YouTube
 Logo used since 2017 | |
| File:YouTube homepage.png Screenshot of homepage on November 2, 2022 | |
| Type of business | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
Type of site | Online video platform |
| Founded | February 14, 2005 |
| Headquarters | 901 Cherry Avenue San Bruno, California, United States |
| Area served | Worldwide (excluding blocked countries) |
| Owner | Google LLC |
| Founder(s) | |
| Key people |
|
| Industry | |
| Products | |
| Revenue |  US$28.8 billion (2021)[1] |
| Parent | Google LLC (2006–present) |
| URL | youtube.com (see list of localized domain names) |
| Advertising | Google AdSense |
| Registration | Optional
|
| Users | 2.562 billion MAU (January 2022)[2] |
| Launched | February 14, 2005 |
| Current status | Active |
Content license | Uploader holds copyright (standard license); Creative Commons can be selected. |
| Written in | Python (core/API),[3] C (through CPython), C++, Java (through Guice platform),[4][5] Go,[6] JavaScript (UI) |
YouTube ni kampani yaku America iyo yikupanga mavidiyo pa intaneti ndipo yikukhala ku San Bruno, California, United States. Wakapangika pa Febuluwale 14, 2005, na Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, na Jawed Karim. Webusayiti iyi njakovwira chomene pa Intaneti. Pa mwezi, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 biliyoni ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo pa YouTube. Mu Meyi 2019, mavidiyo ghakaŵanga na maora ghakujumpha 500 pa miniti.[7][8]
Mu Okutobala 2006, Google yikagura YouTube pa mtengo wa madola 1.65 biliyoni. Google yikati yamba kugwiliskira ntchito YouTube, yikamba kupanga malonda ghanandi chomene. Kweniso likupeleka YouTube Premium, nthowa yakulipira kuti munthu wawonelerenge vinthu kwambura malonda. Kweniso YouTube yikazomerezga awo ŵakulemba nkhani kuti ŵachiteko nawo ntchito ya Google ya AdSense, iyo yikukhumba kuti wose ŵawovwirepo. Mu 2022, YouTube yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana $29.2 billion. Mu 2021, ndalama zakupanga malonda pa YouTube zakwera mpaka $ 28.8 biliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama za 9 biliyoni kuchokera chaka chatha.[1]
Kufuma waka apo Google yikagulira YouTube, yikasazgikira kujumpha pa webusayiti yakwamba na kuŵa na ma app gha pa mafoni, ma TV gha pa Intaneti, kweniso yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi. Mavidiyo agho ghali pa YouTube ni mavidiyo gha sumu, mavidiyo, nkhani, mafilimu ghapafupi, mafilimu, sumu, mavidiyo ghapang'anamuliro gha mafilimu, ma teaser, ma livestreams, vlog, na vinyake vinandi. Vinthu vinandi vikupangika na ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha, kusazgapo awo ŵakuwungana na makampani. Makampani agho ghakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Disney, Paramount, NBCUniversal, na Warner Bros. Kweniso ŵakamba na kusazgirako mawayilesi ghawo gha pa YouTube kuti ŵapharazgirenge ŵanthu ŵanandi.
YouTube yikupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene, yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kutemwana pa Intaneti. Nangauli YouTube yikukura chomene ndipo yikwenda makora, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka. Ŵanthu awo ŵakususka YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti iyi kuti ŵapharazge mautesi, kuswa malango gha ŵanthu, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa pa webusayiti iyi.
Mbiri
Kukhazikiska na kukura kwapakwamba (2005~2006)
YouTube yikapangika na Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, na Jawed Karim. Ŵanalume ŵatatu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵantchito ŵakwambilira ŵa PayPal, ndipo ŵakasambazga comene pamanyuma pakuti kampani iyi yagulika na eBay. Hurley wakasambira vya kupanga vinthu pa yunivesite ya Indiana ku Pennsylvania, ndipo Chen na Karim ŵakasambira vya kompyuta pa yunivesite ya Illinois ku Urbana-Champaign.
Kuyana na nkhani iyo yikayowoyeka kanandi waka mu manyuzipepara, Hurley na Chen ŵakapanga pulani ya YouTube mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2005, pamanyuma pakuti ŵakasangana na masuzgo pakugwiliskira nchito mavidiyo agho ŵakajambura pa ciphikiro ca mu nyumba ya Chen ku San Francisco. Karim wakaluta yayi ku ciphikiro ici ndipo wakakana kuti vikacitika nadi, kweni Chen wakati maghanoghano ghakuti YouTube yikapangika pamanyuma pa ciphikiro "ghakwenera kuti ghakakhozga comene maghanoghano gha malonda ghakukhwaskana na kulenga nkhani iyo yikwenera kuti yikasangika makora".
Karim wakati chenjezgo la YouTube likamba kufuma ku nkhani ya Super Bowl XXXVIII apo chifuŵa cha Janet Jackson chikavumbukwa na Justin Timberlake. Karim wakawona kuti ntchipusu yayi kusanga mavidiyo gha chindindindi icho chikachitika mu 2004 pa Intaneti. Hurley na Chen ŵakayowoya kuti maghanoghano ghakwambilira gha YouTube ghakaŵa gha chigaŵa cha mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ndipo ghakafuma pa webusayiti ya Hot or Not. Ŵakalemba nkhani pa Craigslist, kupempha ŵanakazi ŵakutowa kuti ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo ghawo pa YouTube kuti ŵaŵape ndalama zakukwana madola 100. Chifukwa cha suzgo la kusanga mavidiyo ghakukwana gha ŵanthu ŵakutorana, ŵakasintha ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita.[9]
YouTube yikamba kuŵa kampani iyo yikagwiliskiranga nchito vinthu vya teknoloji. Pakati pa Novembala 2005 na Epulero 2006, kampani iyi yikasanga ndalama kufuma ku ŵamalonda ŵakupambanapambana, ndipo Sequoia Capital, $11.5 miliyoni, na Artis Capital Management, $8 miliyoni, ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakuru chomene. Malo ghakwambilira gha YouTube ghakaŵa pachanya pa malo gha pizza na malo gha vyakurya gha ku Japan mu San Mateo, California. Mu Febuluwale 2005, kampani iyi yikajura webusayiti ya www.youtube.com. Vidiyo yakwamba yikaŵa pa Epulero 23, 2005. Chithunzichi chili ndi mutu wakuti "Ine ku zoo" ndipo chikusonyeza woyambitsa mnzake Jawed Karim ku San Diego Zoo ndipo chikhoza kuwonedwabe pa webusaitiyi. Mu Meyi, kampani iyi yikambiska beta ya ŵanthu wose ndipo mu Novembala, chipharazgo cha Nike icho muli Ronaldinho chikaŵa vidiyo yakwamba kuwoneka pa intaneti. Webusayiti iyi yikamba kugwira ntchito pa Disembala 15, 2005, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ŵanthu 8 miliyoni ŵakayiwonanga zuŵa lililose. Pa nyengo iyo, vithuzithuzi ivi vikaŵa vya mameghabayiti 100, panji kuti masekondi 30.
YouTube yikaŵa malo ghakwamba yayi kugaŵirako mavidiyo pa Intaneti. Vimeo yikambiska mu Novembala 2004, nangauli pa nyengo iyo, malo agha ghakaŵa ghapusu yayi. Sabata iyo YouTube yikambira, pa NBC-Universal pa Saturday Night Live pakaŵa sumu ya The Lonely Island yakuchemeka "Lazy Sunday". Padera pa kovwira kuti Saturday Night Live yiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi, "Lazy Sunday" yikawovwira kuti YouTube yiŵe malo ghakuzirwa. Pa February 2006, vidiyo iyi yikawonekerathu pa YouTube ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni ŵakawonelera pambere ŵandayiwuskemo. Nangauli paumaliro ŵakawuskapo vidiyo iyi, kweni yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi pa YouTube. Webusayiti iyi yikakura mwaluŵiro chomene. Mu Julayi 2006, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 65,000 ŵakujura mavidiyo zuŵa lililose.
Kusankha zina lakuti www.youtube.com kukapangiska kuti webusayiti yinyake yiŵe na zina lakuyana waka lakuti www.youtube.com. Mweneko wa webusayiti iyi, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, wakadandawura na YouTube mu Novembala 2006 chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga waka kuwonelera vidiyo iyi. Universal Tube wakasintha webusayiti yake kuŵa www. utubeonline .com.[10][11]
Nyengo ya Broadcast Yourself (2006~2013)
Pa Okutobala 9, 2006, Google yikapharazga kuti yagura YouTube pa mtengo wa $1.65 biliyoni. Phangano ili likamara pa Novembala 13, 2006. IAC, iyo sono yikaŵa na Vimeo, yikamba kovwira awo ŵakupangiska mavidiyo kuti ŵapatukeko ku YouTube. Pa nyengo iyi, YouTube yikamba kuyowoya mazgu ghakuti "Jipharazgirani". Kampani iyi yikakura mwaluŵiro. The Daily Telegraph yikalemba kuti mu 2007, YouTube yikagwiliskiranga nchito bandwidth yinandi comene nga ni Intaneti yose mu 2000. Kufika mu 2010, kampani iyi yikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha mavidiyo pafupifupi 43 peresenti, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo ghakujumpha 14 biliyoni. Chaka chenechicho, kampani iyi yikasintha vinthu vinyake kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge nyengo yitali pa webusayiti iyi. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakawoneleranga mavidiyo ghakujumpha mabiliyoni ghatatu zuŵa lililose. Ndipouli, mavidiyo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakawonanga ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene. Mu chaka chenechicho, kampani iyi yikasinthaso chigaŵa chake ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo, yikapelekaso logo yiphya ya mdima wakufipa. Mu 2013, pakaŵaso kusintha kwa kompyuta, TV, na foni. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa Intaneti maora ghakujumpha 100 pa miniti yiliyose.[12][13]
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Pa nyengo iyi, gulu likasintha vinthu vinyake. Mu Okutobala 2006, YouTube wakasamira ku ofesi yiphya ku San Bruno, California. Hurley wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa CEO wa YouTube kuti waŵe na udindo wa kuphalira ŵanthu vya YouTube.
Mu Disembala 2009, YouTube yikakolerana na Vevo. Mu Epulero 2010, sumu ya Lady Gaga ya "Bad Romance" yikaŵa vidiyo iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawonelera chomene, ndipo yikaŵa yakwamba kuwonelera ŵanthu mamiliyoni 200 pa Meyi 9, 2010.[14]
Susan Wojcicki and going mainstream (2014–2018)
Susan Wojcicki wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa YouTube mu Febuluwale 2014. Mu Janyuwale 2016, YouTube yikasazgirako ofesi yake yikuru ku San Bruno mwa kugura malo gha maofesi gha $215 miliyoni. Malo agha ghali na malo ghakukwana mamita 51,468 ndipo ghangakwana ŵanthu 2,800. YouTube yikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa Intaneti.
Mu nyengo iyi, YouTube yikayezga nthowa zinandi zakupambanapambana kuti yisangirepo ndalama. Mu 2013, YouTube yikambiska pulogiramu ya viwoneskero kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga vinthu vya pa Intaneti ŵapelekenge ma TV ghapachanya. Ntchito iyi yikamara mu Janyuwale 2018 ndipo yikambaso mu Juni, na maubwezi gha US$4.99. Kulembeska pa wayilesi iyi kukakhozga nthowa ya Super Chat, iyo yikamba mu 2017, iyo yikovwira kuti awo ŵakuwonelera ŵapeleke ndalama zakukwana $1 na $500 kuti ŵawonenge ivyo ŵakuyowoya. Mu 2014, YouTube yikapharazga za "Music Key", iyo yikaŵa na nkhani za sumu pa YouTube. Mu 2015, YouTube yikapharazga vya YouTube Red, yeneiyo yikaŵa nthowa yiphya yakupharazgira ŵanthu kwambura kuŵika malonda pa Intaneti. Kweniso YouTube yikafumiska YouTube Music, app yacitatu iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kumanya sumu izo zili pa YouTube.
Kweniso kampani iyi yikayezga kupanga vinthu vyakuti viŵawovwire. Mu 2015, YouTube yikafumiska pulogiramu ya pa foni yakuchemeka YouTube Kids. Lili na nthowa yipusu yakugwiliskira ntchito TV iyi, na mavidiyo ghakwenelera ŵana awo ŵafika pa msinkhu wawo. Kweniso mu 2015, YouTube yikambiska YouTube Gaming, app ya mavidiyo na mavidyo gha pa Intaneti.
Kampaniyi idaukiridwa pa Epulo 3, 2018, pomwe kuwombera kunachitika ku likulu la YouTube ku San Bruno, California, komwe kudavulaza anayi ndikupangitsa munthu m'modzi kufa (womenya).[15]
Mbiri yaposachedwapa (2019~pano)
Kuzakafika mu Febuluwale 2017, maora 1 biliyoni gha mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghakawoneleranga zuŵa lililose, ndipo maora 400 gha mavidiyo ghakaŵikikanga pa intaneti miniti yiliyose. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakakweranga mavidiyo agha maora ghakujumpha 500 pa miniti. Mu nyengo ya nthenda ya COVID-19, apo caru cose cikaŵa pasi pa dango la kukhala pa nyumba, kugwiliskira nchito vinthu nga ni YouTube kukakwera comene. Kampani yimoza ya data yikati YouTube yikupangiska 15% ya intaneti yose, kaŵiri kuluska umo yikaŵira pambere nthenda iyi yindambe. Pakuzgora ku ŵamazaza ŵa EU awo ŵakapempha kuti mautumiki agha ghachepeske bandwidth kuti ŵasimikizge kuti ŵantchito ŵa ku chipatala ŵali na bandwidth yakukwana kuti ŵagaŵiranenge fundo, YouTube na Netflix ŵakayowoya kuti ŵalutilirenge kuchepeska umanyi wa ma TV kwa mazuŵa 30 kuti ŵapepuske bandwidth ya mautumiki ghawo na 25%. Pamanyuma, YouTube yikati yilutizgenge mulimo uwu pa caru cose: "Tikulutilira kwenderana na maboma na ŵantchito ŵa pa caru cose kuti tileke kusuzgika comene na vinthu ivi".
Pamasinda pa kudandawura uko kukacitika mu 2018 cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha Child's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), kampani iyi yikapika cilango ca $170 miliyoni na FTC cifukwa ca kupokera fundo za ŵanthu ŵacoko comene. Kweniso boma likalangura kuti YouTube yipange nthowa zakovwilira ŵana kuti ŵaleke kufipa mtima. Pamanyuma pa kususkika cifukwa ca ivyo vikacitika, pa Janyuwale 6, 2020, YouTube yikamba kuwona mavidiyo ghose agho ghakaŵa "ghakupangikira ŵana" nga nga nga nga nga ni malango gha COPPA. Pakunjira mu app ya YouTube Kids, kampani iyi yikapangiska kuti mu 2021 paŵe nthowa yakuwonera, iyo yikunozgekera ŵawukirano. Kweniso kuti yikolere TikTok, YouTube yikamba kupanga vidiyo yifupi yakuchemeka YouTube Shorts.
Mu nyengo iyi, YouTube yikamba kulimbana na makampani ghanyake gha vya tekinoloje. Kwa chaka chimoza, mu 2018 na 2019, pakaŵavya app ya YouTube iyo yikagwiliskirika pa Amazon Fire. Mu 2020, Roku wakawuskamo app ya YouTube TV mu sitoro yake chifukwa chakuti makampani ghaŵiri agha ghakatondeka kukolerana.
Pambuyo poyesa kale mu 2021, YouTube idachotsa kuwonetsera pagulu kwa kusakonda kwamavidiyo mu Novembala 2021, ponena kuti chifukwa chochotsera chinali, kutengera kafukufuku wake wamkati, kuti ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kusakonda ngati njira yochitira nkhanza pa intaneti. Nangauli ŵanyake ŵakulumba kuti nthowa iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutinkhana, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti para munthu wangaleka kutinkhana, vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona mavidiyo ghambura kovwira. Uyo wakawovwira kukhazikiska YouTube, Jawed Karim, wakati kusintha uku "nkhuzeleza", ndipo cifukwa ceneko ca kusintha uku "nkhwakwenelera yayi, ndipo nchakuti ŵanthu ŵamanyenge yayi". Iyo wakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti ŵamanye vinthu viheni. Iyo wakati: "Nthowa iyi yikugwira nchito, ndipo yili na zina lakuti vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. Para pulogiramu yikususka, ndondomeko iyi yikumara. Para vyaŵa nthena, pulatifomu yikuleka kugwira ntchito". Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, Dmitry Selivanov, uyo wakapanganga mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta, wakambiska pulogiramu ya Return YouTube Dislike. Mu kalata iyo yikapharazgika pa January 25, 2022 na Susan Wojcicki, CEO wa YouTube, wakazomerezga kuti kuwuskamo ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa yayi nkhani iyi chikaŵa chakujandizga, kweni wakawerezgapo kuti wakukhalilira na fundo iyi, wakati "yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutinkhana".
Mu 2022, YouTube yikamba kuyezga umo yikulongolera ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo ghatali pa TV, malonda ghafupi ghambura kujumpha. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵakwiya chomene chifukwa cha unandi wa mapulogiramu ghaphya agho ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi, pa Seputembala 19 wa chaka chenechichi, YouTube "yikamalizga" ntchito iyi. Mu Okutobala, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizenge na vigaŵa vyakugwiliskira ntchito (nga ni @MrBeast6000) kusazgapo mazina gha wayilesi, agho ghangazgokaso ma URL gha wayilesi.
Pa Febuluwale 16, 2023, Wojcicki wakapharazga kuti wafumenge pa udindo wake wa CEO, ndipo Neal Mohan ndiyo wamupenge malo. Wojcicki wazamovwira Google na Alphabet.[16]
Ŵalara ŵa kamupani
YouTube yikulongozgeka na CEO kufuma waka apo yikambira mu 2005, ndipo yikalutilira kuŵa na mulongozgi nangauli Google yikayigura. CEO wa sono ni Neal Mohan, uyo wakasankhika pa February 16, 2023.[16]
Mndandanda wa ma CEO
- Chad Hurley (2005–2010)
- Salar Kamangar (2010–2014)
- Susan Wojcicki (2014–2023)[16]
- Neal Mohan (since February 2023)[16]
Vinthu vyake
Vidiyo
YouTube yikugwiliskira nchito VP9 na H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codecs, na Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP protocol. MPEG-4 Part 2 streams izo zili mu 3GP containers nazo zikupelekeka pa bandwidth yachepa. Mu Janyuwale 2019, YouTube yikamba kupanga mavidiyo mu AV1. Mu 2021, ŵakayowoya kuti kampani iyi yikughanaghana vya kukhumba AV1 mu hardware ya streaming kuti yichepeske bandwidth na kusazgirako quality. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo pamoza na Opus na AAC.
Pakwamba mu 2005, kuti munthu wawone mavidiyo gha pa YouTube pa kompyuta, wakeneranga kuŵa na Adobe Flash Player. Mu Janyuwale 2010, YouTube yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti iyi pa chiyezgo. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo kwambura kuŵika Adobe Flash Player panji pulogini yinyake. Pa Janyuwale 27, 2015, YouTube yikapharazga kuti HTML5 ndiyo yizamuŵa nthowa yakulondezgera pa ma browser. Mavidiyo gha HTML5 ghakugwiliskira ntchito Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP (MPEG-DASH), nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito HTTP iyo yikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na vithuzi vinandi.
Pa foni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti gha mtundu wa 144p. Ungweru uwu ungasinthika mwakuyana na luŵiro lwa foni panji ungasinthika na mawoko.
Kwambira mu 2008 m'paka mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi wa kusazgako "mavidiyo" ku mavidiyo ghawo, nga ni mauthenga gha pa kompyuta na ma hyperlink. Kufika mu 2019 mazgu ghose gha mu mavidiyo ghakafumiskikapo, ndipo mavidiyo ghanyake ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito. YouTube yikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu pa Intaneti, nga ni vithuzithuzi vyakumalizgira.
Mu 2018, YouTube yikazgoka rejisitala ya ISNI, ndipo yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kwamba kupanga vimanyikwiro vya ISNI kuti yimanyiske ŵanyimbo awo mavidiyo ghawo ghalipo. Awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni iyi ŵakumanya kuti ŵangawoneseska kuti nkhani yawo njaunenesko. Apo YouTube yikambanga mu 2005, vikaŵa vyamachitiko kuŵika mavidiyo ghatali, kweni mu Malichi 2006 ŵakaŵikamo nyengo ya maminiti 10 pamanyuma pakuti YouTube yamanya kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa ghatali chomene ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu Julayi 2010, nyengo ya maminiti 10 yikakwera kufika pa maminiti 15. Mavidiyo ghangaŵa ghakukwana 256 GB panji maora 12, kuyana na unandi wake. Kufumira mu 2021, mavidiyo agho ghali na mazgu agho ghangalembeka mu viyowoyero 13, ndipo ghangalembeka na mashini.
YouTube yikupelekaso mazgu ghakupangika na ŵanthu nga ntchigaŵa cha makompyuta. Kale YouTube yikapelekanga fundo yakuti 'Community Captions' apo awo ŵakulaŵilira mavidiyo ŵakeneranga kulemba na kupeleka mazgu ghakupulikizga para munthu uyo wakujura mavidiyo wazomerezga. Kweni mu Seputembala 2020 ŵakaleka.
YouTube yikuzomera mafayilo gha mtundu wa MP4, Matroska, FLV, AVI, WebM, 3GP, MPEG-PS, na QuickTime. Vyakupanga mavidiyo vinyake (nga ni ProRes) navyo vikuzomerezgeka. YouTube yikuphalira ŵanthu umo ŵangakopera.
Vidiyo yiliyose yikumanyikwa na alphanumerical Base64 string ya vilembo 11 mu Uniform Resource Locator (URL) iyo yingaŵa na vilembo, manambara, chakukhozgera (_), na dash (-).
Mu 2018, YouTube yikaŵaso na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Premiere icho chikupeleka uthenga kwa munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo. Para nyengo yakutemeka yakwana, vidiyo iyi yikuŵa pa TV ndipo yikutora maminiti ghaŵiri. Para mungakhumba, mungamba kuwonelera nyengo yeneyiyo.[17]
Maonekelo
Pakwamba YouTube yikapelekanga mavidiyo gha mtundu umoza pera, agho ghakaŵa na ma pixels 320×240 pakugwiliskira nchito codec ya Sorenson Spark (iyo ni H.263), pamoza na sumu za MP3 za mtundu umoza. Mu Juni 2007, YouTube yikaŵaso na mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo mu 3GP pa mafoni. Mu Malichi 2008, ŵakasazgirako mtundu wa high-quality mode, uwo ukasazgirako ma pixels 480×360. Mu Disembala 2008, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 720p. Pa nyengo ya kukhazikiskika kwa 720p, YouTube player yikasinthika kufuma ku 4:3 aspect ratio kuya ku widescreen 16:9. Na fundo iyi, YouTube yikamba kusintha kuti yiŵe na H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Mu Novembala 2009, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 1080p. Mu Julayi 2010, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yapanga mavidiyo ghanandi gha mtundu wa 4K, agho ghangaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana 4096×3072. Mu Julayi 2010, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya mtundu wa 4K. Mu Juni 2015, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 8K, ndipo mavidiyo agha ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi 7680×4320. Mu Novembala 2016, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya HDR iyo yingalembeka na HLG panji PQ. Vidiyo ya HDR yingalembeka na mtundu wa Rec. 2020.
Mu Juni 2014, YouTube yikamba kovwirapo pa mavidiyo gha vithuzithuzi ivyo vikuŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana vithuzithuzi 60 pa sekondi. YouTube yikati ivi viwovwirenge kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora mavidiyo agho ghali na vithuzithuzi vinandi.
Mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghalipo mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera ŵakukhwaska waka kawonekero ka vidiyo. Mu mafoni agha, ŵanthu ŵakusankhapo "Auto", iyo yikusintha umo vinthu viliri pa Intaneti, "High Picture Quality" iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora mavidiyo, "Data saver" iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito makora mavidiyo, na "Advanced" iyo yikovwira kuti munthu wasankhenge makora. Pa kompyuta, ŵanthu ŵakusankha "Auto" panji mtundu unyake. Munthu uyo wakuwonelera vidiyo iyi wangasankha yayi vithuzi ivyo vili na vithuzi vinandi.
Kwambira mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo gha 3D. Mu 2015, YouTube yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo gha madigiri 360. Kufuma mu Epulero 2016, yikapeleka mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo gha pa 360°, kweniso mavidiyo gha pa 360° na gha pa 1440p. Chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga pa digirii zakujumpha 90, yikamba kukhozgera vidiyo yinyake yakuchemeka VR180.
Chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulaŵilira mavidiyo agha, YouTube yikasintha nyengo yichoko waka. YouTube yikapanga chip chake, chakuchemeka Argos, kuti chiwovwire pakukopera mavidiyo ghapachanya mu 2021.
Mu vigaŵa vinyake, YouTube yikovwira munthu uyo wakujura kuti wasinthe mavidiyo agho ghakaŵako kale chomene. Ubwezi unyake uwo ŵakachita na Universal Music Group ukaŵa wa kupanga mavidiyo 1,000.[18]
Kuŵerenga pa Intaneti
YouTube yikachita viyezgo vyakwambilira pa nkhani ya kuwonelera vinthu vyamuyirayira, kusazgapo ungano wa U2 mu 2009, na ungano wa mafumbo na mazgoro na pulezidenti wa ku United States Barack Obama mu Febuluwale 2010. Kuyezgelera uku kukajintha pa maukadaulo gha ŵabwezi ŵachitatu, kweni mu Seputembala 2010, YouTube yikamba kuyezga nthowa yake yakwendeskera. Mu Epulero 2011, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yivulenge YouTube Live. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵekha ndiwo ŵakawoneleranga vidiyo iyi. Kanema uyu wakagwiliskirika ntchito pa nkhani za pa nyengo yake nga ni maseŵero gha ku London mu 2012. Mu Okutobala 2012, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8 miliyoni ŵakawonelera umo Felix Baumgartner wakadukira kufuma ku mphepete mwa mlengalenga.
Mu Meyi 2013, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero chakukwana 1,000 ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga kuwonelera pa Intaneti. Mu Febuluwale 2017, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera vidiyo iyi pa foni. Pakwamba, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni iyi ŵakaŵa waka na ŵanthu 10,000, kweni mu 2017 ŵakachepeskeka kufika pa ŵanthu 100. Vidiyo iyi yikovwira kuti munthu wawonenge vinthu mu HDR.[19][20]
Vinthu vya mugwiliski
Comment system
Mu 2006, magazini ya Time yikalumba Web 2.0 cifukwa ca kovwira "ŵanthu kuti ŵateŵeterenge lumoza na kucitirana vinthu pamoza mu nthowa iyo yindacitikepo nakale", ndipo yikasazgirapo kuti YouTube "yikugwiliskira nchito ucindere wa ŵanthu kweniso vinjeru vyawo. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa YouTube vikupangiska munthu kulira chifukwa cha umo ŵanthu ŵakulemberana, kweniso chifukwa cha viheni ivyo ŵakuyowoya". Mu 2009, nyuzipepara ya The Guardian yikati:[21]
Ŵawukirano, ŵankhaza, ŵambura kupulikiska makora, ŵakususkana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi, ŵakutemwa ŵanthu ŵanyawo, ŵakukwiya chomene na ivyo vili mu vidiyo ndipo ŵakulongosora mwakupwelelera, ndipo pamasinda ŵakulemba mazgu ghakukhozga soni.
Mu Seputembala 2008, nyuzipepara ya Daily Telegraph yikati YouTube "njakumanyikwa chomene" chifukwa cha "mauthenga ghakupambanapambana pa Intaneti". Mu Epulero 2012, nyuzipepara ya Huffington Post yikati ntchakusuzga yayi kusanga mazgu pa YouTube agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti "ngaheni, ngaubendezi, kweniso ngaheni".
Pa Novembala 6, 2013, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakuyowoyera pa Google+ iyo yikukhumba kuti wose awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito Google+ kuti ŵayowoyepo pa mavidiyo. Chilato cha kusintha uku chikaŵa chakuti awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵasangenge nkhongono zakumazgira na kujandizga mazgu, na kumazga viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Ndondomeko yiphya iyi yikawovwira kuti ma URL ghaŵeso mu mazgu, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghafumiskikapo chifukwa cha masuzgo. Pakuzgora, uyo wakambiska YouTube, Jawed Karim wakalemba fumbo lakuti "chifukwa wuli nkhwenera kuŵa na akaunti ya Google+ kuti niyowoyepo pa vidiyo?" pa YouTube kuti walongosore maghanoghano ghake ghambura kwenelera. Pa YouTube, ŵanthu 20,097 ŵakazomera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 32,000 ŵakayowoyapo mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri. Chase Melvin wakalemba mu magazini ya Newsday ya Silicon Island kuti "Google+ njakutchuka yayi nga ni Facebook, kweni yikupangiska ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵaleke kuleka kuyowoyapo pa mavidiyo". Mu nkhani yeneyiyi, Melvin wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti:[22]
Panyake ŵanthu ŵakudandawura, kweni fundo ya kunozgaso ndondomeko yakale njakofya yayi. Ghanaghanirani waka za vinthu viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa YouTube mu vyaka 8 ivyo vyajumpha. Kasi palije cinthu cinyake ico tingacita kuti tileke kusesa ŵanthu? Ndondomeko iyi njambura kufikapo, kweni Google yikwenera kulumbika cifukwa ca kuyezga kuchepeska masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca kukwiya kwa ŵanthu ŵa pa YouTubers awo ŵakujibisa na kutondeka kumanyikwa.
Pamanyuma, pa Julayi 27, 2015, Google yikapharazga mu blog kuti yizamuwuskapo dango lakuti munthu wakwenera kuŵa na akaunti ya Google+ kuti walembepo ivyo wakuyowoya pa YouTube. Pa Novembala 3, 2016, YouTube yikapharazga ndondomeko ya kuyezga iyo yikovwira awo ŵakupanga mavidiyo kuti ŵasankhepo ŵekha usange ŵakukhumba kuzomerezga, kubisa, panji kupeleka lipoti pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵangasankha kusunga panji kufumiska mazgu agho ghali na maulayizgano panji ma hashtag kuti ŵaleke kutumizga mauthenga ghaheni. Ŵangazomerezgaso ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaŵikengepo maghanoghano ghawo.
Mu Disembala 2020, vikaŵa vyakuti YouTube yizenge na fundo yiphya iyo yizamucenjezga awo ŵakulemba mazgu agho "ngangaŵa ghakukhuŵazga ŵanji".[23][24]
Mulimo wa kuzenga
Pa Seputembala 13, 2016, YouTube yikambiska chigaŵa cha "Community", icho chikovwira ŵanthu kutuma mauthenga, vithuzithuzi (nga ni GIF), mavidiyo, na vinyake mu chigaŵa cha "Community". Pambere ŵandafumiske vidiyo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumbika kuti ŵayowoyepo ivyo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Vlogbrothers, AsapScience, Lilly Singh, The Game Theorists, Karmin, The Key of Awesome, The Kloons, Peter Hollens, Rosianna Halse Rojas, Sam Tsui, Threadbanger na Vsauce3. Chithunzi:Chinthu chinanso chofunikira
Para chigaŵa ichi chafumiskika, chigaŵa ichi chikuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali na chigaŵa ichi. Pa nyengo iyi, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira kufuma pa 10,000 kufika pa 1,500, kufuma pa 1,000 kufika pa 500.
Malo agho gulu la ŵanthu likugwirako ntchito, ghazamumazga kudumbiskana kwawo, m'malo mwa kukhala pamoza panji kusama.[25]
TestTube
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa YouTube mungaviwona pa webusayiti iyi.
Mwachiyelezgero, mu Okutobala 2009, pakapangika pulogiramu yakupenja mazgu mu chigaŵa cha /comment_search. Kweni pamasinda ŵakawuskamo.
Mu chaka chenechichi, YouTube Feather yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni webusayiti yiphya ku vyaru ivyo vikuŵavya Intaneti.[26]
Kuŵa na mwaŵi wa kuŵerenga
YouTube yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵawonenge mavidiyo ghake pa Intaneti. Vidiyo yiliyose ya pa YouTube yili na code ya HTML iyo mungaŵika pa webusayiti yiliyose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo gha pa YouTube pa Intaneti. Awo ŵakukhumba kutumizga vidiyo iyo yikulongosora vya munthu munyake, panji iyo yikukolerana na vidiyo yake, ŵangalemba "video response". Chizindikiro cha mavidiyo a YouTube cha zilembo khumi ndi chimodzi (64 zilembo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalo aliwonse), zimalola chiwerengero chapamwamba cha 6411 kapena pafupifupi 73.8 quintillion (73.8 biliyoni biliyoni) ma ID apadera.
Pa Ogasiti 27, 2013, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizamuwuskapo mavidiyo agho ghakulongora ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Uyo wali na vidiyo wangatondeska kuŵikamo, kuŵika, na kuzgora. Kanandi YouTube yikupeleka yayi mavidiyo ghake kuti ghaŵikike pa Intaneti, ndipo yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵawone pa webusayiti yake. Mavidiyo ghachoko waka ghangakopereka nga ni MP4. Mawebusayiti ghanandi gha ŵanyawo, na mapulogiramu agho ghakovwira kuti munthu wawonenge mavidiyo gha pa YouTube.
Mu Febuluwale 2009, YouTube yikapharazga vya uteŵeti wa kuyezgelera, uwo ukazomerezganga ŵantchito ŵanyake kuti ŵapelekenge mavidiyo kwaulere panji kulipira malipiro kwizira mu Google Checkout. Mu Juni 2012, Google yikatumizga makalata ghakukanizga mawebusaiti ghanyake kuti ghatolere na kusintha mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Pakuzgora, Zamzar wakawuskapo mwaŵi wa kukopera mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito YouTube ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivyo ŵali navyo mwakuyana na laisensi ya YouTube, kweni ŵangasankha kugwiliskira nchito vinthu vinyake mwakuyana na laisensi yiliyose iyo ŵangasankha.
Kwambira mu Julayi 2012, ŵanthu ŵangasankha Creative Commons kuti ŵaŵe na layisensi yakupangira vinthu.
Malo ghakuliskako ŵanthu
Mazuŵa ghano, mafoni ghanandi gha m'manja ghangawoneska mavidiyo gha pa YouTube, kwali ni mu app panji pa webusayiti. YouTube Mobile yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Juni 2007, ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito RTSP pakutumizga mavidiyo. Ni mavidiyo ghose yayi gha pa YouTube agho ghali pa foni.
Kwambira mu Juni 2007, mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghakusangika pa Apple. Ivi vikang'anamuranga kuti ivyo vikaŵa pa YouTube vikwenera kung'anamulika mu H.264 (H.264 standard) iyo Apple yikutemwa. Mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghangawoneskeka pa vinthu nga ni Apple TV, iPod Touch na iPhone.
Webusayiti iyi yikaŵa ya mafoni ndipo yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito HTML5 mu Julayi 2010. Kweniso pa foni pali app ya Android.
Mu Seputembala 2012, YouTube yikambiska app yake yakwamba ya iPhone, pamanyuma pa kusankha kuleka YouTube nga ni app yimoza ya pre-loaded mu iPhone 5 na iOS 6. Kuyana na GlobalWebIndex, pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni gha m'manja, 35% ŵakagwiliskira ntchito YouTube pakati pa Epulero na Juni 2013.
Mu Julayi 2008, TiVo yikasintha ntchito yake ndipo yikatora mavidiyo gha pa YouTube.
Mu Janyuwale 2009, YouTube yikambiska "YouTube for TV", mtundu wa webusayiti wakunozgekera ma set-top boxes na ma TV ghanyake agho ghali na ma web browser, ndipo pakwamba yikapeleka mwaŵi wakuti mavidiyo ghake ghawonekenge pa PlayStation 3 na Wii.
Mu Juni chaka chenechichi, YouTube XL yikamba kusangika pa Intaneti. YouTube yikusangikaso nga ni app pa Xbox Live.
Pa Novembala 15, 2012, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito app ya Wii, iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kuwonelera mavidiyo gha pa YouTube kufuma pa Wii. Pakaŵa app ya Wii U na Nintendo 3DS, kweni yikamara mu Ogasiti 2019. Mavidiyo ghangawonekaso pa Wii U Internet Browser na HTML5. Google yikapanga YouTube pa Roku player pa December 17, 2013, ndipo, mu October 2014, pa Sony PlayStation 4.
YouTube yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pa Nintendo Switch mu Novembala 2018.
Kufumira ku vyaru vinyake
Pa Juni 19, 2007, mulara wa Google, Eric Schmidt, wakawonekera ku Paris kuti wazakambiske nthowa yiphya yakupharazgira. Pa webusayiti iyi pali mabuku gha viyowoyero vinyake mu vyaru 104, chigaŵa chimoza (Hong Kong) na pa charu chose.[27]
Pa Intaneti, munthu wakusankha vidiyo iyo yikukolerana na adiresi ya IP ya munthu. Nyengo zinyake mungawona uthenga wakuti "Vidiyo iyi njambura kusangika mu caru cinu" cifukwa cakuti mulije wanangwa wa kupanga panji muli vinthu vinyake vyambura kwenelera. Webusayiti ya YouTube yili na viyowoyero 76, kusazgapo Chiamharic, Chialbaniya, Chiarmenia, Chibirma, Kyrgyz, Chimongoliya, Chiperesiya, na Chiuzbeki. Ku Turkey, YouTube yikajalika pakati pa 2008 na 2010, chifukwa cha nkhani zakukwesana pa nkhani ya kutumizga mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa ghakuyuyura Mustafa Kemal Atatürk na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikasuzga Ŵasilamu. Mu Okutobala 2012, YouTube yikamba kugwira ntchito ku Turkey, ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti youtube.com.tr. Baibolo ili likukolerana na malango gha ku Turkey. Mu Malichi 2009, mphindano pakati pa YouTube na wupu wa British royalty collection agency PRS for Music ukapangiska kuti mavidiyo gha sumu gha premium ghaleke kugwiliskirika ntchito na ŵanthu ŵa ku United Kingdom. Ŵakapoka mavidiyo agho ghakalembeka na makampani ghakurughakuru gha vyakwimba para ŵaleka kukolerana. Nkhani iyi yikamara mu Seputembala 2009. Mu Epulero 2009, mphindano yakuyana waka yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany ŵaleke kuwonelera mavidiyo gha sumu.[76]
Ma vidiyo
Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maminiti 15 pa zuŵa. Mu 2017, ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga pa foni ŵakawoneleranga pa YouTube kwa ora limoza zuŵa lililose.
Mu Disembala 2012, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2 biliyoni ŵakawonelera mavidiyo gha sumu gha Universal na Sony pa YouTube. Billboard yikasuska fundo iyi, yikati mavidiyo agho ŵanthu ŵakawonelera ghakafika pa Vevo, chifukwa pa YouTube pakaŵavya. Pa Ogasiti 5, 2015, YouTube yikamazga suzgo ilo likapangiska kuti vidiyo yiŵe na vithuzi 301 (panyuma pake "301+") m'paka apo yikapelekekera. Ŵakuwonelera pa YouTube ŵakuŵerenga nyengo yeneyiyo.
Kwambira mu Seputembala 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulembeska chikuŵa chichoko. Ŵanthu ŵakuwona waka manambara ghatatu gha chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakutegherezga pa wayilesi iyi, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona vinthu nga ni Social Blade. Awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu YouTube Studio ndiwo ŵangamanya unandi wawo.
Pa Novembala 11, 2021, pamanyuma pa kuyezga kusintha uku mu Malichi chaka chenechichi, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yikwamba kubisa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutinkha pa mavidiyo, mwakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona. Kampani iyi yikati yikasankha nthena cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga uko kukalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakupangiska mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ŵakusuzgika comene. Awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵazamuwona unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuŵatemwa na awo ŵakuŵatinkha mu YouTube Studio.[77][78][79]
Nkhani za Copyright
YouTube yikasangana na masuzgo ghanandi na kususkika pa ivyo yikakhumbanga kuchita pa nkhani ya copyright, kusazgapo vidiyo yakwamba ya pa webusayiti iyi, Lazy Sunday, iyo yikenera kuwuskikapo cifukwa ca kufipa mtima na nkhani za copyright. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, pa YouTube pakulongora uthenga wakuti waleke kuswa malango gha copyright. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni mavidiyo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵandazomerezgeke kughaŵika pa YouTube. YouTube yikuwonelera yayi mavidiyo pambere ghandatumizgike pa Intaneti, ndipo awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ndiwo ŵakwenera kukanizga munthu kuti waŵikemo pa Intaneti. Para munthu wazomera kudandawura cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha pa kompyuta, YouTube yikumususka. Para munthu walemba madandaulo ghatatu pa nkhani ya kuswa wanangwa wa munthu, nkhani yake na mavidiyo ghose agho walemba ghafumiskikenge. Kwambira mu 2007 m'paka mu 2009, mawupu ghanyake nga ni Viacom, Mediaset, na English Premier League, ghakatolera YouTube ku khoti, chifukwa ghakatenge yindachiteko kanthu kalikose kuti yivikilire vinthu ivyo vili na copyright.
Mu Ogasiti 2008, khoti la ku United States likadumura mulandu wa Lenz v. Wupu wa Universal Music Corp. ukati awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ŵangazomerezga yayi kuti nkhani yifumiskike pa Intaneti kwambura kumanya usange nkhani iyo yalembeka njakwenelera. Google, mwenecho wa YouTube, wakapharazga mu Novembala 2015 kuti ŵawovwirenge kulipira milandu iyo ŵakugomezga kuti njakwenelera.
Mu 2011, mulandu wa Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC, wakwimba Matt Smith wakadandawura ku Summit Entertainment cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito mwambura kwenelera mauthenga ghakufumiska vinthu pa YouTube. Wakadandawura pa milandu yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yinayi yikamovwira Smith. Mu Epulero 2012, khoti linyake ku Hamburg likadumura kuti YouTube ndiyo yikwenera kuŵa na mulandu pa nkhani izo ŵanthu ŵakulemba. Pa Novembala 1, 2016, mphindano na GEMA yikamara, ndipo Google content ID yikagwiliskirika nchito kuti yivwire kuŵika malonda pa mavidiyo agho ghali na fundo izo GEMA yikuvikilira.
Mu Epulero 2013, vikayowoyeka kuti Universal Music Group na YouTube ŵali na phangano ilo likukanizga kuti vinthu ivyo vyajalika pa YouTube na UMG viwezgepo, nanga ni para munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo iyi walembapo dango lakuyana na dango la DMCA. Mu 2017, Universal na YouTube ŵakakolerana na mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru kuti ŵagulirenge sumu pa YouTube. Kufika mu 2019, awo ŵakalenga mavidiyo ŵakamba kuwuskamo panji kulekeska kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama para Content ID yawona kuti sumu izo zili na copyright zili mu mavidiyo ghatali. Ŵadokotala ŵakasanga kuti vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakwenelera kugwiliskira ntchito.[80]
Content ID
Mu Juni 2007, YouTube yikamba kuyezga pulogiramu yakumanyirathu mavidiyo agho ghakuswa malango. Mubali Eric Schmidt, mulara wa Google, wakati nthowa iyi njakukhumbikwa kuti ŵeruzgenge milandu nga ni iyo yikamba na Viacom. Pakwamba, nthowa iyi yikachemekanga kuti "Video Identification" ndipo pamanyuma yikamanyikwa kuti Content ID. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, yikwendeskeka na database, ndipo para yikukolerana na ivyo walemba, yikulongora kuti yabuda. Para ivi vyacitika, mwenecho wa vidiyo wangasankha kujandizga vidiyo kuti waleke kuyiwonelera, panji kuŵikapo malonda.
Mu 2009, munthu munyake wakayezga sumu yimoza pa YouTube, ndipo wakasanga kuti nangauli nthowa iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga chomene" pakusanga vinthu ivyo vikuswa malango gha ŵanthu pa nkhani ya mavidiyo, kweni yikaŵa yambura kwananga. Kugwiliskira ntchito Content ID kuti munthu wafumiskemo vinthu vinyake mwamabuchi, kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano chifukwa ŵanthu ŵandawone usange mavidiyo agha ngawemi kugwiliskira ntchito. Usange munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube wakususka ivyo Content ID yasankha, wangalemba fomu.
Pambere chaka cha 2016 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo yayi kuti ŵasange ndalama. Kwambira mu Epulero 2016, mavidiyo ghakulutilira kusanga ndalama para mulandu uli mukati. Usange munthu uyo wakujura vidiyo wakukhumba kusanga ndalama pa vidiyo iyi, wangawuskamo mazgu agho ŵakususkana nagho mu "Video Manager". YouTube yikuyowoya kuti Content ID njimoza mwa vifukwa ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Disembala 2010 ŵasinthe malango gha pa webusayiti iyi kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo ghambura kumara.[81]
Kuŵa ŵakuzika na kuyuyura
YouTube yili na malango ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na vinthu vinyake. Kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghali na nkhani za kutuka, vyauzeleza, na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhozgera nkharo ziheni kukukanizgika na "Malango gha YouTube". Vinthu ivyo vikukanizgika ni nkhani za kugonana, mavidiyo gha nkhaza za vinyama, mavidiyo ghakukhozga soni, nkhani izo zaŵikika pa Intaneti kwambura kuzomerezgeka na mwenecho wa nkhani, nkhani za kutinkhana, mauthenga ghaheni, na nkharo za kutinkhana. Ŵateŵeti ŵa pa YouTube ŵakuwona mavidiyo agho ghalembeka kuti ghaleke kukolerana na fundo za pa Intaneti. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni YouTube yikususkika cifukwa ca milimo yake, ndondomeko yake ya kucenjezga iyo yikovwira kuti mavidiyo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵagomezge fundo za uryarya ghaleke kunangika, kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti ghakuyowoya vya ŵana kweni ghakuyowoya vya nkhaza panji vya kugonana.
Makampani gha pa YouTube ghakulemba ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vinthu, awo ŵakuwona kuti vinthu ivyo vyalembeka vikususkana na fundo za pa YouTube ndipo ŵakumanya usange vikwenera kuwuskikapo. Mu Seputembala 2020, munthu munyake uyo wakachitanga ntchito iyi wakapeleka dandawuro lakuti wali na suzgo la post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mwanakazi uyu wakati kanandi waka wakawoneleranga vithuzi vyamuziro kwa maora ghanayi pa zuŵa. Pa mulandu uwu, ŵantchito ŵa pa YouTube ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakaŵasambizga viŵi yayi panji kuŵawovwira yayi pa nkhani ya umoyo wa maghanoghano wa awo ŵakuŵawovwira, ŵakaŵachichizga kuti ŵasayinire chikalata chakuphalira ŵantchito kuti ŵaleke kumanyikwa pambere ŵandaŵalongore nkhani izo ŵangaghanaghanirapo, kweniso ŵakaŵavikilira pa nkhani za masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho. Likayowoyaso kuti YouTube yikakana kupempha kuti nkhani izo zili na vithuzithuzi viheni chomene zifipiskike, kuchepeskeko ukuru wake, panji kuŵa za mtundu umoza.
Kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupuluskika na nkhani zautesi pa YouTube, ŵali na ndondomeko yikuru ya umo ŵangachitira na mavidiyo ghakubudika.
Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakususkana navyo ni ivyo vikuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukana kuti kuli Ciwowota ca Ŵayuda na soka la ku Hillsborough, apo ŵanthu 96 ŵa ku Liverpool ŵakakomeka mu 1989. Mu Julayi 2008, Komiti ya vya Chikhalidwe na Vyakuyowoya ya Nyumba ya Commons ya United Kingdom yikati "yikatondeka kukondwa" na ndondomeko ya YouTube ya kulaŵilira mavidiyo ghake, ndipo yikati "kuweleramo mwakukhazikika pa ivyo vili mu vidiyo kuyenera kuŵa kachitiro kawemi pa malo agho ghakuŵa na mavidiyo gha ŵanthu". YouTube yikazgora kuti:
Tili na malango ghakudunjika pa ivyo tingazomerezga, ndiposo ndondomeko iyo yikovwira waliyose uyo wawona vinthu vyambura kwenelera kuti wapharazge ku gulu lithu la awo ŵakuwona nkhani za mu nyuzipepara. Tikupharazgira ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chithu pa malango agha na kuŵika chigaŵa chakudunjika kufuma pa peji lililose la YouTube kuti chiŵe chipusu kwa awo ŵakujambura. Chifukwa cha unandi wa mavidiyo agho ghakusangika pa webusayiti yithu, tikughanaghana kuti iyi ndiyo nthowa yiwemi chomene yakovwilira kuti mavidiyo ghachoko waka agho ghakuswa malango gha pa webusayiti ghasangike mwaluŵiro.[82] (July 2008)
Mu Okutobala 2010, Muwupu wa United States Anthony Weiner wakapempha YouTube kuti yiwuskemo mavidiyo gha Imam Anwar al-Awlaki pa webusayiti yake.
Mu 2018, YouTube yikayambiska ndondomeko iyo yikasazgirako mabokosi gha fundo ku mavidiyo agho ma algorithms ghake ghakasanga kuti ghangaŵikapo fundo za chiwembu na nkhani zinyake zautesi, ndipo yikasazgirapo fundo za mu buku la Encyclopædia Britannica na Wikipedia kuti yikamanyiske ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusambizga ŵanthu unenesko kwambura kukhwaska wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Pakumalira moto wa Notre-Dame pa Epulero 15, 2019, ma video ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakasungilira gha moto uwu ghakalembeka na ndondomeko ya YouTube.
Pa April 18, 2023, YouTube yikaphara kusintha kwa ivyo yikusintha pa nkhani ya vyakurya. Pa social media platform iyi Community Guidelines sono yikuletsa vyakurya ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo la kurya vinthu vinyake yayi. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo vyakuchita ivyo vikulongora kuti munthu wakulondezga chomene calorie na kufumiska vyakurya. Kweni mavidiyo agho ghakuŵa na nkharo yiwemi nga nkhusanga kuti munthu wakuwona vinthu vinyake, ghazomerezgeka pa webusayiti iyi mu vinthu viŵiri - uyo wali na akaunti yakugwiliskira ntchito ndipo wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 18.
Kutinkhana na ŵanthu ŵanyawo
Ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi awo ŵakapangiska nkhani za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBTQ+ ŵakadandawura ku boma la YouTube mu Ogasiti 2019, chifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivyo YouTube yikugwiliskira ntchito vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusanga vinthu ivyo vikusangika pa Intaneti.
Mu Juni 2022, Media Matters, gulu ilo likuwona vya vyapa media, likati nkhani za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanthu ŵanyawo (homophobic and transphobic content) izo zikuphalira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuti "predators" na "groomers" zikulutilira kusangika pa YouTube..[83]
YouTube ngati chida cholimbikitsira malingaliro a chiwembu ndi zokhutira ndi ufulu
YouTube yikususkika cifukwa cakuti yikugwiliskira nchito nthowa iyo yikovwira kuti mavidiyo agho ghakukhuŵilizga vigomezgo vya uryarya, utesi, na nkhani zautesi ghaŵe pa malo ghapacanya. Mwakuyana na kafukufuku wa The Wall Street Journal, "Kanandi ivyo YouTube yikuphalira ŵanthu vikuŵalongozgera ku ma TV agho ghakuyowoya vya vimbundi, maghanoghano gha ŵandyali, na mavidiyo ghakupuluska, nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhumba yayi kuwona nkhani izi. Para ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vya ndyali pa ivyo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera, YouTube yikuŵaphalira kuti ŵawonelerenge mavidiyo agho ghakukolerana na ivyo ŵakutemwa". Para ŵanthu ŵakupenja mazgu gha ndyali panji gha sayansi, pa YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mautesi. YouTube yikati yapulika ŵanthu ŵakufumba nkhani zautesi pa nkhani ya kuwombera ŵanthu ku Las Vegas mu 2017, yikakwiya chomene chifukwa cha kuŵika chomene nkhani zautesi na za chiŵembu. Mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti pa YouTube pali nkhani zinyake izo zikuyowoya vya nyifwa ya Anthony Bourdain.
Mu 2017, vikavumbukwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vinthu vyakututuzga. Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, makampani ghakamba kuleka kutandazga pa YouTube, ndipo YouTube yikadandawura na kuyowoya kuti yingawovwira makampani kuti ghaŵe na mazaza pa malo agho ghakutandazgira.
Alex Jones, uyo wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca fundo zake za uryarya, wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi pa YouTube. Mu 2018, YouTube yikadandawura apo yikawuskapo vidiyo iyo yikaŵa na mazgu ghaheni agho Jones wakayowoya. Kweni pa Ogasiti 6, 2018, YouTube yikawuskapo nkhani ya Alex Jones.
Pulofesa munyake wa pa Yunivesite ya North Carolina, zina lake Zeynep Tufekci, wakati YouTube ni "nyambo yikuru yakupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa ŵankhaza". Jonathan Albright wa ku Tow Center for Digital Journalism ku Columbia University wakati YouTube ni "malo gha chiŵembu".
Mu Janyuwale 2019, YouTube yikayowoya kuti yili na ndondomeko yiphya iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito ku United States. Pa YouTube pakaŵa nkhani za charu chachanya, vyakuchizga vyakuzizwiska, na vya pa Seputembala 11. Ivyo YouTube yikachita kuti yileke kuphalirako ŵanthu mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga agho ghakususkana na fundo zautesi, na kulondezga umo ŵanthu ŵakutemwera, ŵakakana chifukwa vikatimbanizganga ŵanthu. Kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2019, webusayiti iyi yikamba kuchita vinthu vyakovwira kuti "ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi kweniso kuti ŵaleke kupuluskika".
Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti pa YouTube pali nkhani zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya zautesi. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu Julayi 2019 ndipo wakalongosora ivyo ŵanthu 10 ŵakachita pa YouTube pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC mu 2019 pa nkhani ya kupenja vinthu pa YouTube mu viyowoyero 10, wakalongora kuti YouTube yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wawo. Ku Brazil, YouTube yikukolerana na kusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, kweniso nkhani zakukhwaskana na viyezgo. Ku Philippines, mawayilesi ghanandi ghakapharazga uthenga wautesi wakukhwaskana na mavoti gha mu 2022. Kweniso, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa nkhani ya kuthandazga vigomezgo vya charu chapasi pa Intaneti, wakulongora kuti pa YouTube, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ivyo ŵakugomezga ni vyaunenesko.[84]
Kugwiliskira nchito pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kusankhana mitundu
Pambere chaka cha 2019 chindafike, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo panji tumavidiyo uto tukasuskanga fundo za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa chomene kusankhana mitundu.
Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa masisiteri ku Christchurch mu Malichi 2019, YouTube na mawebusayiti ghanyake nga ni Facebook na Twitter agho ghakazomerezganga ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito ghakatambuzgika cifukwa ca kucita vinandi yayi kuti ŵaleke kutinkha ŵanthu. Mapulatifomu agha ghakacizgika kuti ghawuskemo vinthu ivi, kweni mu nkhani iyo wakapeleka ku nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, mulara wa YouTube, Neal Mohan, wakati, mwakupambana na mavidiyo gha ISIS agho ghali na mtundu unyake ndipo ghangawoneka makora na kompyuta, mazgu ghakutinkha ŵanthu ghakaŵa ghakusuzga kughapulika na kughapulikira.
Mu Meyi 2019, YouTube yikajibatika ku chilato cha France na New Zealand pamoza na vyaru vinyake na makampani gha vya tekinoloje kuti ŵasange nthowa zakugwiliskira nchito kuti ŵaleke kutinkha ŵanthu pa intaneti na kupanga malango agho ghakwendeskeka pa caru cose. Pamanyuma, pa Juni 5, 2019, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yingasintha chomene malango ghake, "kwambura kuzomerezga mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti gulu linyake ndakuzirwa chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu, kupatulika, panji kusankhana chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo, mtundu wawo, mtundu, chisopa, kugonana kwawo, panji chifukwa cha umo ŵakuchitira". Pa YouTube pakaŵa mavidiyo ghanyake agho "ghakukhozga panji kuchindika visambizgo vya Nazi, ivyo ni vyakusankhana". YouTube yikayowoyaso kuti "yiwuskenge nkhani izo zikukana kuti vinthu vyakofya ivyo vili kulembeka makora, nga ni Holocaust panji kuwombera ku sukulu ya Sandy Hook, vikacitika".
Mu Juni 2020, YouTube yikakanizga mawayilesi ghanandi agho ghakukolerana na kusankhana mitundu. Spencer, apo wakayowoyanga kuti mawayilesi agha ghakususkana na fundo zawo za kutinkha ŵanthu. Kulekelera uku kukacitika zuŵa leneilo Reddit yikapharazga kuti yikanizga maforamu gha nkhani za kutinkhana, kusazgapo r/The_Donald.[85]
Umo tingachitira na nthenda ya COVID-19 na mauthenga ghanyake ghakubudika
Pamanyuma pa kutandazga pa YouTube mauthenga ghautesi ghakukhwaskana na nthenda ya COVID-19 kuti 5G technology ndiyo yikapangiska nthenda ya coronavirus 2019 iyo yikapangiska kuti 5G towers zinandi mu United Kingdom zikomeke na ŵaboma, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo ghose agho ghakulongosora vya 5G na coronavirus mu nthowa iyi.
YouTube yikasazgirako ndondomeko iyi mu Seputembala 2021 kuti yikore mavidiyo agho ghakupharazga uthenga wautesi wakukhwaskana na munkhwala uliwose, kusazgapo awo ŵavomerezgeka nyengo yitali kuti ŵakomenge nthomba panji Hepatitis B, awo ŵavomerezgeka na wupu wa vyaumoyo panji wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose. Webusayiti iyi yikawuskamo nkhani za ŵanthu awo ŵakususka katemera nga ni Robert F. Kennedy Jr. na Joseph Mercola pa nyengo iyi. Maakaunti ghaŵiri agho ghakakolerana na RT Deutsch, wayilesi ya ku Germany ya RT ku Russia, ghakafumiskikaso chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha YouTube.
Google na YouTube ŵakakhazikiska ndondomeko mu Okutobala 2021 kuti ŵaleke kupeleka ndalama panji ndalama ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupharazga panji awo ŵakupanga vinthu ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakane kusintha kwa nyengo.
Mu Julayi 2022, YouTube yikapharazga fundo izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumanya vinandi pa nkhani ya kufumiska nthumbo.[86]
Child safety and wellbeing
Leading into 2017, there was a significant increase in the number of videos related to children, coupled between the popularity of parents vlogging their family's activities, and previous content creators moving away from content that often was criticized or demonetized into family-friendly material. In 2017, YouTube reported that time watching family vloggers had increased by 90%.[87][88] However, with the increase in videos featuring children, the site began to face several controversies related to child safety. During Q2 2017, the owners of popular channel FamilyOFive, which featured themselves playing "pranks" on their children, were accused of child abuse. Their videos were eventually deleted, and two of their children were removed from their custody.[89][90][91][92] A similar case happened in 2019 when the owners of the channel Fantastic Adventures was accused of abusing her adopted children. Her videos would later be deleted.[93]
Later that year, YouTube came under criticism for showing inappropriate videos targeted at children and often featuring popular characters in violent, sexual or otherwise disturbing situations, many of which appeared on YouTube Kids and attracted millions of views. The term "Elsagate" was coined on the Internet and then used by various news outlets to refer to this controversy.[94][95][96][97] On November 11, 2017, YouTube announced it was strengthening site security to protect children from unsuitable content. Later that month, the company started to mass delete videos and channels that made improper use of family-friendly characters. As part of a broader concern regarding child safety on YouTube, the wave of deletions also targeted channels that showed children taking part in inappropriate or dangerous activities under the guidance of adults. Most notably, the company removed Toy Freaks, a channel with over 8.5 million subscribers, that featured a father and his two daughters in odd and upsetting situations.[98][99][100][101][102] According to analytics specialist SocialBlade, it earned up to £8.7 million annually prior to its deletion.[103]
Even for content that appears to be aimed at children and appears to contain only child-friendly content, YouTube's system allows for anonymity of who uploads these videos. These questions have been raised in the past, as YouTube has had to remove channels with children's content which, after becoming popular, then suddenly include inappropriate content masked as children's content.[104] Alternative, some of the most-watched children's programming on YouTube comes from channels that have no identifiable owners, raising concerns of intent and purpose. One channel that had been of concern was "Cocomelon" which provided numerous mass-produced animated videos aimed at children. Up through 2019, it had drawn up to US$10 million a month in ad revenue and was one of the largest kid-friendly channels on YouTube before 2020. Ownership of Cocomelon was unclear outside of its ties to "Treasure Studio", itself an unknown entity, raising questions as to the channel's purpose,[104][105][106] but Bloomberg News had been able to confirm and interview the small team of American owners in February 2020 regarding "Cocomelon", who stated their goal for the channel was to simply entertain children, wanting to keep to themselves to avoid attention from outside investors.[107] The anonymity of such channel raise concerns because of the lack of knowledge of what purpose they are trying to serve.[108] The difficulty to identify who operates these channels "adds to the lack of accountability", according to Josh Golin of the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, and educational consultant Renée Chernow-O'Leary found the videos were designed to entertain with no intent to educate, all leading to critics and parents to be concerned for their children becoming too enraptured by the content from these channels.[104] Content creators that earnestly make child-friendly videos have found it difficult to compete with larger channels, unable to produce content at the same rate as them, and lacking the same means of being promoted through YouTube's recommendation algorithms that the larger animated channel networks have shared.[108]
In January 2019, YouTube officially banned videos containing "challenges that encourage acts that have an inherent risk of severe physical harm" (such as the Tide Pod Challenge) and videos featuring pranks that "make victims believe they're in physical danger" or cause emotional distress in children.[109]
Sexualization of children and pedophilia
Kweniso mu Novembala 2017, ŵapharazgi ŵakavumbura kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana, agho kanandi ghakutumika na ŵana ŵambura kufikapo, kweniso agho ghakulongora ŵana ŵakuseŵera na vyakusanguluska, ghakakopanga ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵana. Mavidiyo ghanyake agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana agho ghakaŵa pa YouTube ghakamba kuthandazgika pa webusayiti iyi.
Chifukwa cha mphindano izi, izo zikasazgirako kwenjerwa pa nkhani ya "Elsagate", ŵapharazgi ŵanandi awo ŵakapharazganga na mavidiyo agha ŵakaleka kugwiliskira nchito YouTube. Mu Disembala 2018, nyuzipepara ya The Times yikasanga milandu yakujumpha 100 iyo ŵana ŵakachitiranga vinthu vyambura kwenelera (nga nkhuvura malaya, kujitozga mwakujumphizga, na kukhwaska ŵana ŵanyawo mwambura kwenelera). Mutolamakani munyake wakati wawona mavidiyo agha, hafu yikafumiskika.
Mu Febuluwale 2019, munthu munyake uyo wakulemba mavidiyo pa YouTube, zina lake Matt Watson, wakamanya kuti pa YouTube pali "chidolo" icho chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo agha. Mavidiyo ghanandi agha ghakaŵa na mazgu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakachitiranga nkhaza ŵana ŵawo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaŵikangaso mavidiyo agha mu nthowa yinyake, kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo ghanyake. Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, wupu uwu ukati wafumiskapo ma TV ghakujumpha 400 na mauthenga mamiliyoni ghanandi. Muyowoyeri munyake wakalongosora kuti "vinthu vyose ivyo vingananga umoyo wa ŵana ni viheni ndipo tili na malango ghakukanizga pa YouTube. Paliso vinandi vyakuti tichite, ndipo tikulutilira kuyezgayezga kuti tiŵawovwire kuti ŵamanye luŵiro ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika". Nangauli pakaŵa vinthu ivi, kweni AT&T, Disney, Dr. Oetker, Epic Games, na Nestlé wose ŵakafumiska malonda ghawo pa YouTube.
Pamasinda, YouTube yikamba kulekeska malonda gha mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa na mazgu ghakutinkha ŵanthu. Wupu uwu ukalongosora kuti uwu ukaŵa wovwiri wakanyengo kachoko waka apo ŵakaghanaghaniranga nthowa zinyake zakumazgira suzgo ili. Kweniso YouTube yikamba kujara masiteshoni agho ghakuŵa na ŵana. "Ŵabwezi ŵakugomezgeka" ŵangapempha kuti ŵambeso kuyowoyapo, kweni para ŵamara kuyowoyapo, iyo ndiyo wazamupwelelera. Vinthu ivi vikovwira chomene ŵana ŵachoko, kweni ŵana ŵalara na ŵawukirano nawo ŵangavikilirika usange ŵakuchita vinthu ivyo vingawoneka nga ni vya kugonana, nga ni maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikugwiraso nchito pa nthowa yiwemi yakuwuskirapo ma comment pa masiteshoni ghanyake agho ghakukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgira ŵana.
Kuyezga kulembapo mavidiyo agho ghakulongosora vya "CP" (chidule cha vithuzithuzi vyamuziro vya ŵana) kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye nkhani zinyake izo zikukolerana yayi na mavidiyo agha. YouTube yikadandawura na kuwezgerapo mavidiyo. Kweniso, ŵanthu awo ŵakuguliska mavidiyo pa Intaneti ŵakukhumba kuti mavidiyo ghawo ghafumiskike panji kuwuskikapo. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikuchitapo kanthu yayi pa mavidiyo agho ghali na mazgu agha, kweni pa mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakuchita vinthu na ŵana.
Mu Juni 2019, nyuzipepara ya The New York Times yikalemba vya ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo gha vyauzeleza ŵangapika mavidiyo gha ŵana. Pa cifukwa ici, Senator Josh Hawley wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kukhazikiska dango ilo lingakanizga YouTube na mawebusayiti ghanyake kuti ghaleke kulongora mavidiyo agho ghakulongora ŵana ŵacoko waka. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikukhumba kuwuskamo mavidiyo ghose agho ghakulongora ŵana pa malo ghakuru gha YouTube na kughaŵika pa malo gha YouTube Kids uko ŵangakhozga chomene ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya mavidiyo, kweniso kusintha vinyake vikuru pa malo ghakuru gha YouTube..[110]
Misogyny
Lipoti la mu Janyuwale 2022 la kampani ya Social Media Analytics Bot Sentinel likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵalembepo vinthu viheni vyakukhwaskana na Prince Harry na Meghan, kusazgapo fundo za chiŵembu vyakukhwaskana na banalume aŵa. Bot Sentinel nayo wakasanga kuti nkhani yinyake iyo yikayowoyanga kuti Meghan wakaŵa na nthumbo yayi, yikawoneka pafupifupi 19 miliyoni ndipo yikasanganga ndalama pafupifupi $44,000 pa chaka. Mu Malichi, YouTube yikajandizga nkhani iyi.
Lipoti la mu Ogasiti 2022 ilo likapelekeka na wupu wa ku Britain wakuchemeka Center for Countering Digital Hate, likati kusuzga ŵanakazi kwazara chomene pa YouTube. Likayowoya kuti mawayilesi agho ghakukolerana na ivyo Andrew Tate wakuchita ghakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ghasazgireko ŵanthu awo ŵakughawonelera. Mu bukhu lake la 2022 Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Domination, mtolankhani wa Bloomberg Mark Bergen wakati ŵanakazi ŵanandi awo ŵakupangiska nkhani ŵakusuzgika, kusuzgika na kusuzgika.[111]
April Fools gags
Pa YouTube pakaŵa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga pa April Fools pa April 1, chaka chilichose kufuma mu 2008 m'paka 2016. Mu 2008, mavidiyo ghose agho ghakaŵa pa peji lakwamba ghakaŵa na vidiyo ya Rick Astley ya sumu yakuti "Never Gonna Give You Up". Chaka chakulondezgapo, para munthu wakudodoliska pa vidiyo pa peji lakwamba, peji lose likazgoka, ndipo YouTube yikati ni "ndondomeko yiphya". Mu 2010, YouTube yikafumiska nthowa ya "TEXTp" iyo yikung'anamura vithuzi mu ASCII kuti "vichepeske mtengo wa bandwidth na $1 pa sekondi".
Chaka chakulondezgapo, malo agha ghakakondwelera "chaka cha 100" na mafilimu ghanandi ghambura mazgu gha kuuyambiro wa ma 1900, kusazgapo na gha Keyboard Cat. Mu 2012, para munthu wakudumura pa DVD iyo yili pafupi na logo ya webusayiti iyi, wakawonanga vidiyo iyo yikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵapeleke mavidiyo ghose pa DVD.
Mu 2013, YouTube yikakolerana na kampani ya nyuzipepara yakuchemeka The Onion, ndipo yikati pa vidiyo iyo yikaŵa pa webusayiti iyi, yikayowoya kuti yikamba na mpikisano. Mu vidiyo iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa YouTube, kusazgapo Antoine Dodson. Vidiyo ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakapharazga vya mavidiyo agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, yikalongoreka kwa maora 12.
Mu 2014, YouTube yikapharazga kuti ndiyo yikapangiska mavidiyo ghose agho ghakathandazgika pa Intaneti, ndipo yikavumbura mavidiyo ghanyake nga ni "Clocking", "Kissing Dad", na "Glub Glub Water Dance". Chaka chakulondezgapo, YouTube yikasazgirako batani la sumu ku vidiyo iyo yikaseŵeranga sumu ya Darude ya "Sandstorm". Mu 2016, YouTube yikapeleka mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo ghose pa pulatifomu mu 360-degree mode na Snoop Dogg.[112]
Services
YouTube Premium
Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Premium
YouTube Premium (yomwe kale yikaŵa YouTube Red) ni YouTube's premium subscription service. Yikuŵa yambura malonda, yikutora mavidiyo gha pa foni. YouTube Premium yikayowoyeka pa Novembala 12, 2014, nga ni "Music Key", ntchito ya kusindikiza sumu, ndipo yikaŵa yakuti yinganjilira mu Google Play Music "All Access". Pa Okutobala 28, 2015, YouTube Red yikambaso kupelekeka, ndipo yikupharazga mavidiyo ghose kwambura malonda. Mu Novembala 2016, ŵapharazgi ŵakukwana 1.5 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanyake 1 miliyoni ŵakuchita ivi kwaulere. Mu Juni 2017, nyengo yakwamba ya YouTube Originals yikawoneka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 250 miliyoni.
YouTube ya Ŵana
Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Kids
YouTube Kids ni vidiyo ya ŵana ya ku America iyo yikupangika na YouTube, kampani ya Google. App iyi yikapangika cifukwa cakuti ŵapapi na boma ŵakulaŵilira ivyo ŵana ŵangasambira. App iyi yikovwira ŵana kuti ŵawonenge mavidiyo ghakwenelera yayi, ndipo yikovwira kuti ŵapapi ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara. Pakwamba yikang'anamulika pa Febuluwale 15, 2015, nga ni app ya Android na iOS, kufuma apo yikang'anamulika pa LG, Samsung, na Sony smart TV, kweniso pa Android TV. Pa Meyi 27, 2020, yikamba kusangika pa Apple TV. Kufika mu Seputembala 2019, app iyi yilipo mu vyaru 69, kusazgapo Hong Kong na Macau, na chigaŵa chimoza. Pa Ogasiti 30, 2019, YouTube yikamba ntchito ya pa intaneti ya YouTube Kids.
Sumu pa YouTube
Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Music
Pa Seputembala 28, 2016, YouTube yikasankha Lyor Cohen, uyo wali kukhazikiska kampani ya 300 Entertainment ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa Warner Music Group, kuŵa mulara wa Global Head of Music.
Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2018, Cohen wakamba kuyowoyapo kuti YouTube yingaŵa na pulogiramu yiphya ya sumu, iyo yinganjilirapo pa mpikisano na vinyake nga ni Spotify na Apple Music. Pa Meyi 22, 2018, wakajura YouTube Music.
Mafilimu gha pa YouTube
YouTube Movies ni uteŵeti wa YouTube uwo ukulongora mafilimu kwizira mu webusayiti yake. Pafupifupi mafilimu 100 500 ghakusangika kwaulere, pamoza na malonda. Mavidiyo ghanyake ghakusazgikako ndipo ghanyake ghakufumiskika, kwambura kuphalirika.
YouTube TV
Nkhani ikulu: YouTube TV
Pa February 28, 2017, mu chipharazgo ku YouTube Space ku Los Angeles, YouTube yikapharazga za YouTube TV, yeneiyo yikaŵa ntchito ya kulembeska ya MVPD. Pakwamba kukhazikiska mu misika yikuru yinkhondi (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia na San Francisco) pa Epulero 5, 2017, uteŵeti uwu ukupeleka vyalo vyamoyo vya mapulogiramu kufuma ku mabungwe ghankhondi ghakurughakuru (ABC, CBS, The CW, Fox na NBC), pamoza na ma TV pafupifupi 40 agho ghali na mabungwe ghakuru gha mabungwe agha, The Walt Disney Company, CBS Corporation, 21st Century Fox, NBCUniversal na Turner Broadcasting System (mwaŵanyake Bravo, USA Network, Syfy, Disney Channel, CNN, Cartoon Network, E!, Fox Sports 1, Freeform, FX na ESPN). Awo ŵali na mapulogiramu gha pa TV iyi, ŵangapokeraso mapulogiramu gha pa TV gha Showtime na Fox Soccer Plus.
YouTube Go
YouTube Go yikaŵa app ya Android iyo yikapangika kuti yikovwire ŵanthu kusanga makora YouTube pa mafoni. Vidiyo iyi yikaŵa yakupambana na app yikuru ya Android ndipo yikapelekanga mwaŵi wakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengeko mavidiyo. Kweniso yikovwira ŵanthu kuwonelera mavidiyo, kugaŵana mavidiyo agho ŵali kukopera kwizira pa Bluetooth, kweniso yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira na mavidiyo. Mu Meyi 2022, Google yikapharazga kuti yizamujara YouTube Go mu Ogasiti 2022.
YouTube yikapharazga vya pulogiramu iyi mu Seputembala 2016 pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku India. Iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito ku India mu Febuluwale 2017, ndipo mu Novembala 2017 yikasazgikira mu vyaru vinyake 14, kusazgapo Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Kenya, na South Africa. Pa Febuluwale 1, 2018, vidiyo iyi yikamba kusangika mu vyaru vyakujumpha 130, kusazgapo Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, na Iraq. Pambere yindaleke kugwira ntchito, ŵanthu pafupifupi 60 pa 100 pa caru cose ŵakaŵa na app iyi.[115][116]
YouTube Shorts
Mu Seputembala 2020, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizenge na beta version ya vidiyo ya masekondi 15, yakuyana na TikTok, yakuchemeka YouTube Shorts. Pakwamba, pulogiramu iyi yikayezgeka mu India, kweni mu Malichi 2021 yikasazgikira ku vyaru vinyake nga ni United States. Pulogiramu iyi njekha yayi, kweni yikukolerana na app yikuru ya YouTube. Nga ni TikTok, yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu vinyake, kusazgapo kuŵikamo sumu izo zili na laisensi mu mavidiyo ghawo. Mu Julayi 2021, kabuku aka kakamba kusangika pa charu chose.
Nkhani za YouTube
Mu 2018, YouTube yikamba kuyezga nthowa yiphya yakuchemeka "YouTube Reels". Chigaŵa ichi chili nga ni nkhani za pa Instagram na Snapchat. Pamanyuma, YouTube yikasintha zina lakuti "Nkhani za pa YouTube". Ŵekha awo ŵali na ŵabwezi ŵakujumpha 10,000 ndiwo ŵangawoneska vidiyo iyi.
Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu
Nkhani ikulu: Mmene YouTube Imakhudzira Anthu
Ŵanthu na makampani ghakurughakuru ghakugwiliskira nchito YouTube kuti ŵamanye ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba nkhani za mu manyuzipepara na pa wayilesi ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuŵalondezga kwambura kulipira ndalama zinandi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito pa YouTube ŵakamba kusamira pa webusayiti iyi. Nangauli "Partner Program" ya YouTube yikovwira kuti munthu wasange ndalama zinandi pakuŵa mulembi wa mavidiyo, kweni ŵabwezi ŵake 500 awo waliyose wakusanga ndalama zakujumpha $100,000 pa chaka, kweniso masiteshoni 10 agho ghakusanga ndalama zinandi chomene, ghakusanga ndalama zakukwana $2.5 miliyoni m'paka $12 miliyoni. Mu 2012, mulembi wa nkhani za malonda wa CMU wakalemba kuti YouTube ni "pulogalamu yakupharazgira ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba sumu". Mu 2013, Katheryn Thayer wa pa Forbes wakati ntchito ya ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵa mu nyengo ya digito yikwenera kuŵa yapachanya chomene, kweniso yikwenera kukopa ŵanthu pa YouTube na pa Intaneti. Mavidiyo gha ŵanthu 2.5% awo ŵali mu gulu la "mega", "mainstream" na "medium-sized" ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi 90.3% pa YouTube na Vevo. Kuuyambiro wa 2013, Billboard yikapharazga kuti yikugwiliskira nchito fundo za pa YouTube pakupanga mapu gha Billboard Hot 100 na ghanyake.[117]
Pakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵakudumbiskana maso na maso nga ni umo vikuŵira na mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti, "ŵali kusintha comene kwa vyaka vinandi", Chris Anderson, uyo wakulongozga pa TED, wakazunura ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba pa YouTube ndipo wakati: "Ivyo Gutenberg wakacita pakulemba mabuku, sono mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ghangatovwira kuti tidumbiskane maso na maso". Anderson wakati ntchakubendera yayi kuyowoya kuti mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ghapangiskenge kuti sayansi yilute panthazi chomene, ndipo awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo agha ŵangamba "kusambira vinthu vinandi chomene". Mwaciyelezgero, pa nkhani ya masambiro, sukulu ya Khan Academy yikakura kufuma pa vidiyo ya pa YouTube iyo yikasambizgiranga mubali wa Salman Khan ndipo yikamba kucemeka "sukulu yikuru comene pa caru cose". Mu 2008, YouTube wakapokera chawanangwa chakuchemeka George Foster Peabody Award, ndipo webusayiti iyi yikulongosoreka kuti ni malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu. Nyuzipepara ya Washington Post yikati pa YouTube pali ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera ma TV. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika ku Pew Research Center, wakalongosora kuti "ŵanthu ŵakuwona ivyo vikuchitika mu nyuzipepara", ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuwona ivyo vikuchitika kweniso mawupu agho ghakupharazga nkhani, ndiwo ghakupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongoraso kuti YouTube yikamba kuŵa nthowa yikuru yakuti ŵanthu ŵamanye nkhani.
YouTube yawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵayowoyenge na boma, nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhani ya maungano gha CNN na YouTube (2007) apo ŵanthu ŵakafumbira mafumbo awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la United States. Pakulongosora vya nyengo ya Arab Spring (2010~2012), Philip N. Howard wakalemba mazgu gha munthu munyake uyo wakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na ivyo vikachitikanga. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ku United States Nyumba ya Senate yikapeleka fundo yakususka Joseph Kony pati pajumpha mazuŵa 16 kufuma apo vidiyo ya "Kony 2012" yikapelekeka pa YouTube, ndipo Senator Lindsey Graham uyo wakawovwirapo pa fundo iyi wakati vidiyo iyi "yichitenge vinandi kuti (Kony) wafwe kuluska vyose".[118]
Kweniso, YouTube yawovwira boma kuti lipulikiskenge makora ŵanthu. Mu 2012, ofesi ya White House ndiyo yikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 7 pa malo gha nkhani pa YouTube. Mu 2013, kampani yinyake ya vyaumoyo yikapempha munthu munyake uyo wakujiyaniska na Obama, zina lake Iman Crosson, kuti waŵe na vidiyo ya sumu ya pa YouTube. Mu Febuluwale 2014, U.S. Pulezidenti Obama wakachita ungano ku White House na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene pa YouTube kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu vya Obamacare kweniso kuti ŵamanye umo boma lingacitira kuti liŵe paubwezi na ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa YouTube. Nangauli YouTube yikovwira kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵanthu bweka, kweni awo ŵakupangiska vinthu pa YouTube ŵakamanya kuti ntchakukhumbikwa chomene kuti ŵamanye makora umo ŵangapharazgira.
Mavidiyo ghanyake gha pa YouTube ghakakhwaska chomene vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga pa charu, nga ni nkhani ya Innocence of Muslims (2012) iyo yikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe vivulupi. Chris Anderson, mulongozgi wa pa TED, wakalongosora umo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maluso ghawo mu mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, Virginia Heffernan wakati mavidiyo agha "ghakukondweska comene" ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa sumu za ndembera.
Nkhani yinyake ya mu 2017 mu magazini ya The New York Times Magazine yikati YouTube yazgoka "wayilesi yiphya iyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyapo" ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ghakutali. Pafupifupi chaka chimoza pambere YouTube yindapharazge mu Janyuwale 2019 kuti yikwamba "kusintha pachokopachoko" kuti "yichepeske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa na ivyo vingaŵapweteka", Zeynep Tufekci wakalemba mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times kuti, "Chifukwa cha ŵanthu mabiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube, yingaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu vyakofya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000". Chifukwa chakuti YouTube yikasintha nthowa yake yakupangira mauthenga, nthowa iyo yikayowoyeka chomene yikasintha kufuma kwa Alex Jones mu 2016 kuya ku Fox News mu 2019. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2020, "ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti vidiyo njakukhumbikwa chomene, kweni tikugomezga kuti ni viŵi yayi. M'malo mwake, tikukhumba kuti pa YouTube tiwonenge ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa nkhani za ndyali". Kafukufuku munyake wa mu 2022 wakulongora kuti "nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukayika kuti YouTube yikupeleka mavidiyo ghakukhuŵazga ŵanthu, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana wakukhozgera fundo iyi", "ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuwonelera mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵambura kutemwana na ŵankhongono pa YouTube".
Gulu la Ŵalendo Ŵakupambanapambana na gulu la YouTube Symphony Orchestra ŵakasankha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu ili chifukwa cha mavidiyo agho ŵanthu ŵakawoneleranga. Kuwonjezera apo, vidiyo yachitukuko ya "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition) " yikapangika mwa kusakaniza machitidwe a oyimba 57 omwe amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi mu ntchito imodzi ya nyimbo, ndi The Tokyo Times ikuwona kanema wa YouTube "Tipemphere kwa Inu" monga chitsanzo cha chizoloŵezi chogwiritsira ntchito gulu la anthu pazinthu zachifundo. Mu mwezi umoza pera, vidiyo iyi yikawovwira ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵa LGBT awo ŵakakhumbanga kujikoma. Pulezidenti Barack Obama, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti Biden, ŵantchito ŵa ku White House, na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa mu nduna. Mwakuyana waka, cifukwa ca vidiyo ya Amanda Todd wa vyaka 15 yakucemeka "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", boma likati lacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro kuti lisambire umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira na kupanga ndondomeko yakumazgira suzgo ili. Mu Meyi 2018, apo ŵapolisi ŵa ku London ŵakayowoya kuti mavidiyo gha sumu izo zikukhozga nkhaza zikachitiska kuti paŵe nkhaza za magulu gha vigeŵenga, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo 30.[121]
Environmental impacts
YouTube yikovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Mphamvu ya YouTube yikufuma ku Google Data Centers, iyo yikugwiliskirika nchito na magesi gha Renewable Energy kufuma mu 2017. Pa nyengo yasono, kampani iyi yapanga vyakukwana "kuti vileke kunanga vyakumera vyose kufuma apo tikambira mu 1998". Mu Ogasiti 2023, kampani iyi yikapeleka ngongole zakukwana madola 5.75 biliyoni. Google yikukhumba "kuŵa kampani yikuru comene iyo yizamupeleka magesi kwambura vyakununkhira mu 2030".[122]
Finances
Pambere chaka cha 2020 chindafike, Google yikatondeka kupeleka manambara ghakukhwaskana na ndalama izo YouTube yikagwiliskiranga ntchito, ndipo ndalama izo YouTube yikasanganga mu 2007 zikaŵa zakuzirwa yayi. Mu Juni 2008, magazini ya Forbes yikalemba kuti mu 2008 ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵa madola 200 miliyoni. Mu 2012, YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 3.7 biliyoni kufuma ku malonda agho ghakupanga. Mu 2013, ndalama izi zikasazgikira pafupifupi kaŵiri ndipo zikafika pa madola 5.6 biliyoni. Mavidiyo ghanandi gha pa YouTube ni ghaulere ndipo ghakwendeskeka na malonda. Mu Meyi 2013, YouTube yikapeleka nthowa yakuyezgelera ya mathirakiti 53 agho ghakaŵa na mtengo wa madola 0.99 m'paka 6.99 pa mwezi. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti nthowa iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵangagwilira ntchito pa Intaneti nga ni Netflix, Amazon Prime, na Hulu.
Google yikamba kufumiska ndalama izo yikasanga pa YouTube mu Febuluwale 2020 mu lipoti la ndalama la Alphabet. Kuyana na Google, YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $15.1 biliyoni mu 2019 pakususkana na $8.1 biliyoni mu 2017 na $11.1 biliyoni mu 2018. Ndalama izo YouTube yikasanga zikaŵa pafupifupi 10% ya ndalama zose izo Alphabet yikasanga mu 2019. Ndalama izi zikawovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube Premium na YouTube Music, kweniso ŵanthu 2 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube TV.
YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $19.8 billion mu 2020.[123]
Partnership with corporations
Mu Juni 2006, YouTube yikachita ubwezi na NBC. Mu Malichi 2007, yikapangana na BBC kuti yiŵe na masiteshoni ghatatu, limoza la nkhani ndipo ghanyake ghaŵiri gha vyakusanguluska. Mu Novembala 2008, YouTube yikakolerana na MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, na CBS, ndipo yikapeleka mwaŵi ku makampani agha kuti ghaŵikenge mafilimu na mavidiyo pa webusayiti iyi. Chilato cha ndondomeko iyi chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵachitenge mpikisano na mawebusayiti nga ni Hulu, agho ghakuŵa na nkhani za pa NBC, Fox, na Disney. Mu Novembala 2009, YouTube yikambiska chigaŵa cha "Shows" icho chikasangika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku UK, ndipo chikapelekanga vigaŵa 4,000 vyakufuma ku ŵabwezi ŵakujumpha 60. Mu Janyuwale 2010, YouTube yikamba kupeleka mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti, agho ghakovwira waka ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, Canada, na United Kingdom. Pa webusayiti iyi pali mafilimu ghakujumpha 6,000.[124]
2017 advertiser boycott
Mu Malichi 2017, boma la United Kingdom likafumiskapo malonda ghake pa YouTube, pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoya kuti malonda agha ghakaŵa pa mavidiyo ghautesi. Boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵapharazgi ŵaŵasimikizgire kuti ŵapharazgi aŵa "ŵapharazgenge makora". Nyuzipepara ya The Guardian, pamoza na maburandi ghanyake ghakurughakuru gha ku Britain na ku America, nawo ŵakakanizga kutandazga pa YouTube cifukwa ca nkhani izo zikaŵa zakukwiyiska. Google yikati "yamba kughanaghanirapo comene pa ndondomeko yithu ya malonda ndipo yaŵikapo mtima kuti yivikilirenge malonda ghawo". Mu Epulero 2017, YouTube channel h3h3Productions yikapeleka ukaboni wakuti nkhani ya mu Wall Street Journal yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi ivyo vikulongora malonda gha vyamaseŵera pa vidiyo iyo yikaŵa na sumu za Johnny Rebel. Vidiyo iyi yikafumiskika pamanyuma pakuti ŵasanga kuti mapulogiramu agha ghakaŵako cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivyo vili na copyright.
Pa April 6, 2017, YouTube yikapharazga kuti kuti "yiwoneseskenge kuti ndalama zikwendera waka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na malango", yikasinthenge nthowa zake kuti yikhumbiske kuti wayilesi yiŵe na ndondomeko yakuwonerapo, kweniso kuti yiŵe na ŵanthu 10,000 awo ŵayiwonelera pa umoyo wawo wose pambere ŵandaŵepo mu Pulogiramu ya Ŵabali.[125]
YouTuber earnings
Mu Meyi 2007, YouTube yikambiska pulogiramu ya kuchezga nayo (Partner Program) (YPP), ndondomeko iyo yikukolerana na AdSense iyo yikovwira munthu uyo wakujura vidiyo kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kugaŵa ndalama izo zikufuma ku malonda pa webusayiti iyi. Kanandi YouTube yikutora 45 peresenti ya ndalama izo yikusangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo.
Pali ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni awo ŵali mu gulu la YouTube. Kuyana na TubeMogul, mu 2013, malonda agho ghakuŵa pa YouTube pambere vidiyo yindayambe, ghakaŵanga na mtengo wa madola 7.60 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Kanandi pa mavidiyo agha, ghaŵiri pera ndigho ghakuŵa na pharazgo pambere vidiyo yindambe kuwonekera.
Ndondomeko ya YouTube yikukanizga vinthu vinyake kuti vileke kusangika mu mavidiyo agho ghakuŵa na ndalama chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo mavidiyo agho ghali na nkhaza, kayowoyero kaheni, vya kugonana, "vinthu vyakukhuŵazga panji vyakupweteka, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo, viwawa vya ndyali, masoka ghacilengiwa na masoka, nanga ni para palije vithuzithuzi vyambura kulongosoreka" (panji usange ivyo vili mu mavidiyo agha "ni vya nkhani panji vyakusekeska ndipo uyo wakuvipanga wakukhumba kuvumbura panji kusanguluska"), ndiposo mavidiyo agho mazgu gha awo ŵakuvigwiliskira ntchito ghali na vinthu "vyambura kwenelera".
Mu 2013, YouTube yikamba kupeleka mwaŵi wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo awo ŵali na ŵalembeska 1,000, ŵaŵikengepo ndalama. Mu Epulero 2017, YouTube yikakhazikiska fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera vidiyo 10,000 pa umoyo wake wose. Pa Janyuwale 16, 2018, ŵakasintha fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera TV kwa maora 4,000 mu myezi 12 iyo yajumpha na kuŵa na ŵanthu 1,000. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona kuti fundo iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukwesana pa nkhani ya mavidiyo.
YouTube Play Buttons, chigaŵa cha YouTube Creator Rewards, ntchawanangwa icho YouTube wakupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera mavidiyo. Vinthu ivi vikupelekeka ku ma TV agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000, miliyoni, 10 miliyoni, 50 miliyoni, na 100 miliyoni.
Ndondomeko ya YouTube pa nkhani ya "vinthu vyakovwira awo ŵakupharazga" yikukanizga ivyo vingaŵikika mu mavidiyo agho ghakwendeskeka na ndalama; ivi vikusazgapo nkhaza, kayowoyero, vya kugonana, na "vinthu vyakukhuŵazga panji vyakusuzga, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo, viwawa vya ndyali, masoka ghacilengiwa na masoka, nangauli vithuzithuzi vyambura kulongosoreka", pekha usange ivyo vili mu mavidiyo "ni vya nkhani panji vyakusekeska ndipo uyo wakuvipanga wakukhumba kumanya panji kusanguluska". Mu Seputembala 2016, pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska ndondomeko yakupharazga yakusazgikira kuti yivumbulire ŵanthu za viheni ivi, malango gha YouTube ghakatambuzgika na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, kusazgapo Phillip DeFranco na Vlogbrothers. DeFranco wakati para munthu wakutondeka kusanga ndalama pa mavidiyo agha, ndikuti "wakutondeka kujikora". Muyowoyi wa YouTube wakati nangauli fundo iyi yikaŵa yiphya yayi, kweni iyo "yikasintha ndondomeko ya kupempha wovwiri kuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoyenge makora". Boing Boing yikalemba mu 2019 kuti mazgu gha LGBT ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama.
Kufumira mu Novembala 2020 ku United States na Juni 2021 pa charu chose, YouTube yili na wanangwa wa kupanga ndalama pa vidiyo yiliyose pa pulatifomu, nangauli uyo wakuyiŵika pa intaneti ni munyawo yayi wa YouTube Partner Program. Ivi vicitikenge pa masiteshoni agho ghakuwoneka kuti "ghakukondweska ŵanthu", ndipo ndalama zose zizamuluta ku Google kwambura kupeleka ku awo ŵakujura.[126]
Revenue to copyright holders
Ndalama zinandi izo YouTube yikusanga chifukwa cha malonda zikuluta ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mavidiyo na kupanga mavidiyo. Mu 2010, vikaŵa vyakuti pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa na malonda, ghakaŵikika pa Intaneti kwambura kuzomerezgeka na awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga. YouTube yikupeleka mwaŵi ku awo ŵali na wanangwa wa kuwonelera mavidiyo kuti ŵamanye uko kuli mavidiyo ghawo na kughafumiska. Mu Meyi 2013, Nintendo wakamba kuvikilira wanangwa wake wa kupanga mavidiyo na kupoka ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Mu Febuluwale 2015, Nintendo wakazomerezga kugaŵana ndalama na awo ŵakalenga mavidiyo kwizira mu Nintendo Creators Program. Pa Malichi 20, 2019, Nintendo wakapharazga pa Twitter kuti kampani iyi yimarenge pulogiramu ya Creators. Mapulogalamuwa anasiya kugwira ntchito pa March 20, 2019.[127][128]
Censorship and bans
██ Has local YouTube version ██ Accessible ██ Currently blocked ██ Previously blocked
YouTube has been censored, filtered, or banned for a variety of reasons, including:[129]
- Limiting public access and exposure to content that may ignite social or political unrest.
- Preventing criticism of a ruler (e.g. in North Korea), government (e.g. in China) or its actions (e.g. in Morocco), government officials (e.g. in Turkey and Libya), or religion (e.g. in Pakistan).
- Morality-based laws, e.g. in Iran.
Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuwonelera mavidiyo ghanyake chifukwa cha malango ghakukhwaskana na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ku Germany), kuswa malango ghakukhwaskana na nkhani za kutinkha ŵanthu, na kutondeska kuwonelera mavidiyo agho ghakwenelera yayi ŵawukirano. Makampani, masukulu, maboma, na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana kanandi ghakukana mawebusayiti gha pa Intaneti, kusazgapo YouTube, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bandwidth kweniso kuti ghangatimbanizga ŵanthu.
Kufumira mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube mu vyaru vinandi, kusazgapo China, North Korea, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Sudan na South Sudan. Mu vyaru vinyake, YouTube yikujalika kwa nyengo yichoko waka, nga ni para kuli vivulupi, pambere mavoti ghandambe, panji chifukwa cha viphikiro vya ndyali. Para webusayiti yose ya YouTube yalekeskeka chifukwa cha vidiyo yimoza, kanandi YouTube yikuzomerezga kuwuskamo panji kuchepeska nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo iyi.
Malipoti ghakulongora kuti kwambira mu Okutobala 2019, mazgu agho ghalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku China agho ghakuyuyura chipani cha Communist Party of China (共?? panji kuti "chipani cha Communist bandit") panji (五毛 panji kuti "50 Cent Party", kung'anamura awo ŵakulemba nkhani izo boma likuŵawovwira) ghakufumiskika mu masekondi 15.
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vyachitika apo YouTube yikakanizgika ni ivi:
- Thailand blocked access in April 2007 over a video said to be insulting the Thai king.[130]
- Morocco blocked access in May 2007, possibly as a result of videos critical of Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara.[131] YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007, after Maroc Telecom unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was a mere "technical glitch".[132]
- Turkey blocked access between 2008 and 2010 after controversy over videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[133][134][135] In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician Deniz Baykal caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video.[136] During the two and a half-year block of YouTube, the video-sharing website remained the eighth-most-accessed site in Turkey.[137][138] In 2014, Turkey blocked the access for the second time, after "a high-level intelligence leak."[139][140][141]
- Pakistan blocked access on February 23, 2008, because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the Danish cartoons of Muhammad.[142] This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. On February 26, 2008, the ban was lifted after the website had removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government.[143][144] Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using virtual private network software.[145] In May 2010, following the Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".[146] The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.[147][148] Pakistan again placed a ban on YouTube in September 2012, after the site refused to remove the film Innocence of Muslims. The ban was lifted in January 2016 after YouTube launched a Pakistan-specific version.[149]
- Libya blocked access on January 24, 2010, because of videos that featured demonstrations in the city of Benghazi by families of detainees who were killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996, and videos of family members of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi at parties. The blocking was criticized by Human Rights Watch.[150] In November 2011, after the Libyan Civil War, YouTube was once again allowed in Libya.[151]
- Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sudan blocked access in September 2012 following controversy over a 14-minute trailer for the film Innocence of Muslims which had been posted on the site.[152][153][154][155][156] A court in the southern Russian Republic of Chechnya ruled that Innocence of Muslims should be banned.[157] In Libya and Egypt, it was blamed for violent protests. YouTube stated: "This video—which is widely available on the Web—is clearly within our guidelines and so will stay on YouTube. However, given the very difficult situation in Libya and Egypt we have temporarily restricted access in both countries."[158][159]
- Russia threatened to ban YouTube after the platform deleted two German RT channels in September 2021.[160] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, YouTube announced on March 1 the immediate removal of RT (and other Russian-government funded outlets) from its platform in Europe.[161]
Wonaniso
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- Alternative media
- BookTube
- BreadTube
- CNN/YouTube presidential debates
- Comparison of video hosting services
- List of Google Easter eggs#YouTube
- List of Internet phenomena
- List of most-viewed online videos in the first 24 hours
- List of most-disliked YouTube videos
- List of most-liked YouTube videos
- List of most-viewed YouTube videos
- List of most-subscribed YouTube channels
- List of online video platforms
- List of YouTubers
- Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.
- Reply girl
- Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
- YouTube Awards
- YouTube Creator Awards
- YouTube Instant
- YouTube Live
- Multi-channel network
- YouTube Music Awards
- YouTube Rewind
- YouTube Theater
- YouTube Poop
Ukaboni
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weprin, Alex (Febuluwale 1, 2022). "YouTube Ad Revenue Tops $8.6B, Beating Netflix in the Quarter". The Hollywood Reporter (in American English). Retrieved Juni 11, 2022.
- ↑ "Most used social media 2022". Statista (in English). Janyuwale 2022. Retrieved Janyuwale 5, 2023.
- ↑ Claburn, Thomas (Janyuwale 5, 2017). "Google's Grumpy code makes Python Go". The Register (in English). Retrieved Sekutembala 16, 2017.
- ↑ Wilson, Jesse (Meyi 19, 2009). "Guice Deuce". Official Google Code Blog. Retrieved Malichi 25, 2017.
- ↑ "YouTube Architecture". High Scalability. Archived from the original on Okutobala 4, 2014. Retrieved Okutobala 13, 2014.
- ↑ "Golang Vitess: a database wrapper written in Go as used by Youtube". GitHub. Okutobala 23, 2018.
- ↑ Loke Hale, James (Meyi 7, 2019). "More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute". TubeFilter. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved Juni 10, 2019.
- ↑ Neufeld, Dorothy (Janyuwale 27, 2021). "The 50 Most Visited Websites in the World". Visual Capitalist (in American English). Retrieved Disembala 6, 2021.
- ↑ Dredge, Stuart (Malichi 16, 2016). "YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website". The Guardian. Retrieved Malichi 15, 2019.
- ↑ Zappone, Christian (Okutobala 12, 2006). "Help! YouTube is killing my business!". CNN. Retrieved Novembala 29, 2008.
- ↑ Blakely, Rhys (Novembala 2, 2006). "Utube sues YouTube". The Times. London. Archived from the original on Epulelo 3, 2007. Retrieved Novembala 29, 2008.
- ↑ Welch, Chris (Meyi 19, 2013). "YouTube users now upload 100 hours of video every minute". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved Malichi 26, 2017.
- ↑ E. Solsman, Joan (Novembala 12, 2014). "YouTube's Music Key: Can paid streaming finally hook the masses?". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved Malichi 25, 2017.
- ↑ "Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views". Meyi 9, 2010.
- ↑ "YouTube shooting: Suspect visited shooting range before attack". BBC News. Epulelo 4, 2018. Retrieved Epulelo 9, 2018.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Peters, Jay; Roth, Emma (Janyuwale 16, 2023). "YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after nine years at the helm". The Verge. Retrieved Febuluwale 16, 2023.
- ↑ "What are YouTube Premieres, and How Do You Use Them?".
- ↑ Perez, Sarah (Juni 19, 2019). "YouTube partners with Universal to upgrade nearly 1,000 classic music videos to HD". TechCrunch (in English). Retrieved Malichi 9, 2022.
- ↑ Garun, Natt (Novembala 30, 2016). "YouTube now supports 4K live-streaming for both 360-degree and standard video". The Verge.
- ↑ Porter, Jon (Disembala 8, 2020). "YouTube live streams now support HDR". The Verge (in English). Retrieved Meyi 10, 2021.
- ↑ Owen, Paul (Novembala 3, 2009). "Our top 10 funniest YouTube comments – what are yours?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved Malichi 13, 2014.
- ↑ Chase, Melvin (Novembala 20, 2013). "YouTube comments require Google+ account, Google faces uproar". Newsday. (subscription required) Alternate link Archived Disembala 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Alexander, Julia (Disembala 3, 2020). "YouTube will ask commenters to rethink posting if their message seems offensive". The Verge (in English). Retrieved Disembala 9, 2020.
- ↑ "YouTube introduces new feature to address toxic comments". TechCrunch (in American English). Disembala 3, 2020. Retrieved Disembala 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Engage with creators on Community posts – Computer – YouTube Help". support.google.com.
- ↑ "Slow YouTube? Try Feather, Made for India". Gtricks. Disembala 7, 2009.
- ↑ See the YouTube localization list at the bottom of the YouTube website.
- ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 Sayer, Peter (Juni 19, 2007). "Google launches YouTube France News". PC Advisor. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2009.
- ↑ "Presentan hoy YouTube México" [YouTube México launched today]. El Universal (in Spanish). Okutobala 11, 2007. Archived from the original on Meyi 16, 2009. Retrieved Sekutembala 9, 2010.
- ↑ "中文上線 – YouTube 香港中文版登場！". Stanley5. Okutobala 17, 2007. Archived from the original on Okutobala 11, 2018. Retrieved Janyuwale 2, 2012.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Nicole, Kristen (Okutobala 22, 2007). "YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand". Mashable. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2009.
- ↑ Nicole, Kristen (Novembala 6, 2007). "YouTube Canada Now Live". Mashable. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2009.
- ↑ Ostrow, Adam (Novembala 8, 2007). "YouTube Germany Launches". Mashable. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2009.
- ↑ "YouTube перевелся на русский" (in Russian). Kommersant Moscow. Novembala 14, 2007. Retrieved Malichi 22, 2012.
- ↑ Williams, Martyn (Janyuwale 23, 2008). "YouTube Launches Korean Site". PC World. Archived from the original on Epulelo 28, 2012. Retrieved Malichi 22, 2012.
- ↑ Joshi, Sandeep (Meyi 8, 2008). "YouTube now has an Indian incarnation". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on Meyi 10, 2008. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2009.
- ↑ Bokuvka, Petr (Okutobala 12, 2008). "Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks". The Czech Daily Word. Wordpress.com. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2009.
- ↑ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
- ↑ "YouTube launches in Argentina". Sekutembala 9, 2010. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 12, 2010. Retrieved Sekutembala 9, 2010.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 "YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen". ArabCrunch. Archived from the original on Malichi 14, 2011. Retrieved Malichi 13, 2011.
- ↑ Jidenma, Nmachi (Sekutembala 1, 2011). "Google launches YouTube in Kenya". The Next Web. Retrieved Malichi 22, 2012.
- ↑ Nod, Tam (Okutobala 13, 2011). "YouTube launches 'The Philippines'". The Philippine Star. Retrieved Okutobala 13, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "YouTube Launches Singapore Site". Archived from the original on Okutobala 21, 2011. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2015.
- ↑ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- ↑ Google Launches YouTube Uganda Archived Janyuwale 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today Archived Janyuwale 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ Google launches YouTube Chile March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. Archived Malichi 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Google Launches Hungarian YouTube March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. Archived Janyuwale 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ↑ YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ↑ Bindu Suresh Rai (Epulelo 2, 2012). "UAE version of YouTube launched". Emirates 247. Retrieved Febuluwale 14, 2014.
- ↑ "YouTube Launches Indonesian Version", June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ↑ "Google launches YouTube in Ghana" Archived Juni 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
- ↑ "YouTube launches local portal in Senegal",
^ [3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to "Elemental Technologies Live". July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012. - ↑ "YouTube's Turkish version goes into service", October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ↑ Tarasova, Maryna (Disembala 13, 2012). "YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!)" (in Ukrainian). Ukraine: Google Ukraine Blog.
- ↑ "YouTube lanceres i Danmark". Denmark: iProspect. Archived from the original on Meyi 7, 2013. Retrieved Epulelo 17, 2013.
- ↑ Sormunen, Vilja (Febuluwale 6, 2013). "YouTube Launches in the Nordics". Nordic: KLOK. Archived from the original on Julayi 28, 2013. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2013.
- ↑ "YouTube Launched in Norway". Norway: TONO. Archived from the original on Epulelo 20, 2013. Retrieved Epulelo 17, 2013.
- ↑ "YouTube goes Swiss". Swiss: swissinfo. Retrieved Epulelo 17, 2013.
- ↑ "YouTube.at since Thursday online". Austria: Wiener Zeitung. Retrieved Epulelo 17, 2013.
- ↑ "Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână". Romania: ZF.ro. Retrieved Meyi 14, 2013.
- ↑ "Google lança versão lusa do YouTube". Portugal: Luso Noticias. Archived from the original on Disembala 3, 2013. Retrieved Meyi 14, 2013.
- ↑ tš (Meyi 21, 2013). "Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube" (in Slovak). Vat Pravda. Retrieved Febuluwale 14, 2014.
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- ↑ Ивелина Атанасова (Malichi 18, 2014). "YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България" (in Bulgarian). New Trend. Archived from the original on Epulelo 7, 2014. Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2014.
- ↑ "Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj" (in Croatian). Lider. Malichi 19, 2014. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 11, 2015. Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2014.
- ↑ Oden, Siiri (Malichi 19, 2014). "Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis!" (in Estonian). Meedium. Archived from the original on Epulelo 7, 2014. Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2014.
- ↑ Marta (Malichi 18, 2014). "Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā" (in Latvian). Marketing. Archived from the original on Malichi 21, 2014. Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2014.
- ↑ STA (Malichi 18, 2014). "Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi" (in Slovenian). Dnevnik. Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2014.
- ↑ Pornwasin, Asina (Epulelo 3, 2014). "YouTube introduces homepage especially". The Nation. Archived from the original on Julayi 25, 2014. Retrieved Epulelo 4, 2014.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 Hall, Stephen (Okutobala 12, 2015). "YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales". 9to5 Google. Retrieved Malichi 18, 2016.
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 "YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages". The Himalayan Times. Janyuwale 13, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 31, 2016.
- ↑ "YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan". The Express Tribune. Janyuwale 12, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 31, 2016.
- ↑ "YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malta". www.maltachamber.org.mt (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 15, 2023.
- ↑ "Now YouTube stops the music in Germany". The Guardian. London. Epulelo 1, 2009. Retrieved Epulelo 2, 2009.
- ↑ Spangler, Todd (Malichi 30, 2021). "YouTube Launches Test to Hide Video 'Dislike' Counts". Variety (in American English). Retrieved Malichi 30, 2021.
- ↑ "YouTube tests hiding dislike counts on videos". TechCrunch (in American English). Malichi 30, 2021. Retrieved Malichi 30, 2021.
- ↑ "YouTube to hide dislike counts for all videos on the platform: Here's all you need to know". MSN (in American English). Novembala 11, 2021. Retrieved Novembala 11, 2021.
- ↑ Alexander, Julia (Meyi 24, 2019). "YouTubers and record labels are fighting, and record labels keep winning". The Verge (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 22, 2021.
- ↑ Siegel, Joshua; Mayle, Doug (Disembala 9, 2010). "Up, Up and Away – Long videos for more users". Official YouTube Blog. Retrieved Malichi 25, 2017.
- ↑ Kirkup, James; Martin, Nicole (Julayi 31, 2008). "YouTube attacked by MPs over sex and violence footage". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 10, 2022. Retrieved Malichi 26, 2017.
- ↑ Lawton, Sophie (Juni 23, 2022). "Right-wing clickbait pushing anti-LGBTQ 'groomer' smears are increasingly popular on YouTube". Media Matters. Retrieved Okutobala 23, 2022.
- ↑ Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (Ogasiti 8, 2022). "Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (in English). 42: 18–35. doi:10.1177/07439156221103852. ISSN 0743-9156. S2CID 248934562.
- ↑ Alexander, Julia (Juni 29, 2020). "YouTube bans Stefan Molyneux, David Duke, Richard Spencer, and more for hate speech". The Verge. Retrieved Juni 29, 2020.
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- ↑ Luscombe, Belinda (Meyi 18, 2017). "The YouTube Parents Who are Turning Family Moments into Big Bucks". Time. Retrieved Juni 21, 2019.
- ↑ Alexander, Julia (Juni 21, 2019). "YouTube can't remove kid videos without tearing a hole in the entire creator ecosystem". The Verge. Retrieved Juni 21, 2019.
- ↑ Ohlheiser, Abby (Epulelo 26, 2017). "The saga of a YouTube family who pulled disturbing pranks on their own kids". The Washington Post.
- ↑ Cresci, Elena (Meyi 7, 2017). "Mean stream: how YouTube prank channel DaddyOFive enraged the internet". The Guardian (in British English). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved Juni 7, 2017.
- ↑ Dunphy, Rachel (Epulelo 28, 2017). "The Abusive 'Pranks' of YouTube Family Vloggers". Select All. New York Magazine. Retrieved Julayi 9, 2017.
- ↑ Gajanan, Mahita (Meyi 3, 2017). "YouTube Star DaddyOFive Loses Custody of 2 Children Shown in 'Prank' Videos". Time. Retrieved Julayi 9, 2017.
- ↑ Levenson, Eric; Alonso, Mel (Malichi 20, 2019). "A mom on a popular YouTube show is accused of pepper-spraying her kids when they flubbed their lines". CNN.
- ↑ Ben Popper, Adults dressed as superheroes is YouTube's new, strange, and massively popular genre, The Verge, February 4, 2017
- ↑ "Report: Thousands of videos mimicking popular cartoons on YouTube Kids contain inappropriate content". NEWS10 ABC. Malichi 31, 2017. Retrieved Epulelo 30, 2017.
- ↑ Maheshwari, Sapna (Novembala 4, 2017). "Child Friendly? Startling Videos Slip Past Filters". The New York Times. ProQuest 2463387110.
- ↑ Dani Di Placido, YouTube's "Elsagate" Illuminates The Unintended Horrors Of The Digital Age, Forbes, November 28, 2017
- ↑ Todd Spangler, YouTube Terminates Toy Freaks Channel Amid Broader Crackdown on Disturbing Kids' Content, Variety, November 17, 2017
- ↑ Popper, Ben (Novembala 9, 2017). "YouTube says it will crack down on bizarre videos targeting children". The Verge. Archived from the original on Novembala 16, 2017.
In August of this year, YouTube announced that it would no longer allow creators to monetize videos which "made inappropriate use of family-friendly characters." Today it's taking another step to try to police this genre.
- ↑ Sarah Templeton, Disturbing 'ElsaGate', 'Toy Freaks' videos removed from YouTube after abuse allegations, Newshub, November 22, 2017
- ↑ YouTube to crack down on videos showing child endangerment, ABC News, November 22, 2017
- ↑ Charlie Warzel, YouTube Is Addressing Its Massive Child Exploitation Problem BuzzFeed, November 22, 2017
- ↑ Bridge, Mark; Mostrous, Alexi (Novembala 18, 2017). "Child abuse on YouTube". The Times. Retrieved Novembala 28, 2017.
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Koh, Yoree; Morris, Betsy (Epulelo 11, 2019). "Kids Love These YouTube Channels. Who Creates Them Is a Mystery". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 14, 2019. Retrieved Ogasiti 14, 2019.
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- ↑ Perez, Sarah. "Google's data-friendly app YouTube Go expands to over 130 countries, now supports higher quality videos". TechCrunch (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 2, 2018.
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- ↑ Wong, Scott (Malichi 22, 2012). "Joseph Kony captures Congress' attention". Politico. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 8, 2014.
- ↑ Cohen, Joshua (Malichi 2, 2014). "Obama Meets With YouTube Advisors on How To Reach Online Audiences". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on Malichi 6, 2014.
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- ↑ Waterson, Jim (Meyi 28, 2018). "YouTube deletes 30 music videos after Met link with gang violence". The Guardian. Archived from the original on Malichi 21, 2021.
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- ↑ Plunkett, Luke (Novembala 28, 2018). "Nintendo's Controversial Creators Program Is Shutting Down". Kotaku (in American English). Retrieved Okutobala 20, 2021.
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- ↑ "YouTube Censored: A Recent History", OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
- ↑ "Thailand Bans YouTube". The New York Times. Epulelo 5, 2007.
- ↑ "YouTube site 'blocked' in Morocco". BBC News. Meyi 29, 2007. Retrieved Disembala 25, 2013.
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- ↑ Rosen, Jeffrey (Novembala 28, 2008). "Google's Gatekeepers". The New York Times. ProQuest 905061951. Retrieved Malichi 26, 2017.
- ↑ "Turkey goes into battle with Google". BBC News. Julayi 2, 2010. Retrieved Julayi 3, 2010.
- ↑ "Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube". BBC News. Okutobala 30, 2010. Retrieved Okutobala 31, 2010.
- ↑ Champion, Marc (Novembala 2, 2010). "Turkey Reinstates YouTube Ban". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved Novembala 2, 2010.
- ↑ "Turkey report" Archived Sekutembala 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, September 24, 2012.
- ↑ "Top Sites in Turkey". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on Febuluwale 17, 2022. Retrieved Febuluwale 17, 2022.
- ↑ B. Kelley, Michael (Malichi 27, 2014). "YouTube Blocked in Turkey Amid High-Level Intelligence Leak". Business Insider. Retrieved Malichi 25, 2017.
- ↑ "Turkey moves to block YouTube access after 'audio leak'". BBC News. BBC. Malichi 27, 2014. Retrieved Malichi 27, 2014.
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- ↑ "Pakistan blocks YouTube website". BBC. Febuluwale 24, 2008. Retrieved Novembala 30, 2008.
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- ↑ "Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube". BBC. Febuluwale 26, 2008. Retrieved Novembala 30, 2008.
- ↑ "Pakistan web users get round YouTube ban". Silicon Republic. Archived from the original on Juni 29, 2008. Retrieved Novembala 30, 2008.
- ↑ "Pakistan blocks access to YouTube in internet crackdown". BBC News. Meyi 20, 2010. Retrieved Meyi 20, 2010.
- ↑ "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities" Archived Julayi 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Joanne McCabe, Metro (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012
- ↑ "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube", The Times of India, May 27, 2010
- ↑ "Pakistan unblocks access to YouTube". BBC News. Janyuwale 18, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 27, 2016.
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- ↑ "Libya" Archived Sekutembala 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, September 24, 2012
- ↑ "Afghanistan to unblock YouTube – Afghanistan Times" Archived Janyuwale 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, December 1, 2012.
- ↑ "Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film" Archived Sekutembala 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Miriam Arghandiwal, Reuters (Kabul), September 12, 2012.
- ↑ "YouTube blocked in Bangladesh over Prophet Mohamed video", The Independent (AP), September 18, 2012.
- ↑ Tsukayama, Haley (Sekutembala 17, 2012). "YouTube blocked in Pakistan". The Washington Post. Retrieved Malichi 26, 2017.
- ↑ Devnath, Arun (Sekutembala 18, 2012). "Pakistan, Bangladesh Block YouTube Amid Islam Film Protests". Bloomberg. Retrieved Sekutembala 18, 2012.
- ↑ "Russian court bans anti-Islam film". The News. Sekutembala 29, 2012. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 17, 2013.
- ↑ Willon, Phil; Keegan, Rebecca (Sekutembala 12, 2012). "'Innocence of Muslims': Mystery shrouds film's California origins". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Malichi 1, 2019.
- ↑ "YouTube restricts video access over Libyan violence". CNN. Sekutembala 12, 2012. Retrieved Sekutembala 13, 2012.
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Vyakulemba vinyake
- Bergen, Mark (2022). Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Dominance. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780593296349. OCLC 1289250597.* Dickey, Megan Rose (Febuluwale 15, 2013). "The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube". Business Insider. Retrieved Malichi 25, 2017.
- Haran, Brady; Hamilton, Ted. "Why do YouTube views freeze at 301?". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on Disembala 26, 2016. Retrieved Epulelo 8, 2013.
- Kelsey, Todd (2010). Social Networking Spaces: From Facebook to Twitter and Everything In Between. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-4302-2596-6.
- Lacy, Sarah (2008). The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, the Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of Web 2.0. Richmond: Crimson. ISBN 978-1-85458-453-3.
- Walker, Rob (Juni 28, 2012). "On YouTube, Amateur Is the New Pro". The New York Times. Retrieved Malichi 26, 2017.
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