German East Africa

Coordinates: 02°24′47″S 30°32′37″E / 2.41306°S 30.54361°E / -2.41306; 30.54361
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German East Africa
Deutsch-Ostafrika
Mbendela Coat of arms of the German Empire
Location of German East Africa
Pasono Colony
Msumba WabomaBagamoyo (1885–1890)
Dar es Salaam (1890–1916)
Tabora (1916, temporary)[1]
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu {{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo Islam, traditional African religion, Christianity (Catholic Church and Lutheranism)
Ndalama German East African rupie

German East Africa (GEA; German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) yikaŵa koloni ya Germany mu chigaŵa cha African Great Lakes, icho chikaŵa na Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kionga Triangle. Malo gha GEA ghakaŵa 994,996 km2 (384,170 sq mi), agho ghakaŵa pafupifupi katatu malo gha Germany wa mazuŵa ghano ndipo ghakaŵa pafupifupi kaŵiri malo gha Germany pa nyengo iyo.[2]

Malo agha ghakaŵako mu ma 1880, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakapempheka kuti ŵakome ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira kampani ya German East Africa Company. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo ufumu wa Germany ukathereskeka pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Paumaliro, GEA yikagaŵika pakati pa Britain, Belgium, na Portugal, ndipo yikanozgekaso kuti yiŵe pasi pa League of Nations.[3]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: Wupu wa German East Africa Company and Kuwukira kwa Abushiri

Nga umo vikaŵira na maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa charu ichi, Ŵachijeremani nawo ŵakamba kuthandazga ufumu wawo mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa uko kukaŵa nyanja zikuru. Mwakupambana na maufumu ghanyake gha ufumu, iwo ŵakamazga yayi wuzga panji malonda gha wuzga ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kupanga ŵanthu ŵaphya.

Nkhondo iyi yikamba apo Carl Peters, uyo wakaŵa mupayiniya kweniso uyo wakambiska wupu wakuchemeka Society for German Colonization, wakalemba mapangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Pa Malichi 3, 1885, boma la Germany likapharazga kuti lapeleka chikalata cha ufumu, icho Chancellor Otto von Bismarck wakalemba pa Febuluwale 27, 1885. Kampani ya Peters yikapika wanangwa uwu kuti yikhazikiske boma lakunjilira mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Kufuma apo, Peters wakalemba ŵantchito awo ŵakamba kusanda kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rufiji na kumpoto kwa Witu, kufupi na Lamu mumphepete mwa nyanja.[4][5][6]

Fumu ya ku Zanzibar yikasuska ndipo yikati ndiyo ni fumu ya ku Zanzibar na ya ku charu chose. Kansela Bismarck wakatuma ngaraŵa zinkhondi izo zikafika pa Ogasiti 7, 1885. Sultan wakacicizgika kuzomera ivyo ŵa German ŵakayowoya kuti nchigaŵa ca ku caru cikuru ico cikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja. Mu Novembala 1886, Germany na Britain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵapulikirenge ivyo Sultan wa ku Zanzibar wakayowoya. Ŵangelezi na Ŵachijeremani ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane caru pakati pawo, ndipo Sultan wakaŵavya cinyake cakucita kweni kukolerana.[7][page needed]

Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵa German mu 1896

Mwaluŵiro Ŵachijeremani ŵakamba kulamulira ku Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam, na Kilwa. Oscar Baumann wakatumika kukawona malo gha Masailand na Urundi. Apo wakendanga, wakasanga uko mlonga wa Kagera ukufuma. Makaravani gha Tom von Prince, Wilhelm Langheld, Emin Pasha, na Charles Stokes ghakatumika kuti ghakaŵe pa "Msewu wa Makaravani". Nkhondo ya Abushiri ya 1888 yikamara na wovwiri wa Britain. Mu 1890, London na Berlin ŵakadumura phangano la Heligoland na Zanzibar, ilo likapeleka Heligoland ku Germany na kudumura mphaka pakati pa GEA na East Africa Protectorate iyo yikalamuliranga na Britain, nangauli mphaka zaunenesko zikamanyikwa yayi mpaka mu 1910. [page needed]

Malire gha pakati pa Kenya na Tanganyika, kufuma ku nyanja m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria, ghakalembeka na ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain: Charles Stewart Smith (mkuŵa wa Britain ku Mombasa) na munung'una wake George Edward Smith (mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulara wa Royal Engineers). Mu 1892, Stewart Smith wakasankhika kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain pa mulimo wa kupanga mphaka ya pakati pa Britain na Germany mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 12, George Edward Smith wakawelera kuti wakamalizge kupenda mtunda wa makilomita 300 kufuma ku Kilimanjaro m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria.

Pakati pa 1891 na 1894, ŵanthu ŵa Hehe awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Mkwawa ŵakakana kuti Ŵachijeremani ŵaŵawukire. Ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti mafuko ghanyake ghakatolera Ŵajeremani. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinandi, Mkwawa wakafwa ndipo wakajikoma mu 1898.

Kuwukira kwa Maji kukacitika mu 1905 ndipo kukalekeka na Kazembe Gustav Adolf von Götzen, uyo wakalangura kuti paŵe njara. Vingaŵa kuti ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa.[8][9] Pamanyuma pake pakaŵa nkhani ya vimbundi na nkhaza. Mu 1907, Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow wakasora Bernhard Dernburg kuti wasinthe vinthu mu boma.[10][11]

Fort Bagamoyo, c. 1891

Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathembanga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara na kupoka misonkho. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1914, ŵasilikari ŵa Schutztruppen (magulu ghakuvikilira) mu Dar es Salaam, Moshi, Iringa, na Mahenge ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari Ŵachijeremani 110 (ŵakaŵapo ŵasilikari 42 ŵa munkhwala), ŵasilikari ŵa pasi pa 126, na Askari 2,472.[12]:32

Kukula kwachuma

1 rupee, Rupee yimoza, German East Africa, 1902. Siliva 917.

Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhozga malonda na chuma. Malo ghakujumpha 40,000 ha ghakaŵa na vyakumera vya sisal. Makuni gha khofi ghakukwana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ghakapandika, makuni gha ghamusi ghakakura pa malo ghakukwana mahekita 81,000, ndipo pakaŵa minda yikuruyikuru ya katoni.[13]

Kwamba mu 1888, ŵakazenga sitima ya Usambara kufuma ku Tanga m'paka ku Moshi kuti ŵagulire vyakurya ivi. Central Railroad yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 1,247 ndipo yikayaniskanga Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tabora, na Kigoma. Mu Julayi 1914, ŵakamalizga kuzenga nthowa yakulongozgera ku nyanja ya Tanganyika. Ŵakazenga panji kunozga malo gha dowoko na magudumu gha magesi, njanji, na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu. Ku Tanga, Bagamoyo, na Lindi, ŵakazengaso malo ghanyake ghakusungirako ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa 1891, boma la Germany likamba kunozga misewu iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo mu chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike mu charu ichi.

Mu 1912, ku Dar es Salaam na Tanga kukaŵa ngalaŵa za katundu na za ŵanthu 356, ndiposo ngalaŵa zakwenda pa nyanja zakujumpha 1,000 na ngalaŵa za malonda. Mu GEA yose, mukaŵa ŵanthu 3,579 ŵa ku Germany.

Mu nyengo yithu iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kuguliska golide mu charu ichi mu nyengo iyo charu cha Germany chikalamuliranga charu ichi. Wupu wa Kironda-Goldminen-Gesellschaft ndiwo ukambiska migodi ya golide yakwamba mu charu ichi, ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1909.[14]

Masambiro

Ku Germany, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, gha sekondale, na gha masukulu gha maluso. Mu 1924, pati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira ndiposo vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza kufuma apo Britain yikambira kuwusa, Wupu wa Phelps-Stokes, uwo ukaŵa ku America, ukati: "Ŵajeremani ŵacita vinthu vyakuzizwiska comene pa nkhani ya masukulu. Pakwenera kujumpha nyengo yitali pambere masambiro ghaleke kuŵa nga umo ghakaŵira mu nyengo ya Ŵachijeremani".

Lizgu la Ciswahili lakuti shule, ilo likung'anamura sukulu, lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cigiriki lakuti Schule.[15]

Ŵanthu pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose

Mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.5 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 30% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana panji Ŵakhristu awo ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu. Mu 1913, mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵalimi na ŵalimi ŵa ku Germany 882. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000 ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya GEA.[16]

Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose

Nkhani ikulu: Nkhondo ya ku East Africa (Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose)
Cikumbusko ca Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose mu Iringa, Tanzania

Mulara wa ŵasilikari Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakateŵetera ku German South West Africa na Cameroon. Wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa Germany pa nkhondo yakwamba ya caru cose. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakaŵa 3,500 ŵa ku Europe na 12,000 ŵa ku Ascari na awo ŵakanyamuranga katundu. Nkhondo yawo yikaŵa yakuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵa ufumu wa Britain, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakalongozgekanga na Jan Smuts. Yumoza mwa nkhondo zikuru comene izo Lettow-Vorbeck wakathereska wakaŵa Nkhondo ya Tanga (3-5 November 1914). Mu nkhondo iyi ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene kuluska iwo.

Nkhondo iyo Lettow-Vorbeck wakachitanga yikapangiska kuti Britain yigeŵetere ndalama zinandi pa nkhondo iyi. Paumaliro, ŵasilikari ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵasilikari awo ŵakafuma ku Belgian Congo, ŵakamba kuwukira kumanjiliro gha dazi (nkhondo ya ku Tabora) kweniso katundu wakukwana yayi. Wakaluta kumwera ku Mozambique na ku Northern Rhodesia uko wakazomera kuti ŵaleke kuwukirana mazuŵa ghatatu nkhondo yati yamara.[17]

alt=A 200 German East African rupie provisional banknote issued in Dar es Salaam in 1915–17 Currency had to be printed locally due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from the naval blockade.
A 200 German East African rupie provisional banknote issued in Dar es Salaam in 1915–17

Currency had to be printed locally due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from the naval blockade.

Nkhondo yikati yamara, Lettow-Vorbeck wakacemeka yumoza wa vinkhara vya ku Germany. Gulu lake la ŵasilikari la Schutztruppe ndilo likaŵa lakwekha mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose ilo likathereskeka yayi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya ku East Africa, boma la Weimar na West Germany ŵakaŵapa ndalama za penshoni.

Ngalaŵa yakucemeka Königsberg, nayo yikaŵapo pa nkhondo iyi. Mu Julayi 1915, boti ili likamira mu nyanja ya Rufiji chifukwa cha kusoŵa malasha na vipambi. Awo ŵakapona ŵakafumiska vilwero vyose vya ngalaŵa na kuviŵika pa magalimoto gha vilwero pambere ŵandambe kuteŵetera ku mtunda.[18]

Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany, apo ŵakaŵa ku Ngomano pa Novembala 25, 1917.

Mu 1914-15 pakacitikaso upharazgi unyake wacigaŵa cicoko comene mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Pa nkhondo iyi pakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Belgium, kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Reichsheer ku Bismarckburg (uno Kasanga).

Kusweka kwa chikoloni

Pa ungano wa mtende wa ku Paris mu 1919, khoti likuru likapeleka chigaŵa chose cha German East Africa ku Britain pa 7 May 1919, nangauli Belgium yikaŵasuska chomene.:240 Alfred Milner, Secretary of the British Colonial Office, na Pierre Orts, nduna ya Belgium, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Britain na Belgium pa 30 May 1919:6189 apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu cha Rwanda na Urundi ku Belgium.:246 Komiti ya Msonkhano uwu yikapeleka chikalata pa 16 July 1919.:2467 Khoti likuru likapokelera phangano ili pa 7 August 1919.:6123

Pa Julayi 12, 1919, Komiti ya Malango yikakolerana kuti chigaŵa chichoko cha Kionga chakumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rovuma chipelekeke ku Portugal. Komiti iyi yikati mu 1894, caru ca Germany cikacicizga caru ca Portugal kuti cipeleke malo agha.[19]:243

Phangano la Versailles likalembeka pa Juni 28, 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa Janyuwale 10, 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa lenelili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la cigaŵa ca Britain.

Mazina gha malo ghachi Germany

Mazina ghanyake mu German East Africa ghakalutilira kulembeka mu Chijeremani, nga ni "Udjidji" kwa Ujiji na "Kilimandscharo" kwa Phiri la Kilimanjaro, "Kleinaruscha" kwa Arusha-Chini na "Neu-Moschi" kwa msumba uwo sono ukuchemeka Moshi. (Kigoma wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "Rutschugi".)

Malo ghanandi ghakaŵa na mazina gha ku Africa panji ghakaŵaso na mazina ghanyake:[20][21][22][23]

Mndandanda wa mabwana gha boma

Ŵalongozgi ŵa German East Africa:[24]

Administrator (1885-1891)

Reichskommissar (1891-1918)

Mapu

  • Mapu ghakale gha mumphepete mwa German East Africa, 1888
    Mapu ghakale gha mumphepete mwa German East Africa, 1888
  • Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1892
    Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1892
  • Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1911
    Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1911
  • Mapu gha Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose
    Mapu gha Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose

Vithuzi

  • Sisal plantation, c. 1906/18
    Sisal plantation, c. 1906/18
  • Sisal factory, c. 1906/18
    Sisal factory, c. 1906/18
  • Askari company, c. 1914/18
    Askari company, c. 1914/18
  • Classroom in a German East African school, c. March 1914
    Classroom in a German East African school, c. March 1914
  • Usambara Railway, built in German East Africa
    Usambara Railway, built in German East Africa
  • German colonial volunteer mounted patrol, 1914
    German colonial volunteer mounted patrol, 1914

Vimanyikwiro vya German East Africa

Nkhani ikulu: Armorial of Germany#Colonies

Mu 1914, ŵakalemba ndondomeko ya kawonekero ka vikozgo na ndembera za vyaru vya ku Germany. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, vimanyikwiro ivi vikaŵa kuti vindagwiliskike nchito. Nkhondo yikati yamara, caru ca Germany cikataya vyaru vyose ivyo cikaŵa pasi pawo.

  • Proposed flag
    Proposed flag
  • Proposed coat of arms
    Proposed coat of arms

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

  1. ↑ Michael Pesek: Das Ende eines Kolonialreiches. Campus, Frankfurt a. M./New York 2010, ISBN 978-3-593-39184-7, S. 86/90.
  2. ↑ Jon Bridgman; David E. Clarke (1965). "German Africa: A Selected Annotated Bibliography". Hoover Bibliographical Series. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University. ISSN 0085-1582. Archived from the original on 14 Juni 2020. Retrieved 19 Janyuwale 2018.
  3. ↑ Roland Anthony Oliver (1976). Vincent Todd Harlow; Elizabeth Millicent Chilver; Alison Smith (eds.). History of East Africa, Volume 2. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198227137.
  4. ↑ Arne Perras (2004). Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856-1918: A Political Biography. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780199265107. OCLC 252667062. Archived from the original on 31 Janyuwale 2020. Retrieved 19 Janyuwale 2018.
  5. ↑ Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (Febuluwale 1969). "Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion under Bismarck". Past & Present (42): 140–159. JSTOR 650184.
  6. ↑ Sara Friedrichsmeyer; Sara Lennox; Susanne Zantop (1998). The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472066827. OCLC 39679479. Archived from the original on 21 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 22 Janyuwale 2018.
  7. ↑ Dirk Göttsche (2013). Remembering Africa: The Rediscovery of Colonialism in Contemporary German Literature. Camden House. ISBN 9781571135469. Archived from the original on 31 Janyuwale 2020. Retrieved 19 Janyuwale 2018.
  8. ↑ Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–200. ISBN 9780521296113. Archived from the original on 6 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 27 Juni 2019.
  9. ↑ Hull, Isabel V. (2003). "Military Culture and 'Final Solutions'". In Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (eds.). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–62. ISBN 9780521527507.
  10. ↑ John S. Lowry (Juni 2006). "African Resistance and Center Party Recalcitrance in the Reichstag Colonial Debates of 1905/06". Central European History. 39 (2): 244–269. doi:10.1017/S0008938906000100. ISSN 1569-1616. S2CID 145059774.
  11. ↑ Walter Nuhn (1998). Flammen über Deutschost: der Maji-Maji-Aufstand in Deutsch-Ostafrika 1905–1906, die erste gemeinsame Erhebung schwarzafrikanischer Völker gegen weisse Kolonialherrschaft: ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kolonialgeschichte. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3763759697. OCLC 41980383.
  12. ↑ Werner Haupt (1984). Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918. Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. ISBN 3-7909-0204-7.
  13. ↑ "(HIS,P) Deutscher Kolonial-Atlas mit Jahrbuch (Atlas German Colonies, with Yearbook), edited by the German Colonial Society, 1905 - Deutsch-Ostafrika". www.zum.de. Archived from the original on 13 Sekutembala 2018. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2018.
  14. ↑ Tanzania Mining History Archived 14 Ogasiti 2010 at the Wayback Machine tanzaniagold.com, retrieved 24 July 2010
  15. ↑ "shule - Swahili-Old High German (ca. 750-1050) Dictionary" (in English). Glosbe. Archived from the original on 31 Janyuwale 2020. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2018.
  16. ↑ Längin, Bernd G. (2005). Die deutschen Kolonien. Mittler. p. 217. ISBN 3-8132-0854-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ↑ Brian M. DuToit (1998). The Boers in East Africa: ethnicity and identity. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0897896114. OCLC 646068752.
  18. ↑ Paul G. Halpern (1995). A naval history of World War I. UCL Press. ISBN 9781857284980. OCLC 60281302.
  19. ↑ Louis, William Roger (2006). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511347-6. Archived from the original on 11 Juni 2020. Retrieved 19 Sekutembala 2017.
  20. ↑ Koloniales Jahrbuch. Berlin : C. Heymann. 1888.
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.19 Germany. Reichstag (1871). Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstages. Princeton University. Berlin: Verlag der Buchdruckerei der "Norddeutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung".
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Deutsch-Ostafrika". Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon (in German). 1920. Archived from the original on 4 Ogasiti 2020. Retrieved 31 Ogasiti 2017 – via Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt.
  23. ↑ Gustav Hermann Meinecke (1901). Deutscher kolonial-kalender und statistisches Handbuch...: Nach amtlichen Quellen neu Bearb (in German). New York Public Library. Deutscher kolonial -verlag.
  24. ↑ A. J. Dietz. "A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its aftermath - German colonies: II Kamerun" (PDF). African Studies Centre, Repository, Leiden University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 Sekutembala 2020. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2018.

Vyakulemba vinyake

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

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