma ŵakunjilirapo pa vyeruzgo, nga ni kwimika ŵeruzgi cifukwa ca ndyali, kugwiliskira nchito uheni mazaza gha ŵeruzgi, na kuŵasuzga kuti ŵeruzgi ŵachitenge vinthu vinyake. Pa malango gha boma pali mitundu yiŵiri ya makhoti: ghacilendo na ghapadera. Makhoti ghakurughakuru ni Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti Likuru Chomene, na makhoti gha vigaŵa, apo makhoti ghakupambanapambana ni makhoti gha ŵasilikari kweniso makhoti gha malonda agho ghakaŵako mu 2011 kuti ghapwelelere milandu ya malonda. Pakati pa 2004 na 2012, makhoti gha Gacaca ghakaŵako. Khoti la Gacaca, ilo ni khoti la ku Rwanda ilo likwendeskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi na vikaya, likaŵasopo kuti lichitiske luŵiro milandu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukayikira kuti ŵakakomeka. Khoti ili likawuskapo milandu yinandi ya kukoma ŵanthu, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka kuti likulondezga yayi malango.

Mu 2014, wupu wa Transparency International ukawona kuti charu cha Rwanda ntchakutowa chomene pa vyaru 47 vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa, ndipo ntchakutowa chomene pa vyaru 55 pa vyaru 175.^[22]^[23] Ndondomeko ya boma yikupanga ombudsman, uyo wali na mulimo wa kukanizga na kulimbana na vimbundi. Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhumba kuti ŵalara ŵa boma (nga ni pulezidenti) ŵapharazge vya usambazi wawo kwa ombudsman na ku ŵanthu. Nangauli vili nthena, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha ndyali mu charu chose ichi, kusazgapo kukakika mwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵanyake, kuwofyeka panji kofya ŵanthu, kuzgoreka mulandu chifukwa cha ndyali, na kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga mwa mtende.^[24]

Gulu la Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) ndilo likulamulira chomene mu charu ichi kwambira mu 1994. RPF yasungilira mazaza gha pulezidenti na pharalamende mu mavoti gha charu chose, ndipo chiŵerengero cha mavoti gha chipani ichi chikuluta 70%. Gulu la RPF likuwoneka nga ni chipani icho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ndiwo ŵakulongozga, kweni likupokelera wovwiri kufuma mu vyaru vyose, ndipo likuzomerezgeka kuti likovwira kuti paŵe mtende, kukhazikika, na kukura kwa chuma. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa Freedom House wa mu 2015, boma likukanizga wanangwa wa magulu ghakwimikana na boma cifukwa cakuti RPF "yikatondeska vyaru viphya kujilembeska na kukora ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵapo kale, ndipo ŵakaŵakanizga kupeleka ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kunjira mu mavoti". Bungwe la Amnesty International likuyowoyaso kuti RPF yikulongozga Rwanda "kwambura wakususka".^[25]

Charu cha Rwanda chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union, Francophonie, East African Community, na Commonwealth of Nations. Kwa vilimika vinandi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Habyarimana, caru ici cikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na caru ca France, kweniso na Belgium, caru ico kale cikaŵa pasi pa caru ici. Ndipouli, pasi pa muwuso wa RPF, caru ca Rwanda cikukhumba kukolerana comene na vyaru vyapafupi mu East African Community ndiposo caru ca ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi. Vyaru ivi vikamba kwendera lumoza na boma la France mu 2006 pamanyuma pakuti khoti la ku France lazenga mulandu ŵalara ŵa boma la Rwanda. Ubale na Democratic Republic of the Congo ukaŵa wakusuzga cifukwa cakuti Rwanda yikaŵapo pa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Mu 2010, wupu wa United Nations ukafumiska lipoti ilo likaphalira ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda kuti ŵakachitanga viheni vikuruvikuru na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Ubwezi wawo ukakhora comene mu 2012, apo boma la Kinshasa likayowoya kuti caru ca Rwanda cikovwira gulu lakugaluka la M23, ilo lili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo. Kuzakafika mu 2015, mtende waŵaso ndipo vinthu vikwenda makora. Ubwezi wa Rwanda na Uganda ukaŵa wakusuzga mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya mu 1999 pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru viŵiri apo ŵakakhozgeranga magulu gha ŵakugaluka mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo, kweni ukakhora chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 2010. Mu chaka cha 2019, ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi ukasuzgika, ndipo Rwanda yikajara mphaka zake na Uganda.^[26]^[27]

Kugawikana kwa boma

Map of Rwanda showing the five provinces in various colours, as well as major cities, lakes, rivers, and areas of neighbouring countries — Provinces of Rwanda

Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵandambe kulamulira charu ichi, boma la Rwanda likaŵa na ndondomeko ya ndyali.^[28] Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko yakukwana, kweni boma lakwamba likakhazikiskanga ndondomeko yakukolerana ya "maufumu ghakupambanapambana". Mu nyengo ya themba, mulongozgi uyo wakasankhika ndiyo wakalamuliranga chigaŵa icho chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵaŵiri awo ŵakimikika na mulongozgi wa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga vigaŵa; mulara yumoza wakapika mazaza pa malo apo munyake wakalaŵiliranga viŵeto. Themba (mwami) likaŵa na vigaŵa, vigaŵa, tumapiri, na vigaŵa. Kufumira mu 2003, malango gha charu cha Rwanda ghakagaŵa vigaŵa (intara), vigaŵa (uturere), misumba, matawuni, vigaŵa (imirenge), maselo (utugari), na mizi (imidugudu); vigaŵa vikuruvikuru, na mphaka zawo, vikupangika na pharalamende. Mu Janyuwale 2006, charu cha Rwanda chikasinthika ndipo chigaŵa chimoza chikaŵa na vigaŵa 12, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikaŵa na vigaŵa 30. ^[28]Malire agho ghalipo sono, agho ghakalembeka mu 2006, ghakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa charu chose kweniso kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ndondomeko yakale na kukoma ŵanthu. Vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na vigaŵa 12 vikaŵa na vigaŵa vinkhondi. Malo agha ni Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, na Municipality of Kigali mu pakati.^[28]

Vigaŵa vinkhondi ivi vikovwira kuti boma na vigaŵa vyawo viŵe paubwezi. Ndondomeko ya Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework iyo yikapangika na Unduna wa Vyaru yikuphalira vigaŵa kuti viŵe na mulimo wa "kurongozga vinthu vyakukhwaskana na muwuso mu vigaŵa, kweniso kulaŵilira na kupima". Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe, uyo wakusankhika na pulezidenti na kuzomerezgeka na Senate. Vigaŵa ivi ni ivyo vikulaŵilira mulimo wa kupeleka mauteŵeti gha boma na kukhozga chuma. Ŵakugaŵikana mu vigaŵa, ndipo vigaŵa ivi ndivyo vikupeleka mauteŵeti gha boma. Vigaŵa na vigaŵa vikuŵa na makonsili agho ghakuwusika na ŵanthu, ndipo ghakulongozgeka na komiti iyo yikusankhika na makonsili agha. Vipinda na vikaya ni vigaŵa vichoko comene vya ndyali, ndipo vikovwira ŵanthu na vigaŵa. Ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima awo ŵakukhala mu cigaŵa ici ŵali mu wupu wa vigaŵa vyawo, uwo ukuŵa na wupu wakulamulira. Msumba wa Kigali ni boma la chigaŵa, ilo likulaŵilira ndondomeko ya vinthu vya mu tawuni.^[28]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Rwanda

Pa malo ghakukwana 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi), Rwanda ni chalo cha 149 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ndico nchigaŵa cacinayi pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa pamanyuma pa Gambia, Eswatini, na Djibouti. Charu ichi chili nga ni Burundi, Haiti, na Albania. Charu chose chili pachanya chomene. Malo ghachoko chomene ni Mlonga wa Rusizi. Charu cha Rwanda chili ku Central/Eastern Africa, ndipo chili na mphaka na Democratic Republic of Congo kumanjiliro gha dazi, Uganda kumpoto, Tanzania kumafumiro gha dazi, na Burundi kumwera. Charu ichi chili ku malo ghapacanya comene ndipo kulije maji. Msumba ukuru wa Kigali uli pafupi na pakati pa charu cha Rwanda.^[29]

Malo agho ghakukolerana na maji gha mu Congo na Nile ghakwenda kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera mu Rwanda, ndipo pafupifupi 80% ya malo gha mu charu ichi ghakukhira mu Nile na 20% mu Congo kwizira mu Mlonga wa Rusizi na Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Mlonga utali comene wa mu caru ici ni Nyabarongo, uwo ukufuma kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukuyerera kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi pambere undapange Kagera. Mlonga wa Nyabarongo-Kagera ukuthira mu Nyanja ya Victoria, ndipo uko ukufuma mu nkhorongo ya Nyungwe ndiko kukumanyikwa uko Nile yikufuma. Ku Rwanda kuli nyanja zinandi, ndipo yikuru comene ni Nyanja ya Kivu. Nyanja iyi yikukhala pasi pa Albertine Rift mumphepete mwa mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda, ndipo njimoza mwa nyanja zakunyang'amira chomene pa charu chapasi. Maziŵa ghanyake ghakuru ni Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi, Rweru, na Ihema.

Mu chigaŵa chapakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda muli mapiri, ndipo nyengo zinyake charu ichi chikuchemeka "Pays des mille collines" mu Chifurenchi. Chigaŵa ichi chili ku mapiri gha Albertine Rift Mountains, agho ghakukolerana na chigaŵa cha East African Rift, icho chikwenda kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera kufupi na mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda. Vipiri vikuruvikuru vikusangika mu Virunga volcano chain ku northwest; ichi chikusazgapo Phiri la Karisimbi, malo ghakuru chomene mu Rwanda, pa mamita 4,507. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chili mukati mwa nkhorongo ya Albertine Rift. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,500 m'paka 2,500. Pakati pa caru pali mapiri ghanandi, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici kuli mapiri gha savanna, mapiri na vyakumera.^[30]

Nyengo

Charu cha Rwanda chili na mphepo yakuzizima chomene, ndipo chifukwa chakuti chili pa mtunda utali chomene, mphepo yake njakukhoma chomene. Mu msumba wa Kigali, uwo uli pakatikati pa charu ichi, zuŵa lililose kutentha kwake kukuŵa pakati pa 15 na 28 °C.^[31] Mu vyaru vinandi, matenthedwe ghakupambana. Mu chaka muli nyengo ziŵiri za vula, yakwamba yikwamba mu Febuluwale m'paka Juni ndipo yachiŵiri yikumalira mu Seputembala m'paka Disembala. Nyengo iyi yikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo yikuru yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala, ndipo kanandi kukuŵavya vula. Vikuŵa vyakupambana mu vigaŵa vya charu ichi. Pakuti charu chikusintha, nyengo ya vula yikusintha. Lipoti linyake la wupu unyake likati kusintha kwa nyengo kwachepeska mazuŵa agho kukulokwa vula pa chaka, kweniso kwachitiska kuti vula zinandi zilokenge. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵasuzgikenge, ndipo vyakhwaska vipasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Rwanda chikusintha mwaluŵiro, ndipo pa vyaka 50 ivyo vyajumpha, matenthedwe ghakukwera pakati pa 0.7°C na 0.9°C.^[31]

Vyamoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Rwanda

Mu nyengo yakale, nkhorongo ya mu mapiri yikaŵa pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ca Rwanda. Sono vyakumera vikusangika mu malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵatatu pera. Nkhorongo yikuru comene ya Nyungwe, yili na mitundu 200 ya makuni, makuni gha orchids na begonias. Vyakumera mu Virwa vya Volcanoes National Park ni vikhuni vya nkhonyo na vyakumera. Kweni ku Akagera kuli nkhorongo iyo kuli makuni ghanandi gha akasiya. Ku Akagera kuli vyakumera vinandi ivyo ni vichoko panji vili pangozi ya kumara, nga ni Markhamia lutea na Eulophia guineensis.^[32]^[33]

Viyuni vikuruvikuru vinandi vikusangika mu malo agha. Ku Akagera kuli viyuni vya ku savana nga ni zirafu na zovu, ndipo ku Volcanoes kuli viyuni vya ku mapiri ivyo vikukhala pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vitatu. Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe yili na mitundu 13 ya vinyama vyakuchemeka primates, kusazgapo vinyama vya chimpanzee na vinyama vinyake vyakuchemeka Ruwenzori colobus.^[34]

Nkhalamu za ku Rwanda zikamara mu 1994, apo malo ghakusungirako nkharamu ghakazgoka misasa ya ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu Juni 2015, malo ghaŵiri ghakusungirako nkharamu ku South Africa ghakapeleka nkharamu zinkhondi na ziŵiri ku malo ghakusungirako nkharamu gha Akagera National Park. Pakwamba nkhalamu zikaŵa mu malo ghakuzingilizgika na mpanda, ndipo pamanyuma zikakakika na kufumiskika mu ciŵaya mwezi umoza pamanyuma pake.^[35]

Mu 2017, nkhumba zakufipa 18 izo zili pa ngozi zikiza ku Rwanda kufuma ku South Africa. Viyuni ivi vikasintha makora chomene mwakuti mu 2019, vikoko vinyake vinkhondi vyamalibwe vikapelekeka ku malo ghakusungirako viŵeto ku Europe.

Mwakuyana waka, ciŵelengero ca viyuni ivi cikukura comene mu Rwanda. Mu chaka cha 2021, Rwanda yikapokera viyuni 30 vyakuchemeka white rhinos kufuma ku South Africa na chilato chakuti Akagera yiŵe malo ghakukhora ghakubabira viyuni ivi.

Ku Rwanda kuli viyuni vyamtundu wa 670 ndipo vyamoyo ivi vikupambana mu vyaru vya kumafumiro na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe, iyo yili kumanjiliro gha dazi, yili na mitundu ya viyuni yakujumpha 280, ndipo 26 mwa mitundu iyi yikusangika ku Albertine Rift. Kweni ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda kuli viyuni vinandi nga ni gonolek wakuŵa na mutu wakufipa.

Ŵasayansi ŵakuti mu charu ichi muli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni ivi.

Mu charu cha Rwanda muli vigaŵa vitatu: nkhorongo ya Albertine Rift, nkhorongo ya Victoria Basin, na nkhorongo ya Ruwenzori-Virunga. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 3.85/10 pa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa 139 pa vyaru 172.^[36]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Rwanda

Chuma cha charu cha Rwanda chikapwetekeka comene pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakomekeranga mu 1994, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa, vinthu vikaŵayendera makora yayi, vinthu vikaphyoreka, ndipo vyakurya vikasoŵa. Ici cikapangiska kuti GDP yichepe comene ndipo cikapangiska kuti caru ici cileke kukopa ndalama za boma na za caru cinyake. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, chuma cha pa caru cose caŵaso cakukhora comene, ndipo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikukwana $909.9 mu 2022, pakuyaniska na $127 mu 1994. Vyaru vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliskira vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake ni China, Germany, na United States. Chuma chikuyang'aniridwa ndi Central National Bank of Rwanda ndipo ndalama zake ndi franc yaku Rwanda; mu Disembala 2019, mtengo wosinthira unali ma franc 910 ku dola imodzi yaku United States. Mu 2007, caru ca Rwanda cikanjira mu wupu wa East African Community, ndipo cazomerezga ndondomeko ya umoza wa ndalama pakati pa vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikanjilira mu wupu uwu.

Charu cha Rwanda chili na vyakurya vichoko waka, ndipo ŵalimi ŵa mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakulima. Pafupifupi 90% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu minda, ndipo vyakurya vikaŵa 32.5% ya GDP mu 2014. Ŵalimi ŵakutemwa kulima malo ghacoko waka. Kwamba m'ma 1980, viŵeto vikukura yayi kweniso vyakurya vikusangika viŵi yayi, cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Nangauli charu cha Rwanda chili na vyakurya vinandi, kweni kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukwera yayi. Kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vinthu vyasintha chomene chifukwa cha kukura kwa vyakurya.^[37]

Vyakumera vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulima mu charu ichi ni matoke (banana) iyo yikukwana chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi, mbatata, nyungu, mbatata, maniyu, tirigu na chimanga. Khofi na tiyi ni vyakurya vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakukhala mu minda ya khofi. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Rwanda cikuthemba comene pa vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake, ntchipusu yayi kuti mitengo ya vyakurya ivi yisinthe. Viŵeto ivyo vikuŵako mu Rwanda ni ng'ombe, mbuzi, mberere, nkhumba, nkhuku, na mpheta. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya Kigali muli minda yinandi ya viŵeto, kweni viŵeto vinandi vikuŵa vyachilendo. Kucepa kwa malo na maji, vyakurya vyambura kukwana na vya mtundu uheni, kweniso nthenda zakwambukira nyengo na nyengo kwambura wovwiri wakukwana wa ŵadokotala ni vinthu vikuru ivyo vikupangiska kuti mulimo wa vyakurya uleke kwenda makora. Nangauli somba zikulengeskeka mu nyanja za mu caru ici, kweni zinandi zikumara, ndipo zikwiza na somba zamoyo.

Makampani gha vyamalonda ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ghakapanga 14.8% ya GDP mu 2014. Vinthu ivi ni simenti, vyakurya, vyakumwa, sopo, vyakuvwara, skapato, vinthu vya pulasitiki, vyakuvwara na hona. Makampani gha migodi gha ku Rwanda ndigho ghakovwira chomene, ndipo mu 2008 ghakapanga ndalama zakukwana madola 93 miliyoni. Vinthu ivi ni cassiterite, wolframite, golide, na coltan, ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga vinthu vya magesi na mawoko nga ni mafoni.^[39]^[40]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mu charu cha Rwanda mukaŵa suzgo la ndalama chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ngongoli, wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake, na ndalama. Mu 2010, ntchito iyi yikalutilira makora ndipo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya ndalama ni mabanki na vyamalonda, malonda gha pa wumba na ghakurughakuru, mahotelo na malo ghakurya, mendero, kusungirako vinthu, kwendeska mawoko, ma inshuwalansi, katundu, maofesi gha bizinesi na maboma, kusazgapo masambiro na umoyo. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda njimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikukura mwaluŵiro comene mu vyaru ivi. Mu 2007, ndiyo yikamba kusanga ndalama zinandi mu vyaru ivi. Nangauli charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka, kweni charu ichi chikuwoneka kuti ntchakukhora. Mu 2013, ŵanthu 864,000 ŵakiza ku malo agha. Mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga chifukwa cha vyakusanguluska zikaŵa madola 303 miliyoni. Cinthu cikuru comene ico cikovwira kuti ndalama izi ziŵe zinandi ni ivyo vikusangika mu malo ghakucemeka Volcanoes National Park. Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ni Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe, uko kuli tumalumba, Ruwenzori colobus, na vinyama vinyake vyakuduka mudera, malo ghakusungirako vyakumera gha mu Nyanja ya Kivu, na Akagera, malo ghacilendo agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi.^[41]

Wayilesi na nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana

Nkhani ikulu: Telecommunications in Rwanda

Ma wayilesi na mawayilesi ghakurughakuru ni gha boma, ndipo manyuzipepara ghanandi nga boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵali na wayilesi; mu nyengo ya kusakaza ŵanthu mu 1994, wayilesi ya Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines yikapharazganga mu caru cose, ndipo yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke kwizira mu upharazgi wakususkana na Ŵakututsi. Mu 2015, wayilesi ya boma ya Radio Rwanda ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije TV, ndipo nyumba zinandi zilije TV. Boma likamba kugwiliskira ntchito wayilesi ya digito mu 2014, ndipo pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, pa charu chose pakaŵa mawayilesi 7. Ŵapharazgi ŵakuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi, ndipo nyuzipepara zikujikora kuti boma lileke kuŵasuzga. Nangauli vili nthena, mabuku gha mu Cikirwanda, Cingelezi, na Cifurenci agho ghakususka boma ghalipo comene mu Kigali. Malango ghakusazgikira pambere mavoti gha pulezidenti wa ku Rwanda gha 2010 ghandambe, ndipo nyuzipepara ziŵiri zakujiyimira paŵekha, Umuseso na Umuvugizi, yikakanizgika na wupu wa High Media Council kwa myezi 6.^[42]

Gulu lakale chomene la mafoni mu charu ichi, la Rwandatel, likaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2011, ndipo 80% yikaŵa ya kampani ya ku Libya yakuchemeka LAP Green. Kampani iyi yikaguliskika mu 2013 na Liquid Telecom, kampani iyo yikupanga ma telecommunications na fiber optic networks mu East na Southern Africa. Kufumira mu 2015, Liquid Telecom yikupereka ma telefoni ghakukhazikika ku ŵanthu 30,968, ndipo MTN Rwanda nayo yikupereka ma telefoni ghakukhazikika ku ŵanthu 15,497. Mafoni gha pa nyumba ghakugwiliskirika nchito comene na maboma, mabanki, mawupu ghambura vya boma, na maofesi gha ŵimiliri. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni mu charu ichi chikaŵa 72.6%, kufuma pa 41.6% mu 2011. MTN Rwanda ndiyo yikulongozga na ŵanthu 3,957,986, ndipo yikulondezgeka na Tigo na ŵanthu 2,887,328, na Bharti Airtel na ŵanthu 1,336,679. Rwandatel nayo wakendeskanga foni, kweni wupu wakuwona vya msonkho ukawuskapo layisensi yake mu Epulero 2011, cifukwa cakuti kampani iyi yikatondeka kufiska ivyo yikapangana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti mbacoko, kweni ŵakukura mwaluŵiro. Mu 2015, pa ŵanthu 100, ŵanthu 12,8 ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito Intaneti. Mu 2011, ŵakamalizga kupanga telefoni ya makilomita 2,300 (ma kilomita 1,400) ya fiber-optic. Netiweki iyi yikukolerana na SEACOM, chingwe cha pasi pa nyanja icho chikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵapharazgenge mu vyaru vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu caru ca Rwanda, misewu iyi yikwenda mu misewu yikuruyikuru iyo yikukolerana na matawuni gha mu caru cose. Mtundu wa MTN nawo ukupeleka Intaneti kwambura waya mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Kigali.

Mu Okutobala 2019, Mara Corporation wakambiska foni yakwamba ya ku Africa ku Rwanda.^[43]

Vyakuzenga

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Rwanda, Energy in Rwanda, and Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda

Photograph depicting one adult and five children filling jerrycans at a rural metal water pump with concrete base, at the bottom of a steep rocky hillside — Rural water pump

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma la Rwanda likaŵika pakwamba ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasange maji. Ndalama izi, pamoza na wovwiri wa awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasange maji ghawemi^[44]. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 74 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi, kufuma pa 55 pa 100 mu 2005. Vinthu vya mu charu ichi vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga maji mu misumba na mu mizi. Ku malo agho kulije makina agha, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mapampu gha pa woko na visimi. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, maji ghakukhira comene kuluska 750 millimeters pa caka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito viŵi yayi maji gha vula. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito yayi vinthu vyakutowa. Wupu wa United Nations ukuti mu 2006, ŵanthu 34 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni kweniso 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ŵakaŵa na vinthu vyakutowa. Msumba wa Kigali ngumoza mwa misumba yakutowa comene mu Africa. Maboma ghakwendera fundo zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi waka mu matawuni. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu misumba na mu mizi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghakusoperapo.^[44]

Kufikira m'ma 2000s, magetsi a ku Rwanda anali opangidwa pafupifupi kuchokera ku magwero a hydroelectric; malo opangira magetsi pa Nyanja ya Burera ndi Ruhondo amapereka 90% ya magetsi a dziko. Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 1990, maji gha mu nyanja ziŵiri izi ghakakhira chomene chifukwa cha kuthuta kwa vula na vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 2004 kuŵe suzgo la ndalama ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaleka ntchito. Pakuŵa cakukhumbikwa ca mwaluŵiro, boma likaŵika mageneretara gha dizilo kumpoto kwa Kigali; mu 2006 agha ghakapanga 56% ya magesi gha mu caru, kweni ghakaŵa ghakudura comene. Boma likakhazikiska nthowa zinandi zakumazgira suzgo ili, kusazgapo kuwezgerapo malo ghakututuŵa gha Rugezi, agho ghakupereka maji ku Burera na Ruhondo, na kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya kupokera gasi wa methane kufuma mu Nyanja ya Kivu, iyo pakwamba yikwenera kusazgirako nkhongono za mu caru na 40%. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 18 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na magesi, kweni mu 2009 ŵakaŵa 10.8%. Ndondomeko ya boma ya vyachuma na kuchepeska ukavu ya 2013-18 yikukhumba kuti mu 2017 ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵaŵe na magesi.^[45]

Boma la Rwanda laŵikapo ndalama zinandi pa vinthu vyakwendeskera mendero kwambira waka apo ŵanthu ŵakakomekera mu 1994, na wovwiri wa United States, European Union, Japan, na vyaru vinyake. Mtundu wa magalimoto uwo ulipo ni misewu iyo yili pakati pa Kigali na misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru. Charu cha Rwanda chikukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya East African Community, nga ni Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi na Kenya, kweniso na misumba ya Goma na Bukavu ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo. Mtundu ukuru comene wa kwendeska ŵanthu mu caru ici ni basi, izo zikwendeska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mabasi ghanyake, chomenechomene mu Kigali, ghakuŵa na magalimoto ghambura kutumphuskika, ndipo ghanyake ghakuŵa na magalimoto gha taxi. Mabasi ghakurughakuru ghanandi ghakukwana yayi, ndipo ghakwenda mu charu chose. Mu 2013, ku Rwanda kukaŵa magalimoto 9,609 agho ghakalembeskeka pa galimoto, ndipo magalimoto 579 pera. Pali mabasi agho ghakwendeska ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake. Charu ichi chili na chiŵanja cha ndege ku Kigali icho chikwendako ku vyaru vinandi, ndipo nthowa zakwendako chomene ni izo zikuluta ku Nairobi na Entebbe.^[44] Mu 2017, mulimo wa kuzenga ndege ya Bugesera International Airport, kumwera kwa Kigali, ukayamba. Gulu la ndege ilo likwendeska ndege mu charu ichi ni RwandAir. Kufumira mu 2015 chalo ichi chilije njanji, kweni pali pulojekiti iyo yikuchitika, pamoza na Burundi na Tanzania, ya kusazgirako Tanzania Central Line mu Rwanda; vyaru vitatu ivi vyachema mabungwe ghapachanya kuti ghaŵe na chilato cha kupanga mgwirizano wa boma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa nyanja ya Kivu palije maji ghakwendeskera sitima pakati pa misumba iyo yili pa dowoko, nangauli pali nthowa zinyake izo boma likupeleka. Unduna wa vya Vipatala ukuwonaso usange vingachitika kuti charu cha Rwanda chikolerane na Nyanja ya Victoria pa mlonga wa Akagera.^[44]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Rwanda and Youth in Rwanda

Kufika mu 2015, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵalipo 11,262,564, apo mu 2022 ŵalipo 13,246,394. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, ŵanthu 10,515,973 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mbawukirano. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 43.3% ŵakaŵa na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi, ndipo 53.4% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 16 na 64. Buku la CIA World Factbook likuti mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40.2 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababikanga, ndipo ŵanthu 14.9 ŵakufwa. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 67,67 (69,27 kwa ŵanakazi na 67,11 kwa ŵanalume). Chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mu charu ichi chili pa 95.9 pa ŵanakazi 100.^[20]

Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 445 pa kilomita yimoza. Ŵakulemba mdauko nga ni Gérard Prunier ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka mu 1994. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu matawuni ghachoko waka muli malo ghakukhala ŵanthu. Malo ghekha agho muli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene mu charu ichi ni malo agho kale ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha Umutara, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kuli malo ghakuchemeka Akagera National Park. Msumba ukuru chomene wa Kigali uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukwera mwaluŵiro ŵakusuzga kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, msumba ukuru waciŵiri ni Gisenyi, uwo uli pafupi na Nyanja ya Kivu na msumba wa Goma ku Congo, ndipo uli na ŵanthu 126,000. Matawuni ghanyake ghakuru ni Ruhengeri, Butare, na Muhanga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ŵakakwera kufuma pa 6% mu 1990 kufika pa 16.6% mu 2006; kweni mu 2011, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira pachoko waka kufika pa 14.8%.

Charu cha Rwanda chili na ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero na mitheto yakuyana waka, ndipo ichi chikupambana na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ivyo vili na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵali na magulu ghatatu, Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Buku la CIA la World Factbook likuyowoya kuti mu 2009, Ŵahutu ŵakaŵa 84% ya ŵanthu wose mu charu ichi, Ŵatutsi 15%, na Ŵatwa 1%. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa mbana ŵachoko awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Rwanda. Kweni ŵasayansi ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umo Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi ŵakaŵirako. Nkhwantha ya vya ŵanthu, Jean Hiernaux, yikati Ŵakututsi mbanthu ŵakupambana na mitundu yinyake, ndipo ŵakutemwa kuŵa na "mitu, visko, na mphuno ziheni". Mu caru ca Rwanda pambere caru ici cindaŵeko, Ŵakututsi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵamazaza, ndipo mafumu na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakafuma mwa iwo. Boma la sono likukana kupambaniska pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi. Kafukufuku wa mu 2002 wakaŵa wakwamba kwambira mu 1933 kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵaleke kupika magulu ghatatu.^[46]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Rwanda

Pambere chaka cha 2012 chindafike, boma la Rwanda likapeleka masambiro ghaulere mu masukulu gha boma kwa vyaka 9.^[47] Mu 2012, ŵakamba kusazgirako vyaka ivi kufika pa 12. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakulongora kuti nangauli sukulu za pulayimale zikunjilirapo chomene, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumalizga yayi. Nangauli sukulu njambura kulipira, kweni ŵapapi ŵakwenera kupeleka ndalama zakovwilira ŵana ŵawo kuti ŵasambire makora. Kweni boma likati ndalama izi zikwenera yayi kuŵa chifukwa chakuti ŵana ŵaleke kusambira. Mu vyaru vinandi muli masukulu ghapadera, ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na tchalitchi, agho ghakusambizga vinthu vyakuyana waka kweni ghakulipira ndalama. Kwambira mu 1994 m'paka mu 2009, masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakaŵanga mu Cifurenci panji Cingelezi. Mu caru ici muli masukulu ghanandi gha masambiro ghapacanya. Mu chaka cha 2013, Yunivesite ya ku Rwanda (UR) yikapangika kufuma ku yunivesite ya ku Rwanda iyo yikaŵa ya boma.^[48]^[49]^[50]Mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro ghapachanya ku Rwanda chikaŵa 7.9%, kufuma pa 3.6% mu 2006. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba awo ŵali na vyaka 15 panji kujumphirako chikaŵa 71%, kufuma pa 38 peresenti mu 1978 na 58 peresenti mu 1991.^[51]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Healthcare in Rwanda and Health in Rwanda

Umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Rwanda ukaŵa wambura kupwelelera chomene pambere nkhondo ya 1994 yindayambe kweniso pamanyuma pake. Mu 1998, mwana yumoza pa ŵana ŵankhondi waliwose wakafwa pambere wandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi.^[52]

Pulezidenti Kagame wapanga umoyo kuŵa cimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa mu ndondomeko ya chitukuko ya Vision 2020, kukwezga ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo kufika pa 6.5% ya GDP mu 2013, pakuyaniska na 1.9% mu 1996. Boma lili kupeleka ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha. Mabungwe agha ghakamba kugwiliskira nchito nthowa iyi mu 1999, ndipo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ghakaŵa kuti ghasangika pa caru cose. Pakwamba, ndalama izo ŵakalipiranga zikaŵa madola ghaŵiri pa chaka. Kweni kufuma mu 2011, ndalama izi zikusintha, ndipo ŵakavu ŵakulipira yayi. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito iyi chikajumpha 90%. Boma la Rwanda lili kukhazikiskaso masukulu gha masambiro, kusazgapo sukulu ya vyaumoyo ya Kigali Health Institute (KHI). Mu 2005, Pulezidenti Kagame nayo wakambiska pulogiramu yakucemeka The Presidents' Malaria Initiative. Cigaŵa ici cikaŵa na cilato ca kupeleka vinthu vyakukhumbikwa comene kuti nthenda ya maleriya yileke kuwira mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi comene mu Rwanda.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Rwanda caŵa na vinthu vinandi ivyo vikovwira kuti umoyo uŵe makora. Kufuma mu 2005 m'paka mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, kufuma pa 55.2 kufika pa 64.0, ŵana ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakufwa ŵakukwana vyaka 5, kufuma pa 106.4 kufika pa 52.0 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo. Ŵapharazgi ŵa pa caru cose na mawupu ghakovwira ŵanthu ŵakulongosora umo caru ici cikucitira pa nkhani ya cipwelelerero. Magazini ya The Atlantic yikalemba nkhani ya mutu wakuti, "Kuŵaso na Umoyo Uwemi ku Rwanda". Magazini yinyake yikulongosora umo umoyo wa ŵanthu wasinthira mu vyaka 50 ivyo vyajumpha.

Ndipouli, nangauli vinthu vyasintha, kweni matenda ghakwambukira ndigho ghakulutilira kunanga umoyo wa ŵanthu mu caru ici. Wupu wa United States Agency for International Development, ukati pali "mavuto ghakuru" agho ghakukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu. Wupu wakuwona vya matenda ku America ukati awo ŵakuluta ku Rwanda ŵakwenera kumwa munkhwala uwo ungaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kulwara maleriya.

Ku Rwanda nako kulije ŵadokotala, ndipo pali ŵadokotala, ŵasilikari, na ŵasungwana 0.84 pera pa ŵanthu 1,000. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) yikulaŵilira umo caru cikwendera pa nkhani ya vyaumoyo pakukwaniska vilato vya Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 na 6. Lipoti la UNDP la pakati pa chaka cha 2015 likati charu ichi chikukwaniska yayi chilato cha nambara 4 pa nkhani ya kufwa kwa ŵana ŵachoko, nangauli chiŵerengero ichi "chakhira chomene".^[53]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Rwanda

Photograph depicting the Roman Catholic parish church in Rwamagana, Eastern Province, including the main entrance, façade, the separate bell tower, and dirt forecourt — Roman Catholic church in Rwamagana

Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Rwanda ntcha Chiprotesitanti, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugomezga chisopa cha Chikhristu, ndipo pachoko na pachoko, Chisilamu. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, Ŵakhristu ŵa Katolika ŵakaŵa 43.7%, Ŵaprotesitanti 37.7%, Ŵadventista 11.8%, na Ŵasilamu 2.0%. Visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga ni vyaunenesko, nangauli ni vya 0.1% pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuwona kuti Ciuta wa Cikristu wakuyana waka na Ciuta wa ku Rwanda, Imana.^[54]

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Rwanda

Chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chikinyarwanda, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu wose (98%). Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vya ku Europe mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni vikaŵa Chijeremani, nangauli chikasambizgikanga yayi panji kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, ndipo kufuma apo Chifurenchi, icho chikambiskika na Belgium mu 1916 ndipo chikalutilira kuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma na chakutemweka chomene mu 1962. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chidachi. Kuwelera kwa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Rwanda awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 kukawovwira kuti chiyowoyero cha mu charu ichi chiŵe makora. Viyowoyero vya boma ni Kinyarwanda, Chingelezi, Chifurenchi, na Chiswahili. Chiyowoyero cha Kinyarwanda ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa charu chose, ndipo Chingelezi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene pa masambiro gha sekondare na masambiro ghapachanya. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya CiSwahili, ciyowoyero ca ku East Africa, comenecomene awo ŵakawerako ku Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, na Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu 2015, chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili chikamba kusambizgika pa sukulu za sekondare. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pa chirwa cha Nkombo ku Rwanda ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Mashi, icho chikukolerana na chiyowoyero cha Kinyarwanda.

Chifalansa chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka kujumpha 6% kuyana na kalembera wa 2012 na Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Mu 2009, ŵanthu 15% ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi, nangauli lipoti lenelili likati ŵanthu 68% ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci. Ŵanthu ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili.^[55]

Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

Homosexuality is generally considered a taboo topic, and there is no significant public discussion of this issue in any region of the country. Some lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) Rwandans have reported being harassed and blackmailed.^[56]^[57]^[58]Ku Rwanda, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika yayi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu, kweni palije malango ghakuŵavikilira. Boma likuzomerezga yayi nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, cifukwa dango la boma likuti "nthengwa za ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pera ndizo zikuzomerezgeka".

Kwambira mu 2006, wupu wa Human Rights Watch walemba kuti boma la Rwanda likukora na kukaka ŵana ŵa mu misewu, ŵamalonda ŵa mu misewu, awo ŵakugwira ntchito za kugonana, ŵanthu ŵambura pakukhala, na ŵakupempheska, kweniso ŵakusuzga ŵanthu mu nyumba zakubisamamo na malo ghanyake nga ni msasa wa ŵasilikari wa Kami, Kwa Gacinya na jele la Gikondo.^[59]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Rwanda

Sumu na kuvina ni vyakuzirwa pa viphikiro, viphikiro, maungano, na vyakusanguluska vya ku Rwanda. Sumu iyi yikumanyikwa comene ndipo yili na vigaŵa vitatu: umushagiriro, panji sumu ya ng'ombe, iyo yikucitika na ŵanakazi; intore, panji sumu ya vinkhara, iyo yikucitika na ŵanalume; na kuvina kwa matambulara, uko kanandi kukucitikaso na ŵanalume. Gulu lakumanyikwa comene la kuvina ni la National Ballet. Gulu ili likakhazikiskika na Pulezidenti Habyarimana mu 1974, ndipo likucita maseŵero mu vyaru na vyaru vinyake. Sumu zikupharazgika na mulomo, ndipo mitundu yake yikupambana. Viŵiya vyakuchemeka drums vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene; ŵanthu awo ŵakimbanga viŵiya vyacifumu ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru mu nyumba ya themba (Mwami). Ŵanthu awo ŵakulizga viŵiya ŵakwimba pamoza mu magulu ghakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi ŵakuŵa pakati pa 7 na 9. Mu caru ici muli sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa, Congo, na America. Mtundu wakumanyikwa comene ni wa hip hop, uwo ukusanganya dancehall, rap, ragga, R&B na dance-pop.^[60]

Photograph depicting a bowl shaped off-white woven basket with tall conical lid and black zigzag pattern — Rwandan woven agaseke basket

Vinthu vya maluso na vyakuchita vya mawoko vikuchitika mu charu chose, nangauli vinandi vikapangika kuti viwovwire ŵanthu. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusangika chomene ni viŵiya na mabakule. Imigongo ni luso lapadera la viŵeto vya ng'ombe, ilo likupangika kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rwanda. Viŵeto ivi ŵakuvisakaniza na dongo la mitundu yakupambanapambana na kupenta mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita ni vyakupangira viŵiya na kujoba makuni. Nyumba izo ŵanthu ŵakukhala ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vikuŵa mu malo agha. Boma likamba ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu ivi na vinthu vinyake vya mazuŵa ghano, nga ni visulo vyamalibwe.

Mu charu cha Rwanda mulije mabuku ghakale chomene, kweni ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kulemba na kuyowoya. Vinthu vinandi vya mu caru ici ivyo vikukolerana na makhaliro gha ŵanthu na mbiri yawo, vyalembeka mu miwiro yose. Munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu mabuku gha ku Rwanda wakaŵa Alexis Kagame (1912-1981), uyo wakalemba na kusindikizga mabuku ghakulongosora maluso gha ŵanthu. Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda yikapangiska kuti paŵe mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakawona ivyo vikachitika, mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba nga ni Benjamin Sehene. Mavidiyo ghanandi ghakulongosora vya kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ku Rwanda ghapangika, nga ni Hotel Rwanda, 100 Days, Shake Hands with the Devil, Sometimes in April, na Shooting Dogs.

Pa chaka pali maholide ghakukwana 14, ndipo nyengo zinyake boma likusazgirako ghanyake. Sabata yakulondezgapo pa Zuŵa la Kukumbukirako Ŵanandi pa Epulero 7 yikucemeka sabata ya citima. Nkhondo iyo RPF yikathereska Ŵahutu yikukondwelereka pa Julayi 4. Pa Chisulo chaumaliro cha mwezi uliwose pakuŵa umuganda, zuŵa lakwamba la mulimo wakovwira ŵanthu, kufuma pa 8 m'paka 11 koloko mulenji. Pa zuŵa ili, ŵanthu wose ŵakwenelera ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 65 ŵakuchita milimo ya mu tawuni nga nkhujura misewu panji kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika. Maulendo ghanandi ghakujalika pa nyengo ya umuganda, ndipo magalimoto ghakwendera waka yayi.^[61]

Cuisine

Nkhani ikulu: Cuisine of Rwanda

Vyakurya vya ku Rwanda vikufuma ku vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulima mu charu ichi, nga ni nthochi, mapamba (ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti ibitoke), mphangwe, mbatata, nyungu, na manioc. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵakurya nyama kamoza pera pa mwezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kufupi na nyanja ŵakutemwa chomene somba za tilapia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene batata, awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakiza nawo ku Rwanda kufuma ku Germany na Belgium. Ugali, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Ubugari (panji umutsima) ngwakumanyikwa chomene. Isombe yikupangika na makuni gha cassava ndipo yingapelekeka pamoza na somba zakomira, mpunga, ugali, mbatata na vinyake. Pa nyengo ya cakurya ca mise kanandi ŵanthu ŵakurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya nyama za mbuzi para ŵakurya mise. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mbuzi, kuziphaka na kuziphika, kweniso kuziphika na mabhanana. Mu charu chose ichi, ŵanthu ŵakumwa chomene mkaka, chomenechomene uyo uli nga ni yoghurt. Vyakumwa vinyake ni mowa wakuchemeka Ikigage uwo ukupangika kufuma ku sorgo na urwagwa, uwo ukupangika kufuma ku nthochi, na chakumwa chakuchemeka Umutobe icho ni muto wa nthochi. Vyakumwa ivi vikumanyikwa chomene pa viphikiro na viphikiro. Kampani yikuru iyo yikupanga vyakumwa mu Rwanda ni Bralirwa, iyo yikakhazikiskika mu ma 1950, ndipo yikugwira nchito na Heineken. Bralirwa yikupanga vyakurya vya The Coca-Cola Company, nga ni Coca-Cola, Fanta, na Sprite, na vyakurya vinandi nga ni Primus, Mützig, Amstel, na Turbo King. Mu 2009, ofesi yiphya yakuzenga moŵa yakuchemeka Brasseries des Mille Collines (BMC) yikajulika. Mu caru ici, muli vyakupangira moŵa vyakucemeka East African Breweries, ivyo vikuguliska moŵa nga ni Guinness, Tusker, na Bell, kweniso whisky na moŵa.^[62]

Sport

Nkhani ikulu: Sport in Rwanda

Boma la Rwanda, kwizira mu ndondomeko yake ya chitukuko cha maseŵero, likukwezga maseŵero nga ni nthowa yakukhora ya "kutukula na kuzenga mtende", ndipo boma lacita phangano la kukhozga kugwiliskira nchito maseŵero pa vilato vyakupambanapambana vya chitukuko, kusazgapo masambiro. Maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Rwanda ni bola, bola ya volleyball, basketball, maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana na maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero agha cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakawerako ku Kenya uko ŵakasambira maseŵero agha. Njinga, iyo kanandi yikuwoneka nga ni nthowa yakwendeskera vinthu mu Rwanda, yikukweleraso ku ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni maseŵero; ndipo timu ya Rwanda yili kulembeka buku lakuti, Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team na filimu yakuti, Rising from Ashes.^[64]^[65]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuchitako maseŵero gha Olimpiki kwambira mu 1984, ndipo ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuchitako maseŵero gha Paralympic kwambira mu 2004. Charu ichi chikatumizga ŵanthu 7 ku maseŵera gha ku London mu 2012, ndipo ŵakamwimira pa maseŵera gha ku London, kusambira, kukwera njinga ya mu mapiri na judo. Charu ichi chikusangikaso pa maseŵero gha Commonwealth Games kufuma apo chikaŵamo mu 2009. Gulu la basketball la dziko lino lakhala likukula kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, ndipo timu ya amuna yakhala ikuyenerera gawo lomaliza la African Basketball Championship kanayi motsatizana kuyambira 2007. Charu ichi chikaŵa na mwaŵi yayi wa kuchitiska maseŵera agha. Chikwata cha mpira cha Rwanda chawonekera pa African Cup of Nations kamodzi, mu 2004 mtundu wa mpikisano, koma mwapang'onopang'ono chinalephera kupitirira gawo la magulu. Gulu ili likutondeka kujowina pa chiphalizgano ichi kufuma apo, ndipo likutondeka kujowina pa World Cup. Mpikisano wapamwamba kwambiri wa mpira ku Rwanda ndi Rwanda National Football League; kuyambira 2015, timu yolamulira ndi APR FC ya Kigali, yomwe yapambana 13 mwa mipikisano 17 yapitayi. Magulu gha ku Rwanda ghakulondezga chiphalizgano cha Kagame Interclub Cup cha magulu gha ku Central na East Africa, icho chikulembeka kufuma mu 2002 na Pulezidenti Kagame.^[66]

Unenesko

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Ukaboni wakuyowoyeka

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Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Government:

The Republic of Rwanda (official government site)

General:

Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Rwanda profile from the BBC News
"Rwanda Convention Bureau".
Rwanda web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
Rwanda at Curlie
Geographic data related to Rwanda at OpenStreetMap

Tourism:

Rwanda Tourism (official Rwanda Tourism Board site)

1°57′S 29°52′E / 1.950°S 29.867°E / -1.950; 29.867

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[4] Matfess, Hilary (2015). "Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men". African Studies Review. 58 (2): 181–204. doi:10.1017/asr.2015.43. S2CID 143013060.

[FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda20143-5] National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda 2014, p. 3.

[IMFWEORW-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.

[FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(XII)-7] World Bank (XII).

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[FOOTNOTEDorsey199436-10] Dorsey 1994, p. 36.

[FOOTNOTEChrétien200345-11] Chrétien 2003, p. 45.

[FOOTNOTEChrétien200369-12] Chrétien 2003, p. 69.

[FOOTNOTEShyaka10–11-13] Shyaka, pp. 10–11.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier19956-14] Prunier 1995, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTEGourevitch200056–57-15] Gourevitch 2000, pp. 56–57.

[FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(II)-16] United Nations (II).

[FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(III)-17] United Nations (III).

[FOOTNOTEPrunier19954-18] Prunier 1995, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEUNPO2008History-19] UNPO 2008, History.

[FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-20] 20.0 ^20.1 CIA (I).

[FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_82-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 CJCR 2003, article 82.

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