Democratic Republic of Congo

Charu cha Congo
Charu cha Congo; République démocratique du Congo (French); Repubilika ya Kôngo ya Dimokalasi (Kituba); Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki (Lingala); Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (Swahili); Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata (Luba-Lulua)
	Coat of arms
	Chiluso: "Justice – Paix – Travail" (French); "Justice – Peace – Work"
	Nyimbo: Debout Congolais (French); "Arise, Congolese"
	[[File: \|center\|250px\|alt=\|Location of Democratic Republic of Congo ]]
Msumba Waboma; kweneso Msumba Usani	Kinshasa
Chiyowoyelo chaboma	French
Viyowoyelo vyaboma	Kikongo ya leta; Lingala; Swahili; Tshiluba;
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu	{{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo	95.4% Christianity ; 2.6% Traditional faiths ; 1.5% Islam ; 0.5% Others / None ;
Mwenecharu	Congolese
Mtundu wa Boma	Unitary semi-presidential republic
Formation
Ukulu wa Malo
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
Gini (2012)	42.1; medium
HDI (2021)	0.479; low ·179th
Ndalama	Congolese franc (CDF)
Mtundu Wanyengo	WAT and CAT (UTC+1 to +2)
Kalembelo kasiku	dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto	right
ISO 3166 code	CD
Intaneti yacharu	.cd

Charu cha Congo, panji pa Chingelezi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), panji kuti Congo-Kinshasa panji kuti Zaire, ni charu icho chili ku Central Africa. Kuyana na caru, DRC ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa, na ca 11 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 112 miliyoni. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Kinshasa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (kujumpha Nyanja ya Tanganyika), Zambia, Angola, the Cabinda enclave of Angola na South Atlantic Ocean.

Charu cha DRC, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Congo Basin, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo vyaka 90,000 ivyo vyajumpha.^[6]Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ufumu wa Kongo ukalamuliranga chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Congo kwambira m'ma 1400 m'paka m'ma 1800. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, maufumu gha Azande, Luba, na Lunda ghakalamulira kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1900. Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium likapoka wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca Congo mu 1885 ndipo likati caru ici nchake, ndipo likati ni Congo Free State. Kwambira mu 1885 m'paka 1908, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakachichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito ya kupanga mphira. Mu 1908, Leopold wakaleka malo agha, ndipo ghakazgoka koloni la Belgium.

Pa Juni 30, 1960, charu cha Congo chikapoka wanangwa kufuma ku Belgium, ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo chikaŵa na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujipatura. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Zaire ndipo wakaŵika muwuso wankhongono m'paka apo wakawuskikira mu 1997.^[1] Kufuma apo, zina la charu ichi likasinthikaso, ndipo kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2003, pakaŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu nyengo ya Joseph Kabila uyo wakawusa charu ichi kufuma mu 2001 mpaka mu 2019, apo wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu chalo ichi ukaŵa wambura kuzirwa ndipo wakachitanga viheni vinandi nga nkhukomeka, kutambuzgika, kujalirika mu jele mwakutalulira na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.^[11] Pamanyuma pa mavoti gha 2018 mu charu ichi, Kabila wakasankhika na Félix Tshisekedi.^[12] Kufuma mu 2015, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa DR Congo ndiko kuli nkhondo ya ŵasilikari mu Kivu.

Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na vinthu vinandi chomene vyakuthupi, kweni chili na masuzgo gha ndyali, kusowa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, vimbundi, kweniso vyaka vinandi vya malonda na vyakukolerana.^[13] Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities, Lubumbashi and Mbuji-Mayi, are both mining communities. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of its exports in 2019.^[1] Mu chaka cha 2021, charu cha DR Congo chikaŵa pa malo 179 pa vyaru 191. Kuzakafika mu 2018, ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000 ŵa ku Congo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali kukhala mu vyaru vyapafupi. Ŵana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakufwa na njara, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni 4.5 ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca nkhondo. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, COMESA, Southern African Development Community, Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, na Economic Community of Central African States.

Kwiza kwa zina

Zina la charu ichi lili kufuma ku zina la Mlonga wa Congo, uwo ukujumpha mu charu ichi. Mlonga wa Congo ni mlonga wakunyang'amira comene pa caru cose ndiposo wacitatu pa mtunda. Komiti yakuwona vya ku Upper Congo (Comité d'études du haut Congo), iyo yikambiska na Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium mu 1876, kweniso wupu wa International Association of the Congo, uwo wakambiska mu 1879.

Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ku Europe ŵakathya Mlonga wa Congo zina la Ufumu wa Kongo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Lizgu lakuti Kongo lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Kongo (icho chikuchemekaso Kikongo). Samuel Henry Nelson, mulembi wa ku America, wakati: "Panji lizgu lakuti 'Kongo' likung'anamura kuwungana pa wumba ndipo lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti konga, 'kuwungana' (transitive)". Zina la mazuŵa ghano la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kongo lakuti Bakongo, likamba kumanyikwa kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900.

Boma la Democratic Republic of the Congo likamanyikwanga na mazina agha: Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville, Democratic Republic of the Congo na Republic of Zaire, pambere lindasinthe zina lakuti Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Pa nyengo iyo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa wake, chikachemekanga kuti Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville kuti chiŵe chakupambana na charu chinyake cha ku Congo-Brazzaville. Pa 1 Ogasiti 1964, charu ichi chikazgoka DRC, kweni pa 27 Okutobala 1971 President Mobutu Sese Seko wakachitiska kuti chichemeke Zaire (zina lakale la Congo River).

Lizgu lakuti Zaire lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiphwitikizi ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chikikongo lakuti nzadi ("mlonga").^[14]^[15]^[16]Mlonga uwu ukachemekanga Zaire mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1700. Vikuwoneka kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 18 C.E., mu Chingelezi ŵakawuchemanga kuti Congo, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura za Zaire.

Mu 1992, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ukazomerezga kuti charu ichi chichemeke "Democratic Republic of the Congo". Pamasinda, pulezidenti Laurent-Désiré Kabila wakawezgerapo zina la charu ichi apo wakawuskapo Mobutu mu 1997. Kuti charu ichi chiŵe chakupambana na charu chinyake, nyengo zinyake chikuchemeka Congo (Kinshasa) panji Congo-Kinshasa. Zina lake nyengo zinyake likuzgoreka kuti DR Congo,DRC, the DROC and RDC (mu Cifurenci).^[17]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mbiri Yakwambilira

Nkhani ikulu: Early Congolese history and Kingdom of Kongo

Malo agho sono ghakucemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ghakaŵa na ŵanthu vyaka 90,000 ivyo vyajumpha, nga umo vikulongolereka na ivyo vikachitika mu 1988 apo ŵakabowozga futi ya Semliki ku Katanda.^[18]^[19]

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika ku Central Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ndipo ŵakamba kusamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto vyawo mwaluŵiro chomene chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa za ŵaliska na za ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa dazi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene, ndipo kufuma apo, maufumu gha Bantu ghakaŵako.

Congo Free State (1877–1908)

Nkhani ikulu: Colonisation of the Congo and Congo Free State

Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Belgium ŵakasanda vinthu ivi kufuma mu 1870 m'paka mu 1920. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakendeskanga ni Henry Morton Stanley, uyo wakendeskanga maulendo agha na Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium. Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo vikaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa ca kuthereskeka kwa ŵazga, comenecomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga.

Leopold wakakhumbanga kuti caru ca Congo ciŵe cikaya cake.^[20]Mu viphalizgano vyakulondezgapo, Leopold, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa gulu la ku Africa lakucemeka Association Internationale Africaine, wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kovwira ŵanthu.

Themba Leopold likapokera wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca Congo pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1885 ndipo likapanga caru ici kuŵa cake. Wakacichema kuti Congo Free State. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Leopold, ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni njanji iyo yikendanga kufuma ku mtunda wa mumphepete mwa nyanja kuya ku msumba wa Leopoldville (uno ni Kinshasa).

Mu charu cha Free State, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakachichizganga ŵanthu kuti ŵapange mphira. Leopold wakasanga ndalama zinandi cifukwa ca kuguliska ganyuzi. Pakukhumba kukanizga ŵanthu kugura mphira, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakacemeka ndipo ŵakamba kudumura viŵaro vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha.

Mu nyengo ya 1885-1908, ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵa ku Congo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kusuzgika na matenda. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakakhira comene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti matenda gha mu tulo na nthomba vikakoma pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga Mlonga wa Congo.

Uthenga wakuti ŵanthu ŵakamucitiranga nkhaza ukayamba kuthandazgika. Mu 1904, Roger Casement, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa Britain ku boma la Boma ku Congo, wakaphalirika na boma la Britain kuti wasande nkhani iyi. Lipoti lake, lakucemeka Casement Report, likakhozga ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Belgium yikapangiska Leopold II kuti wambe kusanda nkhani iyi. Ivyo vikalembeka vikakolerana na ivyo Casement wakayowoya, wakati ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo "ŵakakhira na hafu" mu nyengo iyi. Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukwana.

Belgian Congo (1908–1960)

Nkhani ikulu: Belgian Congo

Mu 1908, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Belgium, nangauli pakwamba ŵakakhumbanga yayi, kweni yikathera chifukwa cha kuyuzgika na ŵamitundu (makamaka ŵa ku United Kingdom) ndipo yikamba kulamulira charu cha Free State. Pa Okutobala 18, 1908, nyumba ya malango ya ku Belgium yikazomerezga kuti charu cha Congo chiŵe mu ufumu wa Belgium. Boma la Belgium ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za maufumu, ndipo likateŵeteranga na wupu wa Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) uwo ukaŵa ku Brussels. Nyumba ya malango ya ku Belgium yikaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya malango gha ku Belgian Congo. Mu 1923, msumba ukuru wa boma ukafumako ku Boma na kuluta ku Léopoldville, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 300 kumanjiliro gha dazi.^[21]

Kusintha kufuma ku Congo Free State kuya ku Belgian Congo kukaŵa kwakupambana, kweni kukaŵaso kukolerana. Kazembe waumaliro wa boma la Congo Free State, Baron Théophile Wahis, wakalutilira kuwusa mu charu cha Belgian Congo. Kujura caru ca Congo na usambazi wake ku vyaru vya Belgian kukalutilira kuŵa cifukwa cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici cikure.

Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga chigaŵa ichi, ndipo pakaŵa malango ghaŵiri (makhoti gha ku Europe na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi). Makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi ghakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka ndipo ghakaŵa pasi pa boma. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Belgium ŵakazomerezga kuti mu Congo muleke kuŵa ndyali, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique ŵakakanizganga ŵanthu kuwukira boma.

Charu cha Belgian Congo chikakhwaskika na nkhondo ziŵiri za caru cose. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1914-1918), nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique na ŵasilikari ŵa German ku German East Africa, yikasintha na kuŵa nkhondo ya pa wumba. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Force Publique likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi apo likalutanga ku Tabora mu Seputembala 1916 pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Charles Tombeur.

Pamanyuma pa 1918, caru ca Belgium cikapokera njombe cifukwa ca kunjilira mu nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Belgian Congo chikapelekanga ndalama zinandi ku boma la Belgium ilo likakhalanga ku London. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian Congo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian ndipo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Italy ku Ethiopia mu Asosa, Bortaï na Saïo.^[22]

Kujiyimira paŵekha na suzgo la ndyali (1960-1965)

Nkhani ikulu: Congo Crisis and Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)

Mu Meyi 1960, gulu linyake lakucemeka Mouvement National Congolais, ilo likalongozgekanga na Patrice Lumumba, likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa Juni 24, 1960, Lumumba wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Republic of Congo. Nyumba ya malamulo yasankha Joseph Kasa-Vubu kukhala pulezidenti, wa chipani cha Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO). Maphwando ena omwe adawonekera akuphatikizapo Parti Solidaire Africain motsogozedwa ndi Antoine Gizenga, ndi Parti National du Peuple motsogozedwa ndi Albert Delvaux ndi Laurent Mbariko.

Charu cha Belgian Congo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Juni 30, 1960, ndipo chikachemekanga "République du Congo". Pakuti charu cha Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) icho chikaŵa pafupi na charu cha France, nacho chikasankha zina lakuti "Republic of Congo" apo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha.

Mwaluŵiro Force Publique yikagaluka, ndipo pa Julayi 11 chigaŵa cha Katanga (chakulongozgeka na Moïse Tshombe) na South Kasai ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵaphya. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu 100,000 ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalako pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Congo chazakaŵa na wanangwa uwu ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi. Pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa United Nations ukakana wovwiri uwo Lumumba wakapempha kuti waparanye gulu lakujipatura, Lumumba wakapempha wovwiri ku Soviet Union, iyo yikapokelera na kutuma wovwiri wa ŵasilikari. Pa Ogasiti 23, ŵasilikari ŵa Congo ŵakanjira mu South Kasai. Lumumba wakafumiskika pa udindo pa 5 September 1960 na Kasa-Vubu uyo wakamususka pakweru chifukwa cha kukoma ŵanthu na ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Kasai kweniso chifukwa cha kunjizga maboma gha Soviet mu chalo ichi. Lumumba wakayowoya kuti ivyo Kasa-Vubu wakacita vikaŵa vyambura kuzomerezgeka na dango, ndipo pakaŵa suzgo pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa.^[23]

Pa 14 Seputembala, Koloneli Joseph Mobutu, na wovwiri wa United States na Belgium, wakawuskapo Lumumba pa udindo wake. Pa Janyuwale 17, 1961, Lumumba wakapelekeka ku boma la Katangan na kukomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Katangan awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵa Belgian. Mu 2001, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Belgium yikachita kafukufuku ndipo yikasanga kuti charu cha Belgium "chikwenera kuŵa na mulandu" wa kukoma Lumumba.

Pa Seputembala 18, 1961, apo ŵakadumbiskananga vya kuleka kuwombera, ndege yikawa pafupi na Ndola ndipo Dag Hammarskjöld, mulembi mukuru wa wupu wa United Nations, wakafwa pamoza na ŵanthu wose 15. Pakati pa suzgo yikuru, boma la kanyengo kachoko likalongozgekanga na ŵantchito (Colège des commissaires généraux). Kulekana kwa Katangan kukamara mu Janyuwale 1963 na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa UN. Maboma ghanandi gha Joseph Ileo, Cyrille Adoula, na Moise Kapenda Tshombe ghakaŵa gha nyengo yicoko waka.

Pa nyengo yeneyira, ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ŵakugaluka awo ŵakakhozgekanga na boma la Soviet na la Cuba, awo ŵakacemekanga kuti Simbas, ŵakamba kuwukira boma la Congo, ndipo ŵakapharazga kuti ku Stanleyville kuli "Republic of the Congo". Mbumba ya Simba yikacimbizgika mu Stanleyville mu Novembala 1964 mu nyengo ya "Operation Dragon Rouge". Mu Novembala 1965, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka ŵa Simba.

Lumumba wakaŵa kuti wasora Mobutu kuŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa gulu liphya la nkhondo la Congo, Armée Nationale Congolaise. Pakugwiliskira nchito uheni uwo ukaŵapo pakati pa Kasavubu na Tshombe, Mobutu wakasanga wovwiri wakukwana mu ŵasilikari kuti wapange boma. Mu 1965, pambere Mobutu wandawuskemo boma, pakaŵa ungano wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha malango gha charu. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasinthaso zina la charu ichi, ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa "Republic of Zaire".^[24]^[25]

Boma la Mobutu na Zaire (1965-1997)

Nkhani ikulu: Zaire

Maboma gha ku United States ghakamovwira comene Mobutu cifukwa cakuti wakasuskanga cikomyunizimu. Pakaŵa chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Mobutu wakajiphara kuti ni mulara wa boma. Nyengo na nyengo wakacitanga maungano agho iyo yekha ndiyo wakaŵa wakunjilirapo. Nangauli pakaŵa mtende na kukhazikika, kweni boma la Mobutu likaŵa na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, nkhaza za ndyali, kusopa munthu na vimbundi.

Kuumaliro wa 1967, Mobutu wakawuskapo ŵalwani ŵake wose, panji kuŵanjizga mu muwuso wake, kuŵakaka, panji kuŵapangiska kuŵa ŵambura nkhongono. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1960, Mobutu wakalutilira kusinthiska maboma na ŵantchito kuti ŵalutilire kulamulira. Joseph Kasa-Vubu wakati wafwa mu Epulero 1969, pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwusa. Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1970, Mobutu wakayezga kuti Zaire yiŵe caru cakulongozga mu Africa. Wakendanga kanandi waka mu Africa yose apo boma likayowoyanga chomene vya nkhani za ku Africa, comenecomene izo zikakhwaskanga vigaŵa vya kumwera. Charu cha Zaire chikaŵa paubwezi na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Burundi, Chad, na Togo.

Vimbundi vikazara comene mwakuti mazgu ghakuti "le mal Zairois" panji "matenda gha ku Zaire", agho ghakung'anamura vimbundi vikuru, unkhungu, na kuwusa uheni, ghakafuma kwa Mobutu. Wovwiri wa caru cose, comenecomene mu nthowa ya ngongoli, ukasambazga Mobutu apo wakazomerezga kuti vinthu vya mu caru nga ni misewu vileke kwenda makora. Zaire yikazgoka boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu apo Mobutu na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakayegha ndalama za boma.^[26]

Pa 1 Juni 1966, Mobutu wakambiska kampeni yakujiyaniska na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo wakasinthaso mazina gha misumba ya mu charu ichi: Léopoldville wakazgoka Kinshasa (charu ichi chikachemekanga Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville wakazgoka Kisangani, Elisabethville wakazgoka Lubumbashi, ndipo Coquilhatville wakazgoka Mbandaka. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Republic of Zaire, ndipo aka kakaŵa kacinayi mu vilimika 11 ndipo kakaŵa kacitatu. Mlonga wa Congo ukasinthika zina kuŵa Mlonga wa Zaire.^[25]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, Mobutu wakacemeka ku United States kanandi waka. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan na George H. W. Bush. - Kasi ni njani? Nkhondo ya Cinkhondi na Cinkhondi yikati yamara, ubwezi wa United States na Mobutu ukakhira. Ŵalwani ŵa Zaire ŵakamba kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. Ivi vikawovwira kuti mu 1990, Mobutu wapange Repubulika Yachitatu. Vinthu vikasintha chomene. Mobutu wakalutilira kuwusa m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵakamucicizgira kucimbira mu 1997. Nkhwantha yinyake yikalemba kuti: "Kufuma mu 1990 m'paka mu 1993, boma la United States likawovwira Mobutu kuti wasinthe ndyali, kweniso likawovwira Laurent-Desire Kabila kuti wawukire boma la Mobutu".

Mu Seputembala 1997, Mobutu wakafwira ku Morocco.^[27]

Nkhondo za pa caru cose na za mukati mwa caru (1996-2007)

Nkhani ikulu: First Congo War and Second Congo War

Kuzakafika mu 1996, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweniso apo boma la Ŵatutsi likamba kuwusa mu Rwanda, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵahutu (Interahamwe) ŵakachimbilira ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zaire. Ŵakakolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Zaire kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na Ŵatutsi ŵa ku Congo.

Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda na Uganda ŵakanjira mu Zaire kuti ŵawuskepo boma la Mobutu. Gulu ili likakolerana na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Laurent-Désiré Kabila, ndipo ŵakazgoka Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo. Mu 1997, Mobutu wakacimbira ndipo Kabila wakanjira mu msumba wa Kinshasa, wakajizgora yekha pulezidenti na kuzgora zina la caru ici kuŵa Democratic Republic of Congo.^[28]^[29]

Kabila wakalomba kuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵawelere ku vyaru vyawo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakawelera ku Goma ndipo ŵakambiska gulu liphya la ŵasilikari ŵakuwukira boma la Tutsi lakucemeka Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie kuti ŵarwe na Kabila, apo Uganda yikambiska gulu la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Movement for the Liberation of Congo, ilo likalongozgekanga na Jean-Pierre Bemba. Magulu ghaŵiri agha, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda na Uganda, ŵakambiska Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo mwa kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa DRC mu 1998. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Angola, Zimbabwe, na Namibia ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi.

Kabila wakakomeka mu 2001.^[30] Mwana wake Joseph Kabila ndiyo wakatora malo ghake ndipo wakacema kuti paŵe maungano gha mtende. Ŵalinda ŵa mtende ŵa UN, MONUC, awo sono ni MONUSCO, ŵakafika mu Epulero 2001. Mu 2002-03 Bemba wakachitapo kanthu mu Central African Republic mu zina la pulezidenti wake wakale, Ange-Félix Patassé. Ivyo ŵakadumbiskana vikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la mtende apo Kabila wakeneranga kugaŵana mazaza na ŵakugaluka. Kuzakafika mu Juni 2003, ŵasilikari wose ŵa vyaru vinyake kupaturako ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakafumamo mu Congo. Boma lakwimira boma ili likimikika m'paka pa nyengo iyo mavoti ghazamusankhikira. Pa 30 Julayi, 2006, boma la DRC likachita chisankho chakwamba. Iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwamba kufuma mu 1960, apo kukaŵa maungano ghacigaŵa, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti ghazamumazga vivulupi mu cigaŵa ici. Ndipouli, mphindano pakati pa Kabila na Bemba yikazgoka nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana nawo mu Kinshasa. Ŵasilikari ŵa MONUC ŵakamba kuwusa msumba uwu. Mu Okutobala 2006, pakaŵa mavoti ghaphya, ndipo Kabila ndiyo wakatonda.

Nkhondo izo zikulutilira (2008-2018)

Kivu conflict

Nkhani ikulu: Kivu conflict

Laurent Nkunda, chiŵaro cha Rally for Congolese Democracy Goma, munthavi wa Rally for Congolese Democracy uwo uli mu gulu la ŵasilikari, wakapatuka pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo na kupanga National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), iyo yikamba kuwukira boma. Kasi mbanjani awo ŵakaŵagomezga? Ku Rwanda, boma la Rwanda likukhumba kuti boma la Rwanda liŵawovwire kuti ŵarwe na gulu la Ŵahutu la Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). Mu Malichi 2009, pamanyuma pa phangano pakati pa DRC na Rwanda, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakanjira mu DRC na kukora Nkunda ndipo ŵakazomerezgeka kulondezga ŵasilikari ŵa FDLR. CNDP yikalemba phangano la mtende na boma umo yikazomera kuŵa chipani cha ndyali na kuŵika ŵasilikari ŵake mu gulu la ŵasilikari. Mu 2012, Bosco Ntaganda, mulongozgi wa CNDP, na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo, ŵakagaluka na kupanga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka la March 23 Movement (M23), ŵakayowoya kuti boma laswa phangano.^[31]

In the resulting M23 rebellion, M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012.^[32]^[33] Vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene Rwanda, vikususkika kuti vikupeleka vilwero ku gulu la ŵakugaluka na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵambe kuwusa caru ici. Mu Malichi 2013, wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukazomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa United Nations Force Intervention Brigade ŵaparanyenge magulu agha. Pa Novembala 5, 2013, gulu la M23 likapharazga kuti ŵasilikari ŵara ŵamara.

Kweniso, kumpoto kwa Katanga, Mai-Mai uyo wakapangika na Laurent Kabila wakafumako kwa Kinshasa apo Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga wakapangiska kuti Mai Mai Kata Katanga waparanyike mu msumba wa Lubumbashi mu 2013. Nkhondo ya ku Ituri yikacitika pakati pa gulu la Nationalist and Integrationist Front na Union of Congolese Patriots awo ŵakatenge ŵakwimira mafuko gha Lendu na Hema. Ku kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, gulu la Lord's Resistance Army la Joseph Kony likasamuka ku misasa yawo ya ku Uganda na South Sudan kuya ku DR Congo mu 2005 na kuzenga misasa mu Garamba National Park.

Nkhondo ya ku Congo yikulongosoreka kuti yikaŵa nkhondo ya ndopa zinandi comene kwambira pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Pa Disembala 8, 2017, ŵasilikari 14 ŵa UN na ŵasilikari 5 ŵa Congo ŵakakomeka mu kuwukira kwa ŵakugaluka ku Semuliki mu chigaŵa cha Beni. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Democratic Forces. Kafukufuku wa UN wakalongora kuti munthu uyu ndiyo wakapangiska ngozi iyi.

Mu 2009, nyuzipepara ya The New York Times yikati ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 pa mwezi ŵakulutilira kufwa mu charu cha Congo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa na matenda kweniso njara. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa mbana ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanthu, kunanga katundu, kusuzgana pa nkhani za kugonana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira mu nyumba zawo. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti chaka chilichose ŵanakazi ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakukoleka na mwanalume mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu 2018 na 2019, charu cha Congo ndicho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakusuzgika pa nkhani za kugonana. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch na wa New York University Congo Research Group, ŵasilikari ŵa ku DRC ŵakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,900 kufuma mu Juni 2017 m'paka Juni 2019.^[34]

Nyengo ya Kabila mu ofesi na viwoneskero vinandi vyakwimikana na boma

Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo Kabila wakachita. Chiphokoso ichi chikamba pamanyuma pakuti nyumba ya mafumu ya ku Congo yazomerezga dango ilo usange lingazomerezgekaso na nyumba ya mafumu ya ku Congo, lingapangiska kuti Kabila walutilire kuŵa na mazaza mpaka apo boma lizamuchitira kalembera wa ŵanthu. Nangauli dango ili likapokelereka, kweni pakaŵavya fundo iyo yikapangiska kuti Kabila wakhalenge pa mazaza m'paka paŵe kalembera. Kulembeka kwa ŵanthu kukwenera kuchitika, kweni kulije kukolerana na nyengo iyo mavoti ghakucitikira. Mu 2015, paumaliro wa 2016, kukaŵa mavoti ndipo mu Congo mukaŵa mtende.^[35]

Pa Novembala 27, 2016, nduna ya vyalo ya ku Congo Raymond Tshibanda yikati ku nyuzipepara kuti palije mavoti agho ghachitikenge mu 2016, pamanyuma pa 20 Disembala, umaliro wa nyengo ya pulezidenti Kabila. Pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Madagascar, Tshibanda wakati boma la Kabila "likadumbiskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya mavoti" kufuma ku Congo, United Nations na kunyake, ndipo "ŵapangana kuti ndondomeko ya kulembeska ŵanthu awo ŵafumenge mu mavoti yimare pa Julayi 31, 2017, ndipo mavoti ghachitike mu Epulero 2018". Ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika pa Disembala 20, apo Kabila wakamalizga kuwusa. Mu vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵakakakika.

Nkhaza za mu vigaŵa

Kuyana na Jan Egeland, uyo pasono ni Secretary General wa Norwegian Refugee Council, vinthu mu DRC vikasuzga comene mu 2016 na 2017 ndipo ni suzgo likuru la ŵanthu na nkharo iyo yikuyana waka na nkhondo za ku Syria na Yemen. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakucitirika nkhaza za kugonana ndiposo "kucitirika nkhaza mu nthowa yiliyose". Padera pa nkhondo ya ku North Kivu, nkhaza zikasazgikira mu chigaŵa cha Kasai. Magulu agha ghakakhumbanga kusanga golide, dayamondi, mafuta, na cobalt kuti ghaŵe na ndalama zinandi mu vigaŵa ivi na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso pakaŵa mphindano za mafuko na mitheto, kweniso visambizgo vya cisopa na suzgo la ndyali. Egeland wakuti ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu mu DRC ni "viheni comene" kweni nadi, vyahenipa comene. "Nkhondo zikuruzikuru za ku Congo izo zikaŵa pa nkhani yikuru comene vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha, zikuweleraso ndipo zikuhenipa comene".^[36] Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti chifukwa cha nkhondo iyi, ŵana pafupifupi 2 miliyoni ŵakufwa na njara.

Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati mu 2017, Kabila wakalemba ŵasilikari awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo ya March 23 kuti ŵamazge vivulupi ivyo vikachitikanga mu charu chose chifukwa chakuti wakakana kufumapo pa udindo wake. Iwo ŵakati: "Ŵalwani ŵa M23 ŵakendeskanga misewu ya mu misumba yikuru ya ku Congo, ŵakawomberanga panji kukora ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga panji waliyose uyo ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni munthu muheni kwa pulezidenti".

Ku Masisi, nkhondo yikuru yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma na mulongozgi wankhongono wa nkhondo, Jenerale Delta. Gulu la United Nations ku DRC ndilo likuru chomene ndipo ndakudura chomene pa ntchito ya kusungilira mtende, kweni likamalizga ntchito ya kuzenga misasa 5 kufupi na Masisi mu 2017, pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States likakhumbanga kuti ndalama zichepeko.

Pa Meyi 10, 2018, Denis Mukwege, uyo ni dokotala wa matenda gha ŵanakazi wa ku Congo, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha kuyezgayezga kwake kumazga nkhaza za kugonana.

Nkhondo ya mafuko ya 2018

Nkhani ikulu: 2018 Yumbi violence

Nkhondo ya mafuko yikamba pa 16-17 Disembala 2018 ku Yumbi mu chigaŵa cha Mai-Ndombe. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 900 ŵa mtundu wa Banunu ŵakufuma mu mizi yinayi ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Batende mu mphindano za malipiro gha mwezi uliwose, malo, minda na maji. Ŵanthu 100 ŵa mtundu wa Banun ŵakachimbilira ku cirwa ca Moniende mu Mlonga wa Congo, ndipo ŵanyake 16,000 ŵakaluta ku chigaŵa ca Makotimpoko mu Republic of Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa zakuyana na za ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakavwara yunifomu ya ŵasilikari. Ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵakakanizgika kuŵawovwira.^[37]

2018 na wapampando muphya (2018-mpaka pano)

Pa 30 Disembala 2018 pakachitika chisankho chapadera. Pa 10 January 2019, komiti ya vyakusankha yikapharazga kuti Félix Tshisekedi ndiyo wakeneranga kuwina pa mpikisano wa pa mpikisano uwu, ndipo wakajura pa 24 January. Kweni pakaŵa kukayika kuti vyasankha ivi vikaŵa vyautesi kweniso kuti pakaŵa mgonezi pakati pa Félix na Kabila.

Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Kabila ŵakakhozga chomene mazaza gha boma, kweni ŵakakhozgeranga chomene mazaza ghawo. Mu 2021, boma likapangika kwambura ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Kabila.

Kufalikira kukuru kwa mphwari mu caru kukaŵawuskira ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000 mu 2019. Kufalikira kwa Ebola kukamara mu Juni 2020, uko kukacitiska ŵanthu 2,280 kufwa mu vyaka viŵiri. Kufalikira kwinyake kuchepa kwa Ebola mu Province ya Equateur kukamba mu Juni 2020, ndipo kukapangiska ŵanthu 55 kufwa. Nthenda ya COVID-19 yikakhwaskika ku DRC mu Malichi 2020, ndipo kampeni ya katemera yikamba pa 19 April 2021.

Pa 22 Epulero 2021, maungano pakati pa Pulezidenti wa Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta na Tshisekedi ghakatuma ku maungano ghaphya agho ghakawovwira kuti malonda na vyakusunga vyaru (kulwa na vyamsinjiro, ŵaluŵiro, na vyakusungilira vyaru) viŵe vinandi.^[38]

Makhalilo gha charu

The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

DRC yili pakati pa Africa, kumpoto kwa Sahara, kumpoto kwa Congo, kumpoto kwa Central African Republic, kumpoto kwa South Sudan, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda, Rwanda na Burundi, na Tanzania (kujumpha Nyanja ya Tanganyika), kumwera na kumwera kwa Zambia, kumwera kwa Angola, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa South Atlantic Ocean na chigaŵa cha Cabinda ku Angola. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 6°N na 14°S, na longitude 12°E na 32°E. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Equator, ndipo chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi chili kumwera. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567 sq mi).

Chifukwa chakuti charu cha DRC chili pa malo ghakuyana waka na charu cha Equator, vula yikukwera chomene ndipo ni malo agho kukuchitika ŵabingu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Ku malo ghanyake, vula yikulokwa mamita ghakujumpha 2,000 pa chaka. Nkhorongo iyi yikwimira chigaŵa chikuru cha mlonga uwu, uwo kumanjiliro gha dazi ukulazga ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Malo agha ghali kuzingilizgika na mapiri agho ghakusangika ku chigaŵa cha kumwera na kumwera kwa caru, mapiri ghatali kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndiposo vyakumera vinandi ivyo vikwenda kujumpha Mlonga wa Congo kumpoto. Mapiri gha Rwenzori ghali kumafumiro gha dazi comene.

Nyengo ya mu vigaŵa vyamuthondo ndiyo yikupangiska kuti mlonga wa Congo usangike mu chigaŵa ichi pamoza na nkhorongo iyo yikwenda. Dambo la Congo lili na malo pafupifupi 1,000,000 km2. Mlonga uwu na milonga yinyake iyo yikwenda na mlonga uwu ndivyo vikovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu cha Congo. Mlonga ukuru uwo ukufuma mu mlonga uwu ni Kasai, Sangha, Ubangi, Ruzizi, Aruwimi, na Lulonga.

Mlonga wa Congo ndiwo uli na maji ghanandi chomene kuluska milonga yose pa charu chapasi. Mlonga wa Congo ukufuma mu mapiri gha Albertine Rift agho ghali mumphepete mwa chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa East African Rift, kweniso mu nyanja za Tanganyika na Mweru. Mlonga uwu ukufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku Kisangani kusi kwa maji gha Boyoma Falls, ndipo pachoko na pachoko ukuzgokera kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukujumpha ku Mbandaka, ndipo ukubatikana na Mlonga wa Ubangi, na kunjira mu Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa na Brazzaville vili ku sirya linyake la mlonga uwu. Kufuma apo, mlonga uwu ukusongonoka ndipo ukujumpha mu tumilonga tunandi uto tukumanyikwa na zina lakuti Livingstone Falls. Mlonga uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 37 ndipo uli na mumphepete mwa nyanja.

Dambo la Albertine likovwira chomene kuti charu cha Congo chiŵe makora. Malo gha kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi gha caru ici ghali na mapiri ghanandi comene, ndipo cifukwa ca kuzgoka kwa mapiri, mapiri ghakuphulika, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakukomeka. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa nyanja zinandi za ku Africa, ndipo zinayi mwa izi zili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Congo.

Mu chipalamba ichi muli vinthu vinandi chomene vyakukhumbikwa kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Congo. Pali cobalt, mkuwa, cadmium, dayamondi, golide, siliva, zinki, manganese, tini, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, na malasha ghanandi, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Katanga kumwera kwa Congo.^[39]

Pa Janyuwale 17, 2002, Phiri la Nyiragongo likaphulika, ndipo chivwati chake chikaphulika pa liŵiro la makilomita 64 pa ora. Limoza mwa majigha ghatatu agho ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi ghakanjira mu msumba wa Goma, wakakoma ŵanthu 45 na kusida ŵanthu 120,000 kwambura pakukhala. Ŵanthu 400,000 ŵakafumamo mu msumba uwu. Maji gha mu Nyanja ya Kivu ghakaŵa na poyizoni, ndipo somba zikakomeka. Ndege ziŵiri pera ndizo zikanyamuka pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha ku malo agha cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa mafuta. Mphepo ya mabingu yikalutanga mu chiŵanja cha ndege, ndipo yikananga nthowa yakufumira na kunjilirapo. Pakati pajumpha myezi yinkhondi na umoza kufuma apo phiri ili likaphulikiranga, phiri la Nyamuragira nalo likaphulika. Phiri la Nyamuragira likafuma mu 2006 na mu 2010.^[40]

Vinthu vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, and Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nkhorongo za Democratic Republic of the Congo zili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. Vinyama ivi ni vichoko chomene ndipo vikukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Vigaŵa vinkhondi vya charu ichi vili pa malo agho ghali kulembeka kuti ni Vinthu Vya Caru Cose: Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga na Virunga National Parks, na Okapi Wildlife Reserve. Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo ntchimoza mwa vyaru 17 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vinandi chomene.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvikilira vyamoyo ŵakufipa mtima comene na viyuni vyakuchemeka primates. Ku Congo kuli viyuni vinandi: chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), bonobo (Pan paniscus), gorilla wa kumafumiro gha dazi (Gorilla beringei), ndiposo panji gorilla wa kumanjiliro gha dazi (Gorilla gorilla).^[41]Ni caru cimoza pera pa caru cose ico muli viyuni vya bonobo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufipa mtima chomene na umo vinyama ivi vikumalira. Cifukwa ca ulovi na kuparanyika kwa malo ghakukhalamo, chimpanzee, bonobo, na gorilla, ivyo nyengo yinyake vikaŵanga na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi, sono vili kucepa kufika pa minkhwele ya chimpanzee 200,000, 100,000, panji 10,000 pera. Wupu wa World Conservation Union ukuti nyama izi zili pangozi.

Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha DRC ni vyakuti nkhorongo zikumara, kupenja vinyama, kunanga vyamoyo, kunanga maji, na migodi.

Ŵakuchimbira kwawo ndiwo ŵakupangiska panji ŵakupangiska kuti makuni ghadumulikeko, dongo likunangika, kweniso vinyama vikusuzgika. Suzgo linyake ndakuti, para ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito majeremusi nga ni dayamondi, golide, na coltan, ŵakunanga malo.

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Pasono charu chili na chigaŵa cha Kinshasa na vigaŵa vinyake 25. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 145 na misumba 32. Pambere chaka cha 2015 chindafike, mu charu ichi mukaŵa vigaŵa 11.^[42]

	1. Kinshasa	14. Ituri Province
	2. Kongo Central	15. Haut-Uele
	3. Kwango	16. Tshopo
	4. Kwilu Province	17. Bas-Uele
	5. Mai-Ndombe Province	18. Nord-Ubangi
	6. Kasaï Province	19. Mongala
	7. Kasaï-Central	20. Sud-Ubangi
	8. Kasaï-Oriental	21. Équateur
	9. Lomami Province	22. Tshuapa
	10. Sankuru	23. Tanganyika Province
	11. Maniema	24. Haut-Lomami
	12. South Kivu	25. Lualaba Province
	13. North Kivu	26. Haut-Katanga Province

Boma nda ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinayi kufuma apo ŵakalemberanga malango ghaŵiri, ndipo pakaŵa maboma gha vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweniso maboma gha vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana mu charu chose. Mu 2003, boma la Georgia likakhazikiska nyumba ya malango iyo yikaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri, ya Senate na National Assembly.

Pakati pa milimo yinyake, wupu uwu ndiwo ukapanganga dango liphya la caru. Wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na ŵanthu 60, ndipo pulezidenti na ŵachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Kweniso pulezidenti ndiyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari. Dango lakwamba likapangaso wupu wakweruzga uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira pawekha.^[43]

Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 2006, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Charu Chachitatu, yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Febuluwale 2006. Ndipouli, likapika mazaza pamoza na dango lakwendera lumoza m'paka pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakasankhikira. Kuyana na dango liphya ili, wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri.

Boma, kweni pulezidenti yayi, ndilo likuŵa na mulandu ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Dango liphya likapelekaso mazaza ghaphya ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Pa nyengo iyi, Khoti Likuru Chomene likamara ntchito yake ndipo likagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vitatu. Sono Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongosora fundo za boma.

Nangauli chalo ichi chili mu chigaŵa cha Central African United Nations, kweni chili ku chigaŵa cha Southern Africa (SADC).^[43]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Chifukwa cha unandi wa vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa caru cose ndiposo vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu vyaru nga ni China, India, Russia, Brazil, na vyaru vinyake, vyaru vyakupambanapambana vikukhumbikwira kuti vyaru vyakupambanapambana vilondezgenge nthowa ziphya zakovwira kuti viwone na kuvikilira vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo. Pakulongosora za kuzirwa kwa DRC ku wupu wa United States National Security, mulimo wa kukhazikiska gulu lakuzirwa la ku Congo ni ndondomeko yiphya ya U.S. ya kuzgora ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi kuŵa ŵantchito.

Pali vilato vya ndyali na vya ndyali kuti ku Congo, uko kuli vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi nga ni cobalt, kuŵe mtende. Cinthu cikuru comene ico ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni cobalt, iyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupanga vigaŵa vya injini. Kweniso ŵakugwiliskira nchito cobalt pa kupanga visulo vya magineti, kweniso pa kupanga vinthu vyakuti vingapwetekeka yayi. Makampani gha vyakumera ghakugwiliskira nchito cobalt yinandi pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni vyakupangira mafuta na vyakumera; vyakuwomira vyakuŵikamo malibwe na inki; vyakuŵikamo viŵiya vya porcelain; vyakuŵikamo vyakununkhira vya vyakununkhira na magalasi; na vyakununkhira vya vyakununkhira, vyakununkhira, na pulasitiki. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 80% gha cobalt pa caru cose.

Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa cobalt mu mabatire gha magalimoto gha magesi na kukhazikika kwa magesi gha magesi agho ghali na vyakurya vinandi vya magesi ghakufuma ku magesi ghakusintha-sintha, caru ca DRC cingaŵa pa mphindano yikuru.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu charu cha DRC na katundu uyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵakuguliska ku China, vikukura comene. Mu Julayi 2019, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 37, kusazgapo DRC, ŵakasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC yakuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Uyghur na visopa vinyake. Mu 2021, purezidenti Félix Tshisekedi wakachemera kuwunika mapangano gha migodi agho Joseph Kabila wakalemba na China, chomenechomene chiphangano cha Sicomines cha mabiliyoni ghanandi.^[44]^[45]

Wankhondo

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC) lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 144,000, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵasilikari aŵa ŵali mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda. FARDC yikapangika mu 2003 pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Congo ndipo yikasangamo magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka. Chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa ŵakugaluka awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kulongozgeka makora, kweniso chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama kweniso chifukwa cha kurwa nkhondo na magulu ghakupambanapambana kwa vyaka vinandi, boma la FARDC likusuzgika na vimbundi na ukavu. Mapangano agho ghakalembeka paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo ghakakhumbanga kuti paŵe ŵasilikari ŵaphya "ŵakukolerana, ŵakunozgekaso, na ŵakukolerana" awo ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Kabila (FAC), RCD, na MLC. Kweniso ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakugaluka nga ni RCD-N, RCD-ML, na Mai-Mai ŵazamuŵa mu gulu liphya la ŵasilikari. Chikaŵaso na dango lakuti paŵe Conseil Supérieur de la Défense (Chipani Cikulu ca kuvikilira caru) ico cikapharazganga za nkhondo na kucenjezga ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kunozga vinthu vyawo, kufumiska vilwero, na kuvikilira caru. Gulu la FARDC lili na magulu gha ŵasilikari, agho ghakupharazgika mu vigaŵa vyose vya Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Congo ŵakurwa nkhondo ya ku Kivu ku chigaŵa cha North Kivu, nkhondo ya ku Ituri ku chigaŵa cha Ituri, na viwawa vinyake kwambira pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Padera pa ŵasilikari ŵa FARDC, ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakuwona vya mtende ŵakuchemeka MONUSCO nawo ŵali mu charu ichi.

Boma la Democratic Republic of the Congo lalemba chikalata cha UN pa nkhani ya kukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.^[46]

Vimbunda

Nkhani ikulu: Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mubali munyake wa Mobutu wakalongosora umo boma likapokeleranga ndalama mu nyengo ya muwuso wake. Tikapempha munthu munyake kuti watore ndalama 5 miliyoni. Wakalutanga ku banki na mazaza gha Mobutu na kutora ndalama 10. Mobutu wakatora yimoza, ndipo ise tikatorako zinyake 9". Mobutu wakambiska vimbundi kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumususka.

Mobutu wakwenera kuti wakaba ndalama zakukwana madola 4.5 biliyoni apo wakaŵa pa udindo. Iyo wakaŵa wakwamba yayi kuŵa na vimbundi mu charu cha Congo. Mu Julayi 2009, khoti la ku Switzerland likadumura kuti nyengo yakumalira ntchito ya kupokera ndalama za mu caru cose yakujumpha $6.7 miliyoni izo Mobutu wakaŵika mu banki ya ku Switzerland, yili kumara, ntheura ndalama izi zikwenera kuweleraso ku mbumba ya Mobutu.

Pulezidenti Kabila wakambiska Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes apo wakayamba kuwusa mu 2001. Ndipouli, mu 2016 gulu la Enough Project likalemba lipoti ilo likati charu cha Congo chili na nkhaza.

Mu Juni 2020, khoti ku Democratic Republic of Congo likasanga kuti mulara wa boma la President Tshisekedi, Vital Kamerhe, wali na mulandu wa vimbundi. Wakalangika kuti wagwire nchito zinonono kwa vilimika 20, pamanyuma pakuti wapika mulandu wa kunanga ndalama za boma zakukwana madola 50 miliyoni. Wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo wakeruzgika cifukwa ca vimbundi mu DRC. Kweni Kamerhe ŵakamufumiska mu Disembala 2021.

Mu Novembala 2021, kafukufuku wa khoti wakususkana na Kabila na ŵabwezi ŵake wakajulika ku Kinshasa pamanyuma pa kuvumbukwa kwa kukanizga ndalama zakukwana madola 138 miliyoni.^[47]

Wanangwa wa munthu

Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kabila wakambiska kafukufuku wa khoti la International Criminal Court mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu Epulero 2004. Mu Juni 2004, khoti la International Criminal Court likamba mulandu uwu. Ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu DRC, ndipo mu 2011, ŵakawona kuti ŵana 30,000 ŵachali kugwira ntchito na magulu agha. Ku United States, ŵanthu ŵakugwiriska nchito ŵana na kuŵachichizga. Ivyo Dipatimenti ya Vya ntchito yikasanga pa nkhani ya ntchito za ŵana mu DRC mu 2013 na vinthu vinkhondi na cimoza ivyo vikupangika na makampani gha migodi mu charu ichi vili pa ndondomeko ya Dipatimenti iyi ya December 2014 ya vinthu ivyo vikupangika na ntchito za ŵana.^[48]

Crime and law enforcement

Nkhani ikulu: Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Wapolisi wa ku Congo ndiyo ni wapolisi wakwamba mu Democratic Republic of Congo.^[49]

Nkhaza ku ŵanakazi

Nkhani ikulu: Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti nkhaza izo ŵanakazi ŵakuchitirika ni nkharo yiwemi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014 pa DHS (pp. 299) wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 74.8% ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti mfumu wangachita makora kuti watimbe muwoli wake mu nyengo zinyake.

Mu 2006, Komiti ya Wupu wa United Nations pa Nkhani ya Kumazga Kusankhana Mtundu, yikati yikudandawura kuti mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti kukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ni nkhani yakuzirwa yayi.^[50]^[51]Ŵasilikari ŵa Democratic Republic of the Congo na magulu ghakwimikana nawo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vimbundi, nkhaza za kugonana, na wuzga wa kugonana nga ni vilwero vya nkhondo. Chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chikuchemeka "malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchitira nkhaza ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵankhongono pa charu chose".

Ku DRC nako ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanakazi, nangauli ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi. Ŵanakazi 5 pa 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuŵa na suzgo ili.^[52]^[53] Dango ili likukanizga munthu waliyose uyo wakuswa viŵaro vya mu thupi panji vyakugwiriskira ntchito makora viŵaro vya mu thupi lake, kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri panji vinkhondi na kupelekeka cilango ca ndalama zakukwana 200,000.

Mu Julayi 2007, Wupu wa International Committee of the Red Cross ukayowoya kuti uli na wofi na umo vinthu viliri kumafumiro gha dazi kwa DRC. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbilira ku malo ghakuvikilirika usiku. Yakin Ertürk, uyo ni mulaŵiliri wapadera wa UN pa nkhani ya nkhaza izo zikucitikira ŵanakazi, wakati wakendera chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo mu Julayi 2007. Ertürk wakasazgirapo kuti: "Magulu gha vigeŵenga ghakuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, kupoka vinthu vyawo, kuŵakolelera, kukora ŵanakazi na ŵana, na kuŵagwiliska nchito nga mbazga". Mu Disembala 2008, GuardianFilms ya The Guardian yikafumiska filimu yakulongosora ivyo ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵakujumpha 400 ŵakayowoya.

Mu Juni 2010, wupu wa Oxfam ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza ku Democratic Republic of Congo chikukwera chomene. Ndipo ŵasayansi ŵa ku Harvard ŵakasanga kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza chikukwera maulendo 17. Mu Juni 2014, buku la Freedom from Torture likalemba kuti boma likuzunura ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchita ndyali na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Ŵanakazi awo ŵali mu lipoti ili ŵakasuzgika mu malo ghanandi mu caru, kusazgapo msumba wa Kinshasa na malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa kutali na uko kukaŵa nkhondo.

Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi na ŵakuwaro, nga ni Filimbi na Emmanuel Weyi, ŵakayowoyapo kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kukanizga vivulupi na kusuzgika kwa vinthu apo mavoti gha mu 2016 ghakizanga.^[54]^[55]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Banki Yikuru ya ku Congo ndiyo yikulaŵilira ndalama za ku Congo. Mu 2007, Banki ya Caru Cose yikadumura kuti yipenge ndalama zakukwana madola 1.3 biliyoni ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Boma la Congo likamba kudumbiskana vya kunjira mu wupu wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) mu 2009.

Charu cha DRC chikuwoneka kuti chili na vinthu vinandi chomene vyakuthupi.^[56]^[57]^[58] Ku DRC kuli mafuta gha coltan ghakukwana 70 peresenti pa caru cose, cobalt yimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu, dayamondi yakujumpha 30 peresenti, na mkuŵa wakukwana cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa 10.^[59]^[60]

Nangauli charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni chuma chake chakhala pachoko chomene kwamba m'ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, charu cha DRC chikasanganga ndalama zakukwana 70% pa ndalama izo chikaguliskiranga ku vyakumera. Kufika mu 2005, 90% ya ndalama za DRC zikafumanga ku migodi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵali pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakavu comene pa caru capasi. DRC Congo ndiyo yili na GDP ya pacoko comene pa caru cose, panji pafupifupi yose. DRC nayo njimoza mwa vyaru 20 ivyo vili pasi pa vyaru vinyake pa nkhani ya vimbundi.

Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi

Nkhani ikulu: Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

DRC ndiyo yikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene gha cobalt, mkuŵa, na dayamondi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Kasai kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu charu cha DRC, migodi yikuru comene yili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Katanga ndipo yili na makina ghakukwana matani ghanandi gha mkuwa na cobalt. Charu cha DRC ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose awo ŵakupanga dayamondi.

Apo charu cha DRC chikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1960, chikaŵa chachiŵiri pa vyaru vya ku Africa. Mabungwe gha vyamalonda gha ku vyaru vinyake ghachepeskako milimo yawo cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikucitika kwa nyengo yitali, kusoŵa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, ndiposo suzgo la vinthu. Nkhondo zikasazgirako masuzgo ghanyake nga nkhusintha kwa malango, vimbundi, kukwera kwa ndalama, na kuleka kujilongora makora pa nkhani ya ndalama.

Vinthu vikasintha kuumaliro wa 2002, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakafumako. Maofesi ghanandi gha International Monetary Fund na World Bank ghakakumana na boma kuti ghaŵawovwire kupanga pulani ya vyachuma, ndipo Pulezidenti Kabila wakamba kunozga vinthu. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikucitika mu vyaru vinyake vikuwoneka yayi mu GDP. Kufika mu 2011, DRC yikaŵa na index ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu ya pachanya pa vyaru vyose 187.^[61]

Chuma cha DRC chikuthemba chomene pa migodi. Ndipouli, nchito ya kuzenga migodi iyo yikucitika mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko yikucitika mu vigaŵa vyambura kulembeka ndipo yikuwoneka yayi mu GDP. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti malibwe ghatatu pa ghaŵiri gha mu DRC ghakusangika mwakubisilizgika mu charu ichi. Mu 2002, ŵakabowozga kuti ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli thini, kweni m'paka sono ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghachoko waka. Kusunga vinthu vyakununkhira nga ni coltan na cassiterite, tantalum, na tin, kukawovwira kuti nkhondo yilute panthazi.

Katanga Mining Limited, kampani ya ku Switzerland, ndiyo yili na Luilu Metallurgical Plant, iyo yili na matani 175,000 gha mkuwa na matani 8,000 gha cobalt pa caka, ndipo ni malo ghakuru comene ghakusangirapo cobalt pa caru cose. Pamanyuma pa kunozga vinthu, kampani iyi yikambaso kupanga mkuwa mu Disembala 2007 na cobalt mu Meyi 2008.

Mu Epulero 2013, mawupu ghakwimikana na vimbundi ghakavumbura kuti boma la Congo likapokera yayi ndalama zakukwana madola 88 miliyoni kufuma ku migodi nangauli ntchito ya kunozga migodi yikendanga makora. Ndalama izo zikasoŵanga zikaŵa za mu 2010 ndipo wupu wa misonkho ukeneranga kuzipeleka ku banki. Pamanyuma, mu 2013, EITI yikanjizga charu ichi mu wupu wa EITI chifukwa chakuti chikaŵavya ndondomeko yakukwana yakupharazgira, kulaŵilira, na kuwunika vinthu. Kweni mu Julayi 2013, charu ichi chikamba kuchita makora chomene pa nkhani ya kuwunika mabuku.

Mu Febuluwale 2018, kampani yakuwongolera chuma ku AllianceBernstein, yikalongosora kuti DRC "ndi Saudi Arabia ya nyengo ya magalimoto amagetsi", chifukwa cha chuma chake cha cobalt, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pamabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe amayendetsa magalimoto amagetsi.^[62]

Mayendelo

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kwenda pa mtunda ku Democratic Republic of Congo kukaŵa kwakusuzga nyengo zose. Malo na nyengo ya mu chipalamba cha Congo vikutondeska ŵanthu kuzenga misewu na njanji. DRC yili na milonga yinandi iyo yikwenda makora ndipo yikwendeska ŵanthu ŵanandi na katundu pa boti na boti kuluska charu chilichose mu Africa. Chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, vimbundi vya ndyali, na nkhondo za mukati mu vyaru vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito makora vinthu vyawo.

Njanji

Nkhani ikulu: Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Boma la Congo likwendeska njanji na kampani yakuchemeka Congo Railroad Company (Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo), Office National des Transports Congo na Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles (CFU). Nga umo viliri na vinthu vinyake vinandi mu Congo, misewu ya njanji njakunyongoloka, yaukazuzi, yakuzura na ŵanthu kweniso njakofya.

Msewu

DRC yili na misewu yichoko chomene yakuŵikika pa msewu kuluska charu chilichose ku Africa. Kuti ivi viwoneke makora, mtunda wa msewu mu charu chose ukujumpha makilomita 2,500. Matadi mpaka ku Lubumbashi, mtunda wa makilomita 2,700 (1700 mi) pa msewu). Pa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1,000,000, pali msewu wa makilomita 35 wakuŵaŵa. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti Zambia na Botswana ni vyaru vya mtunda wa makilomita 721 na 3,427.

Misewu yitatu mu msewu wa Trans-African Highway yikujumpha mu DR Congo:

Msewu wa Tripoli-Cape Town Highway: Msewu uwu ukujumpha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu pa National Road No. 1 pakati pa Kinshasa na Matadi, mtunda wa 285 km (177 mi) pa chigaŵa chimoza cha vigaŵa vyakwenda makora.
Msewu wa Lagos-Mombasa: DRC Congo ni nthowa yikuru iyo yikusoŵa mu msewu uwu wa kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo yikukhumbikwira kuzenga msewu uphya kuti wendenge makora.
Msewu wa Beira-Lobito: Msewu uwu ukujumpha mu Katanga ndipo ukwenera kuzengekaso pa utali wake wose.

Maji

Charu cha DRC chili na misewu ya maji yitali comene. Pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa maji.

Mphepo

Kufumira mu Juni 2016, DRC Congo yikaŵa na ndege yikuru yimoza (Congo Airways) iyo yikendanga mu DRC Congo. Ndege ya Congo Airways yikaŵa pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kinshasa. Wose awo ŵakwendeska ndege awo ŵavomerezgeka na DRC ŵalekeskeka kuluta ku ma eyapoti gha European Union na European Commission, cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa malango ghakwendeskera ndege.

Makampani ghanandi gha ndege ghakuyegha ndege ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kinshasa ndipo ghanyake ghakuyegha ndege ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Lubumbashi.^[63]

Magesi

Nkhani ikulu: Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kufika mu 2008, mafuta gha makara na makara ghakaŵanga mu vyaru vinandi. Boma la DRC lili na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pakupangiska magesi kufuma ku mlonga wa Congo. Charu ichi chili na makuni 50% gha mu Africa na milonga iyo yingapeleka nkhongono ya maji ku vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, mwakuyana na lipoti la UN lakukhwaskana na kuzirwa kwa chalo ichi na udindo wake wa ku Africa.

Wupu wa Société nationale d'électricité ndiwo ukupanga na kupeleka magesi, kweni ŵanthu 15 pera mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵali na magesi. DRC njumoza wa vyaru vitatu ivyo vili na magesi. Ivi ni Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, na Central African Power Pool.^[64]

Renewable energy

Nkhani ikulu: Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Chifukwa cha ungweru wa dazi, caru ca DRC cili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kupanga vinthu vya zuŵa. Ku DRC kuli magesi gha zuŵa ghakujumpha 836 agho ghali na nkhongono yakujumpha 83 MW. Magesi agha ghali mu Equateur (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), vigaŵa viŵiri vya Kasaï (170), na Bas-Congo (170). Kweniso, makina gha Caritas 148 ghali na nkhongono ya 6.31 MW.^[65]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu cha Congo. Kuyana na lipoti la OIF la 2018, ŵanthu 49 miliyoni ŵa ku Congo (51% ya ŵanthu) ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba Chifurenchi.^[66] Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2021 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 74% ŵakayowoyanga Chifurenchi.^[67]

Ku Kinshasa, ŵanthu 67% mu 2014 ŵakaŵazganga na kulemba Cifurenci, ndipo 68.5% ŵakayowoyanga na kupulikiska.

Mu caru ici muli viyowoyero pafupifupi 242, ndipo viyowoyero vinayi ni Kituba (Kikongo), Lingala, Tshiluba, na Swahili. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi nga ni chiyowoyero chachiŵiri. ChiLingala ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵabelgiji, ndipo ntchilankhulo icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakagalukira boma, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakumafumiro gha dazi ŵakayowoyanga Ciswahili.

Pa nyengo iyo boma la Belgium likalamuliranga caru ici, ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakamba kusambizga na kugwiliskira nchito viyowoyero vinayi mu masukulu gha pulayimale. Kweni pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Spain chazakaŵa na wanangwa wakusambira, chiyowoyero ichi chikasintha.^[68] Kwambira mu 1975, viyowoyero vinayi vya boma vikambaso mu vyaka viŵiri vyakwambilira vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo kufuma mu chaka chacitatu kuya munthazi, ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci ndico cikuyowoyeka pa sukulu. Ciphwitikizi cikusambizgika mu masukulu gha ku Congo nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake. Chifukwa chakuti lizgu la Ciphwitikizi likuyana comene na la Cifurenci, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulimanya makora. Pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 175,000 awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi mu charu ichi, ŵanandi mba ku Angola na Mozambique.

Mtundu wa ŵanthu

Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakujumpha 250 na mafuko 450 ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. Ŵali mu magulu gha viyowoyero vya Bantu, Sudan, Nilotic, Ubangian, na Pygmy. Chifukwa cha kupambanako uku, mu Congo mulije fuko limoza ilo likulongozga, kweni mafuko agha ndigho ghakupanga 51.5% ya ŵanthu wose:^[11]

- Luba-Kasaï

- Kongo

- Mongo

- Lubakat

- Lulua

- Tetela

- Nande

- Ngbandi

- Ngombe

- Yaka

- Ngbaka

Mu 2021, wupu wa UN ukati ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵalipo 96 miliyoni.^[69] ^[70]^[71]Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 250 ŵakumanyikwa. Ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Pygmies awo ŵakukhala ku DR Congo ŵalipo 600,000.^[72]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru mu DRC. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014, wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 93.7% (Ŵakatolika ŵalipo 29.7%, Ŵaprotesitanti ŵalipo 26.8%, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵalipo 37.2%). Gulu linyake la cisopa la Cikhristu lakucemeka Kimbanguism likaŵa na ŵanthu 2.8%, apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 1%. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru, ndipo ŵanthu 95.8% ndiwo ŵakulondezgapo. Chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Ciislamu chikuŵa pakati pa 1% na 12%. ^[73]^[74]

Mu caru ici muli Ŵakatolika pafupifupi 35 miliyoni, ndipo pali ma diocese 6 na ma diocese 41. Ntchakusuzga chomene kuyowoya umo Tchalitchi la Katolika lili kovwilira ŵanthu. Mubali Schatzberg wakati wupu uwu "ndiwo uli na mazaza pa charu chose". Masukulu agha ghakasambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwambilira ŵakujumpha 60 peresenti na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa sekondare ŵakujumpha 40 peresenti. Tchalitchi ili lili na vipatala vinandi, masukulu, na makliniki, kweniso mabungwe ghanandi gha vyachuma, kusazgapo minda, malo ghakusungirako viŵeto, mashopu, na mashopu gha ŵantchito.

Mipingo 62 ya Chiprotesitanti yikukolerana na Tchalitchi la Khristu mu Congo. Kanandi likucemeka kuti Tchalitchi la Ciphwitikizi, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu DRC mba Ciphwitikizi. Ili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25 miliyoni, ndipo ni gulu likuru comene la Ciphwitikizi pa caru cose.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakawonanga kuti chisopa cha Kimbangu ntchiheni chomene ndipo ŵakachizomerezga yayi. Chisopa cha Kimbangu, icho chikuchemeka kuti "Tchalitchi la Khristu pa Charu Chapasi ilo likalembeka na ntchimi Simoni Kimbangu", chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni.^[75]

Chisilamu chili mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo kwamba mu ma 1800, apo ŵamalonda ŵa ku East Africa ŵakanjiranga mu charu ichi kuti ŵaguliske njovu na ŵazga. Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo pafupifupi 1 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Congo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbasilamu ŵa Sunni.

Ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í awo ŵakakhala mu caru ici ŵakafuma ku Uganda mu 1953. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, wupu wakulongozga ukasankhika. Mu 1970 wupu wa National Spiritual Assembly (National administrative council) ukasankhika kakwamba. Nangauli chisopa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa dango mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, kweni boma la charu chinyake likakanizga. Mu 2012, boma likapharazga kuti lizamunozga Nyumba Yakusoperamo ya Chikhristu cha Baha'i.

Visopa ivyo vikulondezga visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana nga ni kusopa Chiuta yumoza, kusopa viŵanda, kusopa mizimu na ŵasekuru, uloyi, na ufwiti. Kanandi visopa ivi vikusazgapo visambizgo vya Chikhristu na vigomezgo na maluso gha ŵanthu. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakagomezganga vyazara chomene. Ŵana awo ŵakususkika kuti ni ŵamasalamusi ŵakufumiskika pa nyumba na mbumba zawo, ndipo kanandi ŵakukhala mu misewu. Pali mawupu agho ghakovwira ŵana ŵa mu misewu nga ni Congo Children Trust. Ntchito ya Congo Children Trust ni Kimbilio, iyo yikovwira kuti ŵana ŵa mu misewu mu Lubumbashi ŵambeso kukolerana. Kanandi ŵana aŵa ŵakucemeka kuti enfants sorciers (ŵana awo ni ŵamasalamusi) panji enfants dits sorciers (ŵana awo ŵakususkika kuti ni ŵamasalamusi). Mabungwe gha matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana ghapangika kuti ghasangepo candulo na cisambizgo ici mwa kupokera ndalama zinandi comene pa mulimo uwu. Nangauli sonosono apa ŵana ŵakukanizgika, kweni ŵasofi na ŵasembe awo ŵakujichema kuti ni ntchimi na ŵasembe ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza.^[76]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba pakati pa vyaka 15 na 49 chikaŵa 75.9% (88.1% ŵanalume na 63.8% ŵanakazi) kuyana na kafukufuku wa DHS. Masukulu agha ghali na maofesi ghatatu: Ministry of Primary, Secondary and Professional Education (MEPSP), Ministry of Higher and University Education (MESU) na Ministry of Social Affairs (MAS). Sukulu ya pulayimale njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamika yayi nangauli dango la charu cha Congo likuti ndimo likwenera kuŵira.

Chifukwa cha nkhondo za ku Congo zakwambilira na zaciŵiri za kuumaliro wa ma 1990, ŵana ŵakujumpha 5.2 miliyoni mu caru ici ŵakatondeka kusambira. Kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira, vinthu vyamba kwenda makora chomene, ndipo ŵana awo ŵali ku sukulu za pulayimale ŵakukwera kufuma pa 5.5 miliyoni mu 2002 kufika pa 16.8 miliyoni mu 2018, ndipo ŵana awo ŵali ku sukulu za sekondale ŵakukwera kufuma pa 2.8 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa 4.6 miliyoni mu 2015 kuyana na UNESCO.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu ŵakukwaniska yayi, ndipo mu 2014 chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu chikakwana 82.4% (82.4% ya ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 11; 83.4% ya ŵanyamata na 80.6% ya ŵasungwana).^[77]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Chipatala chinyake mu DRC ni cha General Hospital of Kinshasa. Charu cha DRC ndicho chili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Mu Epulero 2011, wovwiri wa wupu wa Global Alliance for Vaccines ukapangiska kuti paŵe munkhwala uphya wakovwira kugega nthenda ya pneumococcal. Mu 2012, ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS. Maleriya na nthenda ya yellow fever ni masuzgo.^[78] ^[79]^[80]^[81]Mu Meyi 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa na Ebola ku DRC chikakwana 1,000.^[82]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda ya yellow fever mu DRC. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (WHO) mu chaka cha 2021, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera ndiwo ŵakafwa na nthenda ya yellow fever mu DRC.

Wupu wa World Bank Group ukati mu 2016, ŵanthu 26,529 ŵakafwa pa misewu ya mu DRC cifukwa ca ngozi za pa msewu.

Umoyo wa ŵamama uli makora yayi mu DRC. Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2010, caru ca DRC nchakwamba pa caru cose kuŵa na ŵana ŵanakazi ŵanandi comene. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati pa ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi, 43.5% mbakucekura.

Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya wa United Nations ukachenjezga kuti pakati pa nkhondo iyo yikukulirakulira na suzgo la COVID-19 mu DRC, umoyo wa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi uli pangozi chifukwa ŵangafwa na njara. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa World Food Programme, mu 2020 ŵanthu ŵanayi pa ŵanthu 10 mu Congo ŵakaŵavya chakurya ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 15.6 miliyoni ŵakaŵa na njara.

Ku Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), mphepo njakofya comene. Mu 2020, nthenda ya mphepo mu Democratic Republic of Congo yikaŵa 34.2 μg/m3, iyo yikaŵa pafupifupi maulendo 6.8 gha ulongozgi wa Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa charu chose wa PM2.5 (5 μg/m3: uwo ukaŵikika mu Seputembala 2021). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti nthenda iyi yingawovwira kuti munthu wa ku DRC waleke kukhala vyaka vinandi. Pasono charu cha DRC chilije ndondomeko ya umo mphepo yiŵirenge.^[83]

Misumba yikuru

Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha the Democratic Republic of the Congo ^[84]^[85]
	Mndandanda		Province	Ŵanthu
Kinshasa Mbuji-Mayi	1	Kinshasa	Kinshasa	15,628,000	Lubumbashi Kananga
	2	Mbuji-Mayi	Kasai-Oriental	2,765,000
	3	Lubumbashi	Haut-Katanga	2,695,000
	4	Kananga	Kasaï-Central	1,593,000
	5	Kisangani	Tshopo	1,366,000
	6	Bukavu	South Kivu	1,190,000
	7	Tshikapa	Kasaï	1,024,000
	8	Bunia	Ituri	768,000
	9	Goma	North Kivu	707,000
	10	Uvira	South Kivu	657,000

Kusama

Chifukwa cha masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo mu charu ichi kweniso umo vinthu viliri mu boma, nchakusuzga comene kusanga fundo zakugomezgeka zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakusamira kunyake. Ndipouli, pali ukaboni wakuti caru ca DRC cikulutilira kupokelera ŵalendo nangauli ciŵelengero cawo cacepa comene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakwiza mu vyaru vinandi. Kweniso, migodi yikuru-yikuru ya mu caru ici yikukopa ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na vyaru vinyake kuti ŵakasame.^[86] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufumira ku vyaru vinyake kuluta ku vyaru vya ku South Africa na Europe.

Mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku caru ca DRC cacepa comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca vivulupi ivyo vikucitika mu caru ici. Wupu wa International Organization for Migration ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusamukira ku charu ichi chachepa chomene. Malipoti gha boma ghakulongora yayi, cifukwa cakuti mu DRC muli ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kweniso palije maukaboni ghakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵafuma mu vyaru vinyake kwambura malango.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakupambana chomene, kufuma pa 3 mpaka 6 miliyoni. Kusiyana uku kukucitika cifukwa ca kusoŵerwa kwa maukaboni ghakugomezgeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku DRC ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ku Africa ndipo ŵanyake ŵakukhala ku Europe. Vyaru vinyake ivyo ŵakuluta ni South Africa na malo ghanyake agho ŵakuluta ku Europe. Boma la DRC lafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakupenja malo ghakubisamamo. Chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera comene mu 2004 apo UNHCR yikati pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 460,000 ŵakucimbira kwawo kufuma ku DRC. Mu 2008, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo ŵa ku Congo cikaŵa 367,995.

Kwamba mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakufuma ku Congo ŵafumiskika mu Angola.^[87]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congolese cuisine

Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi, kufuma ku mlonga wa Congo uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka ku mapiri agho ghali kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umoyo wawo chifukwa cha ufumu wa maboma, kulimbana kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, nyengo ya Mobutu, kweniso nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵali na masuzgo agha, kweni mitheto yawo yikusintha yayi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 81 miliyoni (2016). Ŵanthu 30 pa 100 awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndiwo ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.

Sumo

Charu cha Congo chili na mitheto ya rumba ya ku Cuba, kumba yakufuma ku Congo na merengue. Ndipo ŵaŵiri aŵa pamasinda ŵakubaba viŵeto vinyake.^[88] Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa vikupanga sumu izo zikufuma ku sumu za ku Congo. Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakwimba mu ciyowoyero ca Lingala, ico nchimoza mwa viyowoyero vikuru comene mu caru ca DRC. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵeneŵaŵa, awo ŵakulongozgeka na "le sapeur", Papa Wemba, ndiwo ŵapangiska muwiro wa ŵanyamata awo nyengo zose ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakudura. Iwo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵa muwiro wachinayi wa sumu za ku Congo ndipo ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu gulu lakale lakumanyikwa la Wenge Musica. Elizo Kisonga, uyo pasono wakukhala ku England, wakukhala ku Congo.

Maseŵera

Ku DRC ŵanthu ŵakutemwa maseŵero ghanandi nga ni bola, basketball, na rugby. Maseŵero agha ghakucitikira mu ma stadiyo ghanandi mu caru cose, kusazgapo Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba. Monga Zaire iwo adagwira nawo gawo mu 1974 FIFA World Cup.

Ku vyaru vinyake, caru ici nchakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca maseŵero gha basketball na mpira. Dikembe Mutombo njumoza wa ŵaseŵera ŵa basketball ŵawemi comene ŵa ku Africa. Mutombo wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kovwira ŵanthu mu caru cake. Bismack Biyombo, Christian Eyenga, Jonathan Kuminga, na Emmanuel Mudiay ndiwo ŵakawoneseskaso kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa maseŵera agha. Ŵaseŵero ŵanandi ŵa ku Congo na ŵa ku Congo, kusazgapo Romelu Lukaku, Yannick Bolasie, na Dieumerci Mbokani, ŵamanya chomene maseŵero gha mpira. DRC Congo yikwina kaŵiri mpikisano wa mpira wa Africa Cup of Nations.

Gulu la mpira wa volleyball la azimayi la DR Congo lakwanitsa kulowa nawo mpikisano wa volleyball wa azimayi ku Africa wa 2021. Charu ichi chikaŵa na timu ya chalo ya beach volleyball iyo yikathereskana pa 2018 ∼2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanakazi na ŵanalume..^[89]

Wayilesi

Nkhani ikulu: Media of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Manyuzipepara gha DRC ni L'Avenir, Radion Télévision Mwangaza, Template:ILL, Template:ILL, Le Phare, Le Potentiel, Le Soft na LeCongolais.CD, nyuzipepara ya pa intaneti. Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise (RTNC) ni wayilesi ya charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo. RTNC pasono yikupharazga mu Lingala, French, na English.^[90]

Kulemba mabuku

Awo ŵakulemba mabuku ku Congo ŵakugwiliskira nchito mabuku kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu DRC ŵamanye kuti charu chawo ntcha iwo. Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie wakulemba mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakulira mu Congo, mu nyengo iyo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Yamusangie mu nkhani yake wakati wakawona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa mabuku ndipo wakakhumba kumazga suzgo ili. Iyo wakalemba buku lakuti Full Circle, ilo ni nkhani ya msepuka zina lake Emanuel uyo pakwamba pa buku ili wakuwona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Congo na kunyake. Rais Neza Boneza, mulembi wa ku chigaŵa cha Katanga, wakalemba mabuku na mapowemu kuti wawovwire ŵanthu kumanya umo ŵangalongolera luso lawo.^[91]

Wonaniso

Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

Vyakulemba

↑ The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as Kikongo ya leta by its speakers – not the Kongo language proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".

Ukaboni

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Central Intelligence Agency (2014). "Democratic Republic of the Congo". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 22 Febuluwale 2021. Retrieved 29 Epulelo 2014.
↑ "Congo Democratic Republic of the". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 14 Disembala 2022.
↑ "GINI index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Archived from the original on 7 Julayi 2021. Retrieved 16 Julayi 2021.
↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2022.
↑ Van Reybrouck, David (2015). Congo : the epic history of a people. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapter 1 and 2. ISBN 9780062200129.
↑ Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2007). Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report (PDF) (Report). p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 21 Malichi 2013.
↑ Robinson, Simon (28 Meyi 2006). "The deadliest war in the world". Time. Archived from the original on 11 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 2 Meyi 2010.
↑ Bavier, Joe (22 Janyuwale 2008). "Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 Epulelo 2011. Retrieved 2 Meyi 2010.
↑ "Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo" (PDF). International Rescue Committee. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 2 Sekutembala 2011.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis | Human Rights Watch". Archived from the original on 13 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2021.
↑ Mwanamilongo, Saleh; Anna, Cara (24 Janyuwale 2019). "Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 29 Meyi 2021.
↑ BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth". BBC News website Archived 31 Meyi 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 9 December 2017.
↑ Forbath, Peter. The River Congo (1977), p. 19.
↑ Ghislain C. Kabwit, Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 1979
↑ Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, Le Congo Kinshasa, KARTHALA Editions, 2014, p. 171
↑ "5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments".
↑ "Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program". Humanorigins.si.ed. Archived from the original on 2 Malichi 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.
↑ Yellen, John E. (1 Sekutembala 1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa". African Archaeological Review. 15 (3): 173–98. doi:10.1023/A:1021659928822. S2CID 128432105.
↑ Keyes, Michael. The Congo Free State – a colony of gross excess. Archived 19 Malichi 2012 at the Wayback Machine September 2004.
↑ "Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 22 Epulelo 2021.
↑ McCrummen, Stephanie (4 Ogasiti 2009). "Nearly Forgotten Forces of WWII". The Washington Post. Washington Post Foreign Service. Archived from the original on 14 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 26 Ogasiti 2017.
↑ Sécession au Katanga – J.Gérard-Libois -Brussels- CRISP
↑ Payanzo, Ntsomo. "Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 Okutobala 2015. Retrieved 2 Okutobala 2015.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Scarecrow Press. p. i. ISBN 978-0-8108-6325-5. Archived from the original on 11 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 29 Epulelo 2016.
↑ Young & Turner 2013, p. 74.
↑ "Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco – Sept. 7, 1997". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 31 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.
↑ "Capture of Zaire's capital complete – May 18, 1997". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 8 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.
↑ "Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Archived from the original on 25 Janyuwale 2022. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.
↑ Guardian Staff (11 Febuluwale 2001). "Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers". the Guardian (in English). Archived from the original on 9 Disembala 2012. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.
↑ Gouby, Melanie (4 Epulelo 2012). "Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces". allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 21 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 18 Novembala 2012.
↑ "Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma". BBC News. 1 Disembala 2012. Archived from the original on 6 Disembala 2012. Retrieved 10 Disembala 2012.
↑ "Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city". BBC News. 20 Novembala 2012. Archived from the original on 20 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 18 Novembala 2012.
↑ "1,900 killed, over 3,300 abducted in DR Congo's eastern Kivu provinces". Africa News. 15 Ogasiti 2019. Archived from the original on 26 Sekutembala 2020. Retrieved 15 Ogasiti 2019.
↑ Global, PGW. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Hurdle After Hurdle". PGW Global Risk Management. PGW Global Risk Management LLP. Archived from the original on 3 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 5 Julayi 2017.
↑ Interview on BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018 Archived 5 Malichi 2018 at the Wayback Machine. See also BBC DR Congo country profile Archived 29 Julayi 2018 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Huguet, Alexis (12 Febuluwale 2019). "Fear and trauma haunt Congolese massacre survivors". AFP. Archived from the original on 14 Febuluwale 2019. Retrieved 13 Febuluwale 2019.
↑ "Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt". Africanews (in English). 13 Febuluwale 2022. Archived from the original on 10 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 4 Epulelo 2022.
↑ "About Katanga | Pamoja Tujenge". pamojasolutions.org (in American English). Archived from the original on 29 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 29 Okutobala 2017.
↑ "Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo | John Seach". Volcanolive.com. Archived from the original on 14 Novembala 2017. Retrieved 29 Novembala 2017.
↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. April 2016. Epulelo 2016. Archived from the original on 23 Okutobala 2018. Retrieved 23 Okutobala 2018.
↑ The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Archived 27 Janyuwale 2015 at the Wayback Machine, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10 January 2015. (in French)
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 "Member States". Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future. Archived from the original on 22 Epulelo 2014. Retrieved 25 Epulelo 2014.
↑ "Congo Reviews $6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows". Bloomberg. 28 Sekutembala 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 7 Disembala 2021.
↑ "China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies". Bloomberg. 28 Novembala 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 7 Disembala 2021.
↑ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 Julayi 2017. Archived from the original on 6 Ogasiti 2019. Retrieved 14 Ogasiti 2019.
↑ "DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $138 million embezzlement". Africanews (in English). 24 Novembala 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 7 Disembala 2021.
↑ "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on 3 Malichi 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.
↑ Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub). International Monetary Fund. 2010. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-4552-2241-4. Archived from the original on 9 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 14 Okutobala 2015.
↑ "Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 28 Juni 2017.
↑ "Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)" (PDF). peacewomen.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 Sekutembala 2007.
↑ Matundu Mbambi, Annie; Faray-Kele, Marie-Claire (Epulelo–Disembala 2010). "Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo" (PDF). peacewomen.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 12 Novembala 2014.
↑ "Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH" Archived 29 Novembala 2014 at the Wayback Machine. brighamandwomens.org.
↑ "Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release". VOA. 15 Juni 2015. Archived from the original on 12 Epulelo 2016. Retrieved 31 Malichi 2016.
↑ "Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?". Africa Agenda (in American English). Archived from the original on 26 Ogasiti 2016. Retrieved 31 Malichi 2016.
↑ "DR Congo's $24 trillion fortune". Thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2014. Retrieved 22 Julayi 2011.
↑ "Congo with $24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor". News About Congo. 15 Malichi 2009. Archived from the original on 14 Meyi 2013. Retrieved 22 Julayi 2011.
↑ Kuepper, Justin (26 Okutobala 2010). "Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo". Theotcinvestor.com. Archived from the original on 17 Julayi 2011. Retrieved 22 Julayi 2011.
↑ Coltan is a major source of tantalum which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized. DR Congo poll crucial for Africa" Archived 2 Disembala 2010 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. 16 November 2006.
↑ Bream, Rebecca (8 November 2007). "A bid for front-line command in Africa" Archived 17 Malichi 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Financial Times.
↑ "UN human development rankings place Norway at the top and DR Congo last". United Nations. 2 Novembala 2011. Archived from the original on 3 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 3 Disembala 2021.
↑ Mining Journal Archived 22 Novembala 2018 at the Wayback Machine "The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for", Aspermont Ltd., London, UK, 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
↑ List of airlines banned within the EU, Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
↑ Yee, Amy (30 Ogasiti 2017). "The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 Sekutembala 2017. Retrieved 4 Sekutembala 2017.
↑ "Energy Profile Congo, Dem. Rep". Reegle.info. Archived from the original on 25 Julayi 2017. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2017.
↑ La langue française dans le monde, Éditions Gallimard, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
↑ "Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala". 10 Julayi 2021.
↑ Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (2014). La langue française dans le monde 2014. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 117. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original on 2 Julayi 2015. Retrieved 16 Meyi 2015.
↑ "Zaire – Population Archived 28 Juni 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Library of Congress Country Studies.
↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
↑ "Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism Archived 21 Janyuwale 2010 at the Wayback Machine." The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 May 2003.
↑ "Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 28 Meyi 2015.
↑ "Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" (PDF). Dhsprogram.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 23 Juni 2018.
↑ "Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com – Religion by Location. Sources quoted are The World Factbook (1998), 'official government web site' of Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
↑ Harris, Dan (21 Meyi 2009). "Children in Congo forced into exorcisms". world news. USA today. Archived from the original on 4 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 24 Epulelo 2011.
↑ Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP); ICF International. Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014 (PDF). p. XXV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 Disembala 2016. Retrieved 16 Meyi 2015.
↑ "Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo". World Health Organization. 24 Epulelo 2014. Archived from the original on 5 Juni 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.
↑ "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Epulelo 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.
↑ "The World Factbook – Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate". Cia.gov. 2012. Archived from the original on 16 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.
↑ "DRC: Malaria still biggest killer". IRIN. 28 Epulelo 2008. Archived from the original on 12 Novembala 2014. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.
↑ "The Latest: Ebola deaths top 1,000 in Congo outbreak". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 Meyi 2019.
↑ Environment, U. N. (31 Ogasiti 2021). "Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation". UNEP - UN Environment Programme (in English). Retrieved 1 Sekutembala 2022.
↑ "The World Factbook: Africa - Congo, Democratic Republic of the". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 11 Meyi 2020. Retrieved 13 Epulelo 2016.
↑ "Africa Population (2022)". populationstat.com.
↑ Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009 (in French). International Organization for Migration. 2010. ISBN 978-92-9068-567-8. Archived from the original on 11 Meyi 2011. Retrieved 17 Ogasiti 2010.
↑ ""Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants" Archived 25 Meyi 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012.
↑ Stone, Ruth M. (2010). The Garland Handbook of African Music. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-135-90001-4. Archived from the original on 12 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2014.
↑ "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 Juni 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Ogasiti 2021. Retrieved 7 Ogasiti 2021.
↑ "Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News" (Archive). [sic] Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
↑ "Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza". 17 Okutobala 2018. Archived from the original on 5 Disembala 2018.

Longola ivyo vyabudika: <ref> tag with name "DR-Congo" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Longola ivyo vyabudika: <ref> tag with name "DROC" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Mabuku

Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (2013). The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10113-8. Archived from the original on 15 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 7 Febuluwale 2018.

Vyakulemba vinyake

Clark, John F., The African Stakes of the Congo War, 2004.
Callaghy, T., The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-231-05720-2.
Deibert, Michael: The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair, Zed Books, 2013.
Devlin, Larry (2007). Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-405-7.
Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, The Wild Highway, 2005.
Edgerton, Robert, The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. St. Martin's Press, 2002.
Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo Archived 15 Ogasiti 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007.
Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo, Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010.
Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.
Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, The Rebels' Hour, Atlantic, 2008.
Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 2008. (In German) ISBN 978-3-17-020781-3.
Kingsolver, Barbara. The Poisonwood Bible HarperCollins, 1998.
Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. Borders, nationalism and the African state. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994.
Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. ISBN 1-59691-345-2.
Melvern, Linda, Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community. Verso, 2004.
Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. ISBN 978-3-8383-4027-2.
Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp. 147–205, ISBN 978-0-9802534-1-2; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent, First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-9802534-2-9; Congo in The Sixties, ISBN 978-1448665709, 2009; Africa: Dawn of a New Era, ISBN 978-9987160488, 2015.
Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History, 2002.
O'Hanlon, Redmond, Congo Journey, 1996.
O'Hanlon, Redmond, No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo, 1998.
Prunier, Gérard, Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe, 2011 (also published as From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa).
Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. The Congo: Plunder and Resistance, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84277-485-4.
Reyntjens, Filip, The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 , 2009.
Rorison, Sean, Bradt Travel Guide: Congo — Democratic Republic/Republic, 2008.
Schulz, Manfred. Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur, Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) ISBN 978-3-8258-0425-1.
Stearns, Jason: Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: the Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa, Public Affairs, 2011.
Tayler, Jeffrey, Facing the Congo, 2001.
Turner, Thomas, The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality, 2007.
Van Reybrouck, David, Congo: The Epic History of a People, 2014
Wrong, Michela, In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Scholia has a topic profile for Democratic Republic of Congo.

Country Profile from the BBC News
Democratic Republic of the Congo. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Democratic Republic of the Congo from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Democratic Republic of Congo at Curlie
Wikimedia Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geographic data related to Democratic Republic of Congo at OpenStreetMap
The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues
Karen Fung (ed.). "Democratic Republic of the Congo". Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources. Stanford University.

Template:DRC topics

3°S 24°E / 3°S 24°E / -3; 24

[1] The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as Kikongo ya leta by its speakers – not the Kongo language proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".

[cia.gov-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Central Intelligence Agency (2014). "Democratic Republic of the Congo". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 22 Febuluwale 2021. Retrieved 29 Epulelo 2014.

[3] "Congo Democratic Republic of the". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)

[imf2-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 14 Disembala 2022.

[gini-5] "GINI index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Archived from the original on 7 Julayi 2021. Retrieved 16 Julayi 2021.

[HDI-6] "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2022.

[7] Van Reybrouck, David (2015). Congo : the epic history of a people. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapter 1 and 2. ISBN 9780062200129.

[IRC2007fullreport-8] Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2007). Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report (PDF) (Report). p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 21 Malichi 2013.

[The_deadliest_war_in_the_world-9] Robinson, Simon (28 Meyi 2006). "The deadliest war in the world". Time. Archived from the original on 11 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 2 Meyi 2010.

[10] Bavier, Joe (22 Janyuwale 2008). "Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 Epulelo 2011. Retrieved 2 Meyi 2010.

[IRC2007Facts-11] "Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo" (PDF). International Rescue Committee. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 2 Sekutembala 2011.

[:0-12] 11.0 ^11.1 "Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis | Human Rights Watch". Archived from the original on 13 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2021.

[13] Mwanamilongo, Saleh; Anna, Cara (24 Janyuwale 2019). "Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 29 Meyi 2021.

[:9-14] BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth". BBC News website Archived 31 Meyi 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 9 December 2017.

[15] Forbath, Peter. The River Congo (1977), p. 19.

[16] Ghislain C. Kabwit, Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 1979

[17] Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, Le Congo Kinshasa, KARTHALA Editions, 2014, p. 171

[DRCabb-18] "5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments".

[19] "Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program". Humanorigins.si.ed. Archived from the original on 2 Malichi 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.

[20] Yellen, John E. (1 Sekutembala 1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa". African Archaeological Review. 15 (3): 173–98. doi:10.1023/A:1021659928822. S2CID 128432105.

[cfskeyes-21] Keyes, Michael. The Congo Free State – a colony of gross excess. Archived 19 Malichi 2012 at the Wayback Machine September 2004.

[britannica.com-22] "Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 22 Epulelo 2021.

[WP-23] McCrummen, Stephanie (4 Ogasiti 2009). "Nearly Forgotten Forces of WWII". The Washington Post. Washington Post Foreign Service. Archived from the original on 14 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 26 Ogasiti 2017.

[24] Sécession au Katanga – J.Gérard-Libois -Brussels- CRISP

[britannica-25] Payanzo, Ntsomo. "Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 Okutobala 2015. Retrieved 2 Okutobala 2015.

[kisanganibobb-26] 25.0 ^25.1 Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Scarecrow Press. p. i. ISBN 978-0-8108-6325-5. Archived from the original on 11 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 29 Epulelo 2016.

[FOOTNOTEYoungTurner201374-27] Young & Turner 2013, p. 74.

[28] "Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco – Sept. 7, 1997". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 31 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.

[29] "Capture of Zaire's capital complete – May 18, 1997". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 8 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.

[30] "Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Archived from the original on 25 Janyuwale 2022. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.

[31] Guardian Staff (11 Febuluwale 2001). "Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers". the Guardian (in English). Archived from the original on 9 Disembala 2012. Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.

[32] Gouby, Melanie (4 Epulelo 2012). "Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces". allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 21 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 18 Novembala 2012.

[33] "Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma". BBC News. 1 Disembala 2012. Archived from the original on 6 Disembala 2012. Retrieved 10 Disembala 2012.

[34] "Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city". BBC News. 20 Novembala 2012. Archived from the original on 20 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 18 Novembala 2012.

[35] "1,900 killed, over 3,300 abducted in DR Congo's eastern Kivu provinces". Africa News. 15 Ogasiti 2019. Archived from the original on 26 Sekutembala 2020. Retrieved 15 Ogasiti 2019.

[The_DRC-36] Global, PGW. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Hurdle After Hurdle". PGW Global Risk Management. PGW Global Risk Management LLP. Archived from the original on 3 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 5 Julayi 2017.

[37] Interview on BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018 Archived 5 Malichi 2018 at the Wayback Machine. See also BBC DR Congo country profile Archived 29 Julayi 2018 at the Wayback Machine

[afp1-38] Huguet, Alexis (12 Febuluwale 2019). "Fear and trauma haunt Congolese massacre survivors". AFP. Archived from the original on 14 Febuluwale 2019. Retrieved 13 Febuluwale 2019.

[39] "Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt". Africanews (in English). 13 Febuluwale 2022. Archived from the original on 10 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 4 Epulelo 2022.

[40] "About Katanga | Pamoja Tujenge". pamojasolutions.org (in American English). Archived from the original on 29 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 29 Okutobala 2017.

[41] "Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo | John Seach". Volcanolive.com. Archived from the original on 14 Novembala 2017. Retrieved 29 Novembala 2017.

[42] "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. April 2016. Epulelo 2016. Archived from the original on 23 Okutobala 2018. Retrieved 23 Okutobala 2018.

[43] The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Archived 27 Janyuwale 2015 at the Wayback Machine, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10 January 2015. (in French)

[:1-44] 43.0 ^43.1 "Member States". Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future. Archived from the original on 22 Epulelo 2014. Retrieved 25 Epulelo 2014.

[45] "Congo Reviews $6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows". Bloomberg. 28 Sekutembala 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 7 Disembala 2021.

[46] "China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies". Bloomberg. 28 Novembala 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 7 Disembala 2021.

[47] "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 Julayi 2017. Archived from the original on 6 Ogasiti 2019. Retrieved 14 Ogasiti 2019.

[48] "DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $138 million embezzlement". Africanews (in English). 24 Novembala 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 7 Disembala 2021.

[49] "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on 3 Malichi 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.

[50] Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub). International Monetary Fund. 2010. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-4552-2241-4. Archived from the original on 9 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 14 Okutobala 2015.

[51] "Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 28 Juni 2017.

[52] "Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)" (PDF). peacewomen.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 Sekutembala 2007.

[53] Matundu Mbambi, Annie; Faray-Kele, Marie-Claire (Epulelo–Disembala 2010). "Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo" (PDF). peacewomen.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 12 Novembala 2014.

[54] "Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH" Archived 29 Novembala 2014 at the Wayback Machine. brighamandwomens.org.

[55] "Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release". VOA. 15 Juni 2015. Archived from the original on 12 Epulelo 2016. Retrieved 31 Malichi 2016.

[56] "Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?". Africa Agenda (in American English). Archived from the original on 26 Ogasiti 2016. Retrieved 31 Malichi 2016.

[57] "DR Congo's $24 trillion fortune". Thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2014. Retrieved 22 Julayi 2011.

[58] "Congo with $24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor". News About Congo. 15 Malichi 2009. Archived from the original on 14 Meyi 2013. Retrieved 22 Julayi 2011.

[59] Kuepper, Justin (26 Okutobala 2010). "Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo". Theotcinvestor.com. Archived from the original on 17 Julayi 2011. Retrieved 22 Julayi 2011.

[60] Coltan is a major source of tantalum which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized. DR Congo poll crucial for Africa" Archived 2 Disembala 2010 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News. 16 November 2006.

[61] Bream, Rebecca (8 November 2007). "A bid for front-line command in Africa" Archived 17 Malichi 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Financial Times.

[62] "UN human development rankings place Norway at the top and DR Congo last". United Nations. 2 Novembala 2011. Archived from the original on 3 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 3 Disembala 2021.

[63] Mining Journal Archived 22 Novembala 2018 at the Wayback Machine "The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for", Aspermont Ltd., London, UK, 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.

[64] List of airlines banned within the EU, Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.

[65] Yee, Amy (30 Ogasiti 2017). "The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 Sekutembala 2017. Retrieved 4 Sekutembala 2017.

[66] "Energy Profile Congo, Dem. Rep". Reegle.info. Archived from the original on 25 Julayi 2017. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2017.

[67] La langue française dans le monde, Éditions Gallimard, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

[lingala-68] "Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala". 10 Julayi 2021.

[lang_educ-69] Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (2014). La langue française dans le monde 2014. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 117. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original on 2 Julayi 2015. Retrieved 16 Meyi 2015.

[70] "Zaire – Population Archived 28 Juni 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Library of Congress Country Studies.

[UN_WPP-71] "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.

[UN_WPP_2022-72] "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.

[73] "Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism Archived 21 Janyuwale 2010 at the Wayback Machine." The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 May 2003.

[74] "Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 28 Meyi 2015.

[75] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" (PDF). Dhsprogram.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 23 Juni 2018.

[Adherents-76] "Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com – Religion by Location. Sources quoted are The World Factbook (1998), 'official government web site' of Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved 25 May 2007.

[77] Harris, Dan (21 Meyi 2009). "Children in Congo forced into exorcisms". world news. USA today. Archived from the original on 4 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 24 Epulelo 2011.

[78] Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP); ICF International. Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014 (PDF). p. XXV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 Disembala 2016. Retrieved 16 Meyi 2015.

[79] "Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo". World Health Organization. 24 Epulelo 2014. Archived from the original on 5 Juni 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.

[80] "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Epulelo 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.

[81] "The World Factbook – Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate". Cia.gov. 2012. Archived from the original on 16 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.

[82] "DRC: Malaria still biggest killer". IRIN. 28 Epulelo 2008. Archived from the original on 12 Novembala 2014. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2015.

[83] "The Latest: Ebola deaths top 1,000 in Congo outbreak". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 Meyi 2019.

[84] Environment, U. N. (31 Ogasiti 2021). "Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation". UNEP - UN Environment Programme (in English). Retrieved 1 Sekutembala 2022.

[85] "The World Factbook: Africa - Congo, Democratic Republic of the". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 11 Meyi 2020. Retrieved 13 Epulelo 2016.

[86] "Africa Population (2022)". populationstat.com.

[IOMProfile-87] Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009 (in French). International Organization for Migration. 2010. ISBN 978-92-9068-567-8. Archived from the original on 11 Meyi 2011. Retrieved 17 Ogasiti 2010.

[88] ""Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants" Archived 25 Meyi 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012.

[89] Stone, Ruth M. (2010). The Garland Handbook of African Music. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-135-90001-4. Archived from the original on 12 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2014.

[90] "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 Juni 2021. Archived from the original on 7 Ogasiti 2021. Retrieved 7 Ogasiti 2021.

[91] "Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News" (Archive). [sic] Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.

[92] "Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza". 17 Okutobala 2018. Archived from the original on 5 Disembala 2018.

[lower-alpha 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

Authority control
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Artists	KulturNav
People	UK Parliament
Other	Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi