Algeria

Charu cha Ŵanthu cha Algeria
Charu cha Ŵanthu cha Algeria; الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية (Arabic); al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš‑Šaʿbiyya; République algérienne démocratique et populaire (French);
	Mbendela
	Chiluso: بالشعب وللشعب; ("By the people and for the people")
	Nyimbo: Kassaman; (English: "We Pledge");
	Makhalilo gha Algeria (apo pati biliŵili) Makhalilo gha Algeria (apo pati biliŵili)
Msumba Waboma; kweneso Msumba Usani	Algiers
Chiyowoyelo chaboma	Arabic; Tamazight;
Other languages	Algerian Arabic; French
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu	75%–85% Arabs ; 15%–25% Berbers;
Vipembezo	99% Sunni Islam (official) ; 1% other (inc. Christians and Jews);
Mwenecharu	Algerian
Mtundu wa Boma	Unitary semi-presidential republic
Formation
Ukulu wa Malo
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
Gini (2011)	27.6; low
HDI (2021)	0.745; high ·91st
Ndalama	Algerian dinar (DZD)
Mtundu Wanyengo	CET (UTC+1)
Kalembelo kasiku	dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto	right
Intaneti yacharu	.dz; الجزائر.

Algeria,^{[lower-alpha 2]}panji kuti Democratic People's Republic of Algeria, ni chalo icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Tunisia, kumafumiro gha dazi na Libya, kumwera kumafumiro gha dazi na Niger, kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi na Mali, Mauritania, na Western Sahara, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Morocco, kumpoto na Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Charu ichi chili ku Northern Africa. Charu ichi chili na vyakumera vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili na malo ghakukwana 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), ndipo ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi.^[10]Ku Algeria kuli ŵanthu 44 miliyoni. Ili ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Msumba ukuru wa Algiers, uwo uli kumpoto chomene, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean.

Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu maufumu, maufumu, na mafumu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Numidia, Mauretania, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Mauro-Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Ifranids, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Sulaymanids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Hafsids na Zayyanids.

Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Mu 1516, caru ca Algeria cikapangika na ŵa Ottoman, ndipo ici cikakopa ŵanthu kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku Mediterranean. Vinthu vikamba kunangika mu ma 1800, ndipo mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakathereska charu ichi m'paka mu 1903, ndipo mu 1848, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa France. Nkhondo ya Sétif na Guelma mu 1945 yikaŵa nyengo yakupambanapambana mu vyalo vya France na Algeria ndipo yikambiska Nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake pa Julayi 5, 1962, ndipo pa Seputembala 25 chaka chenechicho, charu cha Algeria chikamba kulamulira.

Viyowoyero vya boma mu Algeria ni Chiarabic na Chiberberber. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu, ndipo ŵakusopa Cisilamu.^[3] Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Algeria. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vinthu vinyake, kweni chilije udindo.

Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 na vikaya 1,541. Charu cha Algeria chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Mu vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakukura mwauzimu. Charu cha Algeria chili na mafuta ghanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Sonatrach, kampani ya mafuta iyo yikugwira nchito mu caru ici, ndiyo yikuru comene mu Africa, ndipo yikuguliska gasi munandi comene ku Europe. Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Algeria ndimoza mwa magulu ghakuru comene mu Africa, ndipo lili na bajeti yikuru comene ya kuvikilira caru. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Arab League, OIC, OPEC, United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, ndipo chili mu wupu uwu.

Zina

Zina linyake la zina ili ni: Arabic: الجزائر, romanized: al-Jazāʾir, Algerian Arabic: الدزاير, romanized: al-dzāyīr; Berber languages: dzayer, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ,^{[nb 1]} دزاير^{[nb 2]}; French: Algérie.Charu ichi chikuchemeka kuti Democratic People's Republic of Algeria (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš-Šaʿbiyya; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, wakafupiskika kuti RADP).

Etymology

Zina la charu cha Algeria lili kufuma ku msumba wa Algiers (Algiers), ndipo lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, "vyirwa") pakuyowoya vya virwa vinayi vichoko ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Buluggin ibn Ziri ndiyo wakazenga msumba uwu mu 950 C.E. pa malo agho ghakaŵa mabingu gha msumba wa Icosium.^[12]Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba vya charu ŵakaŵa Muhammad al-Idrisi na Yaqut al-Hamawi. Ufumu wa Ottoman ukamba kuchema msumba uwu kuti al-Jazā'ir.

Ntheura, lizgu ili likuyana na malo ghanyake ghanandi, nga ni Alzira ku Valencia, Algeciras ku Andalusia, Lezíria ku Portugal, Cizre ku Turkey, Gżira ku Malta, chilumba cha Nile ku Gezira ku Egypt, na chigaŵa cha Gezira ku Sudan.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Algeria

Mbili yakwambilila na yakale

Nkhani ikulu: Prehistoric North Africa and North Africa during Antiquity

Vinthu vyakuzengeka na malibwe vyakufuma ku Ain Hanech (Algeria) ivyo vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni, vikamanyikwa kuti ni vinthu vyakale chomene ku North Africa.^[13] Vinthu vya mu malibwe na viwangwa ivyo vikazengeka kufupi na Ain Boucherit vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.9 miliyoni. Ntheura, ukaboni wa ku Ain Boucherit ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto kwa Africa. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti kale chomene ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe kufuma ku East Africa.^[13]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal ndiwo ŵakapanga visulo vya mawoko mu nyengo ya Levalloisian na Mousterian (43,000 B.C.E.) nga umo vikaŵira ku Levant. Ku Algeria ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyamalibwe. Vyakovwira vya nyengo iyi, vyeneivyo vikamba kuzengeka pafupifupi 30,000 B.C.E., vikuchemeka Aterian (kuyana na malo ghakuzengera vinthu vyakale gha Bir el Ater, kumwera kwa Tebessa).^[13]

Makampani ghakwambilira agho ghakapanganga malupanga ku North Africa ghakachemekanga Iberomaurusian (ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Oran). Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Maghreb pakati pa 15,000 na 10,000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic (ŵakaŵanga na viŵeto na kulima) ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Sahara na Mediterranean Maghreb, panyake m'ma 11,000 B.C. panji m'ma 6000 na 2000 B.C. Umoyo uwu, uwo ukulongosoreka makora chomene mu vithuzithuzi vya Tassili n'Ajjer, ndiwo ukaŵa wakuzirwa chomene mu Algeria m'paka mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakakhalanga pamoza ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa kuti Ŵaberi.^[14]

Ku Carthage, uko kukaŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghachoko waka mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa Africa. Kufika mu 600 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Phoenicia ŵakakhalanga ku Tipasa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cherchell, Hippo Regius (lero ni Annaba) na Rusicade (lero ni Skikda). Malo agha ghakaŵanga na misika kweniso malo ghakukhazikika.

Apo ufumu wa Carthage ukakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage nawo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakaŵa kale pa nyengo iyo kulima, kupanga vinthu, malonda, na ndyali vikawovwiranga vyaru vinandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Carthage na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakazgoka ŵazga panji ŵasilikari.

Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka kufuma mu 241 m'paka mu 238 B.C.E. ŵakati ŵaleka kupokera malipiro chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa msumba wa Carthage mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Punic. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo ŵakapanga ndalama izo zikaŵa na zina lakuti Libyan. Boma la Carthage likamara cifukwa cakuti Ŵaroma ŵakathereskeka kanandi waka pa Nkhondo za Punic.

Mu 146 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kuchepa, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵaberi ghakaŵa kuti ghababika. Vinyake viŵiri vikaŵa ku Numidia, kuseri kwa malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Cartagena. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Numidia kukaŵa charu cha Mauretania, icho chikambukanga Mlonga wa Moulouya mu caru ico sono ni Morocco na kufika ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na chitemwa chikuru chomene m'paka apo Almohad na Almoravid ŵakizira.

The lands which comprise modern day Algeria were part of the Byzantine Empire (The empire in 555 under Justinian the Great, at its greatest extent since the fall of the Western Roman Empire (vassals in pink))

Masinissa wakati wafwa mu 148 B.C.E., maufumu gha Ŵaberi ghakagaŵikana na kuwungana kanandi waka. Mzere wa Masinissa ukakhala m'paka mu 24 C.E., apo chigaŵa cha Ŵaberi icho chikakhalako chikapokelereka na Ufumu wa Roma.

Kwa vyaka vinandi, Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Algeria. Ŵakazenga malo ghanandi mu charu ichi. Mu 146 B.C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska msumba wa Carthage, ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa Africa. Ŵakazenga misumba yakujumpha 500. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu ufumu wa Roma. Augustine wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Hippo Regius (uno ni Annaba, Algeria), mu cigaŵa ca ku Africa. Mu 429 C.E., Ŵajeremani ŵa ku Geiseric ŵakanjira mu North Africa, ndipo mu 435 C.E., ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Numidia. Ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukhalako chifukwa mitundu yinyake yikaŵasuzganga. Nakuti apo Ŵabyzantine ŵakafikanga, msumba wa Leptis Magna ukaŵa kuti walekeka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Msellata ŵakakhalanga mu muzi wa Laguatan. Kweniso mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, Ŵabyzantine, Ŵavandal, Ŵacarthage, na Ŵaotoman, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵekha panji ŵacoko comene mu North Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mwakuti nanga ni apo Ŵasilamu ŵakathereskanga kumpoto kwa Africa, ŵakalutilira kulamulira mapiri ghawo.

Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa, ndipo ukapangiska kuti paŵe ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava (uno ku Algeria). Ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava ndiwo ukamulondezga. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Kusaila, chigaŵa chake chikafuma ku chigaŵa cha lero cha Fez kumanjiliro gha dazi kukafika ku Aurès kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kairaouan pamanyuma na mukati mwa Ifriqiya kumafumiro gha dazi.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Middle Ages

Nkhani ikulu: Medieval Muslim Algeria

Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakana, kweni Ŵasilamu ŵa mu ufumu wa Umayyad ŵakathereska charu cha Algeria kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakazgoka Ŵasilamu. Ŵakhristu, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberberia na Chilatini ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu Tunisia m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Ndipo Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Umayyad wathereskeka, pakaŵa mafumu ghanandi agho ghakawusa mu charu ichi nga ni Rustamids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, na Zayyanids. Ŵakhristu ŵakafumapo mu vigaŵa vitatu: mu nyengo ya 10 na 11 C.E., ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ndiwo ŵakaŵafumiska ndipo awo ŵakakhalako ŵakafwa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.^[25]

Fatimid Caliphate, a Shia Ismaili dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c. 960–1100

Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵanandi, ŵatuŵa, na mafumu, kusazgapo Judah Ibn Quraysh, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vya ChiSemite na Chiberber, ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Sufi, Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) na Sidi El Houari, kweniso Emirs Abd Al Mu'min na Yāghmūrasen. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵafatemidi panji ŵana ŵa Fatima, mwana wa Muhammad, ŵakiza ku Maghreb. ŴaFatimidi aŵa ŵakalutilira kuwusa kwa nyengo yitali mu vyaru vya Maghreb, Hejaz, na Levant. Ufumu wa Fatimid ukayamba kumara apo ŵawusi ŵake ŵa Zirids ŵakajipatura. Kuti ŵaŵalangire, Ŵafatemidi ŵakatuma Ŵaarabu, Ŵanu Hilal na Ŵanu Sulaym kuti ŵaŵawukire. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika yikuzunulika mu buku la Tāghribāt. Mu buku la Al-Tāghrībāt, Mulongozgi wa Ŵaamazigh Zirid, Khālīfā Al-Zānatī, wakupempha zuŵa lililose kuti wachitenge viphalizgano kuti watonde mulongozgi wa Ŵahilalan, Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵa Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, paumaliro Ŵaziri ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto na kakhaliro ka Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, mafuko gha Ŵamazigi ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira pawekha, ndipo ghakalondezganga fuko lawo, malo na nyengo iyo ŵakakhalanga. Boma la Chisilamu la Fatimid, ilo likumanyikwaso kuti Caliphate la Fatimid, likapangiska ufumu wa Chisilamu uwo ukaŵa na vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz na Yemen. Macaliphate gha kumpoto kwa Africa ghakaguliskanga vinthu na maufumu ghanyake gha nyengo yawo, kweniso ghakaŵa na maboma ghanyake gha Cisilamu.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa na mafuko ghanandi. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivi vikaŵa Botr na Barnès, ivyo vikagaŵikana mu mafuko, kweniso mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko. Chigaŵa chilichose cha Maghreb chikaŵa na mafuko ghanandi (nga ni Sanhadja, Houara, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, na Berghwata). Mafuko ghose agha ghakasankhanga yekha malo agho ghakeneranga kukhala.

Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., mu vyaru vya ku Maghreb na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi mukaŵa mafumu ghanandi gha Ŵaamazigi. Ibn Khaldun wakulongosora vya mafumu gha ku Maghreb, Zirid, Ifranid, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa na Hafsid. Mafumu gha Hammadid na Zirid kweniso gha Fatimids ghakawusa mu vyaru vyose vya Maghreb. Ŵa Ziridi ŵakalongozganga charu icho sono ni Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta, na Italy. Ŵahamadidi ŵakathereska na kuwusa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa nga ni Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli na Fez. ŴaFatimidi awo ŵakapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Kutama ŵakathereska vyaru vyose vya kumpoto kwa Africa kweniso Sicily na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East.

Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, vyaru vinandi vya ku Maghreb vikamba kujiyimira. Mu Algeria, ufumu wa Rustamid ukapangika. Ufumu wa Rustamidi ukambira ku Tafilalt ku Morocco mpaka ku mapiri gha Nafusa ku Libya kusazgapo kumwera, pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Tunisia.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Girisi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose cha Maghreb, chigaŵa cha Spain, na Sicily. Ŵaziridi ŵakamanya kuti Ŵafatisimu ŵa ku Cairo ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Muwusi wa Zirid, zina lake El Mu'izz, wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa uwu. Ŵaziridi ŵakalweraso maufumu ghanyake gha Zenata, nga ni Maghrawa, ufumu wa Ŵaberi uwo ukafuma ku Algeria ndipo nyengo yinyake ukaŵa wankhongono chomene ku Maghreb.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]

Pakuti boma la Ŵafatisimu likaŵa lambura nkhongono pa nyengo iyi, ŵakasanga nthowa yinyake yakuwezgera. Pakati pa Mlonga wa Nile na Nyanja Yiswesi pakaŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin agho ghakacimbizgika ku Arabia cifukwa ca kugaluka kwawo. Mwaciyelezgero, Ŵana Hilal na Ŵana Sulaym, awo kanandi ŵakasuzganga ŵalimi ŵa mu Dambo la Nayelo cifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda ŵakaphanga minda yawo. Muwusi wa ku Fatimid wakakhumbanga kuparanya vinthu ivyo wakatondeka kuvilamulira, ndipo wakaleka kukolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin. ŴaFatimidi ŵakaŵapa nanga ni ndalama kuti ŵafumemo.

Mafuko ghose ghakafuma pamoza na ŵanakazi, ŵana, ŵalara, viŵeto, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanyake ŵakimilira pa nthowa, comenecomene ku Cyrenaica, uko ŵachali vinthu vyakuzirwa comene pa malo agha, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafika ku Ifriqiya kufuma ku Gabes, mu 1051. Fumu ya ku Zirid yikayezga kukanizga nkhondo iyi, kweni pa nkhondo yiliyose iyo yikacitikanga, yaumaliro iyo yikacitikanga pasi pa viliŵa vya Kairouan, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereskeka ndipo Ŵaarabu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo. Kanandi Ŵaarabu ŵakathereskanga yayi misumba, kweni ŵakayiphanganga na kuyibwangandura.^[30]

Nkhondo iyi yikalutilira, ndipo mu 1057 Ŵaarabu ŵakafika mu vigaŵa vya Constantine uko ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Qalaa wa Banu Hammad (mzinda ukuru wa Hammadid Emirate). Kufuma apo, ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku Algiers na Oran. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikawuskikapo na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵaŵe na chiyowoyero na maluso gha Chiarabu. Ibn Khaldun wakalemba kuti malo agho ghakasakazika na mafuko gha Banu Hilal ghakazgoka mapopa.

Ŵalmohad ŵakafuma ku Morocco, nangauli ŵakakhazikiskika na munthu wa ku Algeria zina lake Abd al-Mu'min. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Almohad, fuko la Abd al-Mu'min, la Koumïa, ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu. Ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Almoravid uwo ukalopwa na kwamba kulamulira Morocco mu 1147, ŵakanjira mu Algeria mu 1152, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira Tlemcen, Oran, na Algiers.

Ŵalmohad ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya ku Las Navas de Tolosa mu 1212, ŵakamba kusuzgika, ndipo mu 1235, kazembe wa ku Algeria, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan, wakapharazga kuti waŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Ŵakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad awo ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 13. Ŵakaŵathereska mu 1248 ŵati ŵakoma Khalifa wawo.

Ŵa Zayyanid ŵakalutilira kulamulira charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 300. Vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa Hafsid, nangauli Emirate wa Bejaia uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vya Algeria vya Hafsids nyengo zinyake ukaŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Zayyanid ukaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, ufumu uwu ukaŵa na caru cose ca Morocco ico cikaŵa pasi pawo.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]

Pamanyuma pa nkhondo zinandi na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Barbary awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mafumu gha Zayyanid, Spain wakaluta ku Algeria na kuthereska ufumu wa Tlemcen. Mu 1505, ŵakarwa nkhondo na kupoka Mers el Kébir, ndipo mu 1509 ŵakati ŵathereska msumba wa Oran. Ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵaalgeria, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira misumba yinyake ya ku Algeria. Mu 1510, ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Bejaia, ndipo ŵakathereska msumba wa Algiers. Kweniso ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Tlemcen. Mu 1511, ŵakatora msumba wa Cherchell na Jijel, ndipo ŵakathereska Mostaganem. Nangauli ŵakatondeka kuwupoka, kweni ŵakaŵakanizga kupeleka msonkho.

Ottoman era

Nkhani ikulu: Ottoman Algeria

Mu 1516, ŵabali ŵa ku Ottoman, Aruj na Hayreddin Barbarossa, awo ŵakateŵeteranga mwakukondwa mu ufumu wa Hafsids, ŵakasamukira ku Algiers. Ŵakapoka msumba wa Jijel na Algiers kufuma ku Spain na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbawomboli ŵa Ŵakhristu, kweni pamanyuma ŵabali aŵa ŵakakoma Salim al-Tumi, munthu wakuzirwa wa ku malo agha. Apo Aruj wakakomekanga mu 1518 apo wakawukira msumba wa Tlemcen, Hayreddin ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Algiers. Fumu ya Ottoman yikamupa zina lakuti beylerbey na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 2,000. Na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari aŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria, Hayreddin wakathereska chigaŵa chose pakati pa Constantine na Oran (nangauli msumba wa Oran ukaŵa mu mawoko gha Spain m'paka mu 1792).^[37]^[38]

Mubali munyake uyo wakaŵa Beylerbey wakaŵa mwana wa Hayreddin zina lake Hasan. Wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Kouloughli panji wa mitundu yakupambanapambana, pakuti anyina ŵakaŵa wa ku Algeria. M'paka mu 1587, Beylerbeylik wa ku Algiers wakawusikanga na Beylerbeys. Pamanyuma, boma likamba kulamulira, ndipo ŵalongozgi awo ŵakachemekanga kuti pasha ŵakateŵeteranga vyaka vitatu. Pasha wakawovwirikanga na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Janissary, awo ŵakamanyikwanga mu Algeria kuti Ojaq. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, Ojak ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵakapokeranga yayi malipiro nyengo zose. Pa cifukwa ici, agha ŵakamba kumupa mulandu Pasha wa vimbundi na kutondeka kucita makora vinthu, ndipo ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1659.

Matenda agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazara comene mu misumba ya ku North Africa. Mu 1620, ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 50,000 ŵakafwa na muliri uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa mu 1654, 1665, 1691 na 1740.^[39]

Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary ŵakalyeranga Ŵakhristu na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi mu nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakatoranga ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu ngalaŵa na kuŵaguliska panji kuŵa ŵazga. Kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi kuti ŵawombore ŵanthu ŵanyake. Robert Davis wakati kwamba mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1800, ŵankhungu ŵakakora ŵazga ŵa ku Europe pakati pa 1 miliyoni na 1.25 miliyoni. Kanandi ŵakalutanga ku misumba ya ku mpoto kuti ŵakatore ŵazga awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu na kuguliska ku misika ya ŵazga ku North Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Ottoman. Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa wakapoka cirwa ca Ischia, wakatora ŵakayidi 4,000, ndipo wakapanga ŵazga ŵanthu pafupifupi 9,000 ŵa ku Lipari. Mu 1551, Turgut Reis, kazembe wa ku Algiers, uyo wakaŵa wa Ufumu wa Ottoman, wakapangiska ŵanthu wose ŵa pa cirwa ca Gozo kuŵa ŵazga. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakizanga na kuwukira virwa vya Balearic. Cinthu ici cikaŵa cakofya comene mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakaleka kukhala pa cirwa ca Formentera. Mu ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito ngalaŵa zakupambanapambana.

Mu Julayi 1627, ngaraŵa ziŵiri za ŵankhungu izo zikalongozgekanga na Jan Janszoon, zikafuma ku Algiers na kuluta ku Iceland. Masabata ghaŵiri kumasinda, ngaraŵa yinyake yakufuma ku Salé, Morocco, nayo yikanjira mu Iceland. Ŵazga ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku Algiers, pamasinda ŵakaŵawombora na kuluta nawo ku Iceland, kweni ŵanyake ŵakasankha kukhala ku Algeria. Mu 1629, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakiza ku Faroe Islands.^[40]

Mu 1671, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagaluka, ŵakakoma Agha, na kuŵika yumoza wa iwo pa mazaza. Mulongozgi muphya wakapokera zina lakuti Dey. Pamanyuma pa 1689, wanangwa wakusankha ŵamazaza ukafika ku divan, wupu wa mafumu 60. Pakwamba, wakalizganga chomene woyimbiro wa ojaq, kweni m'ma 1800, wakazgoka wayimbiro wa dey. Mu 1710, Dey wakapangiska Sultani kuti wazomerezge kuti iyo na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵaŵe muwusi. Nangauli msumba wa Algiers ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni ukachitanga vinthu mwakuyana yayi na Ufumu wa Ottoman.

Iyo wakaŵa muwusi wankhaza. Dey wakasankhikanga umoyo wake wose, kweni mu vyaka 159 (1671-1830) apo boma ili likaŵako, ŵa dey 14 pa 29 ŵakakomeka. Nangauli boma la Deylikal likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora. Nangauli boma ili likawovwiranga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakakolerananga yayi, chifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga na masuzgo chifukwa cha msonkho. Boma la mafuko ghakupambanapambana likazomerezgekanga, ndipo mazaza gha muwusi ghakaŵanga ghachoko chomene mu Kabylia, nangauli mu 1730 muwusi uyu wakamanya kuwusa Ufumu wa Kuku kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kabylia. Matawuni ghanandi gha kumpoto kwa mapopa gha Algeria ghakalipanga misonkho ku Algiers panji ku Bey, nangauli ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga.

Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakalutilira kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku Spain. Mu 1784, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Algiers. Ŵakaponya mabomba ghakujumpha 20,000, msumba wose na vigongwe vyake vikaparanyika, ndipo sitima zinandi za ku Algeria zikabira.

Mu 1792, msumba wa Algiers ukawuskapo msumba wa Oran na Mers el Kébir, ivyo vikaŵa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakhalanga. Mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakathereska chigaŵa cha Rif na Oujda, ndipo ŵakamalizga kuvisida mu 1795.^[41]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Caribbean.

Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakamba kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku America, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Barbary. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵasilikari ŵa Anglo-Dutch awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Lord Exmouth, ŵakabomba msumba wa Algiers kuti ŵaleke kukoma ŵalovi ŵa ku Europe. Ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vyakukondweska, nangauli ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakalutilira kucita vinthu vyacigeŵenga m'paka apo ŵa ku France ŵakaŵaparanyira mu 1830.^[42]

Kuwusa kwa France (1830-1962)

Nkhani ikulu: French Algeria and Algerian War

Mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Algiers na kuwupoka. Pakuyowoya za umo Ŵafarisi ŵakathereskera Algeria, Ben Kiernan wakalemba kuti: "Mu 1875, Ŵafarisi ŵakamara kuthereska charu chose. Nkhondo iyi yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 825,000 ŵa ku Algeria kwambira mu 1830". Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu ciŵaya ici kufuma mu 1831 m'paka mu 1851. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaŵa 2.9 miliyoni mu 1872, kweni mu 1960 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 11 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya caru ca France yikaŵa yakuti caru ici ciŵe "cakutchuka". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaleka kuguliska ŵazga na kunanga vinthu vyawo ŵakati ŵathereskeka na ŵa ku France. Pakutora nyengo yitali kuti Ŵafarisi ŵapoke charu cha Algeria ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Chifukwa cha nkhaza na matenda, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria chikakhira chomene pakati pa 1830 na 1872. Pa Seputembala 17, 1860, Napoleon III wakayowoya kuti: "Cinthu cakwamba ico tikwenera kucita nkhuwoneseska kuti Ŵaarabu mamiliyoni ghatatu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ŵakukhala makora". Mu nyengo iyi, Kabylia yekha ndiyo wakakananga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Kabylia ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake yayi m'paka apo ŵakagalukira boma la Mokrani mu 1871.^[43]

Kwambira mu 1848 m'paka apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake, charu cha France chikalongozganga chigaŵa chose cha Algeria. Chinyake mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha France kwa nyengo yitali chomene, ni Algeria. Pakati pa 1825 na 1847, ŵanthu 50,000 ŵa ku France ŵakaluta ku Algeria. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasanga chandulo chifukwa chakuti boma la France likapoka malo gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweniso chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa zamasono zakulimi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhazikika mu tawuni ya Oran na Algiers, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, iwo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi mu misumba yose iyi.^[44]

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero ichi. Boma la France likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe chigaŵa cha charu cha France, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya masambiro, chomenechomene kufuma mu 1900. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakasuskanga chomene fundo iyi, kweni mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa ku Central Asia na Caucasus, charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kuŵa na maluso ghake na ulimi uwo ukaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵanandi.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Algeria chikathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy.^[45]

Pachoko na pachoko, Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhorwa na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu charu ichi ŵakamba kukhumba kujilamulira ŵekha. Mu Meyi 1945, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu msumba wa Sétif na Guelma. Nkhondo ya ku Algeria yikamba mu 1954, apo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru viŵiri ivi ŵakakolerana. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 150,000 ŵa mtundu wa Harki na awo ŵakathembanga iwo ŵakakomeka na gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) panji ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵakoma ku Algeria. Gulu la FLN likagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhondo iyi ku Algeria na France. Kweniso Ŵafarisi ŵakaparanya vikaya vyakujumpha 8,000 na kusamuska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu.

Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵafwe na kupwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko, nga ni Alistair Horne na Raymond Aron, ŵakuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya Ŵasilamu ku Algeria chikaŵa chikuru chomene kuluska icho chikalembeka na gulu la FLN kweniso ku France, kweni chikaŵa chichoko chomene kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1 miliyoni awo ŵakafwa. Horne wakati mu vyaka 8 ivyo vikajumpha, ku Algeria kukafwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo.

Nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la France yikamara mu 1962, apo charu cha Algeria chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha.

Vyaka 30 vyakwambilira vya wanangwa (1962-1991)

Nkhani ikulu: History of Algeria (1962–99)

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pied-Noir awo ŵakachimbira ku Algeria ŵakakwana 900,000 pakati pa 1962 na 1964.^[46] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku caru ca France pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Oran mu 1962, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya ku Europe na kwamba kuwukira ŵanthu..

Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Algeria wakaŵa Ahmed Ben Bella, mulongozgi wa Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). Ivyo charu cha Morocco chikayowoya vyakuti chili na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Algeria, vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya mchenga mu 1963. Mu 1965, Houari Boumédiène, uyo kale wakaŵa mubwezi wake kweniso nduna ya vyavikiliro, wakathereska Ben Bella. Mu nyengo ya Ben Bella, boma likamba kuŵa la wupu wakulongozga ŵanthu, ndipo Boumédienne wakalutilira. Ndipouli, wakathemba comene ŵasilikari kuti ŵamovwirenge, ndipo wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵacitenge vinthu mwakuthupi. Wakakhozga comene ulimi na kwamba kupanga vinthu vinandi. Vipinda vya mafuta vikaŵa vya boma. Ici cikawovwira comene ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Britain pamanyuma pa suzgo la mafuta mu 1973.

Chadli Bendjedid, uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Boumédienne, wakambiska vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ndalama. Wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵaŵe Ŵaarabu. Ŵasambizgi ŵa Ciarabu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake vya Ciislamu, ŵakathandazga visambizgo vya Cisilamu mu masukulu ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵawelere ku cisopa ca Orthodox.

Chuma cha ku Algeria chikamba kuthemba chomene mafuta, ndipo chikaŵa chinonono chomene chifukwa mafuta ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene mu ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ku Algeria kukaŵa vivulupi chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mafuta pa charu chose. Maboma ghakupambanapambana gha ndyali, nga ni Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), gulu likuru la visopa vya Cisilamu.^[47]

Nkhondo ya Caru (1991-2002) na umaliro wake

Nkhani ikulu: Algerian Civil War

Mu Disembala 1991, gulu la Islamic Salvation Front ndilo likaluska pa vigaŵa viŵiri vyakwambilira vya maungano gha boma. Pakopa kuti boma la Cisilamu lingasankhika, boma likacitapo kanthu pa Janyuwale 11, 1992, na kulekeska maungano. Bendjedid wakaleka mulimo wake ndipo pakaŵa Wupu Wakulongozga wa Boma uwo ukacitanga mulimo wa kuwusa. Likakanizga gulu la FIS, ndipo likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa gulu la ŵasilikari la FIS, la Armed Islamic Group, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa cisopa ca Ciyuda ŵakamba kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa nyengo zinandi za nkhondo iyi, vinthu mu Algeria vikaŵa vyakukondweska pa caru cose, comenecomene pa nyengo ya suzgo ya ndege ya Air France Flight 8969, iyo yikatoleka na gulu la Armed Islamic Group. Gulu la Asilamu likapharazga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira mu Okutobala 1997.^[47]

Mu 1999, ku Algeria kukaŵa mavoti agho ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakawona kuti ghakaŵa ghaheni. Wakayezgayezga kuwezgerapo mtende wa ndyali mu caru ici ndipo wakapharazga za ndondomeko ya "Civil Concord", iyo yikazomerezgeka mu referendum, umo ŵakayidi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali ŵakagowokereka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa magulu ghakwimikana na ndyali ŵakafwatulika ku khoti. Gulu la AIS likamara ndipo nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵakugaluka zikakhira. Gulu la Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC), gulu ilo likafumako ku gulu la Armed Islamic Group, likalutizga kampeni yakofya ya kuwukira boma.

Bouteflika wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti mu Epulero 2004 pamanyuma pa kucita kampeni pa ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo wenenawene. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa ya kusintha vinthu pa vya cuma, ndyali, na vya cikaya kuti caru ciŵe ca mazuŵa ghano, kukwezga umoyo wa ŵanthu, na kumazga masuzgo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanyawo. Chikaŵaso na phangano laciŵiri lakuti ŵanthu wose ŵagowokereke, la Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, ilo likapokelereka mu Seputembala 2005. Likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵasilikari ŵanandi na ŵasilikari ŵa boma.

Mu Novembala 2008, Dango la ku Algeria likasinthika pamanyuma pa kuvota mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, kufumiska mphaka ya nyengo ziŵiri za wupu wakulamulira. Kusintha uku kukamovwira Bouteflika kuti waŵikike pa mavoti gha 2009 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu Epulero 2009. Pa nyengo ya kampeni yake na pamanyuma pa kuwuskikaso, Bouteflika wakalayizga kusazgirako ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo mtende na ndalama zakukwana madola 150 biliyoni kuti wapange nchito ziphya zakukwana mamiliyoni ghatatu, kuzenga nyumba ziphya zakukwana miliyoni yimoza, na kulutilira na mapulogiramu ghakusintha vinthu vya boma.

Pa Disembala 28, 2010, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika ku Middle East na North Africa. Pa Febuluwale 24, 2011, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya ilo likaŵa mu Algeria kwa vyaka 19. Boma likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na vipani vya ndyali, malango ghakwendeskera mavoti, na kuŵapo kwa ŵanakazi mu wupu wakulongozga. Mu Epulero 2011, Bouteflika wakalayizga kuti wazamuchitaso kusintha kwa ndyali na malango. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususka maungano gha visopa chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikuchitika pa maungano agha.

Pa 2 Epulero, 2019, Bouteflika wakafumapo pa udindo wake wa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska kuti waŵepo pa nyengo yakwamba.

Mu Disembala 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune wakazgoka purezidenti wa Algeria, wati watonda chigaŵa chakwamba cha chisankho cha purezidenti na chiŵerengero chakukwana cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakana. Tebboune wakususkika kuti wali pafupi na ŵasilikari ndipo ngwakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti uyo wali kukanizgika. Tebboune wakukana ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumuyowoyera, ndipo wakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kumukora. Wakukumbuskaso awo ŵakumususka kuti wakafumiskika mu boma mu Ogasiti 2017 pa chilato cha ma oligarchs agho ghali mu jele.^[48]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Algeria

Kufuma apo Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011, ndipo pakapangika South Sudan, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa caru cikuru comene mu Africa, ndiposo mu Mediterranean Basin. Ku chigaŵa chakumwera kwa charu ichi kuli chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahara. Ku mpoto, mtunda wa Tell Atlas ukuyana na mtunda wa Sahara Atlas, ndipo kumwera, mtunda uwu uli na malo ghaŵiri ghakuyana waka. Ma Atlas ghose ghaŵiri ghakusangana kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria. Mapiri ghakuru gha Aures na Nememcha ghali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria, ndipo ghali kufupi na mphaka ya Tunisia. Phiri la Tahat ndilo lili pachanya chomene.

Charu cha Algeria chili pakati pa latitude 19° na 37°N (chigaŵa chichoko chomene chili kumpoto kwa latitude 37°N na kumwera kwa latitude 19°N), kweniso pa longitude 9°W na 12°E. Malo ghanandi agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ghali na tumapiri, ndipo kuli maboma ghachoko waka. Malo agho ghali kufupi na nyanja m'paka ku Tell Atlas ngakupambika makora. Kumwera kwa Tell Atlas kuli mapiri agho ghakumalira pa mapiri gha Sahara Atlas; kumwera kwake kuli mapopa gha Sahara.^[50]

Mapiri gha Hoggar (Arabic), agho ghakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Hoggar, ni malo gha mapiri ghapakati pa Sahara, kumwera kwa Algeria. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,500 kumwera kwa msumba ukuru wa Algiers, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, na Annaba ni misumba yikuru ya Algeria.^[50]

Nyengo na maji

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Algeria

Mu chigaŵa ichi, mu mapopa nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yakuzizima caka cose. Kweni para dazi lanjira, mphepo yakuzizima yikumazga luŵiro chithukivu, ndipo usiku ukuzizima. Ku malo agha, zuŵa lililose kutentha kukusinthanga comene.

Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tell Atlas, kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria ndiko kukulokwa chomene.

Ku vigaŵa vinyake, vula yikuchepa. Ku Algeria kuli mapiri ghanandi agho ghali na mchenga. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, para mphepo yikuputa chomene, nkhongono zikukwera kufika pa 43.3°C.

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Fauna and flora

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Algeria

Vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vya ku Algeria ni vyamumaji, vya mu mapiri, na vyamuthondo. Viyuni vinandi vya ku Algeria vikukhala kufupi na ŵanthu. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika comene ni mphumphi, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, na viyuni vya mu nkhorongo. Ku Algeria nako kuli nyalubwe muchoko waka wa ku Africa na chiŵeta cha ku Sahara, kweni vikusangika viŵi yayi. Ciŵinda cinyake, ico cikucemeka Barbary stag, cikukhala mu nkhorongo za kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Nkhaŵala iyi ndiyo ni nyama ya ku Algeria.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni vyakupambanapambana. Mu nkhorongo iyi muli nkharamu na viŵeto vinyake. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Barbary macaques ndivyo ni vyamoyo vya mtundu uwu. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Algeria, muli njoka, viyuni vinyake ivyo vikwenda. Viyuni vinandi sono vyafwa, kusazgapo nkharamu za ku Barbary, nkhalamira za ku Atlas na ng'ona.^[51]

Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli makuni ghanyake nga ni makuni gha macchia, makuni gha maolive, makuni gha oak, makuni gha sidara, na makuni ghanyake. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli makuni ghakuru gha makuni gha sidara (Aleppo pine, juniper, na oak) kweniso makuni ghanyake gha makuni gha sidara. Makuni gha mkuyu, eucalyptus, agave, na makuni ghanyake gha mikama ghakumera mu malo ghakuzizima. Vipambi vya mpheska vikufuma ku mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara, muli makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha acacia agho ghali na maolive gha mu thengere ndigho ghakukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara. Charu cha Algeria chikaŵa pa nambara 5.22/10, ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 106 pa vyaru 172.

Ngamila zikugwiliskirika nchito comene; mu mapopa muli njoka zinonono na zambura kununkha, mphumphi, na tusomba tunandi.

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Algeria

Ŵandyali awo ŵali kusankhika ŵakuŵa na mazaza ghacoko comene pa caru ca Algeria. M'malo mwake, gulu la ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari awo ŵakusoleka yayi, ŵakucemeka "décideurs" ("ŵakusankha"), awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "le pouvoir" ("nkhongono"), ndiwo ŵakulongozga caru, ndipo ŵakusankha uyo wakwenera kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu wankhongono chomene pa ŵanthu wose wakaŵa Mohamed Mediène, mulara wa ŵapolisi ŵa nkhondo, pambere wandawuskike mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵasilikari ŵanandi aŵa ŵali kufwa, ŵali kupumura pa nchito, panji ŵali kujalirika mu jere. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Jenerale Larbi Belkheir, pulezidenti wakale Bouteflika wakaŵika ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ku maudindo ghakuzirwa, chomene ku Sonatrach, ndipo wakasunga malango agho ghakamovwira kuti wasankhikeso kwamuyirayira, m'paka apo wakathereskekera mu 2019 pa viphikiro.^[52]

Mulongozgi wa boma ni pulezidenti wa Algeria, uyo wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Muwuso wa pulezidenti ukuŵa wa vilimika vinkhondi. Chisankho chaposachedwapa cha purezidenti chikadakhala mu Epulo 2019, koma ziwonetsero zazikulu zidachitika pa 22 February motsutsana ndi chisankho cha purezidenti kuti achite nawo chisankho, zomwe zidapangitsa Purezidenti Bouteflika kulengeza kuti achoka pa Epulo 3. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, uyo wakaŵa wakujiyimira payekha, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti mavoti ghachitika pa Disembala 12, 2019. Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakana kuzomerezga Tebboune kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe vinthu vyose. Ŵanthu wose mu Algeria ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha para ŵafika vyaka 18. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga ŵasilikari, wupu wa nduna, na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakwimika nduna yikuru iyo nayo ni mutu wa boma.^[53]

Nyumba ya mafumu ya Algeria njakukhora; nyumba yaciŵiri, People's National Assembly, yili na mamembala 462 agho ghakusankhika mwakudunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi, apo nyumba ya pachanya, Council of the Nation, yili na mamembala 144 agho ghakuteŵetera nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Kuyana na dango la boma ili, palije wupu wa ndyali uwo ungapangika usange uli "wakupambana cisopa, ciyowoyero, mtundu, kugonana, nchito, panji cigaŵa". Mwakusazgirapo, ma kampeni gha ndyali ghakwenera kufumako ku nkhani izo zazunulika.

Malo ghakusoperapo ghakaŵa mu Meyi 2017. Pa mavoti agha, FLN yikaluza vithuzithuzi 44, kweni yikalutilira kuŵa chipani cikuru comene na vithuzithuzi 164, gulu la National Rally for Democracy ilo likovwirika na ŵasilikari likapokera vithuzithuzi 100, ndipo gulu la Muslim Brotherhood Movement of Society for Peace likapokera vithuzithuzi 33.^[54]

Maubale na vyaru vinyake

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Algeria

Charu cha Algeria chili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera ku vyaru vyapafupi. Kupeleka viwovwirano na kutumbika awo ŵakuchita makora chomene, kweniso kupeleka ndalama mwaluŵiro kweniso mwakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri, ni fundo zikuru ziŵiri izo zili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2014. Ndondomeko iyi yili na ndalama zakukwana 15.4 biliyoni ndipo yikovwira chomene pa ntchito zinyake.

Mu 2009, boma la France likazomerezga kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka pa viyezgo vya nyukiliya ku Algeria. Nduna ya vyavikiliro Herve Morin yikati: "Ni nyengo yakuti caru cithu ciŵe pa mtende na umo ciliri, cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo nduzga", apo yikapelekanga dango lakukhwaskana na malipiro agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Algeria na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti iyi ni nthowa yiwemi yakwamba ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti nthowa iyi yingawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵapokere njombe.

Vinthu vyakukondweska pakati pa Algeria na Morocco pa nkhani ya Western Sahara vyapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na wupu wa Arab Maghreb Union, uwo ukaŵako mu 1989. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2021, Algeria yikapharazga kuti yatondeka kukolerana na Morocco.^[55]

Ŵankhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Military of Algeria

A *Djebel Chenoua*-class corvette, designed and assembled in Algeria

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Algeria lili na ŵasilikari ŵa People's National Army (ANP), Algeria National Navy (MRA), na Algeria Air Force (QJJ), pamoza na Territorial Air Defense Forces. Chipani ichi ndicho chikapokeleranga wanangwa wa National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale panji ALN), chigaŵa cha National Liberation Front icho chikarwanga nkhondo ya ku Algeria.

Ŵasilikari wose ŵakusazgapo 147,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera, 150,000 awo ŵali mu malo ghakusungirako ŵasilikari, na 187,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari (2008 estimate). Ŵanalume ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 19 na 30 ŵakwenera kugwira nchito ya usilikari kwa myezi 12. Mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa 4.3% ya GDP. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri pa caru cose ca kumpoto kwa Africa. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Algeria vikufuma ku Russia, uyo ni mubwezi wake.^[56]^[57]

Mu 2007, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Algeria ŵakachita phangano na Russia kuti ŵagure ndege 49 za MiG-29SMT na 6 za MiG-29UBT. Russia wakuzengaso maboti ghaŵiri gha mtundu wa 636 gha ku Algeria.^[58]

Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in Algeria

Boma la United States la Freedom House, likamba kulemba vya charu cha Algeria kuti "chalije wanangwa" mu 1972, kweni mu 1989, 1990, na 1991, charu ichi chikalembeka kuti "chalije wanangwa". Mu Disembala 2016, wupu wa Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor ukalemba lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Algeria. Likati boma la Algeria likakanizga wanangwa wa vyalo; wanangwa wa kuyowoya; wanangwa wa kususka, kususka na kuwungana mwamtendere kweniso likakanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kuŵerenga nkhani mu manyuzipepara na pa webusayiti. Chifukwa chakuti ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵaboma ŵakuwuskapo malaisensi gha mawupu ghanyake gha vyakupharazga.

Makampani agho ghakujiyimira payekha ghakusuzgika na boma, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakukakika na kukanizgika kwendera fundo zawo. Mu 2016, Ku Algeria, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. ^[59]Para munthu wakucita uzaghali pa wumba, wakukakhala mu jere vyaka viŵiri. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ku Algeria ŵakuwona kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka, mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer mu 2019. Charu cha Algeria ndicho chikazomerezganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuluska vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia.

Wupu wa Human Rights Watch watimba boma la Algeria kuti likugwiliskira ntchito nthenda ya COVID-19 nga ni chifukwa chakukanizgira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwendera demokalase.^[60]

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Provinces of Algeria, Districts of Algeria, and Municipalities of Algeria

Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 (wilayas), vigaŵa 553 (daïras), na maboma 1,541 (baladiyah). Chigaŵa chilichose, chigaŵa chilichose, na msumba uliwose vikuchemeka kuyana na msumba ukuru uwo ulipo.

Kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa uwu, malo agha ghakasintha kanandi waka. Para ŵaŵika vigaŵa viphya, ŵakusunga manambara gha vigaŵa vyakale, ntheura ŵakwendera mu ndondomeko ya vilembo yayi. Mazuŵa ghano (kwambira mu 1983) ŵali na nambara zawo.^[61]

#	Wilaya	Area (km²)	Population	#	Wilaya	Area (km²)	Population
1	Adrar	402,197	439,700	30	Ouargla	211,980	552,539
2	Chlef	4,975	1,013,718	31	Oran	2,114	1,584,607
3	Laghouat	25,057	477,328	32	El Bayadh	78,870	262,187
4	Oum El Bouaghi	6,768	644,364	33	Illizi	285,000	54,490
5	Batna	12,192	1,128,030	34	Bordj Bou Arréridj	4,115	634,396
6	Béjaïa	3,268	915,835	35	Boumerdes	1,591	795,019
7	Biskra	20,986	730,262	36	El Taref	3,339	411,783
8	Béchar	161,400	274,866	37	Tindouf	58,193	159,000
9	Blida	1,696	1,009,892	38	Tissemsilt	3,152	296,366
10	Bouïra	4,439	694,750	39	El Oued	54,573	673,934
11	Tamanrasset	556,200	198,691	40	Khenchela	9,811	384,268
12	Tébessa	14,227	657,227	41	Souk Ahras	4,541	440,299
13	Tlemcen	9,061	945,525	42	Tipaza	2,166	617,661
14	Tiaret	20,673	842,060	43	Mila	9,375	768,419
15	Tizi Ouzou	3,568	1,119,646	44	Ain Defla	4,897	771,890
16	Algiers	273	2,947,461	45	Naâma	29,950	209,470
17	Djelfa	66,415	1,223,223	46	Ain Timouchent	2,376	384,565
18	Jijel	2,577	634,412	47	Ghardaia	86,105	375,988
19	Sétif	6,504	1,496,150	48	Relizane	4,870	733,060
20	Saïda	6,764	328,685	49	El M'Ghair	8,835	162,267
21	Skikda	4,026	904,195	50	El Menia	62,215	57,276
22	Sidi Bel Abbès	9,150	603,369	51	Ouled Djellal	11,410	174,219
23	Annaba	1,439	640,050	52	Bordj Baji Mokhtar	120,026	16,437
24	Guelma	4,101	482,261	53	Béni Abbès	101,350	50,163
25	Constantine	2,187	943,112	54	Timimoun	65,203	122,019
26	Médéa	8,866	830,943	55	Touggourt	17,428	247,221
27	Mostaganem	2,269	746,947	56	Djanet	86,185	17,618
28	M'Sila	18,718	991,846	57	In Salah	131,220	50,392
29	Mascara	5,941	780,959	58	In Guezzam	88,126	11,202

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Algeria

Ndalama za ku Algeria ni dinari (DZD). Boma likulutilira kulamulira vyachuma, ndipo ni ciyelezgero ca umo caru cikacitira pamanyuma pakuti cajiyimira pawekha. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Algeria lalekeska kupanga vinthu vya boma na kukanizga vyakurya vyakunjilira mu vyaru vinyake. Nangauli pasono malango agha ghakwamba waka kuwuskikapo, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umo chuma cha Algeria chikuŵira.

Charu cha Algeria chikusuzgika kupanga vyakumera vinyake padera pa mafuta chifukwa cha unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Ivyo boma likucita kuti likhozge vinthu vinyake mu caru ici mwa kukopa ndalama za caru na za ku caru cinyake padera pa za magesi, vyawovwira comene yayi kuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kugwira nchito panji kuti ŵaleke kusoŵa nyumba. Charu ichi chikukumana na masuzgo ghakupambanapambana gha nyengo yicoko na yapakati, kusazgapo kukhumbikwa kwa kupangiska vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na cuma cakupambanapambana, kukhozga ndondomeko za ndyali, za ndyali na za ndalama, kunozga vinthu vya bizinesi, na kuchepeska upusikizgi pakati pa vigaŵa.

Mu Febuluwale na Malichi 2011, boma la Algeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 23 biliyoni ku ŵanthu kuti liŵawovwire. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama za boma zakwera na 27 peresenti pa caka. Ndondomeko ya ndalama za boma ya 2010-14 yikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola 286 biliyoni gha ku America, ndipo 40% gha ndalama izi ghapelekekenge ku vya ŵanthu.

Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo charu cha Algeria chikusanga kufuma ku vyakurya vya mafuta, chili na ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 173. Kweniso ngongoli ya caru cose ya Algeria njakukhora comene, pafupifupi 2% ya GDP. Vyaru vya Algeria vikuthemba comene pa vyakurya vya mafuta, ndipo nangauli vili na ndalama zinandi (US$178 biliyoni, izo zikuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka vitatu), kweni ndalama izo ŵakuguliska zikukwera.

Charu cha Algeria nchindanjire mu WTO nangauli pajumpha vyaka vinandi, kweni nchimoza mwa vyaru vya ku Arabia ivyo vili na malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda na vyaru vya ku Africa.

Ndalama izo Turkey yikugwiliskira nchito mu Algeria zaŵiraso zinandi comene, ndipo zakukwana madola 5 biliyoni. Kuzakafika mu 2022, makampani gha ku Turkey agho ghali mu Algeria ghajumpha 1,400. Mu 2020, nangauli kukaŵa nthenda iyi, makampani ghakujumpha 130 gha ku Turkey ghakasangika mu Algeria.^[62]

Mafuta na vya chilengiwa

Charu cha Algeria, icho chuma chake chikuthemba pa mafuta, chili mu gulu la OPEC kwamba mu 1969. Likupanga mafuta pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni pa zuŵa, kweni likufumiskaso gasi ndipo likukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Kwa nyengo yitali, vyakumera ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa chuma cha charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili pa nambara 10 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi chomene pa charu chose. U.S. Wupu wakuwona vya magesi (Energy Information Administration) ukati mu 2005, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160×1012 cu ft). Kweniso lili pa nambara 16 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi.^[61]

Kukula kwa vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na mafuta gha hydrocarbon mu 2011 kukaghanaghanika kuŵa 5%. Kuti ŵamarane na masuzgo gha ŵanthu, boma likasazgirako ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito, comenecomene pa vyakurya, kupanga nchito, kovwira ma KMS, na kukwezga malipiro. Mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta wakovwira kuti ndalama zikhalenge makora pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska.

Ndalama zakufuma ku mafuta na gasi zikakwera mu 2011 cifukwa cakuti mafuta ghakalutilira kuŵa na mtengo wapachanya, nangauli vyakufumiska vikakwera. Mulimo wa kupanga mafuta na gasi ukuchepa chomene, kufuma pa matani 43.2 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa matani 32 miliyoni mu 2011. Kweni mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivi chikaŵa 98 peresenti ya vyakurya vyose ivyo vikatoleka, apo mu 1962 chikaŵa 48 peresenti.

Kampani ya mafuta ya ku Algeria ni Sonatrach, iyo yikugwira nchito yikuru mu vigaŵa vyose vya mafuta na gasi mu Algeria. Ŵaganyu wose ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakwenera kwendera lumoza na Sonatrach, uyo kanandi wakuguliska katundu mu vyaru vinyake.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵalije nkhongono zakugwilira ntchito vinthu vyakuthupi. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 0.53 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikagwiliskira ntchito mahekitala gha viŵeto 2.4 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakumera vinandi comene kuluska ivyo vili mu Algeria. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Algeria cili na suzgo la vyamoyo. Mu Epulero 2022, ŵadipuloma ŵakufuma ku Italy na Spain ŵakadumbiskana pamanyuma pakuti boma la Rome lacitapo kanthu kuti lisungilire mafuta ghanandi gha ku Algeria. Mwakukolerana na kampani ya Sonatrach ya ku Algeria na Eni ya ku Italy, charu cha Algeria chizamutumizga mafuta ghanyake ghakukwana mamita 9 biliyoni ku Italy m'paka chaka chikwiza kweniso mu 2024.^[63]

Research and alternative energy sources

Charu cha Algeria chaŵika ndalama zakukwana madinari mabiliyoni 100 kuti chiŵe na malo ghakwendeskera kafukufuku. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti paŵe nkhongono zinyake, comenecomene za zuŵa na mphepo. ^[64]Ku Algeria ndiko kuli nkhongono zinandi za zuŵa mu Mediterranean, ntheura boma likovwira kuti ku Hassi R'Mel kuŵe malo ghakusungirako vya sayansi. Pasono, ku Algeria kuli ŵasambizgi 20,000 pa maunivesite ghakupambanapambana na ma laboratories ghakujumpha 780. Boma likukhumba kuti ŵasambizgi aŵa ŵakwaniske 1,000. Padera pa nkhongono ya dazi, ku Algeria kuli vyakupenjera vya mlengalenga na vya pa wayilesi, vya nyukiliya, na vya munkhwala.

Labour market

Mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura nchito cikaŵa 10%, kweni chikalutilira kuŵa pacanya pakati pa ŵawukirano, ndipo pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, cikaŵa 21.5%. Mu 2011, boma likakhozga ndondomeko ya ntchito iyo yikamba mu 1988, comenecomene mu ndondomeko ya kovwira awo ŵakupenja nchito.

Nangauli unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakhira, kweni unandi wa ŵawukirano na ŵanakazi ŵambura nchito ngukuru comene.^[65]

Tourism

Nkhani ikulu: Tourism in Algeria

Pakwamba, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikaŵavya vyakwendeskera, kweni kwambira mu 2004, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikamba kupanga mahoteli ghanandi.

Ku Algeria kuli malo ghanandi agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha UNESCO, kusazgapo Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, msumba ukuru wakwamba wa ufumu wa Hammadid; Tipasa, tawuni ya Ŵafoinike ndipo pamasinda yikazgoka tawuni ya Ŵaroma; na Djémila na Timgad, tawuni za Ŵaroma; M'Zab Valley, chigodobu cha malibwe gha malibwe agho ghali na malo ghakurughakuru. Malo ghamoza pera agho ghali kulembeka kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ni mapiri gha Tassili n'Ajjer.^[66]

Transport

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Algeria

Misewu ya ku Algeria ndiyo njakudumura chomene mu Africa; utali wake uli pa 180,000 km (110,000 mi) ya misewu, na vyakuzengeka vyakujumpha 3,756 na chiŵerengero cha vipata vya 85%. Mtundu uwu uzamusazgikaso na msewu ukuru wa East-West Highway, uwo ni mulimo ukuru comene uwo ukuchitika sono. Ni msewu wa makilomita 1,216 (756 mi), uwo ukuyaniska Annaba ku mafumiro gha dazi na Tlemcen kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweniso ku Algeria kuli msewu ukuru wakuchemeka Trans-Sahara Highway. Boma la Algeria likovwira kuti nthowa iyi yikwendere makora ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 6 ivi: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, na Tunisia.

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Algeria

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Algeria ŵalipo pafupifupi 44 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mbaarabu.^[61]^[67]^[68] Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakukhala kumpoto, mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mapopa gha Sahara ŵakukhala chomene mu malo ghakuchemeka oases. Ŵanthu 28.1% ŵa ku Algeria ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 15.

Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 90,000 m'paka 165,000 ŵakufuma ku Western Sahara ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku Sahara, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa gha Sahara ku Algeria. Paliso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 4,000 awo mbacimbizi ŵa ku Palestina, awo ŵali kuweleramo makora mu caru cawo ndipo ŵandapemphe wovwiri ku United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Mu 2009, ku Algeria kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku China ŵakukwana 35,000.

Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵakufuma ku France, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni.^[69]

Mtundu wa ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Ethnic groups in Algeria

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yinyake nga ni Ŵaarabu, Ŵaberi, Ŵafenikiya, Ŵaroma, Ŵavandal, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Byzantium, Ŵaturuki, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, na Ŵafalansa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algiers na misumba yinyake ŵalipo awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma ku Andalusia. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Aragon na Castile awo ŵakaŵa Ŵamorisco ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi m'paka m'ma 1700.^[70]

Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu (75%-85%). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵalipo 15 m'paka 20 peresenti ŵali kugaŵika mu magulu ghanandi. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Kabyles, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Kabylie kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algiers, Chaoui ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria, Tuareg mu chipalamba cha kumwera na ŵanthu ŵa Shenwa ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria.

Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi (10% mu 1960) awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Pied-Noirs. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku France, Spain, na Italy. Ŵanandi ŵakafumapo pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya wanangwa panji pamanyuma pake.^[71]

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Algeria

Modern Standard Arabic and Berber are the official languages.^[72] Algerian Arabic (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.^[73]

Berber has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.^[74] Kabyle, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylie. Kabyle has a significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.^[75] In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic.

Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world,^[76] and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as a lingua franca of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.^[77] An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French, or 18 million people out of a total of 30 million at the time. Following a period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French, in recent decades the government has changed course and reinforced the study of French, and some television programs are broadcast in the language.

Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.^[78] Colloquial Algerian Arabic is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.^[79]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Algeria

Chisilamu ndicho chisopa chikuru mu Algeria, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa ichi, chomenechomene ŵa Sunni, ŵalipo 99 peresenti ya ŵanthu. Mu chigaŵa cha Ghardaia, mu Dambo la M'zab muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 290,000 ŵa mtundu wa Ibadi.

Pambere charu cha Algeria chindambe kujiwusa chekha, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.3 miliyoni ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku France ŵakati ŵafumako ku France.^[80]^[81] Mazuŵa ghano, ciŵelengero ca Ŵakhristu cili pakati pa 20,000 na 200,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria awo Mbakhristu ŵali mu magulu gha Chiprotesitanti.

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2018 na 2019, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria (99.1%) ŵakulutilira kujiwona kuti Mbasilamu. Lipoti la June 2019 la Arab Barometer-BBC News likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chakura kufuma pa 8% mu 2013 kufika pa 15% mu 2018. Buku la Arab Barometer December 2019, likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chikukura chomene chifukwa cha ŵawukirano. Ndipouli, lipoti la 2021 Arab Barometer likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi ku Algeria chikakhira chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 2.6 pera ndiwo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi. Mu lipoti lenelili, ŵanthu 69,5% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakatenge ŵakusopa ndipo ŵanyake 27,8% ŵakatenge ŵakusopa.^[82]^[83]

Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵali na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Emir Abdelkader, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem, Malek Bennabi na Mohamed Arkoun.

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Algeria

Mu 2018, charu cha Algeria ndicho chikaŵa na ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya Maghreb (1,72 pa ŵanthu 1,000), ŵantchito ŵa munesi (2,23 pa ŵanthu 1,000), na ŵadokotala ŵa mino (0,31 pa ŵanthu 1,000). Ŵanthu 97.4% mu misumba ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi ndipo 98.7% mu vikaya ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakukwana 99%, ndipo awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakukwana 93.4%. Wupu wa World Bank ukati charu cha Algeria chili kufiska chilato chake chakuti "paka chaka cha 2015 chichepeskeko na hafu chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵalije maji ghakumwa ndiposo malo ghawemi ghakukhala". Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria mbawukirano, boma likutemwa chomene kupwelelera umoyo wa ŵalwari. Pakulondezga fundo iyi, boma likucita ndondomeko ya katemera. Ndipouli, maji ghakukazuzga na maubendezi ghambura kwenelera, ghakulutilira kunanga umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kanandi ŵakavu ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala kwaulere.

Mabuku gha vyaumoyo ghakusungika mu Algeria kwambira mu 1882 ndipo ŵakamba kusazgako visopo vya Ŵasilamu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera mu 1905.^[84]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Algeria and List of universities in Algeria

Mu ma 1970, boma la Algeria likapeleka dango lakuti ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 15 ŵalutilire kusambira sukulu. Kwambira mu 1972, ciarabu cikuyowoyeka pa sukulu vyaka 9. Kufuma waka pa chaka chacitatu, ŵakusambira Cifurenci, ndipo ni ciyowoyero ico ŵakusambizgaso masambiro gha sayansi. Ŵasambiri ŵangasambiraso Cingelezi, Citaliyana, Cisipanishi, na Cigiriki. Mu 2008, masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakaŵa ghaphya, ntheura sukulu yikwamba para munthu wafika vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza. Padera pa masukulu ghapadera 122, masukulu gha boma ghakusambizga ŵanthu kwambura kulipira. Para ŵamara vyaka 9 vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ŵakuluta ku sekondare panji ku sukulu yinyake. Sukulu iyi yili na masambiro ghaŵiri: lakupambanapambana panji la luso. Paumaliro wa chaka chachitatu cha sukulu ya sekondare, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakuchita masambiro gha baccalaureate.

Ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 15 ŵakwenera kusambira sukulu. Mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira na kulemba awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 10 chikaŵa 22.3%, 15.6% ku ŵanalume na 29.0% ku ŵanakazi. Chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Algiers, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 11.6%, ndipo chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Djelfa, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 35.5%.

Ku Algeria kuli masukulu ghapachanya 26 na masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya 67, ndipo mu 2008, masukulu agha ghakwenera kupokelera ŵanthu 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria na 80,000 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Yunivesite ya Algiers, iyo yikaŵako mu 1879, ndiyo njakale comene, ndipo yikupeleka masambiro mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana (malango, munkhwala, sayansi na mabuku). Pa maunivesite agha, 25 na pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha masambiro ghapacanya ghakaŵako pamanyuma pakuti caru capokera wanangwa.

Nangauli masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga ŵanthu mu Chiarabu, nga ni malango na vya cuma, kweni visambizgo vinandi vya sayansi na vyadokotala vikulutilira kusambizgika mu Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Pa mayunivesite ghakuzirwa chomene, pali Yunivesite ya Sayansi na Mavinjeru Houari Boumediene, Yunivesite ya Mentouri Constantine, na Yunivesite ya Oran Es-Senia. Yunivesite ya Abou Bekr Belkaïd ku Tlemcen na Yunivesite ya Batna Hadj Lakhdar zili pa malo 26 na 45 mu Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili pa malo 120 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 113 mu 2019.^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]

Miksumba ikulu

Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Algeria According to the 2008 Census^[89]
	Mndandanda		Province	Ŵanthu	Mndandanda		Province	Ŵanthu
Algiers Oran	1	Algiers	Algiers Province	2,364,230	11	Tébessa	Tébessa Province	194,461	Constantine Annaba
	2	Oran	Oran Province	803,329	12	El Oued	El Oued Province	186,525
	3	Constantine	Constantine Province	448,028	13	Skikda	Skikda Province	182,903
	4	Annaba	Annaba Province	342,703	14	Tiaret	Tiaret Province	178,915
	5	Blida	Blida Province	331,779	15	Béjaïa	Béjaïa Province	176,139
	6	Batna	Batna Province	289,504	16	Tlemcen	Tlemcen Province	173,531
	7	Djelfa	Djelfa Province	265,833	17	Ouargla	Ouargla Province	169,928
	8	Sétif	Sétif Province	252,127	18	Béchar	Béchar Province	165,241
	9	Sidi Bel Abbès	Sidi Bel Abbès Province	210,146	19	Mostaganem	Mostaganem Province	162,885
	10	Biskra	Biskra Province	204,661	20	Bordj Bou Arréridj	Bordj Bou Arréridj Province	158,812

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Algeria

Algerian musicians in Tlemcen, Ottoman Algeria; by Bachir Yellès

Mabuku gha ku Algeria gha mazuŵa ghano, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa Ciarabu, CiTamazight na Cifurenci, ghakhwaskika comene na mbiri ya caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako mabuku agha ni Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine na Ahlam Mosteghanemi. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ni Rachid Mimouni, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Amnesty International, na Tahar Djaout, uyo wakakomeka na gulu la chisopa cha Cisilamu mu 1993 cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghake.

Malek Bennabi na Frantz Fanon ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani ya kuleka kukoloneska caru; Augustine wa ku Hippo wakababikira ku Tagaste (uko sono ni Souk Ahras); ndipo Ibn Khaldun, nangauli wakababikira ku Tunis, wakalemba Muqaddima apo wakaŵa ku Algeria. Mulimo wa mbumba ya Sanusi mu nyengo iyo caru cikanjira yayi mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, ndiposo wa Emir Abdelkader na Sheikh Ben Badis mu nyengo ya mawoko gha ŵanthu, ukuzunulika comene. Apuleius wakababikira ku Madaurus (Mdaourouch), mu caru ico pamanyuma cikazgoka Algeria.

Sinema ya ku Algeria yikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Pali kusintha kwa mafilimu kufuma ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora za nkhondo ya kujithemba kuya ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria.^[90]

Wayilesi

Nkhani ikulu: Media of Algeria

Luso

Mohammed Racim; founder of the Algerian school for painting

Ŵakupenta ŵa ku Algeria, nga ni Mohammed Racim na Baya, ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mbiri ya ku Algeria pambere France yindafike mu caru cawo. Mu chigaŵa ichi, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel nawo ŵaweleraso kwizira mu luso ili, vithuzithuzi vya mdauko wa chalo ichi, vizgoŵi na mitheto ya kale na umoyo wa ku chigaŵa. Vinthu vinyake viphya vyakuyelezgera na ivyo M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda na Bachir Yelles ŵakalemba, vikawoneka mu luso lwa ku Algeria. Mohammed Khadda na M'hamed Issiakhem ŵakumanyikwa comene mu vyaka vyasonosono apa.^[91]

Mabuku

Nkhani ikulu: Algerian literature and List of Algerian writers

Apuleius

Kateb Yacine

Mabuku gha ku Algeria ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Numidiya na Roma, apo Apuleius wakalemba buku lakuti The Golden Ass, ilo likaŵa buku lakwamba mu Chilatini. Nyengo iyi yikaŵaso na Augustine wa ku Hippo, Nonius Marcellus, na Martianus Capella. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 C.E. na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalemba mabuku gha Chiarabu ŵakasintha chomene mabuku gha mu charu ichi.

Albert Camus wakababika ku Algeria. Mu 1957, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku.

Mazuŵa ghano, mu caru ca Algeria muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca mabuku ghawo, kweniso mabuku ghanyake gha Cirabu na Cifurenci.

Pakuyamba, mabuku a ku Algeria adadziwika ndi ntchito zomwe cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kutsimikizira mtundu waku Algeria, pali kufalitsa mabuku monga trilogy ya Algeria ya Mohammed Dib, kapena ngakhale Nedjma wa Kateb Yacine buku lomwe nthawi zambiri limawerengedwa ngati ntchito yayikulu komanso yayikulu. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakawovwira kuti mabuku gha ku Algeria ghaŵepo ni Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, na Assia Djebar.

Pambuyo pa ufulu, olemba angapo atsopano adawonekera pazolemba za ku Algeria, omwe adzayesa kudzera m'mabuku awo kuwulula mavuto ambiri, pakati pawo pali Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout ndi Tahir Wattar.

Pasono, chigaŵa chimoza cha ŵalembi ŵa ku Algeria chikuwoneka kuti chili na mazgu ghakukhuŵazga, chifukwa cha uchigeŵenga uwo ukachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikuwoneka kuti chili na kalembero kanyake ka mabuku ako kakulongosora umo munthu wakuwonera vinthu. Pakati pa mabuku gha sonosono apa, pali mlembi uyu, The Swallows of Kabul and the Attack of Yasmina Khadra, The Oath of Barbarians of Boualem Sansal, Memory of the Flesh of Ahlam Mosteghanemi na buku laumaliro la Assia Djebar Nowhere in My Father's House.

Sumo

Nkhani ikulu: Music of Algeria

Sumu ya Chaâbi ni sumu ya ku Algeria iyo yili na viyimbiro na ma Qacidate mu chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu. El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka wakuwoneka kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa comene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakucita maseŵero agha. Wakalemba sumu zakujumpha 350 na kupanga malekodi 130 pambere wandafwe mu 1978. Ŵasambiri ŵake ŵanandi ŵakazgoka ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa. Mtundu wa Constantinois Malouf ukuponoskeka na wakwimba uyo Mohamed Tahar Fergani wakwimba.^[93]

Sumu za ŵanthu zikusazgapo sumu za Ŵabedouin, izo zikuzunulika na sumu zakutowa izo zikufuma mu kacida (ndakatulo) yitali; sumu za Kabyle, izo zikufuma mu sumu zakutowa izo zikuzunulika mu miwiro yakupambanapambana; sumu za Shawiya, za ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mapiri gha Aurès. Sumu izo Rahaba wakwimba ni za mbumba ya Aures pera. Souad Massi ni wakwimba wa ku Algeria. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa Manel Filali wa ku Germany na Kenza Farah wa ku France. Sumu za Tergui zikuzunulika mu viyowoyero vya Chitaareg. Paumaliro, sumu za staïfi zikababikira mu Sétif ndipo zikulutilira kuŵa zapadera.

Sumu za mazuŵa ghano zili na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Muzi wa rap, uwo wafuma sonosono mu Algeria, ukukura comene.

Vyakuonelela

Nkhani ikulu: Cinema of Algeria

Boma la Algeria likutemwa chomene mafilimu, lekani likupeleka ndalama zakukwana 200 miliyoni DZD (1,3 miliyoni EUR) pa chaka, kweniso likuchita vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na mafilimu.

Ndalama izo boma likupeleka, kwizira mu Ndalama za Kukhozgeramo Vinthu Vya Maluso, Maluso na Mafilimu (FDATIC) na wupu wa Algeria's Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), ni vyakuzirwa comene pakovwira kuti vinthu vya mu caru viŵe makora. Pakati pa 2007 na 2013, FDATIC yikapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mafilimu 98 (mafilimu gha vithuzithuzi, vyakutimbanizga na ghafupi). Mu 2013, AARC yikawovwirapo kale mafilimu 78, kusazgapo mafilimu 42, mafilimu ghafupi 6 na mafilimu 30 gha nkhani.^[94]

Mwakuyana na LUMIERE database ya European Audiovisual Observatory, mafilimu 41 gha ku Algeria ghakagaŵirika mu Europe pakati pa 1996 na 2013; mafilimu 21 mu mabuku agha ghakaŵa gha ku Algeria na France. Days of Glory (2006) na Outside the Law (2010) ndiwo ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene mu Europe, ghakaŵa 3,172,612 na 474,722.

Algeria wakatora Palme d'Or chifukwa cha filimu ya Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), ndipo wakatora ma Oscars ghaŵiri chifukwa cha filimu ya Z (1969), na ma award ghanyake chifukwa cha filimu ya ku Algeria yakuchemeka The Battle of Algiers.

Kaphikilo ka chakulya

Nkhani ikulu: Algerian cuisine

Vyakurya vya ku Algeria ni vinandi chomene. Charu ichi ŵakachiwonanga nga ni "malo ghakusungiramo vyakurya gha Romu". Ku malo agha kuli vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuyana na chigaŵa na nyengo. Mu vyakurya vyawo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakurya vya tirigu, cifukwa nyengo zose vikusangika vinandi mu caru ici. Palije cakurya ico palije vyamuminda.^[95]

Vyakurya vya ku Algeria vikupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Munganozga nyama, somba, na mphangwe. Pakati pa vyakurya vyakumanyikwa, couscous, chorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Soseji ya Merguez yikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu Algeria, kweni yikupambana kuyana na cigaŵa na vyakununkhira ivyo ŵakusazgako.

Vyakurya ivi ŵakuguliska mu misumba ya ku Algeria, Europe, na North America. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakuphika makeke agha pa nyumba zawo mwakuyana na mitheto ya mbumba zawo. Vyakurya ivi ni Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya na Mghergchette. Vyakurya vinyake vya ku Algeria ni vya ku Tunisia na France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska na vyakurya vya ku nyumba vikuŵa nga ni Kessra panji Khmira panji Harchaya, tumakuni na vinthu vinyake vyakuchemeka Khoubz dar panji Matloue. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska mu misewu ni mhadjeb panji mahjouba, karantika, doubara, chakhchoukha, hassouna, na t'chicha.

Sports

Nkhani ikulu: Sport in Algeria

Mu Algeria mukaŵa maseŵera ghakupambanapambana kwamba kale chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Aures, ŵanthu ŵakaseŵeranga maseŵero ghanandi nga ni El Kherba panji El khergueba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuseŵera makadi, makadi, na maseŵero gha chesi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuphalirako ŵanyawo vya maseŵero gha kuvina.

Munthu wakwamba wa ku Algeria na wa ku Africa uyo wakapokera mendulo ya golide wakaŵa Boughera El Ouafi pa maseŵero gha ku Amsterdam mu 1928. Alain Mimoun ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kupokera mendulo ya ku Algeria pa maseŵero gha ku Melbourne mu 1956. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa maseŵero gha maseŵero mu ma 1990, kusazgapo Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, na Taoufik Makhloufi, wose ŵakathamanga mtunda wapakati.

Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Algeria. Mazina ghanandi ghali kulembeka mu mdauko wa maseŵero agha, kusazgapo Lakhdar Belloumi, Rachid Mekhloufi, Hassen Lalmas, Rabah Madjer, Riyad Mahrez, Salah Assad na Djamel Zidane. Chikwata cha mpira cha dziko la Algeria chikakwera mu 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup na 2014 FIFA World Cup. Kweniso, mabungwe ghanandi gha mpira ghawina mphumphu za pa charu chose nga ni ES Sétif panji JS Kabylia. Chipani cha mpira wa ku Algeria (Algerian Football Federation) ndi chipani cha mabungwe a mpira wa ku Algeria omwe amakonza mipikisano ya dziko ndi masewera apadziko lonse a kusankha timu ya mpira wa ku Algeria.^[96]

Wonaniso

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Wonani vinyake

↑ French although not officially recognized, remains a common language, understood by the majority of the population.
↑ /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (pulikizgani machemelo) al-JEER-ee-ə; Arabic: الجزائر, romanized: al-Jazāʾir, [al.d͡ʒazaːʔir]; French: Algérie

↑ The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not codified.^[11]
↑ The transcription of Tamazight in the Arabic alphabet is not codified.^[11]

Mazgo

↑ "Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11". El-mouradia.dz. language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from the original on 18 Julayi 2012. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2013.
↑ "Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11". Apn-dz.org. 28 Novembala 1996. Archived from the original on 25 Julayi 2013. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2013.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 "Algeria". The World Factbook (2023 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 Malichi 2021. (Archived 2021 edition)
↑ "Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language". BBC News. 7 Febuluwale 2016.
↑ "Démographie" [Demography] (PDF). Office National des Statistiques (in French). 18 Meyi 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 Julayi 2020. Retrieved 3 Okutobala 2020.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 Okutobala 2021.
↑ "Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 Juni 2007. Retrieved 1 Sekutembala 2009.
↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 Novembala 2018. Retrieved 24 Febuluwale 2019.
↑ Human Development Report 2021-22 Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping Our Future in an Uncertain World (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. pp. 289–292. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 10 Sekutembala 2022.
↑ "Africa: largest countries by area 2020". Statista (in English). Retrieved 9 Febuluwale 2022.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ?". El Watan (in French). 22 Epulelo 2020. Archived from the original on 14 Malichi 2021. Retrieved 14 Malichi 2021.
↑ "les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis". alger-roi.fr. Retrieved 27 Epulelo 2023.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Sahnouni; et al. (14 Disembala 2018). "1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria". Science. 362 (6420): 1297–1301. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1297S. doi:10.1126/science.aau0008. hdl:10072/383164. PMID 30498166. S2CID 54166305. Retrieved 22 Novembala 2021.
↑ Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). "Berbers in Antiquity". The Berbers. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20767-2.
↑ The Middle East and North Africa 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431322 – via Google Books.
↑ Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1 Epulelo 1858). "Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War". Chapman and Hall – via Google Books.
↑ Wysner, Glora M. (30 Janyuwale 2013). The Kabyle People. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 9781447483526 – via Google Books.
↑ The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. 1 Epulelo 1990. ISBN 9780717201211 – via Google Books.
↑ The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy Hachette UK,
↑ Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil Zakya Daoud Séguier
↑ The History of Northern Africa Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing
↑ Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge
↑ Historical Dictionary of Tunisia Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield
↑ Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications,
↑ Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 ISBN 978-0-521-19697-0
↑ Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,
↑ In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara Edward Alexander Powell Century Company
↑ Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale
↑ Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni
↑ Meredith, Martin (11 Sekutembala 2014). Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour (in English). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4711-3546-0.
↑ Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,
↑ Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2 Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,
↑ Recueil des Notices et Memoires, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine
↑ Recueil des Notices et Memoires, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine
↑ La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs (1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner
↑ Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine L. Arnolet,
↑ "Algeria – Ottoman Rule". Country Studies. Archived from the original on 14 Okutobala 2012. Retrieved 4 Janyuwale 2013.
↑ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 847.
↑ Robert Davis (2003). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-71966-4.
↑ "Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?" Archived 6 Febuluwale 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Vísindavefurinn.
↑ Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman – Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104
↑ Littell, Eliakim (1836). The Museum of foreign literature, science and art. E. Littell. p. 231. Archived from the original on 6 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 20 Juni 2015.
↑ Alexis de Tocqueville, Travels in Algeria, ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023
↑ Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "A history of the Arab peoples". Harvard University Press. p.323. ISBN 0-674-01017-5
↑ United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1947). The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion. West Point, NY: Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy. pp. 4–5.
↑ Ussama Samir Makdisi; Paul A. Silverstein (2006). Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-253-34655-1. Archived from the original on 16 Epulelo 2017. Retrieved 12 Ogasiti 2015.
↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 "Country Profile: Algeria". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 13 Disembala 2010.
↑ "Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune?". The Africa Report.com. 17 Disembala 2019.
↑ "Earth from Space: Algerian sands". www.esa.int (in English). Retrieved 16 Juni 2023.
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 Metz, Helen Chapin. "Algeria : a country study". United States Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 15 Janyuwale 2013. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2013.
↑ "Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania Archived 10 Ogasiti 2018 at the Wayback Machine". PLOS ONE. 25 February 2011.
↑ "The president and the police". The Economist. 4 Meyi 2010. Archived from the original on 4 Janyuwale 2013. Retrieved 16 Janyuwale 2013.
↑ Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution Algerian government. "Constitution". Archived from the original on 22 Epulelo 2012. Retrieved 25 Sekutembala 2011.
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↑ "Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?" (in British English). 24 Juni 2019. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2021.
↑ "During Pandemic, Algeria Tightens Vise on Protest Movement". Human Rights Watch. 29 Epulelo 2020. Retrieved 29 Epulelo 2020.
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 ^61.2 "Algeria". The World Factbook (2023 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Disembala 2013. (Archived 2013 edition)
↑ Dubessy, Frédéric. "Turkey strengthens its investments in Algeria". Econostrum | Economic News in the Mediterranean. Archived from the original on 23 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 22 Epulelo 2022.
↑ "Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier". POLITICO (in American English). 11 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 14 Epulelo 2022.
↑ "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Algerian Program (English Version)". Archived from the original on 1 Novembala 2016. Retrieved 31 Okutobala 2016.
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↑ UNESCO. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Archived from the original on 19 Sekutembala 2011. Retrieved 25 Sekutembala 2011.
↑ "Algérie a atteint 40,4 millions d'habitants (ONS)". ons. 17 Epulelo 2013. Archived from the original on 5 Disembala 2013. Retrieved 24 Disembala 2013.
↑ Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; Paracchini, Silvia; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (7 Juni 2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
↑ "Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés 2012". Insee. Archived from the original on 20 Febuluwale 2013. Retrieved 18 Janyuwale 2013.
↑ De Epalza, Mikel (2011). El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII). Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444. ISBN 978-84-370-8415-2. Archived from the original on 20 Okutobala 2017.
↑ De Azevedo; Raimond Cagiano (1994). Migration and Development Co-Operation. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN 9789287126115. Archived from the original on 6 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 20 Juni 2015.
↑ "Constitution of Algeria" – via Wikisource.
↑ Wexler, Paul (1 Febuluwale 2012). The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews (in English). State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-2393-7.
↑ "L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh". Magharebia.com. 2 Juni 2006. Archived from the original on 16 Febuluwale 2011.
↑ Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 Janyuwale 2007). Language Planning and Policy in Africa (in English). Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-011-1.
↑ "La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie". Senat.fr. Archived from the original on 1 Disembala 2008. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2013. () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."
↑ "Le dénombrement des francophones" (PDF). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 Okutobala 2013. () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008¹)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'Office national des statistiques d'Algérie."
↑ Dargin, Justin (19 Novembala 2008). "Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 Meyi 2013.
↑ Leclerc, Jacques (5 Epulelo 2009). "Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique". L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Université Laval. Archived from the original on 24 Janyuwale 2010. Retrieved 8 Janyuwale 2010.
↑ De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) Migration and development co-operation.. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9.
↑ F. Nyrop, Richard (1972). Area Handbook for Morocc. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97. ISBN 9780810884939.
↑ "Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer" (in American English). Retrieved 2 Novembala 2022.
↑ Bheria (17 Febuluwale 2022). "Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It?". The Muslim Skeptic (in American English). Retrieved 3 Novembala 2022.
↑ Kemp, Thomas Jay (2009). International Vital Records Handbook. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-8063-1793-9. Archived from the original on 6 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 20 Juni 2015.
↑ "Global Innovation Index 2021". World Intellectual Property Organization (in English). United Nations. Retrieved 5 Malichi 2022.
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↑ "Algeria national football team". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 2 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 9 Disembala 2012.

Mabuku

Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-0-86543-266-6.
Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34848-5.
Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30150-3.
Fanon, Frantz (1966; 2005 paperback). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. ASIN B0007FW4AW, ISBN 978-0-8021-4132-3.
Gibson, Walcot; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur (1911). "Algeria" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (in English). Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–653.
Horne, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0-670-61964-1, ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6 (2006 reprint)
Laouisset, Djamel (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York City: Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61761-190-2.
Roberts, Hugh (2003). The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity. London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-85984-684-1.
Ruedy, John (1992). Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34998-9.
Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3715-1.
Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008". Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-7418-5.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Official government website (in Arabic and French)
Portal of the First Ministry Portal of the First Ministry (in Arabic and French)
Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Algeria web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
Algeria at Curlie
Algeria profile from the BBC News
Algeria Atlas Map (PDF) (Map). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Epulelo 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 Disembala 2016. Retrieved 9 Disembala 2016.
Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria
Key Development Forecasts for Algeria from International Futures
EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria

‹ The template below (Algeria topics) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2

[4] French although not officially recognized, remains a common language, understood by the majority of the population.

[11] /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (pulikizgani machemelo) al-JEER-ee-ə; Arabic: الجزائر, romanized: al-Jazāʾir, [al.d͡ʒazaːʔir]; French: Algérie

[14] The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not codified.^[11]

[15] The transcription of Tamazight in the Arabic alphabet is not codified.^[11]

[CONST-AR-1] "Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11". El-mouradia.dz. language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from the original on 18 Julayi 2012. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2013.

[CONST-EN-2] "Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11". Apn-dz.org. 28 Novembala 1996. Archived from the original on 25 Julayi 2013. Retrieved 17 Janyuwale 2013.

[CIA-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 "Algeria". The World Factbook (2023 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 Malichi 2021. (Archived 2021 edition)

[5] "Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language". BBC News. 7 Febuluwale 2016.

[ONS_2020-6] "Démographie" [Demography] (PDF). Office National des Statistiques (in French). 18 Meyi 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 Julayi 2020. Retrieved 3 Okutobala 2020.

[IMFWEOAG-7] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 Okutobala 2021.

[8] "Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 Juni 2007. Retrieved 1 Sekutembala 2009.

[9] "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 Novembala 2018. Retrieved 24 Febuluwale 2019.

[UNHDR-10] Human Development Report 2021-22 Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping Our Future in an Uncertain World (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. pp. 289–292. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 10 Sekutembala 2022.

[12] "Africa: largest countries by area 2020". Statista (in English). Retrieved 9 Febuluwale 2022.

[El_Watan_2020-13] 11.0 ^11.1 "La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ?". El Watan (in French). 22 Epulelo 2020. Archived from the original on 14 Malichi 2021. Retrieved 14 Malichi 2021.

[16] "les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis". alger-roi.fr. Retrieved 27 Epulelo 2023.

[science.org-17] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Sahnouni; et al. (14 Disembala 2018). "1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria". Science. 362 (6420): 1297–1301. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1297S. doi:10.1126/science.aau0008. hdl:10072/383164. PMID 30498166. S2CID 54166305. Retrieved 22 Novembala 2021.

[18] Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). "Berbers in Antiquity". The Berbers. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20767-2.

[19] The Middle East and North Africa 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431322 – via Google Books.

[auto3-20] Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1 Epulelo 1858). "Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War". Chapman and Hall – via Google Books.

[21] Wysner, Glora M. (30 Janyuwale 2013). The Kabyle People. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 9781447483526 – via Google Books.

[22] The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. 1 Epulelo 1990. ISBN 9780717201211 – via Google Books.

[23] The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy Hachette UK,

[24] Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil Zakya Daoud Séguier

[25] The History of Northern Africa Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing

[26] Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge

[27] Historical Dictionary of Tunisia Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield

[28] Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications,

[jonathan-29] Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 ISBN 978-0-521-19697-0

[30] Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,

[31] In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara Edward Alexander Powell Century Company

[32] Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale

[33] Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni

[:1-34] Meredith, Martin (11 Sekutembala 2014). Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour (in English). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4711-3546-0.

[35] Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,

[36] Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2 Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,

[Constantine2-37] Recueil des Notices et Memoires, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine

[Constantine-38] Recueil des Notices et Memoires, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine

[Cour-39] La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs (1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner

[Arnolet-40] Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine L. Arnolet,

[csa16-41] "Algeria – Ottoman Rule". Country Studies. Archived from the original on 14 Okutobala 2012. Retrieved 4 Janyuwale 2013.

[Mikaberidze-42] Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 847.

[Davis-43] Robert Davis (2003). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-71966-4.

[44] "Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?" Archived 6 Febuluwale 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Vísindavefurinn.

[45] Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman – Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104

[46] Littell, Eliakim (1836). The Museum of foreign literature, science and art. E. Littell. p. 231. Archived from the original on 6 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 20 Juni 2015.

[Tocqueville_2023,_pp.47-47] Alexis de Tocqueville, Travels in Algeria, ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023

[48] Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "A history of the Arab peoples". Harvard University Press. p.323. ISBN 0-674-01017-5

[USMA-1945-49] United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1947). The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion. West Point, NY: Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy. pp. 4–5.

[50] Ussama Samir Makdisi; Paul A. Silverstein (2006). Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-253-34655-1. Archived from the original on 16 Epulelo 2017. Retrieved 12 Ogasiti 2015.

[faco-51] 47.0 ^47.1 "Country Profile: Algeria". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 13 Disembala 2010.

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