Djibouti

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Coordinates: 11°30′N 43°00′E / 11.500°N 43.000°E / 11.500; 43.000
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Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the country in the Horn of Africa. For its capital city, see Djibouti City. For other uses, see Djibouti (disambiguation).

Charu cha Djibouti
  • جمهورية جيبوتي (Arabic)
  • République de Djibouti (French)
  • Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti (Somali)
  • Gabuutih Ummuuno (Afar)
Mbendela Emblem
Chiluso: 
Midnimo, Sinnaan, Nabad (Somali)
Inkittiino, Qeedala, Wagari (Afar)
Unité, Égalité, Paix (French)
اتحاد، مساواة، سلام (Arabic)
Unity, Equality, Peace (English)
Nyimbo: Djibouti
[[File:
|center|250px|alt=|]]
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Djibouti
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
National languages
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu
Vipembezo 94% Islam (official)
6% Christianity
Mwenecharu Djiboutian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary presidential republic under a hereditary dictatorship[2][3]
 -  President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
 -  Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Formation
 -  French Somaliland 20 May 1883 
 -  French Territory of the Afars and Issas 5 July 1967 
 -  Independence from France 27 June 1977 
 -  Admitted to the United Nations 20 September 1977 
 -  Current constitution 4 September 1992 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 23,200.[1] km2[1] (146th)
8,958 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 0.09 (20 km² / 7.7 sq mi)
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2023 estimate 976,143[4] (162th)
 -  Density 37.2/km2 (168th)
96.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$6.61 billion[5] (167th)
 -  Per capita Increase $6,514[5] (137th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase $3.7  billion[5] (172nd)
 -  Per capita Increase $3,666[5] (126th)
Gini (2017)Negative increase 41.6[6]
medium
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.509[7]
low ·171st
Ndalama Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Mtundu Wanyengo EAT (UTC+3)
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .dj

Djibouti,[lower-alpha 1] mwalamulo Charu cha Djibouti,[lower-alpha 2] ni chalo icho chili ku mphanji ya Africa, icho chili kufupi na Somalia[lower-alpha 3] kumwera kukaŵa Etiyopiya, kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumpoto Eritrea, kumafumiro gha dazi Nyanja Yiswesi na Gulf of Aden. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi).[1]

Kale, chigaŵa ichi pamoza na Ethiopia, Eritrea na Somaliland, vikaŵa chigaŵa cha Punt. Ku Zeila, uko sono ni Somaliland, ndiko kukaŵa ufumu wa Adal na Ifat. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma la French Somaliland likakhazikiskika pamanyuma pakuti mafumu gha Dir Somali ghasayina phangano na ŵa French, [10]ndipo njanji iyo yikafika ku Dire Dawa (ndipo pamanyuma Addis Ababa) yikamovwira kuti wasinthe Zeila kuŵa dowoko la kumwera kwa Ethiopia na Ogaden.[11] [12][13]Mu 1967, chigaŵa ichi chikachemeka French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakavota kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Ici cikaŵa cimanyikwiro cakuti caru ca Djibouti, ico cikacemeka Djibouti Republic, cikaŵa na msumba ukuru. Boma liphya ili likaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations.[14][15] Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha umo boma likimiranga ŵanthu ghakachitiska kuti paŵe nkhondo.[1]

Charu cha Djibouti chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 920,000. Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakuzomerezgeka ni Chifurenchi na Chiarabic, ndipo viyowoyero vya boma ni Afar na Chisamaliya. Pafupifupi 94% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu, icho ntchisopa cha boma ndipo chakhalako kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi mbanandi chomene. Vyose viŵiri vikuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ku Cushitic.[1]

Djibouti wali pafupi na misewu yinandi iyo ŵanthu ŵakwendamo mu nyanja, ndipo wakwendamo mu Nyanja Yiswesi na mu Nyanja ya Indian. Ni malo ghakupelekerapo mafuta ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia. Ku caru ici kuli maofesi gha ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Wupu wa Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) uli na ofesi yake mu msumba wa Djibouti.[1]

Zina

Djibouti wakucemeka kuti Republic of Djibouti. Mu viyowoyero vya ku malo agha ŵakuchemeka Yibuuti (mu Afar) na Jabuuti (mu Somali).

Charu ichi chili na msumba ukuru wa Djibouti. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana na zina ili. Pali vigomezgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo likambira, ndipo vikupambana kuyana na mtundu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti gabouti, ilo likung'anamura "chiphikiro". Linyake likuyowoya kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura "phiri". Djibouti wangang'anamuraso kuti "Charu cha Tehuti" panji "Charu cha Thoth" (Chieguputo: Djehuti/ Djehuty), kufuma pa zina la chiuta wa mwezi wa ku Eguputo.[16][17]

Kufuma mu 1862 m'paka mu 1894, charu icho chikaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Tadjoura chikachemekanga "Obock". Ku France, kufuma mu 1883 m'paka mu 1967, malo agha ghakachemekanga French Somaliland (French) ndipo kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1977 ghakachemekanga French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (French).

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Djibouti

Prehistory

Geometric design pottery found in Asa Koma

Chigaŵa cha Bab-el-Mandeb kanandi chikuwoneka nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakendangamo kufuma ku East Africa kuluta ku South na Southeast Asia.

Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Djibouti kwamba mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya viyowoyero ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Africa na Asia ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Afroasiatic ŵakamba kukhala ku Horn of Africa, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakamba kugaluka kufuma kura.[18][19][20]

Mu chigaŵa cha nyanja ya Abbe muli malibwe agho ghali na vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Mu chipalamba cha Gobaad (pakati pa Dikhil na Nyanja ya Abbe), ŵakasangaso visomba vya njovu ya Palaeoloxodon recki, iyo ŵakayiphyera na visulo vya basalt ivyo vikaŵa pafupi. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka 1.4 miliyoni pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Pamanyuma, malo ghanyake ghakuyana waka ghakasangika kuti ghakalembeka na munthu munyake zina lake Homo ergaster. Malo gha ku Acheulean (kwambira vyaka 800,000 m'paka 400,000 B.C.E.), uko ŵakaŵikangapo malibwe, ŵakaghasanga mu 1990, ku Gombourta, pakati pa Damerdjog na Loyada, 15 km kumwera kwa Djibouti City. Paumaliro, ku Gobaad, ŵakasanga chiwangwa cha Homo erectus, icho chili na vyaka 100,000 B.C.E. Pa Chirwa cha Dyabulosi ŵakasanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa vyaka 6,000 kumasinda, ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakujura visulo. Mu cigaŵa ico cili musi mwa Goubet (Dankalélo, kufupi na Cirwa ca Dyabulosi), ŵakabowozgaso malibwe ghakuzingilizga na vizwazwa vya dongo. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakayowoyapo kuti mu chipalamba cha Dagadlé Wadi mukaŵa chiwangwa icho ŵakaghanaghananga kuti chikaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵachekuru chomene.

Vithuzithuzi vya mu miyala ya mu nyengo yakale na madindi mu Djibouti

Vinthu vya dongo ivyo vikaŵako pambere chaka cha 2000 chindafike vikusangika ku Asa Koma, chigaŵa cha nyanja mu Gobaad Plain. Vinthu vya ku malo agha vili na viphikiro vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuyana na vya ku Malayiba, kumwera kwa Arabia.[21] Viwangwa vya ng'ombe zambura masengwe vikusangikaso ku Asa Koma, kulongora kuti ng'ombe zikaŵako vyaka 3,500 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Dorra na Balho muli malibwe agho ghakulongora nga ni mphumphi na kaŵeruŵeru. Ku Handoga, uko kukalembeka kuti kukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., kukaŵa viswaswa vya obsidian na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito.[22]

Malo gha Wakrita ni malo ghachoko gha mu nyengo ya Neolithic agho ghali pa wadi mu malo gha Gobaad ku Djibouti mu Horn of Africa. Mu 2005, ŵakabowozga vinthu vinandi vya ku malo agha ivyo vikatovwira kuti timanye umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Viŵeto ivi vikulongora kuti somba zikaŵa zakuzirwa chomene mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufupi na nyanja ya Abbé, kweniso kuti viŵeto vya ng'ombe vikaŵa vyakuzirwa. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba na munkhwala wakuchemeka radiocarbon vikulongora kuti ntchito iyi yikachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., nga umo vikaŵira na Asa Koma. Malo ghaŵiri agha ndigho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaliskanga viŵeto mu chigaŵa ichi.

M'ma 4000 B.C.E., malo agha ghakaŵa na nyengo yakupambana chomene na iyo tikumanya mazuŵa ghano. Ku Gobaad kukaŵa nyanja zinandi, Assal na Abbé zikaŵa zikuru ndipo zikawonekanga nga ni maji. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvuna, kukora somba, na kuvina. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa viŵeto vinandi: viyuni vyakofya nga ni viyuni vyamuthengere, viyuni vyamuthengere, zovu, viyuni vyamuthengere, na vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyanja iyi ŵakaloŵanga somba na kuliska viŵeto. Ŵakasanga dindi la mwanakazi wa vyaka 18, kweniso viwangwa vya vinyama, vinthu vya viwangwa, na majuda. Pafupifupi mu 1500 B.C.E., nyengo yikamba kusintha ndipo maji ghakamba kusoŵa. Pa vithuzithuzi ivi pali vinyama vyakuchemeka dromedaries (vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu vyaru vyakomira). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa ŵakawelera ku umoyo wa kusama. Mu malo ghose agha ŵali kusanga malibwe ghakupambanapambana na madindi agho ghakazengeka mu nyengo iyi.

Punt (2,500 BCE)

Nkhani ikulu: Land of Punt
Wonani vinandi: Kingdom of Aksum
Queen Ati, wife of King Perahu of Punt, as depicted on Pharaoh Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri

Pamoza na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, Somaliland, Eritrea, na mphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi ku Sudan, Djibouti ndiyo yikaŵa malo agho Ŵagiriki ŵakachemanga kuti Punt (panji Ta Netjeru, kung'anamura "Charu cha Chiuta"). Malo ghakwambilira agho ghakuzunulika kuti ni Punt ghakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Punt ŵakaŵa mtundu uwo ukaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Eguputo mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Farawo Sahure wa muwuso wa nambara 5 na wa Hatshepsut wa muwuso wa nambara 18. Kuyana na vithuzithuzi ivyo vili pa tempile la Deir el-Bahari, caru ca Punt cikawusikanga na Fumu Parahu na Fumukazi Ati.[23]

Macrobians (247 BCE)

Ŵanthu ŵa Macrobians (Μακροβίοι) ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa na ufumu uwo ukaŵa ku Horn of Africa. Ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako Baibolo pamanyuma (pakuti Pliny wakalemba mu buku la Ctesias lakuti Indika) ŵakalemba kuti mabuku agha ghakalembeka ku India. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ku mphelerekezgo za charu (kuyana na umo Ŵagiriki ŵakawoneranga), ndipo ŵakakhalanga kumwera chomene. Zina ili ŵakulisanga cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi comene. Ŵakaŵa "ŵanalume ŵatali na ŵakutowa comene". Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo (525 B.C.E.), likatuma mathenga ku Makroba kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya ku Macrobiya, iyo yikasoleka cifukwa ca msinkhu wake, yikamuzgora na suzgo kwa mfumu wake wa ku Peresiya mu nthowa ya uta: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake; kweni m'paka nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵachiuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo.[24][25]

Approximate extension of the Kingdom of Adal

Kingdom of Adal (900–1285)

Ufumu wa Adal (uwo ukuchemekaso Awdal, Adl, panji Adel) ukaŵa kuzingilizga msumba ukuru wa Zeila.[26][27][28] Msumba uwu ukazengeka na mafuko gha ku Somalia mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Msumba wa Zeila ukakopanga ŵamalonda ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Zeila ni msumba wakale comene ndipo ukaŵa umoza mwa misumba yakwambilira comene pa caru cose iyo yikazomera cisopa ca Ciisilamu, pamanyuma pa hijra. Masjid al-Qiblatayn wa ku Zeila, uyo uli na vipata viŵiri, wali kuzengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E.[29][30][31][32]

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Al-Yaqubi, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa Chisilamu kweniso wakwendakwenda wakalemba kuti Ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa ufumu uchoko ndipo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi.[33][34]

Ifat Sultanate (1285–1415)

Nkhani ikulu: Ifat Sultanate
The Ifat Sultanate's realm in the 14th century

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Afar awo ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa ichi, ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuzomera Chisilamu. Ufumu wa Ifat ukaŵa ufumu wa Ŵasilamu wa ku Middle Ages ku Horn of Africa. Likakhazikiskika mu 1285 na muwuso wa Walashma.[35][36] Ifat wakazenga misasa mu Djibouti na Somaliland, ndipo kufuma kura wakaluta kumwera ku mapiri gha Ahmar. Sultan Umar Walashma (panji mwana wake Ali, kuyana na buku linyake) wakathereska Shewa mu 1285. Taddesse Tamrat wakalongosora kuti ulendo wa ŵasilikari wa Sultan Umar ukaŵa wa kukhozga malo gha Ŵasilamu ku Horn, nga umo Themba Yekuno Amlak likayezgera kukhozga malo gha Ŵakhristu mu vigaŵa vya mapiri mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikamba kulimbana cifukwa ca Shewa na vigaŵa vinyake kumwera. Nkhondo yitali yikacitika, kweni mafumu gha Cisilamu gha nyengo yira ghakakolerana yayi. Paumaliro Ifat wakathereskeka na Amda Seyon I wa ku Ethiopia mu 1332, ndipo wakafumako ku Shewa.

Adal Sultanate (1415–1577)

Nkhani ikulu: Adal Sultanate
The Sultan of Adal (right) and his troops battling King Yagbea-Sion and his men

Munthu munyake uyo wakalembako mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, zina lake Leo Africanus, wakati ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa pakati pa Bab el Mandeb na Cape Guardafui. Ntheura kumwera kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran (Ufumu wa Ajuuran) ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa Ufumu wa Abyssinian (Ufumu wa Abbassin).[37][38] Adal wakuzunulika mu zina mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 apo Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Somali na Afar ŵakakumananga na ŵasilikari ŵa Themba Amda Seyon la ku Abyssinia.[39] Pakwamba Adal wakaŵa na msumba wa Zeila, uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Awdal. Pa nyengo iyo, boma ili likaŵa la Ifat Sultanate ilo likawusikanga na muwuso wa Walashma. Kuyana na I.M. Ku malo agha kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Afarized Arabs panji Arabized Somalis, awo ŵakalongozgaso boma la Mogadishu ilo likaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi. Kwambira apo Adal wakambira, ŵanthu ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo zinandi na Abisinia. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa wankhongono comene, ukaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya Djibouti, Somaliland, Eritrea, na Ethiopia. Pakati pa msumba wa Djibouti na Loyada pali mapale ghanandi gha ŵanthu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa na malaro agho ghakaŵa nga ni mphingilizgo ndipo ghakaŵanga na malata ghatali. Malibwe gha Djibouti-Loyada ghakumanyikwa yayi apo ghakaŵirako, ndipo ghanyake ghali na chimanyikwiro chakuŵa nga ni T. Kweniso ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ku Tiya ŵali kusanga madindi. Kuzakafika mu 1997, ku malo agha kukaŵa malibwe ghakukwana 118. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakumanya kuti mapale agha ni Yegragn Dingay panji "libwe la Abuya", chifukwa cha Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" panji "Gran"), muwusi wa Adal Sultanate.[40]

Ottoman Eyalet (1577–1867)

Nkhani ikulu: Egypt Eyalet
The Ottoman Eyalet in 1566

Nangauli mu 1577, pakati pa 1821 na 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha wa ku Eguputo, wakawusa Yemen, Harar, Gulf of Tadjoura pamoza na Zeila na Berbera. Kazembe Abou Baker wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sagallo kuti ŵafumemo mu msumba wa Zeila. Cingalaŵa ca Seignelay cikafika ku Sagallo pamanyuma pakuti Ŵaegupto ŵafumako. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakora linga la msumba uwu nangauli mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, Frederick Mercer Hunter, wakadandawura.[41]

Pa Epulero 14, 1884, mulongozgi wa boti la L'Inferent wakaphara za nkhondo iyo yikaŵa mukati mwa nyanja ya Tadjoura. Mulara wa boti la Le Vaudreuil wakapharazga kuti Ŵaeguputo ŵakunjira mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru pakati pa Obock na Tadjoura. Fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Ethiopia yikalemba phangano na Britain kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo na Ŵaeguputo na kuzomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia na ku Somaliland. Ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵakafumako ku Tadjoura. Usiku wakulondezgapo, Léonce Lagarde wakatumizga boti lakunjilira ku Tadjoura.

French rule (1883–1977)

Map of the French Somali Coast and neighboring regions in 1870
Nkhani ikulu: French Somaliland and French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
Referendum demonstration in Djibouti in 1967

Malire gha charu cha Djibouti ghakaŵako apo France yikamba kukhazikika mu Africa. Pa Malichi 11, 1862, themba la Afar, Raieta Dini Ahmet, likasaina phangano ku Paris. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhumbanga kuti paŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito ngalaŵa zakwenda na mphepo. (Kufika pa nyengo iyi, ngaraŵa za ku France zikaguranga malasha mu dowoko la Britain la Aden, ilo likaŵa ku sirya linyake la nyanja. Pamanyuma, kazembe wa sitima ya Fleuriot de Langle wakagwiliskira nchito phangano ili kuti wakhazikike kumwera kwa Gulf of Tadjoura. Pa Malichi 26, 1885, ŵa French ŵakasainapo phangano linyake na ŵa Issas apo ŵa Issas ŵakeneranga kuŵa pasi pa ŵa French, pakaŵavya kusinthana ndalama ndipo fuko la Issa likapeleka yayi wanangwa wawo pa malo agha, phangano ili likaŵa lakuti Ŵagadebuursi, awo ŵakasuskanga ŵa French, na ŵa Isaaq ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na wovwiri wa ŵa French.[42][43][44] Likakhazikiskika pakati pa 1883 na 1887, pamanyuma pakuti mafumu gha ku Somalia na Afar ghalemba phangano na ŵa ku France.[45][10][12] Mu 1889, Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Russia, wakayezga kukhazikika ku Sagallo, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakamukanizga. Mu 1894, Léonce Lagarde wakambiska boma la France mu msumba wa Djibouti ndipo wakawuthya French Somaliland. Nga ni umo tawonera mu "Morin" (2005), zina ili likapelekeka na Mohamed Haji Dide wa gulu la Gadabuursi la Mahad 'Ase. Chikatora nyengo yitali kufuma mu 1896 m'paka mu 1967, apo chikachemekaso kuti Territoire Français des Afars et des Issas (TFAI) ("French Territory of the Afars and the Issas"), pamanyuma pakuti France, ufumu wa atsamunda, wapeleka mazaza ku fuko la Issas. Kuzenga njanji ya Imperial Ethiopian Railway kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia kukapangiska kuti dowoko la Djibouti liŵe tawuni ya ŵanthu 15,000 mu nyengo iyo Harar ndiyo yikaŵa msumba wekha mu Ethiopia uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15,000.[46]

General Paul Legentilhomme in French Somaliland, 1939 or 1940

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pachokopachoko chifukwa cha njanji iyo yikafika ku Dire Dawa, ndipo kampani yakwamba yikaleka kugwira ntchito ndipo yikakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa boma, kweni njanji iyi yikawovwira kuti chigaŵa ichi chileke kwendera ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu magalimoto gha pa Zeila (mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland icho chikaŵa pasi pa Britain) ndipo chikazgoka dowoko likuru la khofi na katundu munyake uyo wakafumanga kumwera kwa Ethiopia na Ogaden kwizira ku Harar.

Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Italy na kuwukira Ethiopia pakati pa ma 1930, kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa France mu French Somaliland na ŵasilikari ŵa Italy mu Italy East Africa. Mu Juni 1940, apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga, caru ca France cikaparanyika ndipo boma la Vichy (French) ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa ca Axis likamba kuwusa caru ici.

Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵa Italiya mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Mu 1941, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy mu French Somaliland ŵakakhala kwaŵekha. Boma la Vichy likalutilira kulamulira mu caru ici kwa vilimika vinandi comene. Pakuzgora, ŵa ku Britain ŵakajara dowoko la Djibouti City, kweni ici cikamutondeska yayi ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha kuti ŵaleke kuŵaphalira vya sitima izo zikendanga. Mu 1942, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakakora msumba uwu. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku French Somaliland likapokelera ŵanthu ŵa ku Paris mu 1944.

Mu 1958, pambere charu cha Somalia chindambe kujiwusa chekha mu 1960, ku Djibouti kukachitika referendum. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza na France. Pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoya kuti pa mavoti pakaŵa upusikizgi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakazomera yayi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakakolerana comene na fundo ya umo boma la Somalia lingakhalira pamoza, nga umo Mahmoud Harbi, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa boma wakacitira. Harbi wakafwa pa ngozi ya ndege vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pake mu malo ghakukayikiska.[47]

An aerial view of Djibouti City, the capital of Djibouti

Mu 1966, caru ca France cikakana ivyo wupu wa United Nations ukayowoya vyakuti caru ca French Somaliland ciŵe na wanangwa wakuwusama. Mu Ogasiti wa chaka chenechicho, Charles de Gaulle, pulezidenti wa ku France, wakaluta ku malo agha. Pakuzgora, De Gaulle wakalangura kuti paŵe phangano linyake.

Mu 1967, pakaŵaso maungano ghaciŵiri kuti ŵamanye ivyo vicitikirenge caru ici. Ivyo vikachitika pakwamba vikalongora kuti ŵakalutilira kukolerana na France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakagaŵikana chifukwa cha mitundu yawo. Ŵanyake ŵakazomerezga kuti boma la Somalia liŵe na wanangwa wa kujimira. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo boma la France likayowoya. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Côte française des Somalis (French Somaliland) chikasintha zina kuŵa Territoire français des Afars et des Issas. Ŵakati ŵapharazga ivyo vikachitika, pakawuka vivulupi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. France nayo wakasazgirako ŵasilikari ŵake pa m'paka.[48]

The Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS)

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, gulu la Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast (FLCS) ndilo likalongozganga nkhondo iyi. Gulu la FLCS likendeskanga maofesi gha ku French Somaliland kufuma ku Somalia na Ethiopia. Pa Malichi 24, 1975, gulu la Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis likakora Jean Guery, kazembe wa France ku Somalia, kuti ŵamusinthane na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la FLCS. Wakasinthika na ŵa FLCS ŵaŵiri mu Aden, South Yemen. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) ndiwo ukazomerezga kuti FLCS ni gulu lakuvikilira ŵanthu. Gulu la FLCS likapempha kuti charu ichi chiŵe na boma la Somalia panji kuti chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mu 1975, African People's League for the Independence (LPAI) na FLCS ŵakakumana ku Kampala, Uganda ndipo pamanyuma pa maungano ghanandi ŵakasankha nthowa yakujiyimira pawekha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi ku Somalia.

Mu 1976, ŵanthu ŵa gulu la Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis ilo likakhumbanga kuti Djibouti wapoke wanangwa kufuma ku France, ŵakakumana na gulu la Gendarmerie Nationale Intervention Group cifukwa ca kuba basi iyo yikaŵa pa ulendo wakuya ku Loyada. Ici cikalongora kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti caru ca Djibouti ciŵe na ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuŵengeje maungano ghaciŵiri. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakusunga malo agha, ghakaŵa malo ghaumaliro gha ku France pa caru ici.[49][50]

Djibouti Republic

Ahmed Dini Ahmed proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977

Pa Meyi 8, 1977, ku France kukacitika ungano waciŵiri wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe ŵakufwatuka. Ma Referendum ghakale ghakaŵako mu 1958 na 1967, ndipo ghakakanira wanangwa wa boma. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana kuti charu ichi chijipature ku France. Ŵanthu 98.8% ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti Djibouti yijipature ku France. Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wandale wa Issa (wa fuko la Somaliya) uyo wakachitanga kampeni kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti enya pa referendum ya 1958, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi (1977-1999).[47]

Mu chaka chakwamba, charu cha Djibouti chikaŵa mu wupu wa African Unity (uno ni African Union), Arab League, na United Nations. Mu 1986, caru ici cikaŵaso yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Ogaden, ŵandyali ŵa ku Issa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti charu cha Djibouti chiŵenge chikuru panji "charu cha Issa". Kweni apo nkhondo yikamaranga, maloto agha ghakamara.

Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, suzgo la umo boma likimiranga ŵanthu likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa chipani cha People's Rally for Progress (PRP) icho chili na mazaza mu Djibouti na chipani cha Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). Mu 2000, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza.

Mu Epulero 2021, Ismael Guelleh, Purezidenti wachiwiri wa Djibouti kuyambira pomwe adalandira ufulu kuchokera ku France mu 1977, adasankhidwanso kwa nthawi yake yachisanu.[51]

Politics

Wonani vinandi: Politics of Djibouti
Wonaniso: Elections in Djibouti and List of Djiboutian politicians

Charu cha Djibouti chili na boma la pulezidenti, ndipo boma la Djibouti ndilo likulamulira.

Governance

President of Djibouti, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh

Pulezidenti, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, ni munthu wakuzirwa comene mu ndyali za ku Djibouti. Pulezidenti wakugwiliskira nchito mazaza ghake mwakovwirika na uyo wakwimikika, nduna yikuru, Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed. Bungwe la Nduna (kabineti) likulamulirika na pulezidenti.

Ŵeruzgi ŵali na makhoti gha chigaŵa chakwamba, khoti likuru la apilu, na khoti likuru. Dango la boma la France likukolerana na malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia na Afar.

Nyumba ya Malamulo (pankhani iyi yikumanyikwanga kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo) yili na ŵanthu 65 awo ŵakusankhika pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose. Nangauli wupu uwu uli na nyumba yimoza pera, kweni Dango likusambizga kuti wupu uwu ni wupu wa Senate.[52][53] Chisankho chatha chinachitika pa 23 February 2018. Djibouti wali na chipani chakulongozga, ndipo chipani cha People's Rally for Progress (RPP) ndicho chikulongozga wupu wakuzenga malango na wupu wakulongozga kwambira waka apo chikakhazikiskikira mu 1979.[54]

Boma likuwusika na mbumba ya Issa Dir ya ku Somalia, iyo yikukhozgeka na mbumba za ku Somalia, comenecomene mbumba ya Gadabuursi Dir. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1990, boma na chipani cha Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) ŵakasazga phangano la mtende. Ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa FRUD ŵakanjira mu nduna za boma, ndipo kwambira mu 1999, FRUD yikamba kulimbikira kukhozgera RPP.

Pulezidenti Guelleh wakasankha Hassan Gouled Aptidon mu 1999. Guelleh wakapika mazaza ghaciŵiri gha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza pamanyuma pa mavoti gha munthu yumoza pa 8 Epulero 2005. Wakaŵa na mavoti 100 pa mavoti 78.9 peresenti. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakachitako viyezgelero vyakwimikana na boma ilo likaŵapo nyengo yitali. Guelleh wakasankhika kachitatu mu chaka chenechicho na mavoti 80.63%. Nangauli magulu ghakwimikana na boma ghakatondeska kuŵapo pa mavoti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa dango ilo likazomerezganga kuti Guelleh waŵeso na mwaŵi wa kwimilira, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa pa caru cose ŵa African Union ŵakalongosora kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakufwatuka ndiposo ghakwenelera.

Pa 31 March 2013, Guelleh wakasintha Prime Minister Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita uyo wakaŵa wa nyengo yitali na mulongozgi wakale wa Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP) Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed. Mu Disembala 2014, chipani cha Union for Presidential Majority icho chili na mazaza pa boma chikalembeska phangano na chipani cha Union of National Salvation, icho chikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma ŵanjire mu nyumba ya malango na kunozgaso wupu wa vyakusankha.[55]

Foreign relations

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Djibouti
The Djibouti National Assembly in Djibouti City

Boma la Djibouti likwendeskeka na Unduna wa Vyachilendo na Wovwiri wa Mayiko. Djibouti wakukolerana comene na boma la Somalia, Ethiopia, France na United States. Kweniso likucitako milimo ya African Union, United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Islamic Cooperation na Arab League. Kwambira mu 2000, boma la Djibouti lakhozga ubwezi wawo na Turkey.

Military

Nkhani ikulu: Djibouti Armed Forces
Maryama base during a martial exercise in the Arta Region

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Djibouti likusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa Djibouti, awo ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Djibouti ŵa Navy, Djibouti Air Force, na National Gendarmerie (GN). Mu 2011, ŵanthu 170,386 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 221,411 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 16 na 49.[1] Djibouti yikagwiliskiranga ntchito ndalama zakujumpha madola 36 miliyoni pa chaka pa vya usilikari wake kufuma mu 2011 (141th mu database ya SIPRI). Pambere charu cha Djibouti chindafume mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku France, chikaŵa na magulu ghaŵiri gha ŵasilikari. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kupenja ndondomeko ya umo ŵasilikari ŵangacitira kuti ŵalutilire kuvikilira ŵanyawo mwa kugaŵa ŵasilikari ŵawo mu magulu ghacoko na ghakusuntha m'malo mwa magulu ghakupambanapambana.

Nkhondo yakwamba iyo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakanjilirapo yikaŵa Nkhondo ya pa Mzinda ya ku Djibouti, pakati pa boma la Djibouti, ilo likawovwirika na France, na Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1991 m'paka mu 2001, nangauli nkhondo zinandi zikamara apo magulu gha FRUD ghakati ghakaŵa ghakujiyuyura ghakasayina phangano la mtende na boma. Gulu linyake likalutilira kulimbana na boma, kweni likasazga phangano la mtende mu 2001. Nkhondo yikamara apo boma likathereska ŵalwani ŵake, ndipo gulu la FRUD likazgoka chipani.

Pakuŵa likuru la wupu wa IGAD, Djibouti wali na wanangwa wa kunjilirapo pa mtende wa Somalia. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska boma la Somalia mu 2012, wupu wakufuma ku Djibouti ukaluta ku ciphikiro ca kujalira pulezidenti muphya wa Somalia.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, Djibouti yaluta panthazi kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵake, kuŵalongozga, na kuŵaphalira vinthu vinyake. Pasono ŵakuteŵetera ku Somalia na Sudan.[56]

Foreign military presence

Wonaniso: French forces in Djibouti
Grand Bara desert in 2017

Ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakalutilira kuŵapo mu Djibouti apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa wake, pakwamba mu cipangano ca nyengo yicoko waka ca Juni 1977 ico cikulongosora umo ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakugwilira nchito mu caru ici. Pa Disembala 21, 2011, ku Paris, France na Djibouti ŵakasainirana phangano liphya la kuvikilira caru. Likamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Meyi 2014. Mwa phangano ili na fundo yake yakukhwaskana na kuvikilira, France yikakhozga phangano lake lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa Djibouti. Pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa, mu 1962, gulu la French Foreign Legion, la 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (13 DBLE) likasamuskika kufuma ku Algeria kuya ku Djibouti kuti liŵe likuru la French garrison kwenekura. Pa 31 July 2011, (13 DBLE) yikafumako ku Djibouti kuya ku United Arab Emirates.

Djibouti wali pa malo ghawemi chomene pa malo ghakuchemeka Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, agho ghakupatura Gulf of Aden na Nyanja Yiswesi ndipo ghakulongozga nthowa yakuyira ku Suez Canal. Ŵafarisi ŵakaleka kuzenga msasa wa Lemonnier ndipo pamanyuma ŵakagulizga ku United States Central Command mu Seputembala 2002. Mu 2014, ŵakaŵaso na mwaŵi wa kukhalako vyaka 20. Charu ichi chili na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku China pera na wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan pera. Msumba wa Italy National Support Military Base nawo uli mu Djibouti.

Ku malo agha kuli maofesi gha ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Boma la United States likupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 63 miliyoni pa caka kuti lilipire malo gha Camp Lemonnier, France na Japan waliyose wakupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 30 miliyoni pa caka, ndipo China wakupeleka madola 20 miliyoni pa caka. Ndalama izo ŵakalipira zikaŵa pafupifupi 5% ya GDP ya Djibouti ya USD 2.3 biliyoni mu 2017.

Sonosono apa, caru ca China caŵikapo mtima comene kuti ciŵe na ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu Africa, ndipo pasono cili na mapulani ghakusazgirako ŵasilikari ŵake ku Djibouti. Kuŵapo kwa China mu Djibouti kukukolerana na virwa vya ku China kuti vitivikilire. Cifukwa cakuti Djibouti yili pa malo ghawemi, nchifukwa cake ni malo ghakwenelera comene kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵalutilire kuŵapo.[57]

Human rights

Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in Djibouti

Mu lipoti lake la 2011 la Freedom in the World, Freedom House likati Djibouti ni "Wambura Kufwatuka", ndipo likasintha kufuma ku "Wambura Kufwatuka".

Kuyana na kafukufuku wa ku United States wa mu 2019, Dipatimenti ya vyaru vya ku Djibouti yikupharazga vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, nkhani zikuruzikuru za wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Djibouti zikusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma; kukakika mwaurunji na ŵantchito ŵa boma; malo ghakofya na ghakofya ku umoyo wa ŵanthu mu jele; kunjilirapo pa umoyo wa ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma; kukakika panji kusuzgika kwambura chifukwa kwa ŵamutolamakani; kutuka; kunjilirapo pa wanangwa wa kuwungana mwamtende na wanangwa wa kuwungana; vinthu vikuru vya vimbundi; na nkhaza pa ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana apo boma likuchitapo kanthu yayi pa kusuzga na kuzenga mulandu, kusazgapo kutemeta ŵanakazi. Likayowoyaso kuti boma likutondeka kusanga na kulanga ŵalongozgi awo ŵakuchita viheni, kwali ŵali mu mawupu gha vimbundi panji ku malo ghanyake.[58]

Administrative divisions

A map of Djibouti's regions
Nkhani ikulu: Districts of Djibouti

Djibouti wali kugaŵika vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza, ndipo msumba wa Djibouti ndiwo ni chigaŵa chimoza. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 20.

Regions of Djibouti
Region Area (km2) Population
2009 Census 		Population
2018 Estimate 		Capital
Ali Sabieh 2,200 86,949 96,500 Ali Sabieh
Arta 1,800 42,380 72,200 Arta
Dikhil 7,200 88,948 105,300 Dikhil
Djibouti 200 475,322 603,900 Djibouti City
Obock 4,700 37,856 50,100 Obock
Tadjourah 7,100 86,704 121,000 Tadjoura

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Djibouti

Location and habitat

Satellite images of Djibouti during the day (left) and night (right)

Charu cha Djibouti chili ku mphepete mwa Africa, pa nyanja ya Aden na Bab-el-Mandeb, kumwera kwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 11° na 14°N na longitude 41° na 44°E, kumpoto chomene kwa Great Rift Valley. Ku Djibouti ndiko mphinjika iyo yili pakati pa Africa Plate na Somali Plate yikukumana na Arabian Plate, ndipo yikupangiska kuti paŵe malo ghatatu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika pa malo ghatatu agha ndivyo vyapangiska kuti chiziŵa cha Assal chiŵe pachanya chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu Africa.

Mphepete mwa nyanja ya charu ichi yili na utali wa makilomita 314, ndipo malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali. Djibouti yili na malo ghakukwana 23,200 square kilometres (8,958 sq mi). Malire gha charu ichi ghali na mtunda wa makilomita 575 (357 mi), ndipo 125 km (78 mi) ghali na charu cha Eritrea, 390 km (242 mi) na charu cha Ethiopia, ndipo 60 km (37 mi) na charu cha Somaliland. Charu cha Djibouti chili kumwera chomene pa Nyanja ya Arabia.[59]

Djibouti wali na mapiri ghankhondi na ghatatu agho ghali pachanya pa mamita 1,000. Phiri la Mousa Ali ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo pachanya pake pali mphaka na Ethiopia na Eritrea. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 2,028. Chipalamba cha Grand Bara chili kumwera kwa Djibouti mu vigaŵa vya Arta, Ali Sabieh na Dikhil. Malo ghanandi ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 520.

Malo agho ghali kutali chomene ni agha: kumpoto, Ras Doumera na malo agho mphaka na Eritrea yikunjira mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu chigaŵa cha Obock; kumafumiro gha dazi, chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi kumpoto kwa Ras Bir; kumwera, malo agho ghali pa mphaka na Ethiopia kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya As Ela; ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi, malo agho ghali pa mphaka na Ethiopia kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Afambo.

Chigaŵa chikuru cha Djibouti chili ku Ethiopia. Chinyake ntchigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja Yiswesi, icho chili mu mapopa gha Eritrea.[60]

Climate

Djibouti map of Köppen climate classification. ██ Semi-arid climate ██ Arid climate

Umoyo wa ku Djibouti ngwakuzizima comene ndipo nyengo yake yikupambana comene na ya caru cose. Pa zuŵa, matenthedwe ghakukwana ghakufuma pa 32 kufika pa 41 °C (90 kufika pa 106 °F). Mwaciyelezgero, mu msumba wa Djibouti, mu mwezi wa Epulero, muhanya ukufipa comene. Kweni pa malo ghakuchemeka Airolaf, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,535 m'paka 1,600 m'paka 5,036 m'paka 5,249 ft, mu chihanya matenthedwe ghakujumpha 30 °C (86 °F) ndipo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ghakujumpha 9 °C (48 °F).[61] Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, malo agha ghakukwana mamita 500 m'paka 800 m'paka mu Ogasiti. Mwezi wa Disembala na Janyuwale ndiwo ni mwezi wakuzizima chomene, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana 15 °C. Charu cha Djibouti chili na mphepo yakotcha chomene (BSh) panji ya mu mapopa (BWh), nangauli mu malo ghapachanya chomene, mphepo yikuzizima chomene.

Nyengo ya ku Djibouti yikupambana mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, kukulokwa maji gha mamita ghakukwana 131 pa chaka. Malo ghakuthyana nagho ghakuthyana chomene na malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja.

Average daily temperatures for the ten cities in Djibouti
Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Djibouti City 41/31 107/88 28/21 83/70
Ali Sabieh 36/25 96/77 26/15 79/60
Tadjoura 41/31 107/88 29/22 84/72
Dikhil 38/27 100/81 27/17 80/63
Obock 41/30 105/87 28/22 84/72
Arta 36/25 97/78 25/15 78/60
Randa 34/23 94/73 23/13 74/56
Holhol 38/28 101/81 26/17 79/62
Ali Adde 38/27 100/82 26/16 80/61
Airolaf 31/18 88/66 22/9 71/49

Wildlife

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Djibouti
The Djibouti francolin, a critically endangered species living only in Djibouti

Vinyama na vyakumera vya mu charu ichi vikukhala mu malo ghakofya. Vinyama vyamuthondo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu, kwambira kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha mapiri m'paka kumwera na pakati pa chigaŵa cha mapiri.[62]

Plant species on the Forêt du Day National Park

Vinyama vinandi vikusangika kumpoto kwa charu ichi, mu malo ghakuchemeka Day Forest National Park. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,500. Chigaŵa ichi chili na makilomita 3.5 gha nkhorongo ya Juniperus procera, ndipo makuni ghanandi ghakufika mamita 20. Mu nkhorongo iyi ndimo mukukhala viyuni vinyake vya ku Djibouti. Kweniso muli vyakumera vinandi vya makuni na vyakumera, nga ni makuni gha bokosi na maolive, agho ghalipo 60 peresenti ya vyakumera vyose ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi.

Ku Djibouti kuli vyakumera vyakujumpha 820, vyamoyo vyambura msana vyakujumpha 493, somba zakujumpha 455, vyamoyo vyakukhwaŵa vyakujumpha 40, vyamoyo vyakukhala pa maji na pasi vitatu, viyuni vyakujumpha 360 na vyamoyo vyakunyamura vyakujumpha 66. Vinyama vyamuthengere vya ku Djibouti navyo vili pa chigaŵa cha Horn of Africa na Red Sea na Gulf of Aden. Vinyama ivi ni vyamoyo vya mitundu yakupambanapambana nga ni Soemmerring's gazelle na Pelzeln's gazelle. Cifukwa ca kukanizgika kwa kupenja nyama izi kwamba mu 1970, sono zili kusungika makora. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikumera ni zebra wa Grevy, hamadryas babuini na hunter's antelope. Mu malo agha mukusangikaso viyuni vya mtundu wa warthog. Mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja muli visomba vya dugong na Abyssinian genet. Viyuni vya mtundu wa green turtle na hawksbill turtle vikusangika mu maji gha mumphepete mwa nyanja uko vikubisamaso.[63][64] Nkhumba ya ku North-East Africa yakuchemeka Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii yikuwoneka kuti yili kumara ku Djibouti.

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Djibouti
Djibouti GDP by sector

Chuma cha ku Djibouti chikugwilira ntchito mu vigaŵa vya uteŵeti. Vinthu vya malonda vikuthemba pa ndondomeko ya malonda ya caru ici ndiposo malo agho ghali pa Nyanja Yiswesi. Cifukwa cakuti vula zikulokwa viŵi yayi, vipasi na vipambi ndivyo vikupambika comene, ndipo vyakurya vinyake vikukhumbikwira kunjizga. Mu 2013, GDP (kuyana na nkhongono zakugulira) yikaŵa $2.505 biliyoni, ndipo yikakuranga na 5% pa chaka. Pa munthu yumoza, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakusanga ni madola 2,874. Makampani gha vya mautumiki ghakapanga pafupifupi 79.7% ya GDP, ndipo ghakulondezgana na mafakitale agho ghakapanga 17.3% na vyakurya ivyo vikapanga 3%.

Kufumira mu 2013, chipatala cha viŵegha mu doko la Djibouti ndicho chikwendeskanga malonda ghanandi gha mu charu ichi. Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya ntchito ya doko ili yikupangika na katundu wakunjira na kufuma ku charu cha Ethiopia.[65] Mu 2018, 95% ya katundu wa ku Ethiopia wakendeskeka na doko la Djibouti. Kweniso ni malo ghakusungirako mafuta gha mu nyanja. Mu 2012, boma la Djibouti, pamoza na DP World, likamba kuzenga doko lakunjizgiramo katundu la Doraleh, ilo ni doko lachitatu likuru chomene. Ntchito iyi njakudura ndalama zakukwana madola 396 miliyoni, ndipo yikovwira ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.5 miliyoni pa chaka.

Djibouti ndiyo yikaŵa malo gha 177, agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika chomene pa charu chose. Pakukhumba kunozga malo ghakwendeskera malonda gha vyaru vinyake, boma la Djibouti pamoza na mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha vyaru vyambura phindu, ŵali kwambiska mapulojekiti ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora malonda gha caru ici. Boma nalo laŵikapo ndondomeko ziphya za boma izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kukweŵeka.[66]

A proportional representation of Djibouti's exports

Kweniso ŵayezgayezga kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵambura nchito mu matawuni agho ghali na unandi wa 60%. Ndalama izi zikovwira comene pakuzenga vinthu vyakwendeskera mawupu gha wayilesi na kwandaniska ndalama zakwendeskera bizinesi. Chifukwa cha kukura kwake, vyakurya na vyakurya ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora, ivyo vikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe pafupifupi 15 peresenti, vikusangika chomene kwambira mu 2008.

Kuti ŵasazgireko nchito iyi, ŵali kuzenga malo ghakukwana 56 megawati agho ghakwenera kuzengeka mu 2018 na wovwiri wa OPEC, World Bank, na Global Environment Facility. Ntchito iyi yikwenera kumazga suzgo la magesi, kuchepeska kugomezga kwa Ethiopia pa magesi, kuchepeska mafuta ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake agho ghakwendeskeka na magesi gha dizelo, na kukhozga GDP na kuchepeska ngongoli.

Kampani yinyake ya ku Djibouti yakuchemeka Salt Investment (SIS) yikamba ntchito yikuru ya kupanga mchere uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha Lake Assal. Mulimo wa kunozga mchere uwu, uwo ukufika matani 4 miliyoni pa chaka, wawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasangenge ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2012, boma la Djibouti likagwiraso ntchito na China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd. pakuzenga malo ghakusungiramo migodi. Mulimo uwu, uwo ukaŵa wakudura madola 64 miliyoni, ukawovwira kuti charu cha Djibouti chipelekeso mchere wakukwana matani 5,000 pa chaka ku misika ya ku Southeast Asia.[67]

Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015

Chiŵelengero cha ndalama za mu charu cha Djibouti chikakwera chomene pa chaka, kufuma pa 341 miliyoni mu 1985 kufika pa 1.5 biliyoni mu 2015. Ndalama ya ku Djibouti ni franc. Ndalama izi zikufuma ku Central Bank of Djibouti. Pakuti ndalama ya ku Djibouti yikukolerana na ya ku United States, yikukhazikika ndipo kusinthasintha kwa ndalama kukuŵa suzgo yayi. Ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵanjire mu charu ichi.[66][68][69]

Mu 2010, mabanki 10 gha Chalima na gha Chalima ghakaŵa mu Djibouti. Ŵanandi ŵakiza mu vyaka vicoko waka ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo kampani yakupeleka ndarama ya ku Somalia yakucemeka Dahabshiil na BDCD, kampani ya Swiss Financial Investments. Pakwamba, mabungwe ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na banki: Indo-Suez Bank na Commercial and Industrial Bank (BCIMR). Boma likukhumba kuti maboma gha vyamalonda ghaŵe na masheya 30 pa 100 gha ndalama izo maboma agha ghakupeleka. Kupeleka ngongoli kukakhozgekaso cifukwa ca kuzenga thumba la wovwiri, ilo likuzomerezga mabanki kupeleka ngongoli ku mabizinesi ghacoko na ghapacanya agho ghakukwaniliskika kwambura kukhumba dankha ndalama zinandi.

Awo ŵakuguliska ndalama ku Saudi Arabia ŵakughanaghanira umo ŵangagwilira ntchito kuti ŵakoleraniske mphanji ya ku Africa na chirwa cha Arabia kwizira mu mlatho wa makilomita 28.5 (mailosi 17.7) uwo ukujumpha mu Djibouti. Munthu munyake uyo wakwendeska ndalama zina lakuti Tarek bin Laden wakukolerana na mulimo uwu. Ndipouli, mu Juni 2010, ŵakapharazga kuti chigaŵa chakwamba cha ntchito iyi chachedwa.[70]

Transport

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Djibouti
Main Terminal at Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport

Djibouti Ambouli International Airport mu msumba wa Djibouti, ni chiŵanja chimoza pera cha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu charu ichi, ndipo yikwendeska maulendo ghanandi gha pakati pa vyaru. Air Djibouti ndiyo yikwendeska ndege za mu Djibouti.

Sitima ya ku Addis Ababa-Djibouti yikamba kugwira ntchito mu January 2018. Chilato chake chikuru nkhupelekerapo katundu pakati pa charu cha Ethiopia na doko la Doraleh ku Djibouti.[71]

Ngalaŵa za magalimoto zikwenda mu Gulf of Tadjoura kufuma ku Djibouti City kuluta ku Tadjoura. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Djibouti kuli doko la Doraleh, ilo ni doko likuru la Djibouti. Doko la Doraleh ndilo likumalira njanji yiphya ya Addis Ababa-Djibouti. Kuwonjezera pa doko la Doraleh, lomwe limagwira katundu wambiri ndi mafuta, Djibouti (2018) ili ndi madoko ena atatu akuluakulu ogulitsira ndi kutumiza katundu wambiri ndi ziweto, doko la Tadjourah (potash), doko la Damerjog (ziweto) ndi doko la Goubet (mchere). Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya vinthu ivyo Ethiopia wakuguliska na kutumiza ku vyaru vinyake vikwenda mu virwa vya ku Djibouti.[72]

Misewu ya mu Djibouti yikucemeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya misewu. Misewu iyo yikuwoneka nga ni misewu yikuru ni iyo yili na asphalt (mu utali wake wose) ndipo yikwendeska magalimoto pakati pa misumba yikuruyikuru ya ku Djibouti.

Charu cha Djibouti chili pa msewu wakuchemeka 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, uwo ukufuma ku China m'paka ku chigaŵa cha Upper Adriatic, ndipo ukuyana na vyaru vya Central na Eastern Europe.[73][74][75]

Media and telecommunications

Nkhani ikulu: Media of Djibouti, Telecommunications in Djibouti, and Freedom of the press in Djibouti
The Djibouti Telecom headquarters in Djibouti City

Boma la Djibouti likulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya Umoyo.

Djibouti Telecom ndiyo yekha wakupeleka mauthenga. Kanandi yikugwiliskira nchito mawindo gha mawayilesi gha microwave. Mu msumba uwu ŵali kuŵikamo chingwe cha fiber-optic, ndipo ku mizi ŵakugwiliskira nchito mawoko gha waya yayi. Mafoni gha pa foni ghakukhala waka mu msumba wa Djibouti. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mafoni ghakukwana 23,000 na mafoni 312,000. Kampani ya SEA-ME-WE 3 yikugwira nchito ku Jeddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseille, Colombo, Singapore na kunyake. Malo gha pa caru gha ma telefoni gha Satellite ni 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) na 1 Arabsat. Medarabtel ni wupu uwo ukupeleka mauthenga gha pa wayilesi.

Radio Television of Djibouti ni wayilesi ya boma. Likuŵa na wayilesi ya pa charu chapasi pera, kweniso mawayilesi ghaŵiri gha pa AM 1, FM 2, na ghafupi. Boma ndilo likulongozga vyakupharazga. Mu tawuni iyi muli sinema ya Odeon.[76]

Kuzakafika mu 2012, pakaŵa makompyuta 215 agho ghakapelekanga mauthenga gha pa Intaneti. Mu 2015, ŵanthu pafupifupi 99,000 ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti. Malo ghapachanya gha pa Intaneti ni.dj.

Manyuzipepara ghakuru agho ghakusindikizgika ni gha boma: La Nation, la Cifurenci, Djibouti Post, na Al-Qarn. Paliso wupu wa boma wakucemeka Agence Djiboutienne d'Information. Mawebusayiti gha nkhani gha boma yayi ghali ku vyaru vinyake; nga ni La Voix de Djibouti, agho ghakufuma ku Belgium

.[77]

Tourism

Nkhani ikulu: Tourism in Djibouti
Arta Plage on the Gulf of Tadjoura

Ulendo wa ku Djibouti ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene mu vya cuma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 80,000 pa caka ndiwo ŵakwiza, comenecomene ŵabali na ŵabwezi ŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakurughakuru gha ŵasilikari ŵa mu caru ici. Nangauli chiŵelengero ichi chikukwera, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti vizamu vileke kupelekeka para munthu wafika ku charu chinyake.

Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwenda paŵekha, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakugulira maulendo agha ni zinandi chomene. Kufuma apo sitima ya ku Addis Ababa na Djibouti yikambiraso kugwira ntchito mu Janyuwale 2018, maulendo gha pa mtunda nagho ghakambiraso. Ku Djibouti kuli malo ghaŵiri ghakuzizwiska, Lake Abbe na Lake Assal. Caka cilicose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha.[78][79]

Energy

Nkhani ikulu: Energy in Djibouti

Djibouti wali na magesi ghakukwana 126 MW kufuma ku mafuta na mafuta gha dizilo. Mu 2002, nkhongono ya magesi yikaŵa 232 GWh, ndipo kugwiliskira nchito magesi kukaŵa 216 GWh. Mu 2015, munthu yumoza pa chaka wakagwiliskiranga ntchito magesi ghakukwana 330 kilowatt-hours (kWh); kweniso ŵanthu pafupifupi 45% ŵalije magesi, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba magesi mu charu ichi ntchikuru. Kufumiska magesi ghanandi kufuma ku Ethiopia, agho ghakukhorweska 65% ya ivyo Djibouti wakukhumbikwira, kungawovwira comene kuti charu ichi chiŵe na magesi ghakufumira ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵakukondwa comene na mizi iyi, pakuti ŵali na mizi 13. Mulimo wa kuzenga malo ghakupangira magesi (solar farms) ku Grand Bara uzamupeleka nkhongono ya 50 MW.[80]

Demographics

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Djibouti and Djiboutian
File:Issa woman from Djibouti ca.1930-1950.jpg
A Somali woman in nomadic attire
An Afar man in nomadic attire
Historical population
ChakaŴanthukukula kwa
pachaka.
195062,001—    
195569,589+2.34%
196083,636+3.75%
1965114,963+6.57%
1970159,659+6.79%
1977277,750+8.23%
1980358,960+8.93%
1985425,613+3.47%
1990590,398+6.76%
1995630,388+1.32%
2000717,584+2.62%
2005784,256+1.79%
2010850,146+1.63%
2015869,099+0.44%
2018884,017+0.57%
Source: World Bank[81]

Mu charu cha Djibouti muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 921,804.[82][83] Ni caru ca mitundu yinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakura chomene mu hafu yaumaliro ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kufuma pa 69,589 mu 1955 kufika pa 869,099 mu 2015. Mtundu ukuru chomene wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Djibouti ni Ŵasomali (60%) na Ŵaafara (35%). Chigaŵa cha fuko la Somali chili na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Issa, awo ŵakulondezgapo ni Gadabuursi na Habar Awal.[84] Ŵanthu 5% awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Djibouti mbanalume ŵa ku Yemen, Ŵaetiyopiya, na ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu 76% ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuliska viŵeto. Djibouti nayo wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo msumba wa Djibouti ukuchemeka kuti "French Hong Kong mu Nyanja Yiswesi". Chifukwa chakuti Djibouti wali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Somalia, Yemen, na Ethiopia ŵakuluta ku vyaru vya Gulf na kumpoto kwa Africa. Djibouti yapokera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Yemen.[42][85]

Languages of Djibouti ██ Somali (60%)██ Afar (35%)██ Arabic (2%)██ Other (3%)

Islam in Djibouti (Pew)[86] ██ Sunnism (87%)██ Non-denominational Muslims (8%)██ Other Muslim (3%)██ Shiaism (2%)

Languages

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Djibouti

Djibouti ni caru ca viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chisomali (ŵanthu 524,000) na Chiafar (ŵanthu 306,000). Viyowoyero ivi ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Afar. Viyowoyero vyose viŵiri ni vya mu mbumba yikuru ya viyowoyero vya Cushitic. ChiSomali cha kumpoto ndi chiyankhulo chachikulu chomwe chimalankhulidwa mdziko muno komanso m'dera loyandikana nalo la Somaliland, mosiyana ndi ChiSomali cha Benadiri chomwe ndi chiyankhulo chachikulu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Somalia. Ku Djibouti kuli viyowoyero viŵiri: Ciarabu na Cifurenci.

Ciarabu nchakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya cisopa. Mu chiyowoyero ichi muli chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu icho chikuyowoyeka mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 59,000 ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Ta'izzi-Adeni, icho chikuchemekaso Chiarabic cha ku Djibouti. Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ŵanthu ŵakasambizgikiranga mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 17,000 ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ni Chiarabic cha ku Oman (ŵanthu 38,900), Chiamharic (ŵanthu 1,400), na Chigiriki (ŵanthu 1,000).[87]

Religion

Nkhani ikulu: Islam in Djibouti and Christianity in Djibouti

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Djibouti Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 98% mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu (pa 2022 ŵanthu pafupifupi 891,000). Mu 2012, ŵanthu 94% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵanyake 6% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu.

Chisopa cha Ciislamu cikanjira mu cigaŵa ici mwaluŵiro comene, apo gulu la Ŵasilamu awo ŵakatambuzgikanga ŵakapenja malo ghakubisamamo kujumpha mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu mphinjika ya Africa cifukwa ca kuciskika na nchimi ya Ciislam, Muhammad. Mu 1900, mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa Ŵakolone, mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵavya Ŵakhristu, ndipo pakaŵa waka ŵalondezgi pafupifupi 100-300 awo ŵakafuma ku masukulu na nyumba za ŵalanda za ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika ku French Somaliland. Dango la Djibouti likuti chisopa cha Chisilamu ndicho ntchisopa cha boma pera, kweniso likuti ŵanthu ŵavisopa vyose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka (Ndime 1) kweniso wanangwa wakusopa (Ndime 11).[52][53] Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵali na cisopa ca Cisilamu ŵali mu visopa vyakupambanapambana. Lipoti la 2008 la International Religious Freedom Report likuti, nangauli Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali na wanangwa wa kuwelera ku chisopa chawo panji kutora panji kutengwa kwa munthu wa chisopa chinyake, kweni awo ŵakunjira chisopa ichi ŵakususkika na ŵabali ŵawo, mbumba zawo, panji ŵanthu wose.

Diocese ya Djibouti yikovwira ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa Katolika awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, awo ŵakukwana 7,000 mu 2006.[88]

Largest cities

 
 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Djibouti
According to the 2009 Census[89]
Mndandanda Region Ŵanthu
Djibouti
Djibouti
Ali Sabieh
Ali Sabieh 		1 Djibouti Djibouti 475,322 Dikhil
Dikhil
Tadjoura
Tadjoura
2 Ali Sabieh Ali Sabieh 37,939
3 Dikhil Dikhil 24,886
4 Tadjoura Tadjourah 14,820
5 Arta Arta 13,260
6 Obock Obock 11,706
7 Ali Adde Ali Sabieh 3,500
8 Holhol Ali Sabieh 3,000
9 Airolaf Tadjourah 1,023
10 Randa Tadjourah 1,023

Health

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Djibouti
Entrance to the ISSS Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City

Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wose ŵakukhala vyaka pafupifupi 64.7. Ŵanakazi wose ŵakubaba ŵana 2.35 pa mwanakazi yumoza. Ku Djibouti kuli ŵadokotala pafupifupi 18 pa ŵanthu 100,000.

Mu 2010, ku Djibouti, ŵana 100,000 ŵakufwa pa ŵanakazi 300. Pa ciŵelengero ici pakaŵa 461,6 mu 2008 na 606,5 mu 1990. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi pa ŵana 1,000 ŵakufwa 95, ndipo ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa 37. Ku Djibouti, pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, pali ŵabwezi 6 ndipo pa ŵanakazi 93 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakufwa.

Pafupifupi 93.1% ya ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali kupika viŵaro vya ŵanakazi (Female Genital Mutilation, panji kuti 'Female Circumcision'), nkharo iyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita pambere ŵandatorane.[90][91] Nangauli dango likakanizga nthowa iyi mu 1994, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali kuyigwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitenge ivi, ndipo chilato chake ntchakuti ŵaleke kuchita uzaghali.[92][93]

Pafupifupi 94% ya ŵanalume ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali kukotoleka.[94]

Education

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Djibouti

Boma la Djibouti likuwona kuti kusambizga ŵanthu nkhwakuzirwa comene. Kwambira mu 2009, boma ili likupeleka ndalama 20.5% pa bajeti yake.[95]

Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakuchitako mulimo wa Global Pulse (2010)

Pakwamba masambiro gha ku Djibouti ghakaŵa gha ŵana ŵachoko waka. Ntheura, masukulu agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgikanga makora chomene ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuyana na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo ya ufumu wa France.[95]

Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1990, boma la Djibouti likasintha ndondomeko ya masambiro ya caru cose na kwamba ndondomeko yikuru ya kucezga na ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵasambizgi, ŵapapi, ŵimiliri ŵa wumba wa caru cose na mawupu gha boma yayi. Mu upharazgi uwu, ŵakalongosora vigaŵa ivyo vikukhumbikwira kuŵikapo mtima ndipo ŵakapeleka ulongozgi wakovwira. Kufuma apo, boma likanozga pulani yakunozga vinthu kuti pa nyengo ya 2000-10, sukulu ziŵe zapachanya. Mu Ogasiti 2000, likapeleka dango lakuyowoya za ndondomeko ya masambiro ndipo likanozga ndondomeko ya umo vinthu viŵirenge mu vyaka vinkhondi. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakukhozga comene ndipo sono ghakusazgapo masambiro gha vyaka vinkhondi gha ku pulayimale na vyaka vinayi vya ku sekondare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare nawo ŵakwenera kuŵa na chikalata chakulongora kuti ŵali kusambira dankha sukulu. Kweniso, dango liphya likapangiska kuti paŵe masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite.[95]

Chifukwa cha Dango la Kupanga Mapulani gha Sukulu na ndondomeko ya kucitapo kanthu kwa nyengo yitali, vinthu vikwenda makora comene mu cigaŵa cose ca masambiro. Ŵana awo ŵakunjira sukulu, awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu, na awo ŵakulutilira kusambira, ŵakusazgikira comene, kweni ŵakupambana mu vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004 m'paka mu 2005 m'paka mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵasungwana awo ŵakasambiranga sukulu za pulayimare chikakwera na 18.6%, ndipo cha ŵanyamata chikakwera na 8.0%. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵana ŵanakazi awo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya sekondare ŵakakwera na 72.4% ndipo ŵana ŵanalume ŵakakwera na 52.2%. Pa sukulu ya sekondare, chiŵelengero cha ŵasungwana awo ŵakalembeskanga chikakwera pa 49.8% na 56.1% pa ŵasungwana.

Boma la Djibouti laŵika mtima comene pa kupanga na kusazgirako vinthu vyakwendeskera masukulu na vinthu vyakovwira kusambizga, kusazgapo kuzenga masukulu ghaphya na kupeleka mabuku. Pa masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵakuŵikapo mtima kuti ŵasambizge ŵana awo ŵali na maluso kweniso kuti ŵachinyamata awo ŵandafike ku sukulu ŵasambire ntchito. Mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ku Djibouti chikaŵa 70%.

Mu charu ichi muli masukulu ghapachanya nga ni Yunivesite ya Djibouti.

Mwambo

Wonani vinandi: Culture of Djibouti
Traditional wood-carved jar from Oue'a in the Tadjourah region

Kavwaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti kakulongora kuti malo agha ngakotcha chomene. Para ŵanalume ŵandavware malaya gha ku Western nga ni jeans na T-shirts, kanandi ŵakuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka macawiis. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuvwara munjilira utuŵa wakuchemeka tobe.

Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara dirak, ilo ni munjilira utali, wakupepuka, wakuvwara chigudulu chakuchita na thonje panji polyester. Ŵanakazi ŵakutengwa ŵakuvwara chigudulu (shash) ndipo kanandi ŵakubisa thupi lawo na chakuvwara chakuchemeka garbasaar. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa panji ŵawukirano nyengo zose ŵakubisa mutu yayi. Ŵanalume ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malaya gha ku Arabia nga ni jellabiya (jellabiyaad mu Chisomali) na jilbāb ya ŵanakazi. Pa viphikiro vinyake, ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara vitoweskero na vyakuvwara vyakutowa nga ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakuvwara.[96]

Vinthu vinandi vya ku Djibouti vikusangika mu sumu. Mu nyumba za mu tawuni iyi muli visambizgo vinandi vya Cisilamu, Ottoman, na Cifurenci.

Music

Nkhani ikulu: Music of Djibouti
Sumu ya oud yikuzunulika comene mu sumu za ku Djibouti.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵali na sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Sumu zinandi za ku Somalia zikuŵa na sumu za pentatonic. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito tuvizingo tuchoko waka pa octave, mwakupambana na tuvizingo tuchokotuchoko (tuŵiri) nga ni major scale. Pakudanga kupulika, sumu za ku Somalia zingawoneka nga ni za ku vigaŵa vyapafupi nga ni Ethiopia, Sudan panji Arabia, kweni paumaliro zikumanyikwa na sumu zake na masitayelo ghake. Sumu za ku Somalia kanandi zikulembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mazgu (midho), awo ŵakulemba sumu (laxan) na ŵakwimba (codka panji "mazgu"). Balwo ni sumu ya ku Somalia iyo yikuyowoya vya chitemwa ndipo yikumanyikwa chomene ku Djibouti.[97]

Sumu za Afar zikuyana na sumu za ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa nga ni Ethiopia. Mbiri ya Djibouti yili kulembeka mu sumu za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakulemba pa mulomo ghakulongosoraso sumu. Pali mitundu yinandi ya sumu izi, kusazgapo sumu za ukwati, za nkhondo, za malumbo na kujithumbwa.[98]

Literature

Nkhani ikulu: Literature of Djibouti

Charu cha Djibouti chili na mitheto ya sumu. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakulemba ni gabay, jiifto, geeraar, wiglo, 'buraanbur, beercade, afarey na guuraw. Sumu iyi njitali comene ndipo kanandi yikujumpha mizere 100. Para munthu muwukirano wakulemba ndime za mtundu uwu, wakuŵa wakukwana. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasunganga pamtima na kuŵazga (hafidayaal) ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu luso ili. Mu sumu zake muli nkhani zinandi, nga ni baroorodiiq (vyakuyowoya), amaan (kulumba), jacayl (kutemwana), guhaadin (kusesa), digasho (kusekelera) na guubaabo (kulongozga). Baroorodiiq yikupangika kuti yikumbukire nyifwa ya munthu wakumanyikwa.[99] Ŵa Afar ŵakumanya makora mazgu ghakuti ginnili, agho ghakung'anamura mulongozgi wa nkhondo na wakuwukwa. Kweniso ŵali na sumu zinandi za nkhondo.

Kweniso charu cha Djibouti chili na mabuku ghanandi gha Cisilamu. Mu mabuku ghanyake ghakumanyikwa chomene gha mdauko wa ŵanthu, muli buku lakuti Futuh Al-Habash la Shihāb al-Dīn, ilo likulongosora umo ŵasilikari ŵa Adal ŵakathereskera charu cha Abyssinia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.[100] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵandyali na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵavinjeru ŵalembapo vya caru ici.

Sport

El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium in Djibouti City

Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakutemwa comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa chiŵaro cha FIFA mu 1994, kweni chikachitako waka maseŵero gha ku Africa Cup of Nations kweniso FIFA World Cup mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Mu Novembala 2007, timu ya mpira ya Djibouti yikathereska timu ya chalo cha Somalia na 1?? 0 mu vigaŵa vya FIFA World Cup ya 2010, ndipo iyi yikaŵa nkhonyo yake yakwamba ya World Cup.

Sonosono apa, wupu wa World Archery Federation wawovwira kukhazikiska wupu wa Djibouti Archery Federation, ndipo wupu wa Arta ukuzenga malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu kuwombera uta.

Cuisine

Nkhani ikulu: Djiboutian cuisine
A plate of sambusas, a popular traditional snack

Vyakurya vya ku Djibouti ni vyakurya vya ku Somalia, Afar, Yemen, na French, pamoza na vyakurya vinyake vya ku South Asia. Vyakurya vya ku malo agha vikunozgeka na vyakununkhira vinandi vya ku Middle East. Somba za ku Yemen izo ŵakuphika mu viŵiya vyakuchemeka tandoori ni zakunozgeka chomene. Vyakurya vyakunowa vikuŵa vyakupambanapambana, kufuma ku Fah-fah panji "Soupe Djiboutienne" (supu yakunowa ya nyama ya ng'ombe) m'paka ku yetakelt wet (supu yakunowa ya vyakurya vyakunowa). Xalwo panji halva ni cakurya cakumanyikwa ico ŵanthu ŵakurya pa viphikiro nga ni Eid panji ukwati. Halva wakupangika na shuga, chiŵiya cha mbuto, makhadamoni, chiŵiya cha mtovu, na ghee. Nyengo zinyake ŵakusazgako phere kuti liŵe liwemi.[101] Para ŵanthu ŵarya, ŵakutemwa kununkhira na vyakununkhira (cuunsi) panji lubani.

Wonaniso

Vyakulemba

  1. ↑ /dʒɪˈbuːti/ jih-BOO-tee; Arabic: جيبوتي, romanized: Jībūtī; French: Djibouti; Somali: Jabuuti; Afar: Yibuuti
  2. ↑
    • Arabic: جمهورية جيبوتي, romanized: Jumhūrīyah Jībūtī
    • French: République de Djibouti
    • Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti
    • Afar: Gabuutih Ummuuno
  3. ↑ The Djiboutian–Somali border is de jure controlled by the internationally recognized Federal Republic of Somalia, but is de facto under the control of the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland.[8][9]

Ukaboni

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