Angola

Sintha malink
Coordinates: 12°30′S 18°30′E / 12.500°S 18.500°E / -12.500; 18.500
Kufuma Wikipedia
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the modern country since 1992. For the former country from 1975 to 1992, see People's Republic of Angola.
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the country. For other uses, see Angola (disambiguation).

Charu cha Angola
República de Angola (Portuguese)
Mbendela Emblem
Chiluso: 
  • Virtus Unita Fortior (Latin)
  • (English: "Virtue is stronger when united")
Nyimbo: "Angola Avante"
(English: "Onwards Angola")
[[File:
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Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Luanda
Official language Portuguese
National languages
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2021)
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary dominant-party presidential republic
 -  President João Lourenço
 -  Vice President Esperança da Costa[1]
Formation
 -  Independence from Portugal, under Communist rule 11 November 1975 
 -  United Nations full membership 22 November 1976 
 -  Current constitution 21 January 2010 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 1,246,700 km2 (22nd)
481,354 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) negligible
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 34,795,287[2] (42nd)
 -  2014 census 25,789,024[3]
 -  Density 24.97/km2 (157th)
64.65/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$245.44 billion[4] (62nd)
 -  Per capita Increase$7,455[4] (129th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase $124.79 billion[4] (61st)
 -  Per capita Increase$3,791[4] (125th)
Gini (2018)51.3[5]
high
HDI (2021)Increase 0.588[6]
medium ·146th
Ndalama Angolan kwanza (AOA)
Mtundu Wanyengo WAT (UTC+1)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .ao

Angola (/ænˈɡoʊlə/ (pulikizgani machemelo); Portuguese: [ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ]; Kongo: Ngola, pronounced [ŋɔla]), mwaboma, Charu cha Angola (Portuguese: República de Angola),ni chalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa Africa. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikuyowoya Ciphwitikizi pa caru cose ndiposo pa unandi wa ŵanthu. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Namibia, kumpoto na Democratic Republic of Congo, kumafumiro gha dazi na Zambia, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na Atlantic Ocean. Angola wali na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Cabinda, icho chili mumphepete mwa charu cha Congo na Democratic Republic of Congo. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Luanda.

Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kwamba mu nyengo ya Paleolitiki. Charu ichi chikamba kuwumbika na Ŵapwitikizi mu ma 1500 C.E. Ŵakapanga mizi mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Charu cha Portugal icho chikazgoka Angola, chikaŵa na mphaka zake yayi m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi nga mba Cuamato, Kwanyama, na Mbunda.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya nyengo yitali, Angola yikatora wanangwa mu 1975 nga ni Republic ya Marxist-Leninist. Charu ichi chikamba nkhondo ya boma chaka chimoza, pakati pa People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), iyo yikaŵa na wovwiri wa Soviet Union na Cuba, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, iyo yikaŵa ya Maoist ndipo pamanyuma yikakanizga chikomyunizimu iyo yikaŵa nayo boma la United States na South Africa, na gulu la National Liberation Front of Angola, ilo likaŵa na wovwirapo wa Zaire.

Angola yili na vyakununkhira vinandi na mafuta, ndipo caru ici cili pakati pa vyakununkha comene pa caru cose, comenecomene kufuma apo nkhondo ya mukati yikamalira.[7] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Angola ŵakukhala umoyo wambura kukhumbikwa. Kwambira mu 2017, boma la João Lourenço laŵika mtima pa kulimbana na vimbundi. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakumanya kuti mulimo uwu ngwakuzomerezgeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka ŵakuwona kuti ni vyakucitika vya ndyali.[8][9][10]

Charu cha Angola chili mu wupu wa United Nations, OPEC, African Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, na Southern African Development Community. Mu 2021, ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakukwana 32.87 miliyoni. Angola ni caru ca ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciphwitikizi kwa vyaka vinandi.

Zina

Zina lakuti Angola likufuma ku lizgu lakuti Reino de Angola, ilo likafuma ku Chiphwitikizi, ndipo likalembeka mu chikalata cha mu 1571..[11] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakalemba zina ili kufuma ku zina lakuti ngola. Ndongo mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, pakati pa milonga ya Kwanza na Lucala, yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Kongo, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, yikakhumbanga kujithemba.[12]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Angola

Kusamukira ku vyaru vinyake na magulu gha ndyali

King João I, Manikongo of the Kingdom of Kongo

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San pambere ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵandambe kusama. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ŵakaliskanga viŵeto yayi panji kulima, kweni ŵakaliskanga na kuvuna. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumako ku chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kulima banane na taro, kweniso viŵeto vikuruvikuru mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Angola.

Pakaŵa maboma ghanandi agho ghakakhazikiskika. Ghakumanyikwa chomene ni Ufumu wa Kongo, uwo ukaŵa ku Angola. Chikatora nthowa zakwendakwenda na maboma ghanyake na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, kweniso na charu cha Great Zimbabwe na Mutapa. Kumwera kwake kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ndongo, uwo nyengo zinyake ukachemekanga Dongo.[13]

Chikoloni cha Ŵapwitikizi

Nkhani ikulu: Colonial history of Angola and Portuguese Angola
Coat of arms granted to King Afonso I of Kongo by King Manuel I of Portugal

Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal zina lake Diogo Cão wakafika mu chigaŵa ichi mu 1484.[13] Chaka chamara, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kukolerana na charu cha Kongo, icho pa nyengo iyo chikaŵa kufuma ku Gabon, kumpoto, m'paka ku Mlonga wa Kwanza, kumwera. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhazikiska msika wawo ku Soyo, uwo sono ni msumba wa kumpoto comene mu Angola padera pa Cabinda. Mu 1575, Paulo Dias de Novais wakazenga msumba wa São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) pamoza na mbumba 100 na ŵasilikari 400. Mu 1587, msumba wa Benguela ukaŵa na malinga ndipo mu 1617 ukazgoka tawuni.

Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhazikiska malo ghanyake ghakukhalamo, vigongwe, na malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Angola. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ŵazga ŵanandi ku ufumu wa Portugal, ndipo kanandi ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Europe.[14][15]

Chigaŵa ichi cha malonda gha ŵazga mu nyanja ya Atlantic chikalutilira m'paka apo charu cha Brazil chikapokera wanangwa mu 1820.

Nangauli charu cha Portugal chikaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Angola, kweni chikaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka pa vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, charu cha Portugal chikamba kulamulira mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakasuzgikanga ndipo vinthu vikendanga makora yayi. John Iliffe wakati: "Mazgu gha ku Portugal agho ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ghakulongora kuti njara yikuru yikaŵanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya charu cha Angola, ndipo para njara iyi yachitika, yikatenge yikomenge ŵanthu ŵakukwana hafu ya ŵanthu wose.[16]

Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Portugal, kampani ya Dutch West India Company yikawukira msumba wa Luanda mu 1641. Mu 1648, ŵasilikari ŵa Salvador de Sá ŵakatora Luanda. Mu 1649, pakalembeka mapangano ghaphya na charu cha Kongo. Kupoka msumba wa Pungo Andongo mu 1671 kukaŵa kwaumaliro kwa Ŵapwitikizi kufuma ku Luanda, cifukwa ŵakayezga kuti ŵanjire mu Congo mu 1670 na Matamba mu 1681 kweni ŵakatondeka. Malo agho ŵakakolerananga nagho ghakathandazgikiranga kufuma ku Benguela, kweni m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, malo agho ŵakakolerananga nagho ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene. Cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Portugal cikachedwa comene kupoka caru ca Angola.[17]

History of Angola; written in Luanda in 1680.

Mu 1836, malonda gha ŵazga ghakalekeka mu Angola, ndipo mu 1854 boma la ku Angola likafwatura ŵazga wose. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, boma la Portugal likamazga wuzga. [17]Ndipouli, malango agha ghakaŵa ghambura kufiskika, ndipo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathembanga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵaŵawovwire kukanizga malonda gha ŵazga. Ici cikacitika pa nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵakambiraso ulendo wawo wa ku nkhorongo.[17]

Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Portugal cikaŵa kuti capanga ufumu wake kumpoto m'paka ku Mlonga wa Congo na kumwera m'paka ku Mossâmedes. Kuzakafika kuumaliro wa ma 1880, Portugal yikaghanaghananga vya kukolerana na Angola na Mozambique, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na Belgium ŵakakana. Mu nyengo iyi, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakumana na mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵakugaluka mu Angola.[18]

Ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884-1885 ukaŵa na mphaka za charu ichi, ndipo ukalongosora mphaka za Ŵapwitikizi ku Angola.[19] Malonda pakati pa Portugal na vyaru vya ku Africa ghakasazgikira comene cifukwa ca msonkho wa msonkho uwo ukapangiska kuti caru ciŵe na vinthu vinandi, kweniso cifukwa ca ŵeneco ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakaluta ku caru ici.[20]

Pakati pa 1939 na 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakacitiska nkhondo ŵanthu ŵa ku Mucubal, awo ŵakasuskikanga kuti ŵakugaluka. Awo ŵakapona ŵakakakika mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu, ŵakatumika ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu, uko ŵanandi ŵakafwa cifukwa ca nkhaza za ŵantchito, kusoŵa cakurya cakukwana, na kukomeka.[21]

Kujiyimira kwa Angola

Nkhani ikulu: Angolan War of Independence and Portuguese Colonial War
Portuguese Armed Forces marching in Luanda during the Portuguese Colonial Wars (1961–74).

Kuyana na dango la ku Angola, ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kunjilirapo pa ndyali panji kuzenga mabungwe. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1960, wupu unyake uwo ukacitanga milimo yakovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ukaŵawovwira. Chifukwa chakuti Portugal yikakana kupulikira ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakakhumbanga, nkhondo yikamba mu 1961 apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Baixa de Cassanje ŵakagaluka. Mu nyengo yose ya nkhondo iyi, magulu ghatatu ghakwimikana na ŵasilikari ghakafuma mu nkhondo pakati pa boma la Portugal na ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha.[22]

Gulu la National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) likulemba ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira ku Bakongo mu Zaire. Pakuwona umo vinthu vikaŵira mu msumba wa Léopoldville, kweniso mphaka iyo yikaŵa na Zaire, ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola awo ŵakakoleka ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya mphaka ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakakondwanga na ufumu wa Kongo. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵa na maluso ghapachanya ŵakatondekanga kusanga nchito mu boma la Mobutu Sese Seko, kweni ŵanyake ŵakasanganga nchito ya kuŵa ŵimiliri ŵa ŵeneco ŵa makampani ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakambiska gulu la FNLA na cilato cakuti para ŵafika ku Angola ŵasangire mazaza.[22]

Ŵabali ŵa National Liberation Front of Angola ŵakasambira mu 1973.

Mu 1966 gulu la Ovimbundu ilo likakanizganga Ŵapwitikizi ku Angola likalongozgeka na Jonas Savimbi na National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Ŵakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa kutali na vigaŵa vya ŵabwezi ŵawo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ovimbundu ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana mitundu, kweniso ŵalimi ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa ŵekha pa malo agho ŵakakhalanga.[22]

Paumaliro wa 1950, gulu la Marxist-Leninist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) likamba kuwusa kumpoto kwa Luanda. Gulu ili likapangika na chipani cha Angolan Communist Party, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu ili ŵakaŵa Ambundu. Nangauli MPLA na ŵalwani ŵake ŵakapokeleranga wovwiri wa vinthu vyakufuma ku Soviet Union panji ku China, kweni MPLA yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghakwimikana na boma la Britain ndipo yikadandawuranga comene boma la United States na wovwiri wake ku Portugal. Ivi vikamovwira kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kukolerana na maboma gha ku Morocco, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, na United Arab Republic.

MPLA yikayezga kusamuska ofesi yake yikuru kufuma ku Conakry kuya ku Léopoldville mu Okutobala 1961, ndipo yikambaso kulimbikira kupanga gulu limoza na FNLA, ilo likamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Union of Angolan Peoples (UPA) na mulongozgi wake Holden Roberto. Roberto wakakana. Apo MPLA yikayezga kunjizga ŵasilikari ŵake mu Angola, ŵasilikari ŵa UPA ŵakaŵawukira na kuŵakoma.[23]

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku Angola

Nkhani ikulu: Angolan Civil War
Agostinho Neto, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Angola.

Mu nyengo yose ya nkhondo iyi, magulu ghatatu agha ghakatimbanizgikanga cifukwa ca kupambana kwa ndyali na ŵasilikari, kweniso cifukwa ca kutondeka kukolerana pakulimbana na Ŵapwitikizi. Pakati pa 1961 na 1975, MPLA, UNITA, na FNLA ŵakakwesananga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola na pa caru cose. Boma la Soviet Union na la Cuba likakolerana chomene na MPLA ndipo likapeleka vilwero, vilwero, ndalama, na masukulu. Ŵakawovwiraso ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA m'paka apo vikawonekeranga kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakususkana na MPLA.

Boma la ku Portugal la Estado Novo likati lamara mu 1974, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakaleka kugwira ntchito mu Africa. Pakukhwimiskika na wupu wa African Unity, Holden Roberto, Jonas Savimbi, na mulongozgi wa MPLA Agostinho Neto ŵakakumana ku Mombasa kukwambilira kwa mwezi wa Janyuwale 1975 ndipo ŵakakolerana kupanga boma la wupu wakukolerana. Paumaliro wa mwezi wenewura, phangano la Alvor likazomerezga kuti paŵe maungano gha boma ndipo likati paŵe maungano gha boma. Ndipouli, magulu ghose ghatatu ghakapulikira phangano la kuleka kuwukira, ndipo ghakawovwira Ŵapwitikizi kuti ŵatore malo ghakupambanapambana, kusanga vilwero vinandi, na kusazgirako ŵasilikari ŵawo. Nkhondo yikalutilira kukura cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa Soviet Union na United States, ŵakizanga na vilwero vinandi. Na wovwiri wa ku America na Zaire, FNLA yikamba kuwunganya ŵasilikari ŵanandi kumpoto kwa Angola kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵankhongono. Nyengo yeneyiyo, MPLA yikamba kuwusa Luanda, malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ambundu. Ku Luanda kukaŵa vivulupi vinandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo, pamanyuma pakuti gulu la FNLA lawira ŵasilikari ŵa MPLA mu Malichi 1975. Nkhondo yikasazgikira na mbembe za mu misewu mu Epulero na Meyi, ndipo UNITA yikakhwaskika pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200 ŵakakomeka na MPLA mu Juni. Nkhondo iyi yikati yafika paheni chomene, boma la Soviet Union likamba kupeleka vilwero ku gulu la MPLA.

Mu Ogasiti 1975, MPLA yikapempha wovwiri kufuma ku Soviet Union mu nthowa ya ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Soviet ŵakakana, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kutuma ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵawovwire, kweni ŵasilikari yayi. Ndipouli, ku Cuba ŵakakhumbanga chomene kovwira ndipo kuumaliro wa Seputembala ŵakatuma ŵasilikari pafupifupi 500 ku Angola pamoza na vilwero na vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa. Apo boma la Cuba likamba kujiyimira palekha, pakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 1,000. Ŵakaŵa na ndege zinandi za ku Soviet Union izo zikaŵawovwiranga. Wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Cuba na Soviet ukovwira kuti MPLA yifumiske ŵalwani ŵake mu Luanda na kulekeska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zaire na ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakakhumbanga kovwira FNLA na UNITA. Gulu la FNLA likaparanyika comene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Quifangondo, nangauli UNITA yikakwaniska kufumiska ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵake mu Luanda na kupenja malo ghakubisamamo mu vigaŵa vya kumwera. Kufuma apo, Savimbi wakalutilira kulimbana na MPLA.[24]

Kasinja ya ku Cuba mu Luanda pa nyengo ya kucitako vinthu mu Angola, 1976

Pakati pa 1975 na 1991, MPLA yikagwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya vya cuma na ndyali yakujintha pa fundo za sayansi ya wupu wakucemeka socialism. Wakapanga ndondomeko yikuru ya kupanikizgira ŵanthu vinthu vyawo, ndipo nchito ya ŵeneco mu caru ici yikamara. Makampani agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakaŵa gha boma ndipo ghakaŵa mu gulu limoza lakuchemeka Unidades Económicas Estatais (UEE). Mu nyengo ya MPLA, Angola yikaŵa mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na makuni ghanandi. Ndipouli, vimbundi na vimbundi vikasazgikiraso, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito makora yayi ndalama za boma. Chipani chakulongozga chikapona ku chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma na Maoist-oriented Communist Organisation of Angola (OCA) mu 1977, icho chikakanizgika pamanyuma pa viyezgo vya ndyali ivyo vikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na OCA. Nkhondo ya ku Cuito Cuanavale mu 1987-1988 yikaŵa nkhondo yikuru comene ya nkhondo ya cikaya, iyo yikacitika pakati pa boma la MPLA ilo likawovwirika na Cuba na UNITA iyo yikawovwirika na South Africa. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu December 1988, ndipo ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Cuba na South Africa ŵakafumamo mu Angola.

MPLA yikasida maghanoghano ghake ghakale gha Marxist pa ungano wake wacitatu wa chipani mu 1990, ndipo yikati social democracy ndiyo yikaŵa pulatifomu yake yiphya. Pamanyuma, Angola wakazgoka ciŵaro ca wupu wa International Monetary Fund. Mu Meyi 1991, ŵakafika pa phangano la mtende na UNITA, la Bicesse Accords. Apo MPLA yikapokera vitumbiko vikuru pa vipharazgo, UNITA yikasuska ivyo vikacitika pa mavoti gha pulezidenti na gha wupu wakulongozga, ndipo yikambaso nkhondo. Pambuyo pa chisankhochi, kuphana kwa Halloween kunachitika kuyambira pa Okutobala 30 mpaka Novembala 1, pomwe magulu a MPLA adapha zikwizikwi za othandizira a UNITA.[25]

21st century

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mu msumba wa Luanda muli vinthu vinandi ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora.
Nkhani ikulu: 2000s in Angola

Pa February 22, 2002, Jonas Savimbi wakakomeka pa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. UNITA na MPLA ŵakamazga nkhondo. Gulu la UNITA likathera ku gulu lake la nkhondo na kwamba kuŵa chipani chikuru chakususka. Nangauli vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu charu ichi, kweni pakaŵavya ndondomeko ya demokilase m'paka apo kukaŵa mavoti mu Angola mu 2008 na 2012 kweniso apo pakaŵa dango liphya mu 2010. [26]

Angola wali mu suzgo yikuru ya ŵanthu; cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikatora nyengo yitali, mabomba ghanandi gha migodi, ndiposo cifukwa ca kulimbikira kwa ndyali kuti kaboni wa boma la Cabinda waŵe wakujiyimira yekha. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo sono ŵakukhala mu tawuni yikuru ya Angola, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mu vikaya ivi ŵakusuzgika.[27]

Chilangalanga mu 2016 chikapangiska suzgo likuru comene la vyakurya mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa mu vyaka 25, ndipo ŵanthu 1.4 miliyoni ŵakakhwaskika mu vigaŵa 7 pa vigaŵa 18 vya Angola. Mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera ndipo unandi wa ŵana awo ŵakalwara nthenda iyi ukakwera kaŵiri.

Bungwe la Human Rights Measurement Initiative likusanga kuti Angola likucita 51.8% ya ivyo vikwenera kucitika pa mlingo wake wa ndalama kuti liŵe na wanangwa wa kurya cakurya cakukwana.

José Eduardo dos Santos wakafumapo pa udindo wake wa purezidenti wa Angola pamanyuma pa vilimika 38 mu 2017, ndipo wakatora malo gha João Lourenço, mwenecho wa Santos. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu mbumba ya Dos Santos ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa ŵaryarya. Mu Julayi 2022, pulezidenti wakale José Eduardo dos Santos wakafwa ku Spain.

Mu Ogasiti 2022, chipani cha MPLA, chikapokera chiŵelengero chikuru chomene ndipo Pulezidenti Lourenço wakapokera nyengo yachiŵiri ya vyaka vinkhondi. Ndipouli, maungano agha ghakaŵa ghakusuzga comene kuluska maungano ghanyake ghose mu Angola.[28][29]

Makhalilo

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Angola
Topography of Angola.

Ku Angola kuli vigaŵa vyakujumpha 1,246,700 km2, ndipo ni caru ca nambara 24 pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Malo agha ghali pakati pa latitude 4° na 18°S, kweniso longitude 12° na 24°E.

Charu cha Angola chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Namibia, kumafumiro gha dazi na Zambia, kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na Democratic Republic of Congo, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na South Atlantic Ocean.

Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Cabinda, kumpoto, chili na mphaka na charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo, kumpoto, na kumwera. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Msumba ukuru wa Angola, Luanda, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici.

Angola wakaŵa na nambala ya 8.35/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index.[30]

Nyengo

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Angola
Mapu gha Angola gha umo vinthu viliri ku Köppen.

Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, Angola nayo wali na nyengo zakupambanapambana za vula na chilangalanga. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto, nyengo ya vula yinganjira myezi 7 - kanandi kufuma mu Seputembala m'paka Epulero. Kumwera, nyengo ya vula yikwamba mu Novembala ndipo yikulutilira m'paka mu Febuluwale. Nyengo ya chilangalanga (cacimbo) kanandi yikuŵa na chiwuvi chikuru mulenji. Kanandi maji ghakukhira chomene kumpoto, kweni mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu, ghakukhira chomene kuluska mumphepete mwa nyanja. Para munthu wali kutali na equator kweniso para wali pachanya pa mtunda, matenthe ghakukhira, ndipo para wafika kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic, ghakuwuka. Ntheura, ku Soyo, pa mulomo wa Mlonga wa Congo, pa cilimika cilicose ŵakuzizima comene ŵakuzizima comene. Mwezi wakuzizima chomene ni Julayi na Ogasiti (pakati pa nyengo ya chiwuvi), apo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa chiwuvi.[31]

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Provinces of Angola, Municipalities of Angola, and Communes of Angola
Map of Angola with the provinces numbered
Provincial Government of Huambo.

Mu Malichi 2016, charu cha Angola chili na vigaŵa 18 (provincias) na matawuni 162. Ŵakumanyikwa na mazina agha ŵali kugaŵika mu vikaya 559.[32] Vigaŵa ivi ni:

Nambala Chigaŵa Msumba waboma Usani (km2)[33] Ŵanthu
(2014 Census)[34]
1 Bengo Caxito 31,371 356,641
2 Benguela Benguela 39,826 2,231,385
3 Bié Cuíto 70,314 1,455,255
4 Cabinda Cabinda 7,270 716,076
5 Cuando Cubango Menongue 199,049 534,002
6 Cuanza Norte N'dalatando 24,110 443,386
7 Cuanza Sul Sumbe 55,600 1,881,873
8 Cunene Ondjiva 87,342 990,087
9 Huambo Huambo 34,270 2,019,555
10 Huíla Lubango 79,023 2,497,422
11 Luanda Luanda 2,417 6,945,386
12 Lunda Norte Dundo 103,760 862,566
13 Lunda Sul Saurimo 77,637 537,587
14 Malanje Malanje 97,602 986,363
15 Moxico Luena 223,023 758,568
16 Namibe Moçâmedes 57,091 495,326
17 Uíge Uíge 58,698 1,483,118
18 Zaire M'banza-Kongo 40,130 594,428

Chigaŵa cha Cabinda

Nkhani ikulu: Cabinda Province
Provincial Government of Namibe.

Chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Angola cha Cabinda chili na malo ghakujumpha 7,283 sq km. Chigaŵa ichi chikupambana na chigaŵa chinyake cha charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo icho chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 kufupi na Mlonga wa Congo. Cabinda wakukhala ku mpoto na kumpoto na kumpoto kwa mpoto kwa Congo na DRC kumafumiro na kumwera. Msumba wa Cabinda ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.

Kuyana na kalembera uyo wakacitika mu 1995, ku Cabinda kukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000, ndipo pafupifupi 400,000 mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga yayi ivyo ŵakuyowoya. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli makuni ghanandi, khofi, kakawo, ghamkuyu, na mafuta.

Ndipouli, caru ici nchakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mafuta agho ghakupambika. Pafupifupi hafu ya mafuta ghose agho Angola ghakupanga, ghali kufuma ku mafuta agho ghakusangika ku Cabinda.[35] Mafuta ghanandi agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi ghakasangika na kampani yakuchemeka Cabinda Gulf Oil Company (CABGOC) kufuma mu 1968 m'paka sono.

Kufuma waka apo Portugal yikapelekera mazaza gha chigaŵa chakwake cha Angola ku magulu ghakujiyimira pawekha (MPLA, UNITA na FNLA), chigaŵa cha Cabinda chaŵa malo ghakukanizgikira ku boma la Angola. Chipani cha Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda- Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC) chikapharazga kuti boma la Federal Republic of Cabinda lizamuŵa pasi pa muwuso wa N'Zita Henriques Tiago. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Cabindan ŵakukhumba kujikora nchakuti nyengo zose ŵakugaŵikana.

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Angola
Wonaniso: Elections in Angola and List of political parties in Angola
Nyumba ya Malango ya Angola.

Boma la Angola lili na maofesi ghatatu: wupu wakulongozga, wa malango na wa vyeruzgo. Wupu wakulongozga wa boma uli na pulezidenti, mavice-president na Council of Minister.

Wupu wakulongozga uli na mipando 220, wupu wakulongozga wa wupu umoza, wupu wa National Assembly of Angola, uwo ukusankhika kufuma mu vigaŵa vinandi vya chigaŵa na vyaru vyose. Kwa vyaka vinandi, mazaza gha ndyali ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha pulezidenti.

Pamanyuma pa vilimika 38 vya kuwusa, mu 2017 President dos Santos wakafumapo pa umanyi wa MPLA. Mulongozgi wa chipani icho chizamutonda pa mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango mu Ogasiti 2017 ndiyo wazamuŵa pulezidenti wakulondezgapo wa Angola. MPLA yikasankha nduna yakale ya vya vimbundi João Lourenço kuŵa wakunjira mu malo mwa Santos. Pa ŵaliska 32, 12 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi.

Mu ivyo vikulongosoreka kuti ni kuyuzga ndyali kuti waŵike nkhongono zake na kuchepeska mazaza gha mbumba ya Dos Santos, Lourenço wakafumiska mulara wa ŵapolisi, Ambrósio de Lemos, na mulara wa ŵapolisi, Apolinário José Pereira. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakuwoneka kuti ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa pulezidenti Dos Santos. Kweniso wakawuskapo Isabel Dos Santos, mwana wa pulezidenti wakale, pakuŵa mulara wa kampani ya mafuta ya Sonangol. Mu Ogasiti 2020, José Filomeno dos Santos, mwana wa pulezidenti wakale wa Angola, wakalangika vyaka vinkhondi mu jele cifukwa ca upusikizgi na vimbundi.[36]

Malango

João Lourenço, President of Angola
Nkhani ikulu: Constitution of Angola

Ndondomeko ya boma ya mu 2010 yikulongosora makora umo boma likwendeskekera kweniso ivyo ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuchita. Boma la Portugal lili na malango ghakukhwaskana na malango gha chiyowoyero na malango gha mitheto. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikati yamara, boma la Iran likakhwaskika na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu na ŵamitundu kuti liŵe la demokilase. Likasintha vinthu vinyake kwambura kusintha chomene.

Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango, iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2010, yikasintha kuti paŵavye mavoti gha pulezidenti. Mwaunenesko panji yayi, pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga vinthu vinyake vyose mu boma, ntheura palije kugaŵikana kwa mazaza. Kuyana na malango gha boma, boma ili lili na mazaza ghakulongozga.[37][38][39]

Wankhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Angolan Armed Forces
Ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Angola awo ŵakaŵa na yunifomu.

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Angola (Forças Armadas Angolanas, FAA) likulongozgeka na Chief of Staff uyo wakuphalira nduna yakuvikilira chalo. Pali maboma ghatatu: Army (Exército), Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MGA) na National Air Force (Força Aérea Nacional, FAN). Ŵandu ŵakwana 107,000, kusazgapo ŵasilikari 10,000 (kuyana na 2015).[40]

Vinthu vyake vikusazgapo vilwero vya nkhondo vya ku Russia, mabomba na ndege zakwendeskera vinthu. Paliso ndege za EMB-312 Tucanos za ku Brazil, za L-39 za ku Czech, na za ku Western, nga ni C-212\Aviocar, Sud Aviation Alouette III, na vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa FAA ŵali mu Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa) ndipo ŵanyake 500 ŵakatumika mu Malichi 2023 cifukwa ca kuwuka kwa M23. Wupu wa FAA nawo uli kuchitako mulimo wa mtende wa Southern African Development Community (SADC) ku Cabo Delgado, Mozambique.[41][42][43]

Ŵapolisi

Nkhani ikulu: Law enforcement in Angola
Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Angola.

Maofesi gha ŵapolisi ni Public Order, Criminal Investigation, Traffic and Transport, Investigation and Inspection of Economic Activities, Taxation and Frontier Supervision, Riot Police na Rapid Intervention Police. Ŵapolisi ŵakuzenga viŵiya vya nkhondo kuti viwovwire ŵasilikari. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku caru cose ŵakukuzga maofesi ghawo ghakutozga milandu. Wupu uwu uli na ŵasilikari 6,000, ŵapolisi 2,500 ŵakuwona vya misonkho, ŵapolisi 182 ŵakuwona vya vigeŵenga, ŵapolisi 100 ŵakuwona vya vigeŵenga vya ndalama, kweniso ŵapolisi pafupifupi 90 ŵakuwona vya vyachuma.

Ŵapolisi ŵa boma ŵali kwambiska ndondomeko ya kusinthiska na kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacite makora milimo yawo. Padera pa kunozga vinthu mu boma, mapulojekiti ghakusintha vinthu ghakusazgapo kugura magalimoto ghaphya, ndege na vinthu vinyake, kuzenga maofesi gha ŵapolisi na ma laboratory gha vya malango, kunozga masukulu gha kusambizga ŵanthu, na kusinthiska futi za AKM na za Uzi za 9 mm ku ŵasilikari ŵa mu matawuni.

Chilungamo

Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo likuchita apilu. Khoti la malango ni wupu wapachanya wa malango, ilo likakhazikiskika na dango la nambara 2/08, la 17 Juni  ️ Dango la malango la khoti la malango na la nambara 3/08, la 17 Juni ️ Dango la malango la malango. Ndondomeko ya malango yili kuyana na malango gha ku Portugal na malango gha cikaya. Mu caru ici muli makhoti 12 mu vigaŵa vyakujumpha 140. Mulimo wake wakwamba ukaŵa wa kuwoneseska kuti ŵandyali ŵaŵikapo mtima pa maungano gha chigaŵa gha pa Seputembala 5, 2008. Pasono pali ŵeruzgi 7 awo ŵakupeleka ulongozgi, ŵanalume ŵanayi na ŵanakazi ŵatatu.

Mu 2014, dango liphya la vigeŵenga likamba kugwira ntchito mu Angola. Dango liphya ili likulongora kuti kusesa ndalama nkhwananga..[44]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Angola and List of diplomatic missions of Angola
Nduna ya vyaru vyakuwaro ya Angola Manuel Domingos Augusto.

Boma la Angola ndilo likambiska wupu wa Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).

Pa Okutobala 16, 2014, Angola wakasankhika kachiŵiri kuŵa mubali wambura kukhazikika mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council, na mavoti 190. Mulimo wake ukamba pa 1 Janyuwale 2015 ndipo ukamalira pa 31 Disembala 2016.

Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2014, charu cha Angola chikulongozga ungano wa chigaŵa cha Great Lakes (CIRGL). [80] Mu 2015, Secretary Executive wa CIRGL Ntumba Luaba wakayowoya kuti Angola ni chiyelezgero icho mamembala gha wupu uwu ghakwenera kulondezga, chifukwa cha ivyo vyachitika mu vyaka 12 vya mtende, chomenechomene pa nkhani ya umoyo wa chalo na chuma kweniso ndyali.[45]

Wanangwa wa Munthu

Wonaniso: Human rights in Angola and LGBT rights in Angola

Bungwe la Freedom House likati Angola ni 'themba lambura wanangwa' mu lipoti la 2014 Freedom in the World. Lipoti ili likati pa maungano gha pa caru cose gha Ogasiti 2012, apo gulu lakulamulira la Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola likapokera mavoti ghakujumpha 70%, pakaŵa maubudi ghakuru, kusazgapo mavoti ghakale ndiposo ghambura kwenelera. Kuvota kukakhira kufuma pa 80% mu 2008 kufika pa 60%.

Lipoti la mu 2012 la U.S. Dipatimenti yakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku United States yikati: "Vinthu vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakachitanga [mu 2012] ivyo vikususkana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ni vimbundi na kuleka kulangika; kukanizga wanangwa wa kuwungana, kuwungana, kuyowoya, na kulemba nkhani; kweniso kulanga ŵanthu mwankhaza kweniso mwakujumphizga.

Boma la Angola lili pa malo gha 42 pa maiko 48 gha ku sub-Sahara Africa pa index ya 2007 ya African Governance list ndipo lili pa malo ghachepa pa Ibrahim Index ya 2013 ya African Governance.:8 Likasangika pa malo 39 pa maiko 52 gha ku sub-Sahara Africa, ndipo lili na malo ghaheni chomene pa vigaŵa vya chiŵaro na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, mwaŵi wa vyachuma na chitukuko cha ŵanthu. Ibrahim Index yikugwiliskira nchito vimanyikwiro vyakupambanapambana pakusanga ndondomeko iyo yikulongora umo vinthu viliri mu Africa.

Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakutorana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakazomerezgeka ku Angola, ndipo boma likakanizga kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomera: 155 ŵakakolerana, yumoza wakususka, ndipo 7 ŵakakana.[46]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Angola
Chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivyo Angola wakuguliska, 2019
GDP pa munthu yumoza 1950 mpaka 2018

Angola wali na malibwe gha dayimani, mafuta, golide, mkuŵa na vyamoyo vinandi (ivyo vikamara mu nyengo ya nkhondo), nkhorongo na mafuta. Kufuma waka apo charu chikapokera wanangwa, mafuta na malibwe gha dayamondi ndivyo vikovwira comene pa vya cuma. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru ya ku Angola, mulimi mucoko na mulimi uyo wakalimanga viŵeto wakakhira comene, kweni wakamba kuwuka mu 2002.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chuma cha charu cha Angola chasintha kufuma ku nkhondo iyo yikatora nyengo yitali, ndipo sono ndicho chikukura mwaluŵiro chomene mu Africa na mu vyaru vinyake. Mu nyengo ya 2001-10, Angola ndiyo yikaŵa na ciŵelengero cikuru comene ca GDP pa caru cose, pa 11.1%.

Mu 2004, Exim Bank of China yikazomerezga ngongoli ya madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri ku Angola, kuti yizakaŵawovwire kuzengaso vinthu vya mu charu ichi, kweniso kuti yikanizge mazaza gha International Monetary Fund.

Charu cha China ndicho ntchigaŵa chikuru cha Angola pakuguliska na kutumizga vyakurya. Mu 2011, malonda gha vyaru viŵiri agha ghakafika pa $27.67 biliyoni, ndipo ghakwera na 11.5% pa caka. Vinthu ivyo China likaguliska ku Angola, comenecomene mafuta na dayamondi, vikakwera na 9.1% kufika pa $24.89 biliyoni. Pakuti mafuta ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene, mafuta ghambura kulongozga ghakaŵa na mtengo wa mapaundi 0.37 pa galoni.

Chuma cha Angola chikakura na 18% mu 2005, 26% mu 2006 na 17.6% mu 2007. Chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa charu chose, mu 2009 chuma chikakhira na -0.3%. Vinthu vya mtende ivyo vikachitika mu 2002 vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu 4 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbizgika ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinyake. Boma la Angola likukhazga kuti likura na 3.9 peresenti mu 2014 kuyana na International Monetary Fund (IMF), kukwera kwa ndalama mu vyalo vyambura mafuta, comenecomene cifukwa ca milimo yiwemi comene mu vigaŵa vya vyalo vya ulimi, kukukhazga kuti kukhuŵazgenge kuchepa kwa nyengo yicoko mu vyalo vya mafuta.[47]

Banki Ikulu ya Charu ya Angola.

Boma la Angola likwendeskeka na Banki ya ku Angola. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo Deloitte wakachita pa nkhani ya banki, ndalama izo banki ya Angola, Banco Nacional de Angola (BNA), yikendeskanga zikapangiska kuti unandi wa ndalama ukhale pa 7.96% mu Disembala 2013. Malipoti agho banki yikuru ya Angola yikapeleka ghakulongora kuti mu vyaka vinayi vyakunthazi, chuma cha charu ichi chikwenera kukura pa ciŵelengero ca 5% pa caka.[48]

Nangauli chuma cha charu ichi chakura comene kufuma waka apo boma la Angola likakhazikiskikira mu 2002, comenecomene cifukwa ca ndalama izo likusanga mu vyakununkhira, kweni likulimbana na masuzgo ghakuru. Vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitika kwambira mu 1961, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaparanyika na kusuzgika comene mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ukavu ukuru ndiposo kusowa kwa wanangwa wa ŵanthu vikucitika cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuŵa ŵankhongono, "ŵakujikuzga" pa vigaŵa vyose vya ndyali, maboma, ŵasilikari, na vya cuma, kweniso cifukwa ca vimbundi. Awo ŵakusanga candulo cikuru ni awo ŵali na mazaza pa ndyali, ndyali, na ŵasilikari, awo ŵasanga (ndipo ŵakulutilira kusanga) usambazi unandi.[49][50][51]

Luanda Financial City.

"Ŵanthu ŵaciŵiri awo ŵakusanga candulo" ni ŵanthu ŵaciŵiri awo ŵali pafupi kuŵa ŵanthu ŵaciŵiri. Ndipouli, pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu aŵa mbakavu, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi na ŵa mu matawuni.

Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2008 na wupu wa ku Angola wakuwona vya ndyali, wakalongora kuti mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu 58 pa 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo mbakavu kuyana na malango gha wupu wa UN. Kweni mu misumba, ŵanthu 19 pera ndiwo mbakavu. Mu matawuni, mbumba zinandi, kusazgapo izo zikucemeka ŵakavu, zikwenera kucita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti zileke kufwa. Ku malo gha matawuni ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuŵa ŵakupambana comene, ndipo ku Luanda ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵa ŵakupambana comene. Pa index ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu, Angola wakukhala pasi comene.[52]

Ulendo wa ku Angola wakukura pamoza na chuma na kukhazikika kwa caru ici.

Mu Janyuwale 2020, chikalata cha boma icho chikamanyikwa kuti Luanda Leaks chikulongora kuti makampani gha ku America nga ni Boston Consulting Group, McKinsey & Company, na PricewaterhouseCoopers ghakawovwira ŵabali ŵa pulezidenti wakale José Eduardo dos Santos (makamaka mwana wake mwanakazi Isabel dos Santos) kuti ŵachitenge vimbundi pa Sonangol kuti ŵasangepo phindu. Pamanyuma pa kuvumbura vinandi mu Pandora Papers, ŵakaronga ŵakale Dias na do Nascimento na awo ŵakateŵeterangapo pulezidenti nawo ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakananga ndalama zinandi za boma.

Vinthu vikupambana comene pakati pa vigaŵa ivi, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi mu charu cha Angola.

Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikucitika cifukwa ca kupambana kwa vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na vigaŵa ni unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu Angola, awo ŵakusangika na katundu munandi, ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora. Pa nyengo yasono, ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakugwiliskira nchito zikuŵa mu Portugal, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola (nga ni mbumba ya pulezidenti wa boma) ŵalipo mu mabanki kweniso mu vyalo vya magesi, kwendera mawoko, na vyakupharazga.[53]

Corporate headquarters in Luanda

Boma la Angola lasintha vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Lipoti linyake likuti, pakati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira, umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Angola waŵa uwemi comene. Mu 2002, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga vyaka 46, kweni mu 2011 ŵakakhala vyaka 51. Kufwa kwa ŵana kukakhira kufuma pa 25 peresenti mu 2001 kufika pa 19 peresenti mu 2010 ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakusambira pulayimale chakwera katatu kufuma mu 2001. Ndipouli, nyengo yeneyiyo, suzgo la kusankhana mitundu mu vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana na umo vinthu viliri sono, lindamare.

Ku Angola kuli ndalama zakukwana Kz 70 biliyoni (US$6.8 biliyoni). Kuyana na nduna ya vya cuma ya ku Angola, Abraão Gourgel, msika wa vya ndalama wa mu caru ici ukakura comene kwambira mu 2002 ndipo pasono uli pa malo ghacitatu mu vyaru vya ku Africa.

Pa Disembala 19, 2014, ŵakajura msika wa Angola. Bungwe la Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives (BODIVA) ndilo likaŵa na msika wa ngongoli za boma, ndipo likaghanaghananga kuti lizamwamba kuguliska ngongoli za makampani mu 2015.[54]

Natural resources

Malo ghakujimira mafuta mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Angola

Mu 2008, magazini ya The Economist yikati malibwe gha dayamondi na mafuta ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ku Angola kuŵe ndalama zinandi. Kukura uku kwacitika cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mafuta agho ghakapangika, agho ghakajumpha malita 1.4 pa zuŵa (220,000 m3/d) kuumaliro wa 2005, ndipo ghakeneranga kukwera kufika pa malita 2 pa zuŵa (320,000 m3/d) mu 2007. Boma la Angola ndilo likulongozga makampani gha mafuta. Mu Disembala 2006, charu cha Angola chikaŵa mu gulu la OPEC.

Kuyana na Heritage Foundation, wupu wa ku America, uwo ukuwona kuti mafuta gha mu Angola ghakusazgikira comene mwakuti sono Angola ndiyo yikupanga mafuta ghanandi ku China. "China yapeleka ngongoli zitatu za madola mabiliyoni ghanandi ku boma la Angola; ngongoli ziŵiri za madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri kufuma ku China Exim Bank, yimoza mu 2004, yachiŵiri mu 2007, kweniso ngongoli yimoza mu 2005 ya madola mabiliyoni 2.9 kufuma ku China International Fund Ltd".

Kweniso ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga chifukwa cha mafuta zikapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi. Kweniso, Sonangol, kampani ya boma ya mafuta, yikulongozga 51% ya mafuta gha mu Cabinda. Cifukwa ca kuwusa kwa msika uwu, kampani iyi yikumalizga na kupangiska boma kupokera candulo na kulipira misonkho. Wupu wa vyaru vya kuwaro ukuti Banki ya Caru Cose yikayowoya kuti Sonangol wakupeleka msonkho, wakucita milimo ya msonkho, wakugwiliskira nchito ndalama za boma, ndipo pakuŵa munthu uyo wakupeleka wanangwa, wakuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi. Ndondomeko iyi yikupangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa Sonangol na boma, ndipo yikupangiska kuti ndondomeko ya bajeti yileke kwenda makora kweniso kuti boma lileke kumanya makora ndalama izo likupeleka".

Mu 2002, charu cha Angola chikapempha kuti ŵapeleke malipiro gha mafuta agho ghakafuma mu maji gha charu ichi.

Ntchito zake mu migodi ya dayamondi zikusazgapo ubwezi pakati pa kampani ya Endiama iyo yikwendeskeka na boma na makampani gha migodi nga ni ALROSA agho ghakugwira nchito mu Angola.

Ku Angola ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu vyakuthupi vinandi kuluska umo viliri pa caru cose. Mu 2016, charu cha Angola chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 1.9 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose, ndipo malo agha ghakukwana mahekitala 1.6 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose. Mu 2016, charu cha Angola chikagwiliskira ntchito malo ghakukwana mahekitala 1.01 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito pafupifupi hafu ya nkhongono izo Angola wali nazo. Pa cifukwa ici, Angola wakugwiliskira nchito malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo.[55]

Agriculture

Capanda Dam on the Cuanza
Nkhani ikulu: Agriculture in Angola

Vyaru na makuni ni vyaru ivyo vili na mwaŵi ukuru. Wupu unyake (African Economic Outlook) ukuti: "Caka cilicose Angola wakukhumbikwira tirigu wakukwana matani 4.5 miliyoni, kweni wakupambika waka 55% ya mbuto, 20% ya mpunga, na 5% ya tirigu".

Kweniso, World Bank yikati "pa caru cose ca Angola, malo ghambura kukwana 3 pa 100 gha malo ghakupambika makora ghakulimika, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikusangika mu makuni vikugwiriskirika nchito yayi".

Pambere charu cha Angola chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975, chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi chomene kumwera kwa Africa ndipo chikaguliskanga banane, khofi, na sisal. Kweni nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vyaka 30 (1975-2002) yikananga malo ghakutowa gha ku mizi, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakanjira mu misumba.

Pasono caru ici cikuthemba comene pa vyakurya vyakuzirwa ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku South Africa na Portugal. Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola ŵali mu ukavu.[56]

Mayendelo

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Angola
TAAG Angola Airlines ndiyo yikwendeska ndege mu charu ichi.

Mtundu wa magalimoto mu Angola ni:

Mitundu yitatu ya njanji yakuyana ya makilomita 2,761

  • 76,626 km (47,613 mi) ya misewu yikuru (highway) mwa iyo 19,156 km (11,903 mi) njakukhora
  • 1,295 misewu ya mu nyanja
  • virwa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi
  • Malo gha ndege 243, ndipo 32 mwa malo agha ghali na misewu.

Boma la Angola likwendeska malonda ghake mu virwa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi: Namibe, Lobito, Soyo, Cabinda na Luanda. Luanda ni dowoko likuru comene pa dowoko lose ili, kweniso ni limoza mwa dowoko lakutangwanika comene mu Africa.[57]

Catumbela Bridge ku Benguela.

Kanandi awo ŵalije magalimoto gha vigaŵa vinayi (four by four) ŵakukondwa yayi kwenda mu misewu iyo yili kuwaro kwa matawuni gha ku Angola. Nangauli mu Angola muli misewu yiwemi, kweni nyengo na nkhondo vyapangiska kuti misewu yinandi yiŵe yakubinkha. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, awo ŵakwendeska magalimoto ŵakwendera nthowa zinyake kuti ŵaleke kwenda mu malo agho ghakusangika mabomba ghakofya chomene. Boma la Angola lili kupangana na boma kuti liwezge misewu yinandi mu charu ichi. Mwaciyelezgero, msewu wa pakati pa Lubango na Namibe, uwo uli kuzengeka sonosono apa na ndalama za wupu wa European Union, uli nga ni misewu yinandi yikuru ya ku Europe. Vingachitika kuti mulimo wa kuzenga misewu uwu utore vyaka vinandi.[58]

Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana

Ku Lobito kuli dowoko likuru.
Kuzenga kwa Luanda kukucitika cifukwa ca mafuta na dayamondi.

Makampani ghakucitira tumafoni ghakuwoneka kuti ndigho ghakukhumbikwa comene mu Angola.[59]

For additional, see Telephone numbers in Angola.

Mu Okutobala 2014, ŵakapharazga kuti ŵakuzenga chingwe chakwenda pasi pa maji. Ntchito iyi yikukhumba kuti charu cha Angola chiŵe na Intaneti yiwemi chomene.

Pa Malichi 11, 2015, ungano wakwamba wa pa Angola wa vya mawupu na vya umanyi ukacitikira mu Luanda. Kafukufuku wa chigaŵa ichi, wakulongosoreka pa ungano uwu, wakati Angola ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba ku Africa kuyezga LTE ¥ na vithuzi vyakukwana 400 Mbit/s ¥ na kugwiliskira nchito mafoni pafupifupi 75%; pali mafoni pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni mu msika wa Angola; pali makilomita pafupifupi 25,000 (16,000 miles) gha fibre ya optical agho ghali kukhazikiskika mu chalo.

Satelayiti yakwamba ya ku Angola, AngoSat-1, yikaponyeka mu mlengalenga pa Disembala 26, 2017. Wakafuma pa malo ghakuchemeka Baikonur, ku Kazakhstan, ndipo wakaluta pa roketi lakuchemeka Zenit 3F. Satelayiti iyi yikapangika na kampani ya Russia yakuchemeka RSC Energia. Satellite iyi yikapelekeka na Airbus Defence & Space. Pa 27 Disembala, RSC Energia yikati yapulika kuti yikasoŵa mawoko gha munthavi chifukwa cha suzgo la magesi. Nangauli ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵambeso kuyowoyeskana na satellite iyi, kweni yikamalizga kutumizga mauthenga ndipo RSC Energia yikati AngoSat-1 njambura ntchito. AngoSat-1 yikapelekeka kuti yiwovwire kuti pa caru cose paŵe mauthenga. Aristides Safeca, Secretary of State for Telecommunications, wakayowoya kuti munthavi uwu ukwenera kupeleka mauthenga gha pa foni, TV, Intaneti, na boma la pa Intaneti. Satayiti yinyake yakucemeka AngoSat-2 yikunozgeka ndipo yikeneranga kuzakaŵapo mu 2020. Mu Febuluwale 2021, Ango-Sat-2 yikaŵa yakunozgeka pafupifupi 60%. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵara ŵakayowoya kuti ndege iyi yizamwamba kugwira ntchito mu myezi 17, mu Julayi 2022.[60]

Tekinoloji

Mu 2015, boma la Portugal likapeleka malo gha ".ao" ku Angola. Ndondomeko yakukolerana ya Minisita wa vya Mafoni na Maluso gha Umoyo wa Ŵanthu José Carvalho da Rocha na Minisita wa vya Sayansi na Maluso, Maria Cândida Pereira Teixeira, yikati "mu ndondomeko ya kupanikizga" chigaŵa ichi cha Angola, "vinthu vikupangika kuti chigaŵa cha ".ao" cha ku Portugal chipelekeke ku Angola".[61]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Angola
Historical ethnic divisions of Angola

Angola wali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 24,383,301 kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2014 apo pakaŵa kalembera wakwamba kufuma pa 15 Disembala 1970. Chiyowoyero ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Ovimbundu (Umbundu) 37%, Ambundu (Kimbundu) 23%, Bakongo 13%, na mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu 32%. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ambundu na Ovimbundu ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu awo ŵazamukhala mu charu ichi mu 2050 ŵazamuŵa ŵakujumpha 60 miliyoni. Kweni pa 23 March 2016, wupu wa National Statistics Institute (INE) ukati ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵalipo 25,789,024.

Paumaliro wa chaka cha 2007, ŵanthu 12,100 na ŵanthu 2,900 awo ŵakapempha malo ghakubisamamo ŵakaluta ku Angola. Ku Angola kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 400,000 ŵa ku Democratic Republic of Congo, 220,000 ŵa ku Portugal, na 259,000 ŵa ku China. Kweniso ku Vietnam kuli ŵanthu 40,000.

Kwambira mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakufuma ku Congo ŵafumako ku Angola. Pambere charu cha Angola chindambe kujiwusa chekha mu 1975, ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵambaso kukhala ku Angola. Pasono kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 awo ŵali kulembeska ku maofesi agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵalipo 258,920, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku malo ghanyake. Kweniso ku Brazil kuli ŵanthu 5,000.[62]Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵafumiska ku Portugal na kuluta nawo ku Angola.

Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga mu Angola chikaŵa 5.54 pa mwanakazi waliyose (kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2012), ndipo chikaŵa cha nambara 11.[63]

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Angola
Languages in Angola (2014 Census)[3]
Languages percent
Portuguese
 
 71.1%
Umbundu
 
 23.0%
Kikongo
 
 8.2%
Kimbundu
 
 7.8%
Chokwe
 
 6.5%
Nyaneka
 
 3.4%
Ngangela
 
 3.1%
Fiote
 
 2.4%
Kwanyama
 
 2.3%
Muhumbi
 
 2.1%
Luvale
 
 1.0%
Other
 
 4.1%

Viyowoyero vya ku Angola ni viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakayowoyanga. Viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Umbundu, Kimbundu, na Kikongo. Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi.

Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya makora Chiphwitikizi panji awo ŵakuyowoya chiphwitikizi nga ni chiyowoyero chawo chakwamba chikumanyikwa yayi, kweni kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 39 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi. Mu 2014, lipoti la ku Angola ilo likapelekeka na wupu wa Instituto Nacional de Estatística likati pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 25.8 miliyoni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 18.3 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi.

Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2014, Ciphwitikizi chikuyowoyeka na 71.1% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola, Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nyaneka 3.4%, Ngangela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanyama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, na viyowoyero vinyake 4.1%.[64]

Chisopa

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Angola
Religion in Angola (2015)[65]
Religion Percent
Roman Catholicism
 
 56.4%
Protestantism
 
 23.4%
Other Christian
 
 13.6%
Traditional faiths
 
 4.5%
Irreligion
 
 1.0%
Others
 
 1.1%

Ku Angola kuli visopa pafupifupi 1,000, vinandi vyawo ni vya Cikhristu. Nangauli palije maukaboni ghakugomezgeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu aŵa Mbakatolika, ndipo pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi ŵakulondezga matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Roma.[66][67]

Mu Luanda na mu cigaŵa ici muli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tocoists ndipo kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kimbangu. Kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa, mipingo yinandi ya Ŵapentekoste na yinyake yakuyana nayo yili kuwoneka mu misumba, ndipo sono ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% ndiwo ŵakukhala mu misumba iyi.

Tchalitchi la Katolika la Uaco Cungo.

Kuzakafika mu 2008, ku United States Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Vyaru ya ku Angola yikusacizga kuti Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 80,000, pacoko waka pa 1% ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Middle East (makamaka ku Lebanon).[68] Boma la Angola likuzomerezga yayi mawupu gha Cisilamu ndipo kanandi likujara masisiteri panji kukanizga kuzenga.[69]

Mu kafukufuku uyo wakawoneseska kuti mu vyaru muli malango ghakukhwaskana na visopa na kutambuzgika, Angola wakapokera mapointi 0.8 pa nkhani ya dango la boma lakukhwaskana na chisopa, 4.0 pa nkhani ya malango gha boma ghakukhwaskana na chisopa, 0 pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu, na 0 pa nkhani ya kutambuzgika.[70]

Ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakacitanga milimo yinandi pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975, nangauli kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya kulekeska wanangwa wa ŵanthu yikambira mu 1961, boma la Portugal likachimbizga ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵa Chipulotesitanti na kujara maofesi ghawo. Ŵamishonale ŵakawelera mu charu ichi kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, nangauli ŵakaŵavya mtende chifukwa cha nkhondo ya pawenenawene.[71]

Tchalitchi la Katolika na visopa vikuruvikuru vinyake vya Chiprotesitanti vikujipatura, ndipo "Tchalitchi Liphya" likucitako yayi. Ŵakatolika na matchalitchi ghanyake ghakurughakuru gha Chiprotesitanti ŵakovwira ŵakavu na mbuto, viŵeto, munkhwala, na masambiro.[72][73]

Misumba

 
 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Angola
According to the 2014 Census[74]
Mndandanda Province Ŵanthu
Luanda
Luanda
Lubango
Lubango 		1 Luanda Luanda 6,759,313 Huambo
Huambo
Benguela
Benguela
2 Lubango Huíla 600,751
3 Huambo Huambo 595,304
4 Benguela Benguela 555,124
5 Cabinda Cabinda 550,000
6 Malanje Malanje 455,000
7 Saurimo Lunda Sul 393,000
8 Lobito Benguela 357,950
9 Cuíto Bié 355,423
10 Uíge Uíge 322,531

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Angola
Lucrécia Paím Maternity Hospital.

Matenda gha kolera, maleriya, na maleriya nga ni maleriya gha ku Marburg, ni matenda ghakumanyikwa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici. Mu vigaŵa vinandi mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara maleriya na HIV. Matenda ghanyake agho ghakuthandazgika mu chigaŵa ichi nga ni nthenda ya dengue, filariasis, leishmaniasis, na onchocerciasis. Charu cha Angola chili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa pa nthumbo, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulindilira umoyo utali chomene. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2007, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Angola ŵalije niacin.[75] Pa nyengo yasono, wupu wa Demographic and Health Surveys ukucita maujandizgo ghanandi mu Angola pa nkhani ya maleriya, nkhaza za mu mbumba na vinyake.[76]

Mu Seputembala 2014, wupu wa Angola Institute for Cancer Control (IACC) ukapangika na dango la pulezidenti, ndipo uzamunjira mu wupu wa National Health Service mu Angola. Chilato cha wupu uphya uwu nkhupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala ku ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na nthenda ya kansa, kufiska ndondomeko za munkhwala uwu, mapulogiramu na mapulani ghakovwira kuti nthenda iyi yileke kwiza. Wupu uwu uzamuŵa na udindo wa kulongozga mu vigaŵa vyapakati na kumwera kwa Africa.[77]

Mu 2014, charu cha Angola chikamba katemera wa nthenda ya nthomba, ndipo mwana waliyose wa vyaka 10 na kuchepera apa wakapokera katemera. Ndondomeko iyi yili mu pulani ya kulekeska nthenda ya nthomba ya 2014-2020 iyo yikapangika na Unduna wa vyaumoyo wa Angola, iyo yikusazgapo kukhozga katemera wa nyengo zose, kumazga makora nthenda ya nthomba, makampeni gha pa caru cose, kwambiska katemera waciŵiri mu ndondomeko ya katemera wa nyengo zose wa pa caru cose ndiposo kulondezga ndondomeko ya nthenda ya nthomba. Ntchito iyi yikachitika pamoza na katemera wa poliyo na vitamini A.

Mu Disembala 2015, kukabuka nthenda ya yellow fever, iyo yikaŵa yakofya chomene mu charu ichi kwa vyaka 30. Kuzakafika mu Ogasiti 2016, apo nthenda iyi yikamba kumara, ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵali na nthenda iyi. Ŵanyake ŵakukwana 369 ŵali kufwa. Nthenda iyi yikamba mu msumba wa Luanda ndipo yikathandazgikira mu vigaŵa 16 pa vigaŵa 18.[78][79][80][81][82]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Angola
Agostinho Neto University.

Nangauli dango likuti ŵana ŵa sukulu mu Angola ŵasambirenge kwaulere kwa vyaka 8, kweni boma likuyowoya kuti ŵana ŵanyake ŵakusangika yayi pa sukulu chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa nyumba na ŵasambizgi. Kanandi ŵana ŵa sukulu ndiwo ŵakulipira ndalama zakusazgikira za sukulu, kusazgapo mabuku na vinthu vinyake.[83]

Mu 1999, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha ku pulayimale chikaŵa 74 peresenti, ndipo mu 1998, chaka chaumaliro icho pali maukaboni, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha ku pulayimale chikaŵa 61 peresenti. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi chikukolerana na chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi. [83]Pali mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakunjira sukulu ku mizi na awo ŵakunjira mu misumba. Mu 1995, ŵana 71.2% ŵa vyaka 7 m'paka 14 ŵakasambiranga sukulu. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵana ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu kuluska ŵasungwana. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene ya ku Angola (1975-2002), pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu ghose ghakapokeka na kubwangandulika.[83]

Sukulu ya pulayimale mu chigaŵa cha Cuanza Sul

Mu 2005, Unduna wa vya Masambiro ukalembapo ŵasambizgi 20,000 ndipo ukalutilira kusambizga ŵasambizgi. Ŵasambizgi ŵakulipika ndalama zichoko, ŵakusambizgika makora yayi, kweniso ŵakutangwanika chomene (nyengo zinyake ŵakusambizga pa ma shift ghaŵiri panji ghatatu pa zuŵa). Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakukhumba kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵaŵapenge ndalama panji vimbundi. Vinthu vinyake, nga ni mabomba ghakubisika, kusoŵa ndalama na vikalata vyakulongolera munthu, kweniso umoyo uheni vikutondeska ŵana kuluta ku sukulu nyengo zose. Nangauli mu 2004 ndalama izo boma likapeleka ku masukulu zikakwera, kweni visambizgo vya ku Angola vikulutilira kupeleŵera.

Wupu wa UNESCO (Institute for Statistics) ukati mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵakaŵa 70.4%. Kuzakafika mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 71.1%. Mu 2001, ŵanalume 82.9% na ŵanakazi 54.2% ndiwo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kufuma waka apo charu cha Angola chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Portugal mu 1975, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Angola ŵakulutilira kunjira sukulu za sekondare, za polytechnic, na za pa yunivesite mu Portugal na Brazil.[84][83][85][86]

Mutu-ya Kevela Prep. School

Mu Seputembala 2014, Unduna wa Vya masambiro ku Angola ukati uzamwendeska ndalama zakukwana 16 miliyoni mu makompyuta gha masukulu ghakujumpha 300 mu charu chose. Ntchito iyi yikusazgapo kusambizga ŵasambizgi pa caru cose, "mwakuti ŵasambizge na kugwiliskira nchito vinthu viphya vya sayansi ya vinthu mu masukulu gha pulayimale, na kusazgirako masambiro".

Mu 2010, boma la Angola likamba kuzenga Angolan Media Libraries Network, ilo likusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi kuti ŵanthu ŵasange makora uthenga na kumanya vinthu. Malo ghose agha ghali na mabuku, vinthu vinandi, na makompyuta agho ghali na Intaneti. Ndondomeko iyi yikulayizga kuti mu 2017 mu vigaŵa vyose vya Angola muŵengeko layibulare yimoza. Ntchito iyi yikusazgapo kuzenga mabuku ghanandi ghakulongosolera nkhani kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵamanye ivyo vili mu mabuku agha. Pa nyengo yasono, malaibulale gha mafoni ghakugwira nchito kale mu vigaŵa vya Luanda, Malanje, Uíge, Cabinda na Lunda South. Pa nkhani ya REMA, vigaŵa vya Luanda, Benguela, Lubango na Soyo vili na mabuku gha nkhani.[87][88][89][90]

Nyengo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Angola
Wonaniso: Music of Angola and Angolan cuisine
Agostinho Neto National Memorial ku Luanda.

Chikhalidwe cha ku Angola chakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Chipwitikizi, makamaka chilankhulo ndi chipembedzo, ndi chikhalidwe cha mafuko a ku Angola, makamaka chikhalidwe cha Bantu.

Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana - Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, Mbunda na ŵanthu ŵanyake - ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweni mu misumba, umo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵakukhala, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakufuma mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake.

Mu mizi iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Portugal. Sumu na kuvina ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakutemwa chomene Chiphwitikizi. Ivi vikulongosoreka makora mu mabuku gha ku Angola, chomenechomene mu mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola.

Mu 2014, Angola yikambaso ungano wa National Festival of Angolan Culture pamanyuma pa vilimika 25. Ungano uwu ukachitika mu misumba yikuru yose ya vigaŵa ndipo ukenda mazuŵa 20, ndipo mutu wake ukaŵa wakuti "Vikaya ni Vinthu Vyakovwira Kuti Paŵe Mtende na Kukura".[91]

Cinema

Nkhani ikulu: Cinema of Angola

Mu 1972, filimu yakwamba ya ku Angola, ya Sarah Maldoror yakuchemeka Sambizanga, yikayowoyeka pa Carthage Film Festival ndipo yikapokelereka makora chomene.[92]

Maseŵera

Stediyamu ku Benguela.

Mu Angola, maseŵero gha basketball ndigho ngakutchuka comene. Gulu lake la mafuko lakhala likutonda Africa Basket 11 ndipo lili na mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Monga timu yayikulu kwambiri ku Africa, imagwira nawo ntchito pa Masewera a Olimpiki a Chilimwe ndi FIBA World Cup. Ku Angola ndiko kukaŵa timu yakwamba ku Africa.[93]

Mu mpira, charu cha Angola chikapokelera nkhonya ya Africa ya 2010. Gulu la mpira wa ku Angola likafika ku mpikisano wa FIFA World Cup wa chaka cha 2006. Ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafumapo waka mu magulu ghaŵiri. Ŵakatora viphalizgano vitatu vya COSAFA Cup ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵaciŵiri pa 2011 African Nations Championship.

Kwa vyaka vinandi, charu cha Angola chikuchitako maseŵero gha ku charu chose gha maseŵero gha ku mawoko gha ŵanakazi. Charu ichi chilipo pa maseŵero gha Olympic kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri ndipo nyengo zose chikuchitako maseŵero agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti charu cha Angola chili na mizu mu maluso gha nkhondo gha "Capoeira Angola" na "Batuque".[94]

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

  1. ↑ Investidura do Presidente da República. Rádio Nacional de Angola. 15 September 2022.
  2. ↑ "Angola". The World Factbook (2023 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014 [Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014] (PDF) (in Portuguese), Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Malichi 2016, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 Meyi 2016
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  5. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Angola". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 7 Juni 2019. Retrieved 22 Malichi 2020.
  6. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 8 Sekutembala 2022.
  7. ↑ "Transparency and Accountability in Angola". Human Rights Watch. 13 Epulelo 2010. Archived from the original on 6 Okutobala 2015. Retrieved 1 Epulelo 2016.
  8. ↑ "Is Angola's Anti-Corruption Drive Real or Cosmetic?". VOA News. 10 Janyuwale 2020. Archived from the original on 28 Juni 2021. Retrieved 24 Juni 2021.
  9. ↑ "Diplomat recognizes government's effort in fight against corruption". Agéncia Angola Press. 30 Juni 2021. Archived from the original on 6 Okutobala 2021. Retrieved 5 Julayi 2021.
  10. ↑ "Life expectancy at birth". World Fact Book. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. Archived from the original on 20 Janyuwale 2016. Retrieved 4 Malichi 2010.
  11. ↑ Heywood, Linda M.; Thornton, John K. (2007). Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0521770651. Archived from the original on 20 Malichi 2015.
  12. ↑ Leander (18 Meyi 2016). "Kingdom of Kongo 1390–1914". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 23 Febuluwale 2019. Retrieved 25 Febuluwale 2019.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Angola" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 45
  14. ↑ Global Investment and Business Center (1 Janyuwale 2006). Angola in the Eighteenth Century: Slave trading in the 1700s. Int'l Business Publications. p. 153. ISBN 0739716069. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |work= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ World Bank. The History of Brazil–Africa Relations (PDF). p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 14 Meyi 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Iliffe, John (2007) Africans: the history of a continent Archived 10 Juni 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0-521-68297-5. For valuable complements for the 16th and 17th centuries see Beatrix Heintze, Studien zur Geschichte Angolas im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Colónia/Alemanha: Köppe, 1996
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1991). Angola, a Country Study. Area Handbook Series (Third ed.). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, American University. pp. 14–26. ISBN 978-0160308444.
  18. ↑ See René Pélissier, Les guerres grises: Résistance et revoltes en Angola, (1845-1941), Éditions Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1977
  19. ↑ See René Pélissier, La colonie du Minotaure. Nationalismes et révoltes en Angola (1926–1961), éditions Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1979
  20. ↑ Corrado, Jacopo (2008). The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870–1920. Amherst, New York: Cambria Press. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-1604975291.
  21. ↑ Rafael Coca de Campos Kakombola. O genocídio dos Mucubais na Angola colonial, 1930-1943, Ponta Grossa, 2021.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Chabal, Patrick (2002). A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0253215659.
  23. ↑ Cornwell, Richard (1 Novembala 2000). "The War of Independence" (PDF). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 20 Febuluwale 2015.
  24. ↑ Vanneman, Peter (1990). Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0817989026.
  25. ↑ W. James, Martin (2004). Historical Dictionary of Angola. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-1538111239.
  26. ↑ "Who is Angola's new president Joao Lourenco? | DW | 26.09.2017". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 3 Febuluwale 2021. Retrieved 26 Febuluwale 2021.
  27. ↑ "Angola - Human Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in English). Retrieved 30 Epulelo 2023.
  28. ↑ "Angola's MPLA ruling party wins elections and presidency". www.aljazeera.com (in English).
  29. ↑ "José Eduardo dos Santos: State funeral for Angola ex-president". BBC News. 28 Ogasiti 2022.
  30. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  31. ↑ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1989). Angola: a country study (in English). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 57–61. OCLC 44357178. Archived from the original on 8 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 19 Juni 2022.
  32. ↑ Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014 [Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014] (PDF) (in Portuguese), Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Malichi 2016, p. 27, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 Meyi 2016
  33. ↑ "Angola General Information". geohive.com. Archived from the original on 30 Sekutembala 2016. Retrieved 3 Malichi 2022.
  34. ↑ "Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 Disembala 2019. Retrieved 3 Meyi 2020.
  35. ↑ "Angola profile". BBC News. 22 Disembala 2013. Archived from the original on 24 Juni 2018. Retrieved 21 Juni 2018.
  36. ↑ "José Filomeno dos Santos: Son of Angola's ex-leader jailed for five years". BBC News. 14 Ogasiti 2020. Archived from the original on 7 Juni 2022. Retrieved 7 Juni 2022.
  37. ↑ Amundsen, Inge (2011). Angola Party Politics: Into the African Trend (PDF). Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) and Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica (CEIC).
  38. ↑ Péclard, Didier (ed.) (2008) L'Angola dans la paix: Autoritarisme et reconversions, special issue of Politique africains (Paris), p. 110.
  39. ↑ Miranda, Jorge (2010) "A Constituição de Angola de 2010", O Direito (Lisbon), vol. 142.
  40. ↑ The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Abington, UK: Helicon. 2018. ISBN 978-1-84972-716-7.
  41. ↑ "Angola to join SADC military mission to Mozambique - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 25 Okutobala 2021. Retrieved 10 Meyi 2022.
  42. ↑ Gomes, Miguel; Rolley, Sonia (17 Malichi 2023). "Angola to deploy troops in Congo's rebel-hit east". Reuters. Retrieved 15 Epulelo 2023.
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  45. ↑ "Angola deve servir de exemplo para os países da CIRGL – Ntumba Luaba". Archived from the original on 5 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 14 Juni 2017. Expansion, 8 January 2015
  46. ↑ Williams, Sophie (24 Janyuwale 2019). "Angola decriminalises homosexuality and bans discrimination based on sexual orientation". The Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 24 Janyuwale 2019. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2019.
  47. ↑ Angola's economy to grow by 3.9 percent-IMF Archived 13 Julayi 2015 at the Wayback Machine StarAfrica, 4 September 2014
  48. ↑ Angola seen growing average 5 percent: Central Bank Archived 1 Disembala 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters (Africa), 10 June 2014
  49. ↑ This process is well analyzed by authors like Christine Messiant, Tony Hodges and others. For an eloquent illustration, see the Angolan magazine Infra-Estruturas África 7/2010.
  50. ↑ Anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International rates Angola one of the 10 most corrupt countries in the world.
  51. ↑ Dolan, Kerry A. (23 January 2013). "Isabel Dos Santos, Daughter Of Angola's President, Is Africa's First Woman Billionaire" Archived 15 Ogasiti 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Forbes.
  52. ↑ The HDI 2010 lists Angola in the 146th position among 169 countries—one position below that of Haiti. MLP l Human Development Index and its components. Archived 28 Epulelo 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ↑ "A força do kwanza", Visão (Lisbon), 993, 15 May 2012, pp. 50–54
  54. ↑ CMC prepares launch of debt secondary market Archived 18 Malichi 2015 at the Wayback Machine Angola Press Agency, 16 December 2014
  55. ↑ "Country Trends". Global Footprint Network. Archived from the original on 8 Ogasiti 2017. Retrieved 2 Juni 2020.
  56. ↑ Redvers, Louise POVERTY-ANGOLA: Inter Press Service News Agency – NGOs Sceptical of Govt's Rural Development Plans Archived 12 Meyi 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  57. ↑ "The top eight busiest ports in Africa (Photos and Infographic)". African Business Central. Archived from the original on 4 Febuluwale 2020. Retrieved 4 Febuluwale 2020.
  58. ↑ ec.europa.eu: 1992 Archived 26 Meyi 2021 at the Wayback Machine
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  66. ↑ Schubert, Benedict (1997). Der Krieg und die Kirchen: Angola 1961–1991. Luzern, Switzerland: Exodus.
  67. ↑ Henderson, Lawrence W. (1989). The Church in Angola: A river of many currents. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
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  81. ↑ Novo instituto oncológico de Angola quer ser referência em África Archived 3 Malichi 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Diário Digital (Source: Lusa Agency), 9 September 2014
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  88. ↑ Government to open digital libraries in every province Archived 18 Malichi 2015 at the Wayback Machine Angola Press Agency, 8 January 2015
  89. ↑ Sumário Executivo do Plano Director da ReMA [Executive Summary of the ReMA Master Plan] (PDF) (in Portuguese), Rede de Mediatecas de Angola, Meyi 2013, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 Disembala 2016
  90. ↑ Angola investe 16 milhões na informatização de 300 salas de aula em todo o país Archived 7 Okutobala 2014 at the Wayback Machine, jornal i (28 September 2014)
  91. ↑ Retrospect2014: Fenacult marks cultural year Archived 31 Disembala 2014 at the Wayback Machine Angola Press Agency, 18 December 2014
  92. ↑ Dovey, Lindiwe (11 Malichi 2015). Curating Africa in the Age of Film Festivals. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1137404145. Archived from the original on 15 Sekutembala 2018. Retrieved 15 Sekutembala 2018.
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  94. ↑ Poncianinho, Mestre; Almeida, Ponciano (2007). Capoeira: The Essential Guide to Mastering the Art. New Holland Publishers. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-84537-761-8. Archived from the original on 20 Malichi 2015. Retrieved 14 Okutobala 2015.

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