United States of America

United States of America
United States of America;
Mbendela	Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
	Chiluso: "In God We Trust" Other traditional mottos:
	Nyimbo: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
	[[File: \|center\|\|alt=\|Location of United States]]
Msumba Waboma	Washington, D.C.; 38°53′N 77°01′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W
Msumba usani	New York City; 40°43′N 74°00′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W
Chiyowoyelo chaboma	None at the federal level
National language	English (de facto)
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2020)	57.8% White; 18.7% Latino; 12.1% Black; 5.9% Asian; 0.7% Native American; 0.2% Pacific Islander; 4.1% multiracial; 0.5% other;
Vipembezo	63% Christianity 40% Protestantism; 21% Catholicism; 2% other Christian; ; ; 29% no religion ; 1% Buddhism ; 1% Hinduism ; 1% Islam ; 1% Judaism ; 2% other ; 2% unanswered ;
Mwenecharu	American
Mtundu wa Boma	Federal presidential constitutional republic and a liberal representative democracy
Independence from Great Britain
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
Gini (2020)	39.4; medium
HDI (2021)	0.921; very high ·21st
Ndalama	U.S. dollar ($) (USD)
Mtundu Wanyengo	(UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11)
Kalembelo kasiku	mm/dd/yyyy
Woko la galimoto	right
ISO 3166 code	US
Intaneti yacharu	.com, .us

United States of America (U.S.A. panji USA), panji United States (U.S. panji US) panji America, ni chalo icho chili ku North America. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 50, chigaŵa chimoza, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi, virwa vinkhondi na viŵiri, na malo 326 gha ŵanthu ŵa ku India. United States ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Canada kumpoto na Mexico kumwera, kweniso chili na mphaka na Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, na vyaru vinyake. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333 miliyoni. Washington, D.C., ni msumba ukuru wa United States, ndipo New York City ndiyo ni msumba ukuru chomene.

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku America vyaka vinandi chomene. Kwamba mu 1607, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakambiska vyaru 13 ivyo sono vili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa United States. Ŵakaŵa na mphindano na boma la Britain pa nkhani ya msonkho na ndyali, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ku America kuŵe Nkhondo ya ku America. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, charu cha United States chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinjeru vya ndyali vya ku United States vikakhwaskika na fundo yakuti vinthu vyose vili kulengeka kuti vichitike. Kugawikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikazingilizga wuzga ku Southern United States kukapangiska kuti Confederate States of America yipatuke, iyo yikarwa nkhondo na vyaru vinyake vya ku America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America (1861-1865). Pakuwona kuti wupu wa United States watonda, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka pa caru cose.

Kuzakafika mu 1900, caru ca United States cikaŵa kuti cazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose. Mu 1941, charu cha Japan chikati chawukira msumba wa Pearl Harbor, charu cha United States chikamba kurwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha United States na Soviet Union viŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, vyaru vyose viŵiri vikayezgayezga kuti viŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera, kweni vikagega nkhondo. Kweniso ŵakathereskeka pa mpikisano wa mu mlengalenga, uwo ukafika pachanya mu 1969 apo ndege ya Apollo 11 yikakhira pa charu chapasi. Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Ciphya yikati yamara mu 1991, caru ca United States cikazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose.

Boma la United States ni boma la wupu wakulongozga ndipo muli maboma ghatatu. Boma ili lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya, na Senate, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya. Nkhani zinandi za ndyali ni zakupambana, ndipo malango ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vyaru vinyake, charu cha United States chili pa malo ghapacanya pa nkhani ya umoyo, ndalama, usambazi, kusalana pa nkhani za ndalama, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, luso, na masambiro. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu jele kweniso palije urunji. Ku United States kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake.

Charu icho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chuma cha ku America chikupanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya GDP pa charu chose. United States ndiyo yikuru comene pa caru cose pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake ndipo ndiyo yikuru comene pa vyakurya vinyake. Boma la United States ndilo likambiska wupu wa United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, NATO, World Health Organization, ndipo lili na wanangwa wakuŵa mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Boma la United States ndilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo ndilo likulamulira pa nkhani za ndyali, vya maluso, na sayansi.

Kwiza kwa zina

Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka mu kalata iyo Stephen Moylan wakalembera Joseph Reed, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wa George Washington. Moylan wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuluta "ku Spain na mazaza ghose kufuma ku United States of America" kukapempha wovwiri pa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma.^[13]^[14]^[15] Mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka kakwamba mu nyuzipepara ya The Virginia Gazette ku Williamsburg pa Epulero 6, 1776.

Kuzakafika mu Juni 1776, zina lakuti "United States of America" likaŵa kuti lalembeka kale mu chikalata chakuchemeka Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, icho chikalembeka na John Dickinson, kweniso mu chikalata chakuchemeka Declaration of Independence, icho chikalembeka na Thomas Jefferson.^[16]

Mazgu ghakuti "United States" ghakafuma ku lizgu lakuti "United States". Likayowoyanga za vyaru vinandi nga ni "United States of America". Mazgu agha ghakatchuka chomene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya pa Mbumba. Munthu uyo ni mwenekaya wa United States wakucemeka "Mamerika". "United States", "American", na "U.S". vikuyowoya vya charu ("American values", "U.S. forces"). Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti "America" likuyowoya viŵi yayi za vinthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na United States.^[17]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: Mbili ya United States

Nyengo ya Columbian (pambere 1492)

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America ŵakafuma ku Siberia na kuluta pa Bering land bridge ndipo ŵakafika vyaka 12,000 ivyo vyajumpha.^[18]^[19]^[20] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Clovis ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya ku America.^[21]^[22] Ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chakwamba pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaluta ku North America.

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku North America ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso ghanandi, ndipo ŵanyake, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Mississippian kumwera kwa charu ichi, ŵakamba kulima, kuzenga, na kupanga vinthu vinandi. Msumba wa Cahokia ndiwo ni malo ghakuru comene na ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuwona mu United States. Mu chigaŵa cha Four Corners, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Puebloan ŵakamba kuchita ulimi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Algonquian ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu North America. Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Algonquian. Kale ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic na mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Saint Lawrence na kuzingilizga Nyanja Yikuru. Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukumana nawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algonquian ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvina na kuloŵa somba, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakakuranga chomene vyakurya nga ni chimanga, nyungu, na ma squash. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ojibwe ŵakaliskanga mpunga. Gulu la Haudenosaunee la ŵanthu ŵa ku Iroquois, ilo lili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, likaŵako pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1500.

Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutanga ku charu ichi.^[23]^[24] Douglas H. Ubelaker wa ku Smithsonian Institution wakati ŵanthu 93,000 ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Atlantic na 473,000 mu vyaru vya ku Gulf, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ciŵerengero ici nchicoko comene. Henry F. Dobyns wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico, ŵanthu 2.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga pakati pa Florida na Massachusetts, 5.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu dambo la Mississippi na milonga yinyake, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakakhalanga mu Florida.^[23]^[24]

Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni (1492-1763)

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Scandinavia ndiwo ŵakambiska charu cha New England.^[25]^[26] Christopher Columbus wakaluta ku Puerto Rico mu 1493, ndipo pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kukhala ku San Juan. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafika ku United States ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain nga ni Juan Ponce de León, uyo wakaluta kakwamba ku Florida mu 1513. Munthu munyake wa ku Italy, zina lake Giovanni da Verrazzano, uyo wakatumika na France ku New World mu 1525, wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho sono ghakuchemeka New York Bay. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakambiska malo ghakwamba ku Florida na New Mexico, nga ni Saint Augustine, msumba wakale chomene mu charu ichi, na Santa Fe. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhazikiska mizi yawo mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Mississippi na Gulf of Mexico, chomenechomene ku New Orleans na Mobile.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakamba kukhazikika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa North America mu 1607 apo ŵakazenga malo gha Virginia Colony ku Jamestown. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Virginia ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba mu charu ichi. Ku Massachusetts Bay Colony ndiko kukakhazikiskikira koleji ya Harvard mu 1636. Phangano la Mayflower Compact na malango gha Connecticut ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha mu America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakhumbanga wanangwa wa kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakamba kuchepa chifukwa cha vifukwa vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene matenda nga ni nthomba na nthomba.^[27]^[28]

Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1670, Ŵanandi ŵakathereska na kupoka malo gha Ŵadachi ku New Netherland, mu chigaŵa chapakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic.

Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgikanga na njara, matenda, kweniso nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakakumananga na mafuko ghanyake agho ghakaŵa pafupi na kwawo kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakathembanga ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya na vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku America ŵakasambira kulima mbuto, nyungu, na vyakurya vinyake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe na ŵanji ŵakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.^[29]^[30] Kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhazikika ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo ndipo kanandi ŵakakomekanga pa nkhondo.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nawo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa mu vyaru vya ku America. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa America. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakagaŵikana pa nkhani ya kusopa na nkharo ya ŵazga.

Vyaru 13 ivyo vikazgoka United States of America vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain. Ndipouli, wose ŵakaŵa na maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵanalume ŵatuŵa awo ŵakaŵa na malo ŵakasankhikanga.^[31]^[32]Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakababikanga, ŵanandi ŵakafwanga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1730 na ma 1740, gulu la Ŵakhristu ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Great Awakening, likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutemwa chisopa kweniso wanangwa wawo.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763), iyo ku United States yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nkhondo ya ku France na ku India, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka Canada. Phangano la Paris (1763) likapangiska chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Quebec, icho chikasazgapo chipalamba cha Ohio na chipalamba cha Mississippi, mwantheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakwana 2.1 miliyoni mu 1770. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga, kweni ŵakasazgikiranga comene mwakuti mu 1770 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake. Pakuti malo agha ghakaŵa kutali na Britain, ghakaŵa na wanangwa wakujiwusa ŵekha, kweni cifukwa ca umo vinthu vikaŵira makora, mafumu gha ku Britain ghakambaso kuwusa.^[33]

Revolutionary period (1763–1789)

Nkhani ikulu: History of the United States (1776–1789) and 1789–1849

Nkhondo ya ku America yikapatura vyaru 13 ku ufumu wa Britain, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya kujithemba iyo yikacitika na boma la ku Europe yayi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku America na visambizgo vya ndyali vya wanangwa vikazara chomene pakati pa ŵalongozgi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamba kulondezga fundo yakuti boma likuthemba pa kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu. Iwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na "wenelero wakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku England" kweniso kuti "ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho kwambura munthu wakuŵawimira". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo kwizira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo iyo yikaŵavya mwimiliri yumoza, ndipo nkhondo yikakura.^[34]

Mu 1774, ungano wakwamba wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ukazomerezga kuti maboma gha Britain ghaleke kuguliska vinthu vyawo. Nkhondo ya ku America yikamba mu chaka chakulondezgapo, ndipo yikakhwaskika na vinthu nga ni Stamp Act na Boston Tea Party. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, pa ungano unyake uwo ukachitikira ku United Colonies, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa charu. Mu chikalata ichi pakalembeka kuti: "Tikuwona kuti unenesko ngwakuti ŵanthu wose ŵali kulengeka ŵakuyana waka, ndipo Mlengi wawo wali kuŵapa wanangwa unyake, uwo ngwakuti umoyo, wanangwa, na cimwemwe". Stephen Lucas wakati ni "mazgu agho ghakumanyikwa comene mu Cingelezi", ndipo Joseph Ellis, wakulemba mdauko, wakalemba kuti mu buku ili muli "mazgu agho ghakaŵa ghankhongono comene mu mdauko wa ku America". Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵazga ŵakaŵa na wanangwa mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa America. Ndipouli, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukayikira ivyo ŵakacitanga.

Mu 1781, mabuku gha Confederation and Perpetual Union ghakaŵa na boma lakugaŵikana ilo likagwira ntchito m'paka mu 1789. Mu 1777, ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu nkhondo ya ku Saratoga. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain yikati yamara mu 1781, Britain yikacita phangano la mtende. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti charu cha America ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, ndipo charu chiphya ichi chikamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.^[35]

As it became increasingly apparent that the Confederation was insufficient to govern the new country, nationalists advocated for and led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution to replace it, ratified in state conventions in 1788.

Early national period (1789–1849)

Nkhani ikulu: History of the United States (1789–1849)

U.S. Ndondomeko iyi ndiyo njakukhora comene pa vyose ivyo vili kulembeka mu malango gha caru cose.^[36]Mu 1789, dango ili likamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo likapangiska kuti boma liŵe na maofesi ghatatu (ghawemi, ghaulamuliri, na ghakusora malango). George Washington, uyo wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa ku America kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ndipo pamanyuma wakaleka mazaza ghake, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakasankhika mwakuyana na dango liphya. Mu 1791, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikakanizga boma kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu 1803 apo boma la Louisiana likagura charu ichi, chigaŵa chake chikakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri. Nkhondo ya ku Britain yikalutilira, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya 1812, iyo yikaŵa yambura umaliro. Spain wakapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast mu 1819.^[37]

Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya wuzga. Ku North, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni John Adams, Roger Sherman, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, na Benjamin Franklin, ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo mu 1810 boma lililose mu chigaŵa ichi likazomerezga. Mu 1820 Missouri Compromise yikazomerezga Missouri kuŵa boma la ŵazga na Maine kuŵa boma lakufwatuka ndipo yikayowoya kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kuŵa ŵazga mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto kwa 36°30′. Ivyo vikachitika vikapangiska kuti charu chigaŵike vigaŵa viŵiri: vyaru vya wanangwa, ivyo vikakanizganga wuzga; na vyaru vya ŵazga, ivyo vikavikiliranga wuzga.^[38]

In the South, the invention of the cotton gin spurred entrenchment of slavery, with regional elites and intellectuals increasingly viewing the institution as a positive good instead of a necessary evil.^[39] Although the federal government outlawed American participation in the Atlantic slave trade in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South, and along with it, the use of slave labor.^[40]^[41]^[42] The Second Great Awakening, especially in the period 1800–1840, converted millions to evangelical Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism;^[43] in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations.^[44]

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku America ŵakamba kusamira kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1803 boma la Spain likagura malo ghaŵiri gha charu ichi. Mu 1819, charu cha Spain chikapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast. Mu 1845, boma la Texas likapokeka na boma la United States.^[45]

Apo boma likalutiliranga kuthandazga mu vyaru ivyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America, kanandi likaŵachimbizganga panji kuŵawuskamo mu charu chawo. Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuluta ku malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Nkhondo zinandi zikamara para Ŵandyali ŵa ku America ŵafumako ku malo ghawo na kuluta ku malo gha Ŵandyali. Nkhondo ya ku Mexico na America yikati yamara, mu 1848, charu cha Mexico chikapoka chigaŵa cha California na chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa America. Nkhondo ya ku California iyo yikachitika mu 1848-1849 yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kusamira ku Pacific Coast, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku California kuŵe nkhondo.^[46]

Pakuti ku United States kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi, malo ghakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi ndipo vyakurya vyakukwana ku vyaru vinyake vikakura. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapika malo ghanandi, pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya malo ghose gha ku United States.^[47] Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira usange ŵazga ŵangaŵako mu vyaru ivi.

Civil War and Reconstruction (1849–1877)

Nkhani ikulu: History of the United States (1849–1865)

Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the enslavement of those of black African descent^[48] was the primary cause of the American Civil War.^[49] With the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventions in eleven slave states—all in the Southern United States—declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government (the "Union") maintained that secession was unconstitutional and illegitimate.^[50] On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy initiated military conflict by bombarding Fort Sumter, a federal garrison in Charleston harbor, South Carolina. The ensuing Civil War (1861–1865) was the deadliest military conflict in American history resulting in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers from both sides and upwards of 50,000 civilians, almost all of them in the South.^[51]

Reconstruction began in earnest following the defeat of the Confederates. While President Lincoln attempted to foster cooperation and reconciliation between the Union and the former Confederacy, his assassination on April 14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again.^{[citation needed]} Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans, and the so-called Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution guaranteed the abolishment of slavery, full citizenship to Americans of African descent, and suffrage for adult Black males. They persisted until the Compromise of 1877, when the Republicans agreed to cease enforcing the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876.^{[citation needed]} Influential Southern whites, calling themselves "Redeemers", took local control of the South after the end of Reconstruction, beginning the nadir of American race relations. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called Jim Crow laws, disenfranchising almost all blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face racial segregation nationwide, especially in the South.^[52] They also lived under constant threat of vigilante violence, including lynching.^[53]

Gilded Age, Progressive Era, and World War I (1877–1929)

Nkhani ikulu: History of the United States (1865–1918)

Film by Edison Studios showing immigrants at Ellis Island in New York Harbor, that was a major entry point for European immigration into the U.S.^[54]

National infrastructure, including telegraph and transcontinental railroads, spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West. After the American Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.^[55]

Mainland expansion also included the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.^[56] In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii, which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, by the Treaty of Paris (1898) following the Spanish–American War.^[57] Neither the Foraker Act (1900), nor the Insular Cases (1901) accorded US citizenship to Puerto Ricans. One month prior to American entry into World War I, citizenship was extended to Puerto Ricans via the Jones–Shafroth Act (1917).^[58]^:60–63 In November 1903, the US acquired a perpetual lease of the Panama Canal Zone via the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty after providing naval aid preventing Colombia from putting down the rebellion which led to the creation of an independent Panama. The logistics of the November uprising were prepared in New York.^[58]^:67 American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War.^[59] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.^[60]

Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. The United States also emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry in the early 20th century.^[62] In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization.^[63] Electric light and the telephone drastically changed communication and urban life.^[64]

The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.^[65] These dramatic changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality, immigration, and social unrest, which prompted the rise of organized labor along with populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.^[66]^[67]^[68] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms including health and safety regulation of consumer goods, the rise of labor unions, and greater antitrust measures to ensure competition among businesses and attention to worker conditions. The Great Migration beginning around 1910 also brought millions of African Americans to Northern urban centers from the rural South.^[69]

The last vestiges of the Progressive Era resulted in women's suffrage and alcohol prohibition.^[70]^[71]^[72] The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming, in 1869, followed by some other states^[73] before the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting nationwide women's suffrage in 1920.^[74] The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an "associated power" alongside the Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations.^[75]

Great Depression, New Deal, and World War II (1929–1945)

Nkhani ikulu: History of the United States (1918–1945)

The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television.^[76] The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as President in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal economic policies.^[77] The Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.^[78]

At first neutral during World War II, the United States began supplying war material to the Allies in March 1941. A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $719 billion in 2021) worth of supplies was shipped in 1941–1945, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S.^[79] On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to militarily join the Allies against the Axis powers, and in the following year, to intern about 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans.^[80]^[81] The U.S. pursued a "Europe first" defense policy,^[82] with the Philippines being invaded and occupied by Japan until the country's liberation by the U.S.-led forces in 1944–1945. During the war, the United States was one of the "Four Policemen"^[83] who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.^[84]^[85] The United States emerged relatively unscathed from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence.^[86]

The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was achieved in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war.^[87] The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945; the Japanese subsequently surrendered on September 2, ending World War II.^[88]^[89]

Cold War (1945–1990)

Nkhani ikulu: History of the United States (1945–1964), 1964–1980, 1980–1991, and 1991–2008

Post–World War II economic expansion in the U.S. led to suburban development and urban sprawl, as shown in this aerial photograph of Levittown, Pennsylvania, c. 1959.

After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the Marshall Plan to help rebuild and economically revive war-torn Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021).^[90] Also at this time, geopolitical tensions between the United States and Soviet Russia led to the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism.^[91] The two countries dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact satellite states on the other.^[92] Unlike the US, the USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted war reparations from its Soviet Bloc satellites using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises.^{[lower-alpha 9]}^[93] The U.S. sometimes opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, occasionally pursuing direct action for regime change against left-wing governments.^[94] American troops fought the communist forces in the Korean War of 1950–1953,^[95] and the U.S. became increasingly involved in the Vietnam War (1955–1975), introducing combat forces in 1965.^[96] Their competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability led to the Space Race, which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first and only nation to land people on the Moon in 1969.^[95] While both countries engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear weapons, they avoided direct military conflict.^[92]

At home, the United States experienced sustained economic expansion, urbanization, and a rapid growth of its population and middle class following World War II. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's transportation infrastructure in decades to come.^[97]^[98] In 1959, the United States admitted Alaska and Hawaii to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the contiguous United States.^[99]

The growing civil rights movement used nonviolence to confront racism, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader.^[100] President Lyndon B. Johnson initiated legislation that led to a series of policies addressing poverty and racial inequalities, in what he termed the "Great Society". The launch of a "War on Poverty" expanded entitlements and welfare spending, leading to the creation of the Food Stamp Program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, along with national health insurance programs Medicare and Medicaid.^[101] A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968, made significant improvements.^[102]^[103]^[104] Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew, which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam War, mainstream experimentation with psychedelics and cannabis, the Black Power movement, and the sexual revolution.^[105] The women's movement in the U.S. broadened the debate on women's rights and made gender equality a major social goal. The 1960s Sexual Revolution liberalized American attitudes to sexuality and eventually spread to the rest of the developed world,^[106]^[107] and the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement in the West.^[108]^[109]

The United States supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War; in response, the country faced an oil embargo from OPEC nations, sparking the 1973 oil crisis. The presidency of Richard Nixon saw the American withdrawal from Vietnam but also the Watergate scandal, which led to his resignation and a decline in public trust of government that expanded for decades.^[110] After a surge in female labor participation around the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.^[111] The 1970s and early 1980s also saw the onset of stagflation.

After his election in 1980, President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with neoliberal reforms and accelerated the rollback strategy towards the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan.^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115] During Reagan's presidency, the federal debt held by the public nearly tripled in nominal terms, from $738 billion to $2.1 trillion.^[116] This led to the United States moving from the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation.^[117] The collapse of the USSR's network of satellite states in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the country itself in 1991 ended the Cold War with American victory,^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121] ensuring a global unipolarity^[122] in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's sole superpower.^[123]

Contemporary period (1990–present)

Nkhani ikulu: History of the United States (1991–2008) and 2008–present

Fearing the spread of regional international instability from the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, in August 1991, President George H. W. Bush launched and led the Gulf War against Iraq, expelling Iraqi forces and dissolving the Iraqi-backed puppet state in Kuwait.^[124] During the administration of President Bill Clinton in 1994, the U.S. signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), causing trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to soar.^[125] Due to the dot-com boom, stable monetary policy, and reduced social welfare spending, the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history.^[126] On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorist hijackers flew passenger planes into the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people.^[127] In response, President George W. Bush launched the war on terror, which included a nearly 20-year war in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 and the 2003–2011 Iraq War.^[128]^[129] Government policy designed to promote affordable housing,^[130] widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance,^[131] and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve^[132] led to a housing bubble in 2006. This culminated in the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the Great Recession, the nation's largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.^[133]

Barack Obama, the first multiracial^[134] President with African-American ancestry, was elected in 2008 amid the financial crisis.^[135] By the end of his second term, the stock market, median household income and net worth, and the number of persons with jobs were all at record levels, while the unemployment rate was well below the historical average.^[136]^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140] His signature legislative accomplishment was the Affordable Care Act (ACA), popularly known as "Obamacare". It represented the U.S. health care system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since Medicare in 1965. As a result, the uninsured share of the population was cut in half, while the number of newly insured Americans was estimated to be between 20 and 24 million.^[141] After Obama served two terms, Republican Donald Trump was elected as the 45th president in 2016. His election is viewed as one of the biggest political upsets in American and world history.^[142] Trump held office through the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting COVID-19 recession starting in 2020 that exceeded even the Great Recession earlier in the century.^[143]

Political polarization increased beginning in the 2010s, with abortion access, same-sex marriage, the transgender rights movement, lingering systemic racism, police brutality, undocumented immigration, mass shootings and recreational marijuana use becoming central topics of debate. Several protests have since become among the largest in U.S. history.^[144]^[145] On January 6, 2021, supporters of the outgoing President Trump stormed the U.S. Capitol in an unsuccessful effort to disrupt the Electoral College vote count that would confirm Democrat Joe Biden as the 46th president.^[146] In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that there is no constitutional right to an abortion, causing another wave of protests.^[147] The United States responded to Russia and Belarus after their invasion of Ukraine, with the country applying harsh sanctions on Russia and sending tens of billions of dollars of military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine.^[148]

Geography

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of the United States

The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km²). Of this area, 2,959,064 square miles (7,663,940 km²) is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area.^[149]^[150] About 15% is occupied by Alaska, a state in northwestern North America, with the remainder in Hawaii, a state and archipelago in the central Pacific, and the five populated but unincorporated insular territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.^[151] Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, and just ahead of Canada.^[152]

The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured.^{[lower-alpha 10]}^[153]

The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont.^[154] The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.^[155] The Mississippi–Missouri River, the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.^[155]

The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.^[156] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave.^[157] The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges also reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m). The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,^[158] and only about 84 miles (135 km) apart.^[159] At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and in North America.^[160] Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.^[161]

Climate

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of the United States and Climate change in the United States

The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.^[162]

The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical, as well as its territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific.^[163]

States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South.^[164] Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world.^[165]

Extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S., with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. Of the ten warmest years ever recorded in the 48 contiguous states, eight have occurred since 1998. In the American Southwest, droughts have become more persistent and more severe.^[166]

Biodiversity and conservation

Nkhani ikulu: Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States

The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and more than 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.^[168] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, and 295 amphibians,^[169] and 91,000 insect species.^[170]

There are 63 national parks which are managed by the National Park Service, and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas managed by it and other agencies.^[171] Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area,^[172] mostly in the western states.^[173] Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching, and about .86% is used for military purposes.^[174]^[175]

Environmental issues include debates on oil and nuclear energy, dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife,^{[further explanation needed]} logging and deforestation,^[176]^[177] and climate change.^[178]^[179] The most prominent environmental agency is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.^[180] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.^[181] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.^[182]

As of 2020, the U.S. ranked 24th among 180 nations in the Environmental Performance Index.^[183] The country joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016, and has many other environmental commitments.^[184] It withdrew from the Paris Agreement in 2020^[185] but rejoined it in 2021.^[186]

Government and politics

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of the United States

The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a federal district, five territories and several uninhabited island possessions.^[187]^[188]^[189] It is the world's oldest surviving federation, and, according to the World Economic Forum, the oldest democracy as well.^[190] It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law."^[191] Major democracy indexes uniformly classify the country as a liberal democracy.^[192] The 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index and Global Corruption Barometer rank the United States as having low levels of both actual and perceived corruption.^[193]^[194]

The U.S. Constitution serves as the country's supreme legal document, establishing the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;^[195] the first ten amendments (Bill of Rights) and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review, and any law can be voided if the courts determine that it violates the Constitution. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803).^[196]

In the American federal system, sovereignty is shared between two levels of government: federal and state. Citizens of the states are also governed by local governments, which are administrative divisions of the states. The territories are administrative divisions of the federal government. Governance on many issues is decentralized, with widely differing state laws on abortion, cannabis, the death penalty,^{[lower-alpha 11]} guns, economic policy, and other issues.^[200] States have increasingly restricted so-called "conversion therapy".^[201]^[202] Prostitution is only legal in several counties of Nevada.^[203]

The United States has operated under an uncodified informal two-party system for most of its history, although other parties have run candidates.^[204] What the two major parties are has changed over time: the Republicans and Democrats presently are, and the country is currently in either the Fifth or Sixth Party System.^[205] Both parties have no formal central organization at the national level that controls membership, elected officials or political policies; thus, each party has traditionally had factions and individuals that deviated from party positions.^[206] Since the 2000s, the country has suffered from significant political polarization.^[207]

Federal government

Nkhani ikulu: Government of the United States

The federal government comprises three branches, which are headquartered in Washington, D.C. and regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution.^[208]

Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,^[209] and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the federal government.^[210]
Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law (subject to congressional override), and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies through their respective agencies.^[211]
Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.^[212]

The lower house, the House of Representatives, has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. Each state then draws single-member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have one member of Congress—these members are not allowed to vote.^[213]

The upper house, the Senate, has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at large to six-year terms; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every two years. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators.^[213] The Senate is unique among upper houses in being the most prestigious and powerful portion of the country's bicameral system; political scientists have frequently labeled it the "most powerful upper house" of any government.^[214]

The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The President is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.^[215] The Supreme Court, led by the chief justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life. They are appointed by the sitting President when a vacancy becomes available.^[216]

Political subdivisions

Nkhani ikulu: Political divisions of the United States, State government in the United States, Local government in the United States, and U.S. state

Each of the 50 states holds jurisdiction over a geographic territory, where it shares sovereignty with the federal government. They are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and further divided into municipalities. The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, the city of Washington.^[217] Each state has an amount of presidential electors equal to the number of their representatives plus senators in Congress, and the District of Columbia has three electors.^[218] Territories of the United States do not have presidential electors, therefore people there cannot vote for the president.^[213]

Citizenship is granted at birth in all states, the District of Columbia, and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa.^{[lower-alpha 12]}^[222]^[219] The United States observes limited tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations, like states' sovereignty. American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states, tribes have some autonomy restrictions. They are prohibited from making war, engaging in their own foreign relations, and printing or issuing independent currency.^[223] Indian reservations are usually contained within one state, but there are 12 reservations that cross state boundaries.^[224]

Foreign relations

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it had the world's second-largest diplomatic corps in 2019.^[225] It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,^[226] and home to the United Nations headquarters.^[227] The United States is also a member of the G7,^[228] G20,^[229] and OECD intergovernmental organizations.^[230] Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host formal diplomatic missions with United States, except Iran,^[231] North Korea,^[232] and Bhutan.^[233] Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close, if unofficial, relations.^[234] The United States also regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.^[235]

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom^[236] and strong ties with Canada,^[237] Australia,^[238] New Zealand,^[239] the Philippines,^[240] Japan,^[241] South Korea,^[242] Israel,^[243] and several European Union countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland).^[244] The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with nations in the Americas through the Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.^[245] The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.^[246] It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India,^[247] and its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.^[248]^[249] The U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine since Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and began an invasion of Ukraine in 2022, significantly deteriorating relations with Russia in the process.^[250]^[251]

Military

Nkhani ikulu: United States Armed Forces and Military history of the United States

The President is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Force. The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime.^[252] The United States spent $877 billion on its military in 2022, 39% of global military spending, accounting for 3.5% of the country's GDP.^[253]^[254] The U.S. has more than 40% of the world's nuclear weapons, the second-largest amount after Russia.^[255]

In 2019, all six branches of the U.S. Armed Forces reported 1.4 million personnel on active duty.^[256] The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million.^[256] The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors.^[257] Military service in the United States is voluntary, although conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System.^[258] The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.^[259]

Today, American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy's 11 active aircraft carriers, and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy, and Army's XVIII Airborne Corps and 75th Ranger Regiment deployed by Air Force transport aircraft. The Air Force can strike targets across the globe through its fleet of strategic bombers, maintains the air defense across the United States, and provides close air support to Army and Marine Corps ground forces.^[260]^[261]

The Space Force operates the Global Positioning System (GPS, also widespread in civilian use worldwide), the Eastern and Western Ranges for all space launches, and the United States's Space Surveillance and Missile Warning networks.^[262]^[263]^[264] The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,^[265] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.^[266]

Law enforcement and crime

Nkhani ikulu: Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States

There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to federal level in the United States.^[267] Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff's offices. The state police provides broader services, and federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.^[268] State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials,^[269] and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals from the state criminal courts.^[270]

As of 2020^[update], the United States has an intentional homicide rate of 7 per 100,000 people.^[271] A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States homicide rates "were 7.0 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher."^[272]

As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth highest per-capita incarceration rate in the world, at 531 people per 100,000; and the largest prison and jail population in the world at 1,767,200.^[273]^[274] In 2019, the total prison population for those sentenced to more than a year was 1,430,800, corresponding to a ratio of 419 per 100,000 residents and the lowest since 1995.^[275] Some think tanks place that number higher, such as Prison Policy Initiative's estimate of 1.9 million.^[276] Various states have attempted to reduce their prison populations via government policies and grassroots initiatives.^[277]

Economy

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of the United States

According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) of $25.5 trillion constitutes over 25% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 15% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP).^[281]^[9] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.^[282] The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP,^[283] second by GDP (PPP),^[9] seventh by nominal GDP per capita,^[281] and eighth by GDP (PPP) per capita.^[9] As of 2022, the United States was ranked 25th out of 169 countries on the Social Progress Index, which measures "the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens."^[284] The U.S. has been the world's largest economy since at least 1900.^[285]

The United States is at or near the forefront of technological advancement and innovation^[286] in many economic fields, especially in artificial intelligence; computers; pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment.^[287] The nation's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.^[288] It has the second-highest total-estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$44.98 trillion in 2019, although sources differ on their estimates. Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD member states.^[289] In 2013, they had the sixth-highest median household income, down from fourth-highest in 2010.^[290]^[291]

The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its military, the petrodollar system, and its linked eurodollar and large U.S. treasuries market.^[278] Several countries use it as their official currency and in others it is the de facto currency.^[292]^[293] New York City is the world's principal financial center, with the largest economic output, and the epicenter of the principal American metropolitan economy.^[294]^[295]^[296] The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq are the world's largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume.^[297]^[298]

The largest U.S. trading partners are the European Union, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.^[299] The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter after China.^[300] It has free trade agreements with several countries, including the USMCA.^[301] The U.S. ranked second in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2019, after Singapore.^[302] Many of the world's largest companies, such as Alphabet (Google), Amazon, AT&T, Apple, Coca-Cola, Disney, General Motors, McDonald's, Nike, Meta, Microsoft, Pepsi, and Walmart, were founded and are headquartered in the United States.^[303] Of the world's 500 largest companies, 124 are headquartered in the U.S.^[303]

While its economy has reached a post-industrial level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.^[304] As of 2018, the U.S. is the second-largest manufacturing nation after China.^[305] In 2013, the U.S. national debt to GDP ratio surpassed 100% when both debt and GDP were approximately $16.7 trillion; in 2022, U.S. national debt was $30.93 trillion, while debt to GDP ratio was 124%.^[306]

Income and poverty

Nkhani ikulu: Income in the United States and Poverty in the United States

At US$69,392 in 2020, the United States was ranked first in the world by average yearly wage based on the OECD data, and it had the world's highest median income at US$46,625 in 2021.^[307]^[308] Despite the fact that the U.S. only accounted for 4.24% of the global population, residents of the U.S. collectively possessed 30.2% of the world's total wealth as of 2021, the largest percentage of any country.^[309] The U.S. also ranks first in the number of dollar billionaires and millionaires, with 724 billionaires (as of 2021)^[310] and nearly 22 million millionaires (2021).^[311]

The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other high-income countries.^[312] The U.S. ranked the 52nd highest in income inequality among 167 countries in 2014,^[313] and the highest compared to the rest of the developed world in 2018.^[314]^[315]

Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.^[316] Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,^[317] with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income^[318] and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD members.^[319] The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation nationally^[320] and is one of a few countries in the world without federal paid family leave as a legal right.^[321] The United States also has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.^[322]

There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.^[323] Attempts to combat homelessness include the Section 8 housing voucher program and implementation of the Housing First strategy across all levels of government.^[324]

In 2011, 16.7 million children lived in food-insecure households, about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 845,000 U.S. children (1.1%) saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.^[325] As of June 2018,^[update] 40 million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, including 13.3 million children;^[315] the poverty threshold in the United States was at $12,880 for a single-person household and $26,246 for a family of four in 2021.^[326]^[327] As of 2019, 2% of the U.S. population earned less than $10 per day.^[328] 0.25% of the U.S. population lived below the international poverty line of $2.15 per day in 2020.^[329]^[330]

Science, technology, and energy

Nkhani ikulu: Science and technology in the United States, Science policy of the United States, and Energy in the United States

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts and the establishment of a machine tool industry enabled the U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of the assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production.^[331] In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.^[332] In 2022, the United States was the country with the second-highest number of published scientific papers.^[333] As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications.^[334] In 2021, the United States launched a total of 51 spaceflights (China reported 55).^[335] The U.S. had 2,944 active satellites in space in December 2021, the highest number of any country.^[336]

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's research laboratory developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera.^[337] The Wright brothers in 1903 made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight, and the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds (Oldsmobile) and Henry Ford (Ford Motor Company) popularized the assembly line in the early 20th century.^[338] The rise of fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, such as Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States.^[339] During World War II, the Manhattan Project. developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age. During the Cold War, competition for superior missile capability led to the Space Race between the United States and Soviet Union.^[340]^[341] The great American technological breakthroughs of the 20th century stem from the invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key component in almost all modern electronics, which led to the development of microprocessors, software, personal computers, and the Internet.^[342] In 2022, the United States ranked 2nd in the Global Innovation Index.^[343] The United States also developed the Global Positioning System (GPS), the world's pre-eminent satellite navigation system.^[344]

As of 2021^[update], the United States receives approximately 79.1% of its energy from fossil fuels.^[345] In 2021, the largest source of the country's energy came from petroleum (36.1%), followed by natural gas (32.2%), coal (10.8%), renewable sources (12.5%), and nuclear power (8.4%).^[345] The United States constitutes less than 5% of the world's population, but consumes 17% of the world's energy.^[346] It accounts for about 25% of the world's petroleum consumption, while producing only 6% of the world's annual petroleum supply.^[347] The U.S. ranks as second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases, exceeded only by China.^[348]

Transportation

Nkhani ikulu: Transportation in the United States

The United States's rail network, nearly all standard gauge, is the longest in the world, and exceeds 293,564 km (182,400 mi).^[350] It handles mostly freight, with intercity passenger service primarily provided by Amtrak, a government-managed company that took over services previously run by private companies, to all but four states.^[351]^[352]

Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles,^[353] which operate on a network of 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of public roads, making it the longest network in the world.^[354]^[355] The United States became the first country in the world to have a mass market for vehicle production and sales, and mass market production process.^[356] As of 2022, the United States is the second-largest manufacturer of motor vehicles^[357] and is home to Tesla, the world's most valuable car company.^[358] General Motors held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.^[359] Currently, the U.S. has the world's second-largest automobile market by sales^[360] and the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with 816.4 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (2014).^[361] In 2017, there were 255 million non-two wheel motor vehicles, or about 910 vehicles per 1,000 people.^[362]

The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.^[363] The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways.^[364] Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.^[365]^[366] As of 2020^[update], there are 19,919 airports in the United States, of which 5,217 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation and other activities.^[367]

Of the fifty busiest container ports, four are located in the United States, of which the busiest is the Port of Los Angeles.^[368] The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-longest, and total 41,009 km (25,482 mi).^[369]

Demographics

Nkhani ikulu: Americans, Demographics of the United States, Race and ethnicity in the United States, Religion in the United States, and Family structure in the United States

Population

Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1790	3,929,326		—
1800	5,308,483		35.1%
1810	7,239,881		36.4%
1820	9,638,453		33.1%
1830	12,866,020		33.5%
1840	17,069,453		32.7%
1850	23,191,876		35.9%
1860	31,443,321		35.6%
1870	38,925,598		23.8%
1880	50,189,209		28.9%
1890	62,979,766		25.5%
1900	76,212,168		21.0%
1910	92,228,496		21.0%
1920	106,021,537		15.0%
1930	122,775,046		15.8%
1940	132,164,569		7.6%
1950	150,697,361		14.0%
1960	179,323,175		19.0%
1970	203,392,031		13.4%
1980	226,545,805		11.4%
1990	248,709,873		9.8%
2000	281,421,906		13.2%
2010	308,745,538		9.7%
2020	331,449,281		7.4%
2022 (est.)	333,287,557	^[370]	0.6%
U.S. Decennial Census

The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,^{[lower-alpha 13]}^[371] making the United States the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India.^[372] According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on January 28, 2021, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 100 seconds, or about 864 people per day.^[373] In 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.^[374] In 2021, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.7 children per woman,^[375] and it had the world's highest rate of children (23%) living in single-parent households in 2019.^[376]

The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.^[377] White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.^[378]^[379] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the nation's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total United States population.^[377] Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population, while the country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%.^[377] In 2020, the median age of the United States population was 38.5 years.^[372]

Immigration

Nkhani ikulu: Immigration to the United States

The United States has by far the highest number of immigrant population in the world, with 50,661,149 people.^[380]^[381] In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.^[382] In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.^[383]

The United States led the world in refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.^[384]

Language

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of the United States

While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is the most common.^[385] Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English, and most states have declared English as the official language.^[386] Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),^[387] Alaska (twenty Native languages),^{[lower-alpha 14]}^[388] South Dakota (Sioux),^[389] American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro).

In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.^[390]

According to the American Community Survey, in 2010 some 229 million people (out of the total U.S. population of 308 million) spoke only English at home. More than 37 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language in the United States. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (2.8 million), Tagalog (1.6 million), Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), Korean (1.1 million), and German (1 million).^[391]

The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate education, are Spanish, French, and German. Other commonly taught languages include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese.^[392]^[393]

Religion

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in the United States

Self-identified religious affiliation in the United States (2023 The Wall Street Journal-NORC poll):^[394] ██ Protestantism (26%)██ Catholicism (21%)██ "Just Christian" (20%)██ Mormonism (2%)██ Unitarianism (1%)██ Judaism (2%)██ Buddhism (2%)██ Other religious affilation (2%)██ Islam (1%)██ Nothing in particular (12%)██ Agnosticism (8%)██ Atheism (4%)

Religious affiliation in the United States is among the most diverse in the world^[395] and varies significantly by region^[396] and age.^[397]

The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.^[398]^[399] The country has the world's largest Christian population^[400] and a majority of Americans identify as Christian, predominately Catholic, mainline Protestant, or evangelical. According to Gallup, 58% and 17% reporting praying often or sometimes, respectively, and 46% and 26% reporting that religion plays a very important or fairly important role, respectively, in their lives.^[401] Most do not regularly attend religious services^[394] and have low confidence in religious institutions.^[402] Until the 1990s, the country was a significant outlier among highly developed countries, notably having a high level of religiosity and wealth, although this has lessened since.^[403]^[404]

According to Gallup and Pew 81%-90% of Americans believe in a higher power^[405]^[406] while "31% report attending a church, synagogue, mosque or temple weekly or nearly weekly today."^[407] In the "Bible Belt", located within the Southern United States, evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally. New England and the Western United States tend to be less religious.^[396] Around 6% of Americans claim a non-Christian faith;^[403] the largest of which are Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism.^[408] The United States either has the first or second-largest Jewish population in the world, the largest outside of Israel.^[409] "Ceremonial deism" is common in American culture.^[398]^[410] Around 30% of Americans describe themselves as having no religion.^[403] Membership in a house of worship fell from 70% in 1999 to 47% in 2020.^[411]

Urbanization

Nkhani ikulu: Urbanization in the United States and List of United States cities by population

About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;^[153] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.^[412] In 2008, 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston) had populations exceeding two million.^[413] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.^[414]

v t e Misumba panji matauni metropolitan areas mu charu cha the United States 2021 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau
	Mndandanda		Region	Ŵanthu	Mndandanda		Region	Ŵanthu
New York Los Angeles	1	New York	Northeast	19,768,458	11	Boston	Northeast	4,899,932	Chicago Dallas–Fort Worth
	2	Los Angeles	West	12,997,353	12	Riverside–San Bernardino	West	4,653,105
	3	Chicago	Midwest	9,509,934	13	San Francisco	West	4,623,264
	4	Dallas–Fort Worth	South	7,759,615	14	Detroit	Midwest	4,365,205
	5	Houston	South	7,206,841	15	Seattle	West	4,011,553
	6	Washington, D.C.	South	6,356,434	16	Minneapolis–Saint Paul	Midwest	3,690,512
	7	Philadelphia	Northeast	6,228,601	17	San Diego	West	3,286,069
	8	Atlanta	South	6,144,050	18	Tampa–St. Petersburg	South	3,219,514
	9	Miami	South	6,091,747	19	Denver	West	2,972,566
	10	Phoenix	West	4,946,145	20	Baltimore	South	2,838,327

Education

Nkhani ikulu: Education in the United States and Higher education in the United States

Photograph of the University of Virginia — The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson, is one of the many public colleges and universities in the United States.

American public education is operated by state and local governments and regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of five or six (beginning with kindergarten or first grade) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through twelfth grade, the end of high school); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.^[415] Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.^[416] The basic literacy rate is approximately 99%.^[153]^[417]

The United States has many private and public institutions of higher education. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.^[418] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world,^[419] spending an average of $12,794 per year on public elementary and secondary school students in the 2016–2017 school year.^[420] As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.^[421] Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,^[422] student loan debt has increased by 102% in the last decade,^[423] and exceeded 1.7 trillion dollars as of 2022.^[424]

The large majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25, and the most prestigious^{[weasel words]}^{[original research?]} – the Harvard University.^[425]^[426]^[427]^[428] The country also has by far the most Nobel Prize winners in history, with 403 (having won 406 awards).^[429]

Health

In a preliminary report, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that U.S. life expectancy at birth had dropped to 76.4 years in 2021 (73.2 years for men and 79.1 years for women), down 0.9 years from 2020. This was the second year of overall decline, and the chief causes listed were the COVID-19 pandemic, accidents, drug overdoses, heart and liver disease, and suicides.^[431]^[432] Life expectancy was highest among Asians and Hispanics and lowest among Blacks and American Indian–Alaskan Native (AIAN) peoples.^[433]^[434] Starting in 1998, the average life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.^[435] The U.S. also has one of the highest suicide rates among high-income countries,^[436] and approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.^[437]

In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and traffic collisions caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability. The most harmful risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Alzheimer's disease, substance use disorders, kidney disease, cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.^[438] Teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in the U.S. are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.^[439]

The U.S. health care system far outspends that of any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP but attains worse health care outcomes when compared to peer nations.^[440] The United States is the only developed nation without a system of universal health care, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance.^[441] The U.S., however, is a global leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and devices introduced.^[442]^[443] The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity ranked the United States 11th in its World Index of Healthcare Innovation; it concluded that the U.S. dominates science & technology, which "was on full display during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the U.S. government [delivered] coronavirus vaccines far faster than anyone had ever done before," but lags behind in fiscal sustainability, with "[government] spending [...] growing at an unsustainable rate."^[444]

Government-funded health care coverage for the poor (Medicaid, established in 1965) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare, begun in 1966) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or ACA,^{[lower-alpha 15]}^[445] with the law roughly halving the uninsured share of the population according to the CDC.^[446] Multiple studies have concluded that ACA had reduced the mortality of enrollees.^[447]^[448]^[449] However, its legacy remains controversial.^[450]

Culture and society

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of the United States and Society of the United States

The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal — The Statue of Liberty (*Liberty Enlightening the World*), a gift from France, has become an iconic symbol of the American Dream.^[451]

Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying belief in an "American creed" emphasizing liberty, equality under the law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference for limited government.^[452]^[453] Individualism,^[454] having a strong work ethic,^[455] competitiveness,^[456] and altruism^[457]^[458]^[459] are also cited values. According to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid Foundation, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity, the highest in the world by a large margin.^[460] The United States is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values,^[461]^[462] and exerts major cultural influence on a global scale,^[463]^[464] with the phenomenon being termed Americanization.^[465] As such, the U.S. is considered a cultural superpower.^[466]

Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Eurafrasia ("the Old World") within the past five centuries.^[467] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.^[461]^[468] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture.^[461] The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.^[469] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.^[470]^[471]^[472] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,^[473] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.^[474] Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition.^[475]

The United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of any country in the world under the First Amendment,^[476] with the Supreme Court ruling that flag desecration, hate speech, blasphemy, and lese-majesty are all forms of protected expression.^[477]^[478]^[479] A 2016 Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.^[480] They are also the "most supportive of freedom of the press and the right to use the Internet without government censorship."^[481] It is a socially progressive country^[482] with permissive attitudes surrounding human sexuality.^[483] LGBT rights in the U.S. are among the most advanced in the world.^[483]^[484]^[485]

Literature and visual arts

Nkhani ikulu: American literature, American philosophy, Architecture of the United States, and Visual art of the United States

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of their cues from Europe, contributing to Western culture. Writers such as Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is recognized as an essential American poet.^[486]

In the 1920s, the New Negro Movement coalesced in Harlem, where many writers had migrated (some coming from the South, others from the West Indies). Its pan-African perspective was a significant cultural export during the Jazz Age in Paris and as such was a key early influence on the négritude philosophy.^[487]

There have been a multitude of candidates for the "Great American Novel"—works seen as embodying and examining the essence and character of the United States—including Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925), John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath (1939), Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), Toni Morrison's Beloved (1987), and David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest (1996).^[488]^[489]^[490]

Thirteen U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Louise Glück, Bob Dylan, and Toni Morrison.^[491] Earlier laureates William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck have also been recognized as influential 20th century writers.^[492]

In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.^[493] Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles, which would become known as American modernism.

Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.^[494] Major photographers include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston, James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks.^[495]

The most notable American architectural innovation has been the skyscraper. By some measures, what came to be known as a "skyscraper" in the modern world, first appeared in Chicago with the 1885 completion of the world's first largely steel-frame structure, the Home Insurance Building. One culturally significant early skyscraper was New York City's Woolworth Building designed by architect Cass Gilbert. Raising previous technological advances to new heights, 793 ft (233 m), it was the world's tallest building in 1913–1930.^[496]

Cinema and theater

Nkhani ikulu: Cinema of the United States and Theater in the United States

The United States movie industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is the leader in motion picture production and the most recognizable movie industry in the world.^[497]^[498]^[499] The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world.^[500]^[501]

The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using the Kinetoscope.^[502] Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.^[503] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,^[504] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.^[505]

Director D. W. Griffith, an American filmmaker during the silent film period, was central to the development of film grammar, and producer/entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising.^[506] Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West, and, like others such as John Huston, broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,^[507] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.^[508]^[509] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood" or the "Hollywood Renaissance"^[510] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.^[511]

The 21st century has been marked by the rise of the American streaming platforms, such as Netflix, Disney+, Paramount+, and Apple TV+, which came to rival traditional cinema.^[512]^[513]

Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the British theater.^[514] The central hub of the American theater scene has been Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.^[515] Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons, with some works being produced regionally with hopes of eventually moving to New York. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater also has an active community theater culture, which relies mainly on local volunteers who may not be actively pursuing a theatrical career.^[516]

Music

Nkhani ikulu: Music of the United States

American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, Mainland Europe, or Africa.^[517]

Among the country's earliest composers was William Billings who, born in Boston, composed patriotic hymns in the 1770s;^[518] Billings was a part of the First New England School, who dominated American music during its earliest stages. Anthony Heinrich was the most prominent composer before the Civil War. From the mid- to late 1800s, John Philip Sousa of the late Romantic era composed numerous military songs—particularly marches—and is regarded as one of the nation's greatest composers.^[519]

The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have significantly influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. The Smithsonian Institution states, "African-American influences are so fundamental to American music that there would be no American music without them."^[520] Country music developed in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is known as old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century.^[521] Known for singing in a wide variety of genres, Aretha Franklin is considered one of the all-time greatest American singers.^[522]

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the pioneers of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.^[523]^[524]^[525] In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.^[526] Mid-20th-century American pop stars such as Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra,^[527] and Elvis Presley became global celebrities,^[521] as have artists of the late 20th century such as Prince, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey.^[528]^[529] The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States.^[530] American professional opera singers have reached the highest level of success in that form, including Renée Fleming, Leontyne Price, Beverly Sills, Nelson Eddy, and many others.^[531]

American popular music, as part of the wider U.S. pop culture, has a worldwide influence and following.^[532] Beyoncé, Taylor Swift, Miley Cyrus, Ariana Grande, Eminem, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, and many other contemporary artists dominate global streaming rankings.^[533]

The United States has the world's largest music market with a total retail value of $4.9 billion in 2014.^[534] The American music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to radio stations and community orchestras. Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).^[535]

Mass media

The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.^[536] As of 2021^[update], about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to broadcast radio, while about 41% listen to podcasts.^[537] As of September 30, 2014^[update], there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).^[538] Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR, incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.^[539]

Internationally well-known U.S. newspapers include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post and USA Today.^[540] More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English.^[541]^[542] With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as New York City's The Village Voice or Los Angeles' LA Weekly. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook, with all of them being American companies.^[543]

Widely regarded as the birthplace of the modern video gaming industry,^{[citation needed]} the United States is the world's second-largest video game market by revenue.^[544] Major publishers headquartered in the United States are Sony Interactive Entertainment, Take-Two, Activision Blizzard, Electronic Arts, Xbox Game Studios, Bethesda Softworks, Epic Games, Valve, Warner Bros., Riot Games, and others.^[545]^[546] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.^[547]

Cuisine

Nkhani ikulu: American cuisine

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to such indigenous, non-European foods as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. They and later immigrants combined these with foods they had known, such as wheat flour,^[548] beef, and milk to create a distinctive American cuisine.^[549]^[550] Homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays, Thanksgiving, when many Americans make or purchase traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.^[551] The American fast food industry, the world's first and largest, is also often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance. Companies such as McDonald's,^[552] Burger King, Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Domino's Pizza among others, have numerous outlets around the world,^[553] and pioneered the drive-through format in the 1940s.^[554] Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants.^[555]^[556] Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.^[557]

American chefs have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. Some important 19th-century American chefs include Charles Ranhofer of Delmonico's Restaurant in New York, and Bob Payton, who is credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK.^[558] Later, chefs Charles Scotto, Louis Pacquet, John Massironi founded the American Culinary Federation in 1930, taking after similar organizations across Europe. In the 1940s, Chef James Beard hosted the first nationally televised cooking show I Love to Eat. His name is also carried by the foundation and prestigious cooking award recognizing excellence in the American cooking community.^[559]^[560] Since Beard, many chefs and cooking personalities have taken to television, and the success of the Cooking Channel and Food Network have contributed to the popularity of American cuisine. Probably the best-known television chef was Julia Child who taught French cuisine in her weekly show, The French Chef.^[561] In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.^[562]^[563]

Sports

Nkhani ikulu: Sports in the United States

The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey, according to a 2017 Gallup poll.^[564] While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide.^[565] Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.^[566] The market for professional sports in the United States was roughly $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.^[567]

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;^[568] the National Football League (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.^[569] Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century, with Major League Baseball being the top league. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two most popular professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League, which are also the premier leagues worldwide for these sports. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.^[570]^[571] On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,^[572] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA Final Four is one of the most watched national sporting events.^[573]

Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.^[574] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,959 medals (1,173 gold) at the Olympic Games, by far the most of any country.^[575]^[576]^[577]

In international soccer, the men's national soccer team qualified for eleven World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four times each.^[578] The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will host the 2026 FIFA World Cup along with Canada and Mexico.^[579]

Notes

↑ 30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, and the state of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English.
↑ The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
↑ Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in U.S. census statistics.
↑ After adjustment for taxes and transfers
↑ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
↑ See Date and time notation in the United States.
↑ A single jurisdiction, the U.S. Virgin Islands, uses left-hand traffic.
↑ John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston
↑ [The Soviet Union] instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan."
↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named largestcountry
↑ Capital punishment is a de jure legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and in American Samoa. The death penalty is sanctioned for certain federal and military crimes.^[197] The country had a high per capita execution rate between the 1960s and 1990s, but execution rates and public support have fallen sharply since. According to Ian Millhiser of Vox, "only five states — Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee — conducted executions in 2020. And of these five states, only one, Texas, killed more than one person on death row."^[198]^[199]
↑ People born in American Samoa are non-citizen U.S. nationals unless one of their parents is a U.S. citizen.^[219] In 2019, a court ruled that American Samoans are U.S. citizens, but the litigation is ongoing.^[220]^[221]
↑ This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) and minor island possessions.
↑ Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian
↑ Also known less formally as Obamacare

References

↑ 36 U.S.C. § 302
↑ "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. 2003. Retrieved Febuluwale 12, 2020.
↑ "An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America". H.R. 14, Act of Error: the date or year parameters are either empty or in an invalid format, please use a valid year for year, and use DMY, MDY, MY, or Y date formats for date. 71st United States Congress.
↑ Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio. 1963. p. 336.
↑ Elving, Ron (Sekutembala 10, 2022). "Is America a democracy or a republic? Yes, it is". National Public Radio.
↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015. Retrieved Okutobala 11, 2020.
↑ Bureau, US Census. "Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic". Census.gov. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2022.
↑ "Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count". United States Census. Retrieved Epulelo 26, 2021. The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Epulelo 10, 2023. Archived from the original on Okutobala 11, 2022. Retrieved Epulelo 10, 2023.
↑ Bureau, US Census. "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020". Census.gov. p. 48. Retrieved Julayi 26, 2022.
↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. Sekutembala 8, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 8, 2022.
↑ "The Difference Between .us vs .com". Cozab. Janyuwale 3, 2022.
↑ DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer. "Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq., wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., during the siege of Boston. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed's absence." Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA).
↑ Touba, Mariam (November 5, 2014) Who Coined the Phrase 'United States of America'? You May Never Guess "Here, on January 2, 1776, seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine's Common Sense, Stephen Moylan, an acting secretary to General George Washington, spells it out, 'I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain' to seek foreign assistance for the cause." New-York Historical Society Museum & Library
↑ Fay, John (July 15, 2016) The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' "According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan?" IrishCentral.com
↑ Safire 2003, p. 199.
↑ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia guide to standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-231-06989-2.
↑ Erlandson, Rick & Vellanoweth 2008, p. 19.
↑ Savage 2011, p. 55.
↑ Haviland, Walrath & Prins 2013, p. 219.
↑ Waters & Stafford 2007, pp. 1122–1126.
↑ Flannery 2015, pp. 173–185.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Perdue & Green 2005, p. 40.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Haines, Haines & Steckel 2000, p. 12.
↑ "The New England Colonies and the Native Americans | National Geographic Society". History. Retrieved Janyuwale 7, 2023.
↑ "Forgotten History: How The New England Colonists Embraced The Slave Trade". NPR (in English). Juni 21, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 7, 2023.
↑ "The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Archived Febuluwale 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-521-55203-5
↑ Bianchine, Russo, 1992 pp. 225–232
↑ Ripper, 2008 p. 5
↑ Calloway, 1998, p. 55
↑ Wood, Gordon S. (1998). The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. UNC Press Books. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-8078-4723-7.
↑ Ratcliff 2013, p. 220.
↑ Otis, James (1763). The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. ISBN 9780665526787.
↑ Humphrey, Carol Sue (2003). The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0-313-32083-5.
↑ Miller, Hunter (ed.). "British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School.
↑ Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution, Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014.
↑ Klose, Nelson; Jones, Robert F. (1994). United States History to 1877. Barron's Educational Series. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-8120-1834-9.
↑ Walker Howe 2007, p. 153-157.
↑ Walker Howe 2007, p. 478, 481-482, 587-588.
↑ Cogliano, Francis D. (2008). Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy. University of Virginia Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8139-2733-6.
↑ Walton, 2009, p. 43
↑ Gordon, 2004, pp. 27,29
↑ Clark, Mary Ann (Meyi 2012). Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4422-0881-0.
↑ Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607–2007, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8139-2609-4, p. 197
↑ Kemp, Roger L. (2010). Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works. McFarland. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7864-4210-2. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Rawls, James J. (1999). A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California. University of California Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-520-21771-3.
↑ Paul Frymer, "Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion," (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017)
↑ Murray, Stuart (2004). Atlas of American Military History. Infobase Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4381-3025-5. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Lewis, Harold T. (2001). Christian Social Witness. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-56101-188-9.
↑ Woods, Michael E. (2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature". The Journal of American History. [Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians]. 99 (2): 415–439. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas272. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 44306803. Retrieved Epulelo 29, 2023.
↑ Silkenat, D. (2019). Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Civil War America. University of North Carolina Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4696-4973-3. Retrieved Epulelo 29, 2023.
↑ Vinovskis, Maris (1990). Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-39559-5.
↑ Shearer Davis Bowman (1993). Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers. Oxford UP. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-536394-4.
↑ Pierce, Jason E. (2016). Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West. University Press of Colorado. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-60732-396-9.
↑ Price, Marie; Benton-Short, Lisa (2008). Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities. Syracuse University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8156-3186-6.
↑ Black, Jeremy (2011). Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871. Indiana University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-253-35660-4.
↑ "Purchase of Alaska, 1867". Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved Disembala 23, 2014.
↑ "The Spanish–American War, 1898". Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 Gonzalez, Juan (2011). Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America. Penguin.
↑ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.
↑ "Virgin Islands History". Vinow.com. Retrieved Janyuwale 5, 2018.
↑ Rubin, A. (2021). Postindustrial America. In S. P. Holland (Ed.), Encyclopedia of American studies. Johns Hopkins University Press.
↑ The Pit Boss (Febuluwale 26, 2021). "The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History". Rumble On. Retrieved Disembala 5, 2021.
↑ Powell, John (2009). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4381-1012-7. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Winchester 2013, pp. 351, 385.
↑ Kirkland, Edward. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy (1961 ed.). pp. 400–405.
↑ Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-91267-8 p. 589
↑ Zinn, 2005, pp. 321–357
↑ Fraser, Steve (2015). The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power. Little, Brown and Company. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-316-18543-1.
↑ "The Great Migration (1910-1970)". Meyi 20, 2021.
↑ Paige Meltzer, "The Pulse and Conscience of America" The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 1945–1960," Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies (2009), Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 52–76.
↑ James Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (Harvard UP, 1963)
↑ George B. Tindall, "Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties," South Atlantic Quarterly 62 (Winter 1963): 92–106.
↑ "Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation". Mapping American Social Movements Project. University of Washington. Retrieved Sekutembala 25, 2022.
↑ Voris, Jacqueline Van (1996). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. Women and Peace Series. New York City: Feminist Press at CUNY. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-55861-139-9. Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920. ... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.
↑ McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). U.S. History Super Review. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-7386-0070-3.
↑ Winchester 2013, pp. 410–411.
↑ Axinn, June; Stern, Mark J. (2007). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-52215-6.
↑ James Noble Gregory (1991). American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507136-8. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
"Mass Exodus From the Plains". American Experience. WGBH Educational Foundation. 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2014.
Fanslow, Robin A. (Epulelo 6, 1997). "The Migrant Experience". American Folklore Center. Library of Congress. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2014.
Stein, Walter J. (1973). California and the Dust Bowl Migration. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-6267-6. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ McNeill. America, Britain and Russia. p. 778.
↑ The official WRA record from 1946 state it was 120,000 people. See War Relocation Authority (1946). The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study. p. 8. This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.
↑ Yamasaki, Mitch. "Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History" (PDF). World War II Internment in Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on Disembala 13, 2014. Retrieved Janyuwale 14, 2015.
↑ Stoler, Mark A. "George C. Marshall and the "Europe-First" Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History" (PDF). Retrieved Epulelo 4, 2016.
↑ Kelly, Brian. "The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives". Retrieved Juni 21, 2014.
↑ Hoopes & Brinkley 1997, p. 100.
↑ Gaddis 1972, p. 25.
↑ Kennedy, Paul (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Vintage. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-679-72019-5
↑ "The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945". U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian. Okutobala 2005. Retrieved Juni 11, 2007.
↑ "Why did Japan surrender in World War II? | The Japan Times". The Japan Times (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 8, 2017.
↑ Pacific War Research Society (2006). Japan's Longest Day. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-4-7700-2887-7.
↑ See Frankenfeld, Peter (2012). "A Marshall Plan for Greece? The European Union and the Financial Crisis in Greece. A Theoretical and Political Analysis in the Global World Against a Background of Regional Integration: Table 1. European Recovery Programme – Marshall Plan ($ million)". Prace i Materiały Instytutu Handlu Zagranicznego Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego (in English) (31/1): 69. ISSN 2300-6153.
↑ Wagg, Stephen; Andrews, David (2012). East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-134-24167-5.
↑ ^92.0 ^92.1 Blakemore, Erin (Malichi 22, 2019). "What was the Cold War?". National Geographic (in English). Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2020.
↑ Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014). A Companion to Europe Since 1945. Wiley. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-118-89024-0.
↑ Blakeley, 2009, p. 92
↑ ^95.0 ^95.1 Collins, Michael (1988). Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 9780802110114.
↑ Chapman, Jessica M. (Ogasiti 5, 2016). "Origins of the Vietnam War". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (in English). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.353. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2020.
↑ Winchester 2013, pp. 305–308.
↑ Blas, Elisheva. "The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" (PDF). societyforhistoryeducation.org. Society for History Education. Retrieved Janyuwale 19, 2015.
↑ Lightner, Richard (2004). Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-313-28233-1.
↑ "The Civil Rights Movement". PBS.org. Retrieved Janyuwale 5, 2019.
↑ "Social Security". ssa.gov. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Dallek, Robert (2004). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-515920-2.
↑ "Our Documents—Civil Rights Act (1964)". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved Julayi 28, 2010.
↑ "Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York". Okutobala 3, 1965. Archived from the original on Meyi 16, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2012.
↑ Levy, Daniel (Janyuwale 19, 2018). "Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968". Time. Retrieved Meyi 5, 2021.
↑ Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan (Febuluwale 12, 2022). "The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact". study.com. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ "Playboy: American Magazine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Ogasiti 25, 2022. Retrieved Febuluwale 2, 2023. ...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.
↑ Goicichea, Julia (Ogasiti 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S". University of Kentucky. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.; Frizzell, Nell (Juni 28, 2013). "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". Pink News UK. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.; "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ Ervin, Sam, et al., Final Report of the Watergate Committee.
↑ "Women in the Labor Force: A Databook" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. p. 11. Retrieved Malichi 21, 2014.
↑ Allen, Robert C. (Novembala 2001). "The rise and decline of the Soviet economy". Canadian Journal of Economics. 34 (4): 859–881. doi:10.1111/0008-4085.00103. ISSN 0008-4085.
↑ Gerstle 2022, pp. 106–108, 121–128.
↑ Soss, 2010, p. 277
↑ Fraser, 1989
↑ Federal Debt Held by the Public (Report). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Meyi 31, 2018. Retrieved Juni 12, 2018.
↑ "Reagan Policies Gave Green Light to Red Ink". The Washington Post. Juni 9, 2004. Retrieved Meyi 25, 2007.
↑ Gaĭdar, E.T. (2007). Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 190–205. ISBN 978-0-815-73114-6.
↑ Howell, Buddy Wayne (2006). The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988. Texas A&M University. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-549-41658-6.
↑ Kissinger, Henry (2011). Diplomacy. Simon & Schuster. pp. 781–784. ISBN 978-1-4391-2631-8. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Mann, James (2009). The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War. Penguin. p. 432. ISBN 978-1-4406-8639-9.
↑ Hayes, 2009
↑ Charles Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment", Foreign Affairs, 70/1, (Winter 1990/1), 23–33.
↑ Judt, Tony; Lacorne, Denis (2005). With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4039-8085-4.
Samuels, Richard J. (2005). Encyclopedia of United States National Security. Sage Publications. p. 666. ISBN 978-1-4522-6535-3.
Pillar, Paul R. (2001). Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8157-0004-3.
Wang, Gabe T. (2006). China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait. University Press of America. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7618-3434-2.
Understanding the "Victory Disease", From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond. Diane Publishing. 2004. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4289-1052-2.
Kalaitzidis, Akis; Streich, Gregory W. (2011). U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-313-38375-5.
Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower
↑ Halliday, Fred (Epulelo 1991). "The Gulf War and Its Aftermath: First Reflections". International Affairs. Oxford University Press. 67 (2): 223–234. doi:10.2307/2620827. JSTOR 2620827. S2CID 154565052.
↑ "North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | United States Trade Representative". www.ustr.gov. Archived from the original on Malichi 17, 2013. Retrieved Janyuwale 11, 2015.
Thakur; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava (1997). International Management: Concepts and Cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-0-07-463395-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Kalaitzidis, Akis; Streich, Gregory W. (2011). U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-313-38376-2.
↑ Dale, Reginald (Febuluwale 18, 2000). "Did Clinton Do It, or Was He Lucky?". The New York Times. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
Mankiw, N. Gregory (2008). Macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-324-58999-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Flashback 9/11: As It Happened. Fox News. Sekutembala 9, 2011. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
"America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later". CBS News. Associated Press. Sekutembala 11, 2012. Archived from the original on Okutobala 17, 2013. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
"Day of Terror Video Archive". CNN. 2005. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
↑ Walsh, Kenneth T. (Disembala 9, 2008). "The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 872. ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Wong, Edward (Febuluwale 15, 2008). "Overview: The Iraq War". The New York Times. Retrieved Malichi 7, 2013.
Johnson, James Turner (2005). The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-7425-4956-2. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Durando, Jessica; Green, Shannon Rae (Disembala 21, 2011). "Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 4, 2020. Retrieved Malichi 7, 2013.
↑ Wallison, Peter (2015). Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again. Encounter Books. ISBN 978-978-59407-7-0.
↑ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (2011). Financial Crisis Inquiry Report (PDF). ISBN 978-1-60796-348-6.
↑ Taylor, John B. (Janyuwale 2009). "The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong" (PDF). Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series. Retrieved Janyuwale 21, 2017.
↑ Hilsenrath, Jon; Ng, Serena; Paletta, Damian (Sekutembala 18, 2008). "Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight". The Wall Street Journal.
↑ "Barack Obama: Face Of New Multiracial Movement?". NPR. Novembala 12, 2008.
↑ Washington, Jesse; Rugaber, Chris (Julayi 10, 2011). "African-American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession". Associated Press. Archived from the original on Juni 16, 2013.
↑ "In Defense of Obama". Rolling Stone. Okutobala 8, 2014. Archived from the original on Novembala 19, 2016. Retrieved Novembala 19, 2016.
↑ "CEA 2017 Economic Report of the President-Chapter One-Eight Years of Recovery and Reinvestment" (PDF). Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved Malichi 12, 2017.
↑ "Everything is Awesome". Politico.com. Disembala 29, 2016. Retrieved Disembala 30, 2016.
↑ Jackson, Brooks (Janyuwale 20, 2017). "What President Trump Inherits" – via Factcheck.org.
↑ Jackson, Brooks (Sekutembala 29, 2017). "Obama's Final Numbers" – via Factcheck.org.
↑ Uberoi, Namrata; Finegold, Kenneth; Gee, Emily (Malichi 2, 2016). "Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act, 2010–2016" (PDF). Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on Disembala 5, 2011. Retrieved Disembala 7, 2016. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; Disembala 5, 2021 suggested (help)
↑ Smith, Harrison (Novembala 9, 2016). "Donald Trump is elected president of the United States". The Washington Post. Retrieved Okutobala 27, 2020.
↑ Kochhar, Rakesh. "Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession". Pew Research Center (in American English). Retrieved Okutobala 1, 2022.
↑ Hamid, Shadi (Janyuwale 8, 2022). "The Forever Culture War". The Atlantic (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.
↑ Hammond, Michael (2018). "Chapter 30: The Recent Past". Stanford University Press (in American English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.
↑ Peñaloza, Marisa (Janyuwale 6, 2021). "Trump Supporters Storm U.S. Capitol, Clash with Police". NPR. NPR. Retrieved Janyuwale 16, 2021.
↑ "Protests erupt in D.C., around the country as Roe v. Wade falls". Washington Post (in American English). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.
↑ "The Senate has approved roughly $40 billion in aid to Ukraine". NPR.org (in English). Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.
↑ "Field Listing: Area". The World Factbook. cia.gov. Archived from the original on Julayi 7, 2020. Retrieved Epulelo 21, 2020.
↑ "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau". State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved Sekutembala 11, 2017.
↑ "2010 Census Area" (PDF). census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. p. 41. Retrieved Janyuwale 18, 2015.
↑ "Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 31, 2014. Retrieved Janyuwale 15, 2015.
↑ ^153.0 ^153.1 ^153.2 "United States". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Janyuwale 3, 2018. Retrieved Janyuwale 8, 2018.
↑ "Geographic Regions of Georgia". Georgia Info. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.
↑ ^155.0 ^155.1 Lew, Alan. "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US". GSP 220—Geography of the United States. North Arizona University. Archived from the original on Epulelo 9, 2016. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.
↑ Harms, Nicole. "Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range". Travel Tips. USA Today. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.
↑ Tinkham, Ernest R. (Malichi 1944). "Biological, Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies on the Shield-Back Katydids of the North American Deserts". The American Midland Naturalist. The University of Notre Dame. 31 (2): 257–328. doi:10.2307/2421073. JSTOR 2421073.
↑ "Mount Whitney, California". Peakbagger. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.
↑ "Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.
↑ Poppick, Laura (Ogasiti 28, 2013). "US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained". LiveScience. Retrieved Meyi 2, 2015.
↑ O'Hanlon, Larry (Malichi 14, 2005). "America's Explosive Park". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on Malichi 14, 2005. Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2016.
↑ Boyden, Jennifer. "Climate Regions of the United States". Travel Tips. USA Today. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.
↑ "World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on Janyuwale 26, 2022. Retrieved Ogasiti 19, 2015.
↑ Perkins, Sid (Meyi 11, 2002). "Tornado Alley, USA". Science News. Archived from the original on Julayi 1, 2007. Retrieved Sekutembala 20, 2006.
↑ Rice, Doyle. "USA has the world's most extreme weather". USA Today (in English). Retrieved Meyi 17, 2020.
↑ US EPA, OAR (Juni 27, 2016). "Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate". www.epa.gov (in English). Retrieved Juni 19, 2022.
↑ McDougall, Len (2004). The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada. Lyons Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-59228-070-4.
↑ Morin, Nancy. "Vascular Plants of the United States" (PDF). Plants. National Biological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on Julayi 24, 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 27, 2008.
↑ Osborn, Liz. "Number of Native Species in United States". Current Results Nexus. Retrieved Janyuwale 15, 2015.
↑ "Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved Janyuwale 20, 2009.
↑ Park, National. "National Park FAQ". nps. Retrieved Meyi 8, 2015.
↑ Lipton, Eric; Krauss, Clifford (Ogasiti 23, 2012). "Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling". The New York Times. Retrieved Janyuwale 18, 2015.
↑ Vincent, Carol H.; Hanson, Laura A.; Argueta, Carla N. (Malichi 3, 2017). Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Retrieved Juni 18, 2020.
↑ Gorte, Ross W.; Vincent, Carol Hardy.; Hanson, Laura A.; Marc R., Rosenblum. "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data" (PDF). fas.org. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Janyuwale 18, 2015.
↑ "Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development". doi.gov. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on Malichi 18, 2015. Retrieved Janyuwale 19, 2015.
↑ The National Atlas of the United States of America (Janyuwale 14, 2013). "Forest Resources of the United States". Nationalatlas.gov. Archived from the original on Meyi 7, 2009. Retrieved Janyuwale 13, 2014.
↑ "Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050" (PDF). 2003. Retrieved Janyuwale 13, 2014.
↑ Daynes & Sussman, 2010, pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78
↑ Hays, Samuel P. (2000). A History of Environmental Politics since 1945.
↑ Collin, Robert W. (2006). The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-33341-5. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Turner, James Morton (2012). The Promise of Wilderness
↑ Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service. General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing. 2003. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4289-3997-4. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ "What Is the Greenest Country in the World?". Atlas & Boots. Environmental Performance Index. Juni 6, 2020. Retrieved Novembala 18, 2020.
↑ "United States of America". Global Climate Action – NAZCA. United Nations. Retrieved Novembala 18, 2020.
↑ Nugent, Ciara (Novembala 4, 2020). "The U.S. Just Officially Left the Paris Agreement. Can it Be a Leader in the Climate Fight Again?". Times. Retrieved Novembala 18, 2020.
↑ "Biden announces return to global climate accord, new curbs on U.S. oil industry". Money News. Reuters. Janyuwale 20, 2021. Retrieved Febuluwale 9, 2021.
↑ "Common Core Document of the United States of America". U.S. Department of State. Disembala 30, 2011. Retrieved Julayi 10, 2015.
↑ The New York Times 2007, p. 670.
↑ Onuf 2010, p. xvii.
↑ Desjardins, Jeff (August 8, 2019) "Mapped: The world's oldest democracies" World Economic Forum
↑ Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). An Introduction to the American Legal System. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7668-2759-2.
↑ Greenwood, Shannon (Disembala 6, 2022). "Appendix A: Classifying democracies". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project (in American English). Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023.
↑ "Global Corruption Barometer". Transparency International (in English). Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023.
↑ "2022 Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International (in English). Janyuwale 31, 2023. Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023.
↑ Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011, p. 9
↑ Schultz, 2009, pp. 164, 453, 503
↑ "Death Penalty States [2022]". Death Penalty Info. Retrieved Sekutembala 8, 2022.
↑ DPIC adds Eleven cases to the Innocence List bringing national death-row exonerations to 185, Death Penalty Information Center, Robert Durham, February 18, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
↑ Millhiser, Ian (Disembala 30, 2020). "The decline and fall of the American death penalty". Vox (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 6, 2023.
↑ Feldstein, Martin (Malichi 2017). "Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries?". National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA. doi:10.3386/w23221.
↑ Migdon, Brooke (Febuluwale 17, 2023). "Utah Senate votes to ban conversion therapy from health care providers". The Hill (in American English). Retrieved Epulelo 6, 2023.
↑ Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). "The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy". Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7–12. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7. PMC 5040471. PMID 27754500.
↑ Rodriguez, Barbara (Julayi 29, 2021). "What is the future of prostitution and sex work? Two states preview diverging paths". The 19th (in American English). Retrieved Epulelo 6, 2023.
↑ Etheridge, Eric; Deleith, Asger (Ogasiti 19, 2009). "A Republic or a Democracy?". The New York Times blogs. Retrieved Novembala 7, 2010. The US system seems essentially a two-party system. ...
↑ Mosler, David; Catley, Robert (1998). America and Americans in Australia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-275-96252-4. Retrieved Epulelo 11, 2016.
↑ "Political Parties - The Founding Fathers & Political Parties". Shmoop. Retrieved Febuluwale 25, 2022.
↑ McCoy, Jennifer; Press, Benjamin (Janyuwale 18, 2022). "What Happens When Democracies Become Perniciously Polarized?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved Epulelo 2, 2023.
↑ Killian, Johnny H. "Constitution of the United States". The Office of the Secretary of the Senate. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2012.
↑ "The Legislative Branch". United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany. Retrieved Ogasiti 20, 2012.
↑ "The Process for impeachment". ThinkQuest. Archived from the original on Epulelo 8, 2013. Retrieved Ogasiti 20, 2012.
↑ "The Executive Branch". The White House. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2017.
↑ Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T. (2005). Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988374-5.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (2013). Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test. Government Printing Office. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-16-091708-0.
Giddens-White, Bryon (2005). The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch. Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4034-6608-2.
Zelden, Charles L. (2007). The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-702-9. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
"Federal Courts". United States Courts. Retrieved Okutobala 19, 2014.
↑ ^213.0 ^213.1 ^213.2 Locker, Melissa (Malichi 9, 2015). "Watch John Oliver Cast His Ballot for Voting Rights for U.S. Territories". Time. Retrieved Novembala 11, 2019.
↑ Shell, Donald; Baldwin, Nicholas (2013). Second Chambers. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. ISBN 9781136337000. The United States Senate is frequently characterised as the most powerful upper house in the world.
↑ Avaliktos, Neal (2004). The Election Process Revisited. Nova Publishers. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-59454-054-7.
↑ Cossack, Roger (Julayi 13, 2000). "Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life". CNN. Archived from the original on Julayi 12, 2012.
↑ 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(36) and 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. 8 U.S.C. § 1101a
↑ "Electoral College Fast Facts | U.S. House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved Ogasiti 21, 2015.
↑ ^219.0 ^219.1 "American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism". harvardlawreview.org. Epulelo 10, 2017. Retrieved Janyuwale 5, 2018.
↑ Alvarez, Priscilla (Disembala 12, 2019). "Federal judge rules American Samoans are US citizens by birth". CNN. Retrieved Okutobala 6, 2020.
↑ Romboy, Dennis (Disembala 13, 2019). "Judge puts citizenship ruling for American Samoans on hold". KSL.com. Retrieved Okutobala 6, 2020.
↑ Keating, Joshua (Juni 5, 2015). "How Come American Samoans Still Don't Have U.S. Citizenship at Birth?". Slate.
↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs. Retrieved Janyuwale 16, 2016.
↑ "Tribal Geography in Relation to State Boundaries".
↑ "Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank". Lowy Institute. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ "Current Members". United Nations Security Council. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ "United Nations Headquarters Agreement". The American Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press. 42 (2): 445–447. Epulelo 1948. doi:10.2307/2193692. JSTOR 2193692. S2CID 246008694.
↑ "Where is the G7 Headed?". Council on Foreign Relations. New York City. Juni 28, 2022.
↑ "The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together". United States Department of State. Julayi 6, 2022. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ "Our global reach". OECD. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ Fialho, Livia Pontes; Wallin, Matthew (Ogasiti 1, 2013). Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran (Report). American Security Project. JSTOR resrep06070.
↑ Oliver, Alex; Graham, Euan (Disembala 19, 2017). "Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?". BBC News. London. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022. The United States has never established diplomatic relations with North Korea.
↑ Ferraro, Matthew F. (Disembala 22, 2014). "The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties". The Diplomat. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022. While Bhutan joined the United Nations in 1971, it does not have diplomatic relations with any of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, including the United States and China.
↑ "US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris". South China Morning Post (in English). Sekutembala 28, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.
↑ Ruwitch, John (Sekutembala 22, 2020). "Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister". NPR. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ Dumbrell, John; Schäfer, Axel (2009). America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-87270-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Ek, Carl & Fergusson, Ian F. (Sekutembala 3, 2010). "Canada–U.S. Relations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.
↑ Vaughn, Bruce (Ogasiti 8, 2008). Australia: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service. OCLC 70208969.
↑ Vaughn, Bruce (Meyi 27, 2011). "New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.
↑ Lum, Thomas (Janyuwale 3, 2011). "The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2011.
↑ Chanlett-Avery, Emma; et al. (Juni 8, 2011). "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.
↑ Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nikitin, Mary Beth (Julayi 8, 2011). "U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.
↑ Zanotti, Jim (Julayi 31, 2014). "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Sekutembala 12, 2014.
↑ "U.S. Relations With Poland".
↑ Kimer, James (Sekutembala 26, 2019). "The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership". Atlantic Council (in English). Retrieved Meyi 30, 2020.
↑ Zelden, Charles L. (2007). The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-85109-702-9. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Yager, Loren; Friberg, Emil; Holen, Leslie (2003). Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Diane Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7567-3394-0.
↑ "INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES" (PDF). White House. Retrieved Febuluwale 3, 2022.
↑ Meidan, Michal (Julayi 1, 2019). US-China: The Great Decoupling (Report). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. JSTOR resrep33982.
↑ Bala, Sumathi (Malichi 28, 2023). "U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says". CNBC (in English). Retrieved Meyi 7, 2023.
↑ Rumer, Eugene; Sokolsky, Richard (Juni 20, 2019). "Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, D.C. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.
↑ Macias, Amanda (Juni 17, 2022). "Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia". CNBC (in English). Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.
↑ Lindsay, James M. (Ogasiti 4, 2021). "Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!". New York City: Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved Julayi 16, 2022. During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.
↑ "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Epulelo 2023. Retrieved Epulelo 29, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "Data for all countries from 1988–2020 in constant (2019) USD (pdf)" (PDF). SIPRI. Archived (PDF) from the original on Epulelo 28, 2021. Retrieved Epulelo 28, 2021.
↑ Reichmann, Kelsey (Juni 16, 2019). "Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them". defensenews.com. Sightline Media Group. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 23, 2020. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2020.
↑ ^256.0 ^256.1 The Military Balance 2019. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2019. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 22, 2020. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2020.
↑ "Read: James Mattis' resignation letter". CNN. Disembala 21, 2018. Archived from the original on Disembala 4, 2019. Retrieved Janyuwale 8, 2020.
↑ "What does Selective Service provide for America?". Selective Service System. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 15, 2012. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2012.
↑ IISS 2020, pp. 46
↑ "Noble Eagle Without End". Retrieved Febuluwale 1, 2005.
↑ "The Ups and Downs of Close Air Support". Retrieved Disembala 1, 2019.
↑ "Building the Space Range of the Future". Retrieved Meyi 1, 2020.
↑ "Global Positioning System". www.schriever.spaceforce.mil.
↑ "Space surveillance technologies a top need for U.S. military". Novembala 22, 2020. Retrieved Novembala 22, 2020.
↑ Harris, Johnny (Meyi 18, 2015). "Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?". Vox. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 24, 2020. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2020.
↑ "Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)" (PDF). Department of Defense. Malichi 31, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on Julayi 24, 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 7, 2010.
↑ Banks, Duren; Hendrix, Joshua; Hickman, Mathhew (Okutobala 4, 2016). "National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice: 1.
↑ "U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do". Chiff.com. Archived from the original on Febuluwale 10, 2014. Retrieved Novembala 10, 2021.
↑ Manweller, Mathew (2006). "Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts". In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.). The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 37–96. ISBN 978-1-851-09751-7. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2020.
↑ "Introduction To The Federal Court System". United States Attorney. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice. Novembala 7, 2014. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.
↑ "Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) - United States". World Bank. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.
↑ Grinshteyn, Erin; Hemenway, David (Malichi 2016). "Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010". The American Journal of Medicine. 129 (3): 226–273. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025. PMID 26551975. Retrieved Juni 18, 2017.
↑ United States of America. World Prison Brief.
↑ Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
↑ "US Department of Justice, Oct. 22, 2020" (PDF).
↑ Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter (Malichi 14, 2023). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023 (Report). Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved Meyi 13, 2023.
↑ Schrantz, Dennis; DeBor, Stephen; Mauer, Marc (Sekutembala 5, 2018). "Decarceration Strategies: How 5 States Achieved Substantial Prison Population Reductions". Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project. Retrieved Julayi 16, 2022.
↑ ^278.0 ^278.1 "The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere" (PDF). Retrieved Ogasiti 24, 2010.
↑ Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry (Epulelo 9, 2021). "NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange". Forbes. Retrieved Julayi 24, 2022.
↑ Jones, Huw (Malichi 24, 2022). "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index". www.reuters.com. Retrieved Juni 25, 2022.
↑ ^281.0 ^281.1 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org.
↑ Hagopian, Kip; Ohanian, Lee (Ogasiti 1, 2012). "The Mismeasure of Inequality". Policy Review (174). Archived from the original on Disembala 3, 2013. Retrieved Janyuwale 23, 2020.
↑ "Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits". U.S. Department of Commerce.
↑ "Explore the 2022 Social Progress Index Map: United States". Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.
↑ Fordham, Benjamin (Okutobala 2017). "Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914". Studies in American Political Development. 31 (2): 170–192. doi:10.1017/s0898588x17000116. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 148917255.
↑ WIPO (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition. Global Innovation Index (in English). World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. Retrieved Febuluwale 25, 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
↑ "United States reference resource". The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Meyi 31, 2019.
↑ Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny, ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. ISBN 0821365452.
↑ "Income". Better Life Index. OECD. Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2019. In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.
↑ "Household Income". Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators. Society at a Glance. OECD Publishing. Malichi 18, 2014. doi:10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en. ISBN 9789264200722. Retrieved Meyi 29, 2014.
↑ "OECD Better Life Index". OECD. Retrieved Novembala 25, 2012.
↑ Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money, Princeton University Press, 2006, ISBN 0691116660; cf. "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, Frommer's Vietnam, 2006, ISBN 0471798169, p. 17
↑ "US GDP Growth Rate by Year". multpl.com. US Bureau of Economic Analysis. Malichi 31, 2014. Retrieved Juni 18, 2014.
↑ Jones, Huw (Malichi 24, 2022). "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index". www.reuters.com. Retrieved Julayi 29, 2022.
↑ "The Global Financial Centres Index 32". Long Finance. Sekutembala 22, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 22, 2022.
↑ Iman Ghosh (Sekutembala 24, 2020). "This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output". World Economic Forum. Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023. The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.
↑ "Monthly Reports - World Federation of Exchanges". WFE.
↑ Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012). Securities and Exchange Commission (China).
↑ "Top Trading Partners - October 2022". U.S. Census Bureau. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved Meyi 12, 2023.
↑ "World Trade Statistical Review 2019" (PDF). World Trade Organization. p. 100. Retrieved Meyi 31, 2019.
↑ "United States free trade agreements". Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved Meyi 31, 2019.
↑ "Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved Juni 1, 2014.
↑ ^303.0 ^303.1 "Global 500". Fortune (in English). Retrieved Ogasiti 25, 2022.
↑ "USA Economy in Brief". U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs. Archived from the original on Malichi 12, 2008.
↑ "These are the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world". World Economic Forum (in English). Febuluwale 25, 2020. Retrieved Epulelo 3, 2023.
↑ "What is the national debt?". U.S. Department of Treasury.
↑ "Labour > Earnings > Average annual wages". OECD.
↑ "Income Distribution: Median equivalised disposable income". OECD. Retrieved Janyuwale 21, 2023.
↑ Shorrocks, Anthony; Davies, James; Lluberas, Rodrigo (2021). Global wealth databook 2021 (PDF). Credit Suisse Research Institute.
↑ Jackson, Sarah. "These 20 countries and territories are home to most of the world's 2,755 billionaires". Business Insider (in American English). Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ Exley, Robert Jr. (Disembala 22, 2021). "Nearly 22 million Americans are millionaires. Here's how they got wealthy". CNBC. Retrieved Julayi 16, 2022.
↑ Joumard, Isabelle; Pisu, Mauro; Bloch, Debbie (2012). "Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved Meyi 21, 2015.
↑ Monino, Jean-Louis; Sedkaoui, Soraya (Malichi 11, 2016). Data Development Mechanisms. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 43–72. doi:10.1002/9781119285199.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-28519-9. Retrieved Juni 26, 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
↑ Gray, Sarah (Juni 4, 2018). "Trump Policies Highlighted in Scathing U.N. Report On U.S. Poverty". Fortune. Retrieved Sekutembala 13, 2018. "The United States has the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries", the report states.
↑ ^315.0 ^315.1 ""Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies," says UN expert". OHCHR. Juni 4, 2018. Retrieved Juni 5, 2018.
↑ Piketty, Thomas (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Belknap Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-674-43000-6
↑ "Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved Julayi 27, 2020.
↑ Long, Heather (Sekutembala 12, 2017). "U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says". The Washington Post. Retrieved Novembala 11, 2019.
↑ Smeeding, T.M. (2005). "Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective". Social Science Quarterly. 86: 955–983. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x. S2CID 154642286.
↑ Min, Sarah (Meyi 24, 2019). "1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays". CBS News. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022. The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.
↑ Bernard, Tara Siegel (Febuluwale 22, 2013). "In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe". The New York Times. Retrieved Ogasiti 27, 2013.
↑ Van Dam, Andrew (Julayi 4, 2018). "Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world". The Washington Post. Retrieved Julayi 12, 2018.
↑ Anne McDonald Culp, ed. (Juni 25, 2013). Child and Family Advocacy: Bridging the Gaps Between Research, Practice, and Policy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-1-4614-7456-2. OCLC 1026456872.
↑ Fowler, P. J.; Hovmand, P. S.; Marcal, K. E.; Das, S. (2019). "Solving Homelessness from a Complex Systems Perspective: Insights for Prevention Responses". Annual Review of Public Health. 40: 465–486. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013553. PMC 6445694. PMID 30601718.
↑ "Household Food Security in the United States in 2011" (PDF). USDA. Sekutembala 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on Okutobala 7, 2012. Retrieved Epulelo 8, 2013.
↑ Rakesh Kochhar (Julayi 22, 2015). "What it means to be poor by global standards". Pew Research Center.
↑ "2021 Poverty Guidelines". aspe.hhs.gov. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ "Poverty and Inequality Forum". World Bank. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ "Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines". World Bank. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ "Country Profile: United States". World Bank. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269, OCLC 1104810110
↑ "Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on Febuluwale 10, 2012. Retrieved Juni 19, 2007.
↑ "SJR - International Science Ranking". www.scimagojr.com (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 5, 2022.
↑ World Intellectual Property Organization. (2021). World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021. World IP Indicators (WIPI) (in English). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). doi:10.34667/tind.44461. ISBN 9789280533293. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
↑ Hines, R. Lincoln; Ben-Itzhak, Svetla. "NASA's head warned that China may try to claim the Moon – two space scholars explain why that's unlikely to happen". The Conversation (in English). Retrieved Julayi 11, 2022.
↑ "Satellite Database". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.
↑ "Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions". Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation. Archived from the original on Malichi 16, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 21, 2015.
↑ Benedetti, François (Disembala 17, 2003). "100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Archived from the original on Sekutembala 12, 2007. Retrieved Ogasiti 15, 2007.
↑ Fraser, Gordon (2012). The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959215-9.
↑ 10 Little Americans. ISBN 978-0-615-14052-0. Retrieved Sekutembala 15, 2014 – via Google Books.
↑ "NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history". Sharon Gaudin. Julayi 20, 2009. Retrieved Sekutembala 15, 2014.
↑ Sawyer, Robert Keith (2012). Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation. Oxford University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-19-973757-4.
↑ WIPO (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition. Global Innovation Index (in English). World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. Retrieved Novembala 16, 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
↑ Ngak, Chenda (Julayi 4, 2012). "Made in the USA: American tech inventions". CBS News.
↑ ^345.0 ^345.1 "Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved Meyi 16, 2023.
↑ "What is the United States' share of world energy consumption?". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Novembala 5, 2021.
↑ "EIA – Petroleum Basic Data". Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved Malichi 30, 2012.
↑ US EPA, OAR (Febuluwale 8, 2017). "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks". US EPA (in English). Retrieved Disembala 3, 2020.
↑ Hunter, Marnie (Epulelo 11, 2022). "This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest". CNN.com.
↑ "Railways – The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.
↑ "Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data". Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2021. Retrieved Febuluwale 16, 2021.
↑ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (Epulelo 24, 2017). "Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems". The New York Times. Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.
↑ "Cars still dominate the American commute". World Economic Forum (in English). Meyi 19, 2022. Retrieved Meyi 21, 2023.
↑ "Roadways - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on Julayi 12, 2021. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2021.
↑ "Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface". United States Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 2, 2015. Retrieved Janyuwale 13, 2015.
↑ Rae, John Bell. "automotive industry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved Disembala 5, 2021.
↑ "2022 production statistics". International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.
↑ Klebnikov, Sergei. "Tesla Is Now The World's Most Valuable Car Company With A $208 Billion Valuation". Forbes (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.
↑ Bunkley, Nick (Janyuwale 21, 2009). "Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.
↑ "China overtakes US in car sales". The Guardian. London. Janyuwale 8, 2010. Retrieved Julayi 10, 2011.
↑ "Fact #962: Vehicles per Capita: Other Regions/Countries Compared to the United States". Energy.gov (in English). Janyuwale 30, 2017. Retrieved Janyuwale 23, 2021.
↑ "Vehicle Statistics: Cars Per Capita". Capitol Tires. Ogasiti 2017.
↑ Edwards, Chris (Julayi 12, 2020). "Privatization". Downsizing the Federal Government (in English). Cato Institute. Retrieved Janyuwale 23, 2021.
↑ "Scheduled Passengers Carried". International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2011. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 2, 2015. Retrieved Febuluwale 17, 2012.
↑ "2021 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Epulelo 2022. p. 32.
↑ "Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport". Malichi 31, 2014. Archived from the original on Epulelo 1, 2014. Retrieved Meyi 17, 2014.
↑ "Number of U.S. Airports". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.
↑ "The Top 50 Container Ports". World Shipping Council. Washington, D.C. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.
↑ "Waterways – The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.
↑ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Malichi 13, 2023.
↑ "Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count". United States Census. Retrieved Epulelo 26, 2021.
↑ ^372.0 ^372.1 "The World Factbook: United States". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Novembala 10, 2018.
↑ "Population Clock". www.census.gov.
↑ "Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present". Historical Marital Status Tables. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Sekutembala 11, 2019.
↑ McPhillips, Deidre (Janyuwale 31, 2023). "Covid-19 'baby bump' brought an increased US fertility rate in 2021 -- but also record high preterm births". CNN (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.
↑ "U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households". Pew Research Center (in English). Retrieved Malichi 17, 2020.
↑ ^377.0 ^377.1 ^377.2 "Ancestry 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Juni 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on Disembala 4, 2004. Retrieved Disembala 2, 2016.
↑ "The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010".
↑ "Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on Disembala 25, 2012. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2017.
↑ "INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2019 DOCUMENTATION" (PDF).
↑ "UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019".
↑ "Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. Malichi 14, 2019.
↑ "Key findings about U.S. immigrants". Pew Research Center. Juni 17, 2019.
↑ Jens Manuel Krogstad (Okutobala 7, 2019). "Key facts about refugees to the U.S." Pew Research Center.
↑ Kaur, Harmeet (Meyi 20, 2018). "FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States". CNN (in English). Retrieved Meyi 11, 2023.
↑ "States Where English Is the Official Language". The Washington Post. Ogasiti 12, 2014. Retrieved Sekutembala 12, 2020.
↑ "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. Novembala 7, 1978. Archived from the original on Julayi 24, 2013. Retrieved Juni 19, 2007.
↑ Chapel, Bill (Epulelo 21, 2014). "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official". NPR.
↑ "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language". Argus Leader. Retrieved Malichi 26, 2019.
↑ "Translation in Puerto Rico". Puerto Rico Channel. Archived from the original on Disembala 30, 2013. Retrieved Disembala 29, 2013.
↑ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder—Results". Archived from the original on Febuluwale 12, 2020. Retrieved Meyi 29, 2017.
↑ "Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools" (PDF). American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). Febuluwale 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on Epulelo 8, 2016. Retrieved Okutobala 17, 2015.
↑ Goldberg, David; Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (Febuluwale 2015). "Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013" (PDF). Modern Language Association. Retrieved Meyi 20, 2015.
↑ ^394.0 ^394.1 "March 2023 NORC/AP poll" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. 2022. Retrieved Malichi 27, 2023.
↑ Alesina, Alberto; et al. (2003). "Fractionalization" (PDF). Journal of Economic Growth. 8 (2): 155–194. doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938. Retrieved Sekutembala 13, 2012.
↑ ^396.0 ^396.1 Williams, Daniel (Malichi 1, 2023). "'Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing". Christianity Today (in English). Retrieved Malichi 25, 2023.
↑ Burge, Ryan (Epulelo 3, 2023). "Gen Z and Religion in 2022". Religion in Public (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 4, 2023.
↑ ^398.0 ^398.1 Donadio, Rachel (Novembala 22, 2021). "Why Is France So Afraid of God?". The Atlantic (in English). Retrieved Malichi 25, 2023.
↑ "First Amendment". Constitution Annotated. United States Congress.
↑ ANALYSIS (Disembala 19, 2011). "Global Christianity". Pewforum.org. Archived from the original on Julayi 30, 2013. Retrieved Ogasiti 17, 2012.
↑ "Religion Historical Trends". Gallup. 2022.
↑ McCarthy, Justin (Julayi 8, 2019). "U.S. Confidence in Organized Religion Remains Low". Gallup.com (in English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.
↑ ^403.0 ^403.1 ^403.2 Nadeem, Reem (Sekutembala 13, 2022). "Modeling the Future of Religion in America". Pew Research Center (in American English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.
↑ Thompson, Derek (Sekutembala 26, 2019). "Three Decades Ago, America Lost Its Religion. Why?". The Atlantic (in English). Retrieved Okutobala 2, 2022.
↑ Jones, Jeffrey (Juni 17, 2022). "Belief in God in U.S. Dips to 81%, a New Low". Gallup (in English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.
↑ "Key findings about Americans' belief in God". Pew Research Center. Epulelo 25, 2018. The vast majority of Americans (90%) believe in some kind of higher power, with 56% professing faith in God as described in the Bible and another 33% saying they believe in another type of higher power or spiritual force. Only one-in-ten Americans say they don't believe in God or a higher power of any kind.
↑ Jones, Jeffrey (Disembala 21, 2022). "In U.S., Childhood Churchgoing Habits Fade in Adulthood". Gallup.com (in English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.
↑ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. Meyi 12, 2015.
↑ Dashefsky, Arnold; Della Pergola, Sergio; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2018). World Jewish Population (PDF) (Report). Berman Jewish DataBank. Retrieved Juni 22, 2019.
↑ Merriam, Jesse; Lupu, Ira; Elwood, F; Davis, Eleanor (Ogasiti 28, 2008). "On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity?". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (in American English). Retrieved Malichi 31, 2023.
↑ Jones, Jeffrey M. (Malichi 29, 2021). "U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time". Gallup Inc. (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2021.
↑ "United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on Epulelo 3, 2009. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2008.
↑ "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (PDF). 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Julayi 1, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on Disembala 7, 2009.
↑ "Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth". The United States Census Bureau (in English). Epulelo 18, 2019. Retrieved Ogasiti 29, 2020.
↑ "Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ..." U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved Juni 10, 2007.
↑ "Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Ogasiti 1, 2006.
↑ For more detail on U.S. literacy, see A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century, U.S. Department of Education (2003).
↑ Pannoni, Alexandra; Kerr, Emma (Julayi 14, 2020). "Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved Julayi 9, 2022.
↑ Rushe, Dominic (Sekutembala 7, 2018). "The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?". The Guardian (in British English). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved Ogasiti 29, 2020.
↑ "Fast Facts: Expenditures". nces.ed.gov (in English). Epulelo 2020. Retrieved Ogasiti 29, 2020.
↑ "U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows". CBS. AP. Juni 25, 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2013.
↑ "The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects". USAFacts (in English). Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.
↑ Hess, Abigail Johnson (Disembala 22, 2020). "U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years". CNBC. Retrieved Janyuwale 8, 2022.
↑ Dickler, Jessica; Nova, Annie (Meyi 6, 2022). "This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis". CNBC. Retrieved Julayi 8, 2022.
↑ Fink, Jenni (Okutobala 22, 2019). "U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities". Newsweek (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.
↑ Nietzel, Michael T. (Malichi 22, 2023). "U.S. Universities Dominate Latest QS World Rankings By Academic Field". Forbes (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.
↑ "Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education". U.S. News & World Report. Epulelo 19, 2023.
↑ "2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org.
↑ "Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity". Newsweek. Ogasiti 19, 2020.
↑ "Life Expectancy in the United States Declines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics". www.cdc.gov. Ogasiti 31, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 3, 2022.
↑ Noguchi, Yuki (Disembala 22, 2022). "American life expectancy is now at its lowest in nearly two decades". NPR. Retrieved Disembala 27, 2022.
↑ "Mortality in the United States, 2017". www.cdc.gov. Novembala 29, 2018. Retrieved Disembala 27, 2018.
↑ Bernstein, Lenny (Novembala 29, 2018). "U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I". The Washington Post. Retrieved Disembala 27, 2018.
↑ Achenbach, Joel (Novembala 26, 2019). "'There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates". The Washington Post. Retrieved Disembala 19, 2019.
↑ "New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations | Commonwealth Fund". www.commonwealthfund.org (in English). Janyuwale 30, 2020. Retrieved Malichi 17, 2020.
↑ "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved Juni 5, 2007.
↑ Murray, Christopher J.L. (Julayi 10, 2013). "The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors". Journal of the American Medical Association. 310 (6): 591–608. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805. PMC 5436627. PMID 23842577.
↑ "About Teen Pregnancy". Center for Disease Control. Retrieved Janyuwale 24, 2015.
↑ "The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?" (PDF). University of Maine. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on Malichi 9, 2007. Retrieved Novembala 29, 2006.
↑ Vladeck, Bruce (Janyuwale 2003). "Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (1): 16–19. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.1.16. PMC 1447684. PMID 12511377.
↑ "Improving Europe's competitiveness". EFPIA. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 23, 2009. Retrieved Novembala 6, 2016.
↑ Stats from 2007 Europ.Fed.of Pharm.Indust.and Assoc. Retrieved June 17, 2009, from [1]^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ Grant Rigney (Malichi 3, 2023). "United States: #11 in the 2022 World Index of Healthcare Innovation. America's runaway leadership in science & technology is marred by a fiscally unsustainable system of costly health care". freopp.org. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ Oberlander, Jonathan (Juni 1, 2010). "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed". Health Affairs (in English). 29 (6): 1112–1116. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 20530339.
↑ "National Health Interview Survey, January to June 2016" (PDF). CDC.gov. Retrieved Novembala 23, 2016.
↑ Goodnough, Abby; Abelson, Reed; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Kliff, Sarah (Malichi 23, 2020). "Obamacare Turns 10. Here's a Look at What Works and Doesn't". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Malichi 30, 2020. Retrieved Malichi 31, 2020.
↑ Miller, Sarah; Altekruse, Sean; Johnson, Norman; Wherry, Laura (Julayi 2019). Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data (PDF). NBER Working Paper No. 26081. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26081. S2CID 164463149.
↑ Goldin, Jacob; Lurie, Ithai Z.; McCubbin, Janet (2020). "Health Insurance and Mortality: Experimental Evidence from Taxpayer Outreach". The Quarterly Journal of Economics (in English). 136: 1–49. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa029.
↑ Mathews, Anna Wilde (Juni 17, 2021). "Why Is ACA Still Controversial 11 Years After Healthcare Law Known as Obamacare Was Passed?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved Julayi 18, 2022.
↑ "Statue of Liberty". World Heritage. UNESCO. Retrieved Janyuwale 4, 2022.
↑ Huntington, Samuel P. (2004). "Chapters 2–4". Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-87053-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.: also see American Creed, written by William Tyler Page and adopted by Congress in 1918.
↑ Hoeveler, J. David, Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0742548398, 2007, p. xi
↑ Grabb, Edward; Baer, Douglas; Curtis, James (1999). "The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence". Canadian Journal of Sociology. University of Alberta. 24 (4): 511–533. doi:10.2307/3341789. ISSN 0318-6431. JSTOR 3341789.
↑ Porter, Gayle (Novembala 2010). "Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer. 96 (4): 535–550. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6. JSTOR 29789736. S2CID 143991044.
↑ Stephens, R.H. (Sekutembala 1952). "The Role Of Competition In American Life". The Australian Quarterly. Australian Institute of Policy and Science. 24 (3): 9–14. JSTOR 41317686.
↑ "World Giving Index 2022" (PDF). Charities Aid Foundation. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.
↑ "Country-level estimates of altruism". Our World in Data. Retrieved Malichi 14, 2023.
↑ Marsh, Abigail (Febuluwale 5, 2018). "Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One?". National Public Radio. Retrieved Malichi 14, 2023.
↑ "GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving" (PDF). Charities Aid Foundation. Janyuwale 2016. Retrieved Julayi 18, 2022.
↑ ^461.0 ^461.1 ^461.2 Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). Dealing with diversity : the anthology. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt Pub. ISBN 978-0-7872-8145-8.
↑ Thompson, William E.; Hickey, Joseph V. (2004). Society in focus : an introduction to sociology (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-41365-2.
↑ BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America
↑ Fergie, Dexter (Malichi 24, 2022). "How American Culture Ate the World". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved Julayi 3, 2022.
↑ Stead, W. T. (1901). The Americanization of the World. Horace Markley. p. 393.
↑ Berghahn, Volker R. (Febuluwale 1, 2010). "The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians". Cold War History. 10 (1): 107–130. doi:10.1080/14682740903388566. ISSN 1468-2745. S2CID 144459911.
↑ Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2010). The New American democracy (7th ed.). London: Longman. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-205-78016-7.
↑ Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American culture (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 18–38. ISBN 978-0-253-21749-3.
Johnson, Fern L. (2000). Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States. Sage Publications. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8039-5912-5.
↑ Clifton, Jon (Malichi 21, 2013). "More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S." Gallup. Retrieved Janyuwale 10, 2014.
↑
*"A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries" (PDF). Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth. OECD. 2010. Retrieved Sekutembala 20, 2010.
- Blanden, Jo; Gregg, Paul; Machin, Stephen (Epulelo 2005). "Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America" (PDF). Centre for Economic Performance. Archived from the original (PDF) on Juni 23, 2006.
- Gould, Elise (Okutobala 10, 2012). "U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2013.
- Winship, Scott (Spring 2013). "Overstating the Costs of Inequality" (PDF). National Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on Okutobala 24, 2013. Retrieved Janyuwale 10, 2014.
↑ "Understanding Mobility in America". Center for American Progress. Epulelo 26, 2006.
↑ Schneider, Donald (Julayi 29, 2013). "A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved Ogasiti 22, 2013.
↑ Gutfeld, Amon (2002). American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-903900-08-6.
↑ Zweig, Michael (2004). What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8899-3. "Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech". Education Resource Information Center. Retrieved Janyuwale 27, 2007.
↑ O'Keefe, Kevin (2005). The Average American. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-270-1.
↑ Coleman, Gabriella (2013). Coding Freedom. Princeton University Press. pp. 10, 201. ISBN 9780691144610.
↑ "Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad". National Public Radio. Sekutembala 19, 2012. Retrieved Malichi 4, 2023.
↑ Liptak, Adam (Juni 11, 2008). "Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S.". The New York Times. Retrieved Febuluwale 21, 2023.
↑ Durkee, Alison (Epulelo 25, 2018). "What if we didn't... have the First Amendment?". Mic (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 6, 2023.
↑ Wike, Richard. "Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world". Pew Research Center (in American English). Retrieved Febuluwale 6, 2023.
↑ Gray, Alex (Novembala 8, 2016). "Freedom of speech: which country has the most?". World Economic Forum (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 6, 2023.
↑ Norris, Pippa (Febuluwale 2023). "Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality?". Political Studies (in English). 71 (1): 145–174. doi:10.1177/00323217211037023. ISSN 0032-3217. S2CID 238647612. As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK...
↑ ^483.0 ^483.1 Derks, Marco; van den Berg, Mariecke (2020). Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond. Springer International Publishing. p. 338. ISBN 9783030563264. ...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...
↑ Leveille, Dan (Disembala 4, 2009). "LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world". Equaldex. Retrieved Janyuwale 26, 2023. 13.) United States
↑ Garretson, Jeremiah (2018). "A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States". The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion. New York University Press. ISBN 9781479850075. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.
↑ Harold, Bloom (1999). Emily Dickinson. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7910-5106-1.
↑ Philipson, Robert (2006). "The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon". African American Review. 40 (1): 145–160. JSTOR 40027037.
↑ Buell, Lawrence (2014). The Dream of the Great American Novel. Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780674051157. OCLC 871257583.
↑ Buell, Lawrence (Okutobala 1994). "The Rise and 'Fall' of the Great American Novel". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 104 (2): 261–283.
↑ Buell, Lawrence (Spring–Summer 2008). "The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: Moby-Dick as Test Case". American Literary History. 20 (1–2): 132–155. doi:10.1093/alh/ajn005. ISSN 0896-7148. S2CID 170250346.
↑ Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. "All Nobel Prizes in Literature". NobelPrize.org (in English). Retrieved Malichi 23, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑ Edward, Quinn (2006). A dictionary of literary and thematic terms (2nd ed.). Facts On File. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-8160-6243-0.
↑ Brown, Milton W. (1963). The Story of the Armory Show (2nd ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-89659-795-2.
↑ Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2003). History of Art: The Western Tradition. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 955. ISBN 978-0-13-182895-7.
↑ Davenport, Alma (1991). The History of Photography: An Overview. UNM Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8263-2076-6.
↑ "Study for Woolworth Building, New York". World Digital Library. Disembala 10, 1910. Retrieved Julayi 25, 2013.
↑ Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California. ByOffice of Controller Los Angeles, CA (1914). 1914. Retrieved Febuluwale 22, 2014.
↑ Report of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles California of the Financial Affairs of the Corporation in Its Capacity as a City for the Fiscal Year. By Auditor's Office of Los Angeles, CA (1913). 1913. Retrieved Febuluwale 22, 2014.
↑ "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer" (Press release). United Nations. Meyi 5, 2009. Retrieved Febuluwale 17, 2013.
↑ Kerrigan, Finola (2010). Film Marketing. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 18. ISBN 9780750686839. Retrieved Febuluwale 4, 2022.
↑ Davis, Glyn; Dickinson, Kay; Patti, Lisa; Villarejo, Amy (2015). Film Studies: A Global Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 299. ISBN 9781317623380. Retrieved Ogasiti 24, 2020.
↑ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Epulelo 29, 1944. p. 68. ISSN 0006-2510.
↑ "John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved Janyuwale 24, 2015.
↑ Drowne, Kathleen Morgan; Huber, Patrick (2004). The 1920s. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-313-32013-2.
↑ Kroon, Richard W. (2014). A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms. McFarland. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-7864-5740-3.
↑ Krasniewicz, Louise; Disney, Walt (2010). Walt Disney: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-313-35830-2.
↑ Matthews, Charles (Juni 3, 2011). "Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the 1960s-'70s". The Washington Post. Retrieved Ogasiti 6, 2015.
↑ Banner, Lois (Ogasiti 5, 2012). "Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape shifter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Ogasiti 6, 2015.
↑ Rick, Jewell (Ogasiti 8, 2008). "John Wayne, an American Icon". University of Southern California. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 22, 2008. Retrieved Ogasiti 6, 2015.
↑ Greven, David (2013). Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin. University of Texas Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-292-74204-8.
↑ Morrison, James (1998). Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors. SUNY Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7914-3938-8.
↑ Seitz, Matt Zoller (Epulelo 29, 2019). "What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved Julayi 21, 2021.
↑ Hannah Avery (Janyuwale 18, 2023). "US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry". Kantar Group. Retrieved Epulelo 29, 2023.
↑ Saxon, Theresa (Okutobala 11, 2011). American Theatre: History, Context, Form. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-7486-3127-8. OCLC 1162047055.
↑ Londré, Felicia Hardison; Watermeier, Daniel J. (1998). The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1079-5. OCLC 1024855967.
↑ Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary (1994).
↑ "Folk Music and Song: American Folklife Center: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov.
↑ Eggart, Elise (2007). Let's Go USA 24th Edition. St. Martin's Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-312-37445-7.
↑ Bierley, Paul E. (1973). John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon (Revised ed.). Alfred Music. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4574-4995-6.
↑ "Musical Crossroads: African American Influence on American Music". Smithsonian. Sekutembala 22, 2016. Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.
↑ ^521.0 ^521.1 Biddle, Julian (2001). What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America. New York: Citadel. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-8065-2311-8.
↑ "Why Aretha was the greatest singer in US history". BBC. Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.
↑ Hartman, Graham (Janyuwale 5, 2012). "Metallica's 'Black album' is Top-Selling Disc of last 20 years". Loudwire. Retrieved Okutobala 12, 2015.
↑ Vorel, Jim (Sekutembala 27, 2012). "Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland". Herald & Review. Retrieved Okutobala 12, 2015.
↑ "Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert". Febuluwale 2, 2015. Retrieved Okutobala 12, 2015.
↑ "No. 1 Bob Dylan". Rolling Stone. Epulelo 10, 2020. Retrieved Janyuwale 29, 2021.
↑ "10 ways that Frank Sinatra changed the world". USA Today. Disembala 8, 2015. Retrieved Juni 24, 2021.
↑ "Whitney Houston's Global Impact". CNN. Febuluwale 13, 2012. Retrieved Juni 24, 2021.
↑ "How Prince and his music challenged the music industry". Global News. Retrieved Juni 25, 2016.
↑ Clayton Funk (Ogasiti 16, 2016). "9. Neo-Expressionism, Punk, and Hip Hop Emerge". A Quick and Dirty Guide to Art, Music, and Culture. The Ohio State University.
↑ Rachel Hutchins-Viroux (2004). "The American Opera Boom of the 1950s and 1960s: History and Stylistic Analysis". Revue Lisa / Lisa e-Journal. OpenEdition Journals (Vol. II - n°3): 145–163. doi:10.4000/lisa.2966. Retrieved Epulelo 28, 2023.
↑ Ewen, David (1957). Panorama of American Popular Music. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-648360-7. pg. 3 Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture—automation and the assembly line, advertising, innumerable devices and gadgets, skyscrapers, supersalesmen, baseball, ketchup, mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers—one, undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world. It is American popular music.
↑ Spangler, Todd (Novembala 30, 2022). "Spotify Launches Wrapped 2022: Bad Bunny, Taylor Swift Are Most-Streamed Artists of the Year". Variety. Archived from the original on Novembala 30, 2022. Retrieved Novembala 30, 2022.
↑ "RIAJ Yearbook 2015: IFPI 2013, 2014 Report: 28. Global Sales of Recorded Music (Page 24)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved Malichi 20, 2016.
↑ Eoin Hennessy (Malichi 27, 2014). "How American Music Took Over the World". The University Times. Retrieved Epulelo 28, 2023.
↑ "Streaming TV Services: What They Cost, What You Get". The New York Times. Associated Press. Okutobala 12, 2015. Archived from the original on Okutobala 15, 2015. Retrieved Okutobala 12, 2015.
↑ "Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet". Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. Juni 29, 2021. Retrieved Julayi 3, 2022.
↑ Waits, Jennifer (Okutobala 17, 2014). "Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise, Especially LPFM, according to New FCC Count". Radio Survivor. Retrieved Janyuwale 6, 2015.
↑ "History: NPR". NPR. Juni 20, 2013. Retrieved Meyi 5, 2021.
↑ Shaffer, Brenda (2006). The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy. MIT Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-262-19529-4.
↑ "Spanish Newspapers in United States". W3newspapers. Retrieved Ogasiti 5, 2014.
↑ "Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU". Onlinenewspapers.com. Archived from the original on Juni 26, 2014. Retrieved Ogasiti 5, 2014.
↑ "Top Sites in United States". Alexa. 2021. Archived from the original on Juni 21, 2020. Retrieved Okutobala 6, 2021.
↑ "Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets". World Economic Forum (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 15, 2023.
↑ "Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets". World Economic Forum (in English). Retrieved Disembala 12, 2022.
↑ "Top 10 gaming companies made $126bn revenue last year". Eurogamer.net (in British English). Meyi 13, 2022. Retrieved Disembala 14, 2022.
↑ "California (CA)". ESA Impact Map (in American English). Retrieved Disembala 14, 2022.
↑ "Wheat Info". Wheatworld.org. Archived from the original on Okutobala 11, 2009. Retrieved Janyuwale 15, 2015.
↑ "Traditional Indigenous Recipes". American Indian Health and Diet Project. Retrieved Sekutembala 15, 2014.
↑ Akenuwa, Ambrose (Julayi 1, 2015). Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave?. Lulu Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-1-329-26112-9. Retrieved Novembala 20, 2020.
↑ Sidney Wilfred Mintz (1996). Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past. Beacon Press. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-8070-4629-6. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
↑ Karen DeBres, "A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK," Journal of Cultural Geography, 2005
↑ Breadsley, Eleanor (Janyuwale 24, 2012). "Why McDonald's in France Doesn't Feel Like Fast Food". NPR. Retrieved Janyuwale 15, 2015.
↑ "When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?". Wisegeek.org. Retrieved Janyuwale 15, 2015.
↑ Cawthon, Haley (Disembala 31, 2020). "KFC is America's favorite fried chicken, data suggests". BizJournals.com. Retrieved Meyi 8, 2021.
↑ Russell, Joan (Meyi 23, 2016). "How Pizza Became America's Favorite Food". PasteMagazine.com. Retrieved Meyi 8, 2021.
↑ Klapthor, James N. (Ogasiti 23, 2003). "What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003". Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists. Retrieved Juni 19, 2007.
↑ "Obituary: Bob Payton". The Independent. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2009. Retrieved Sekutembala 15, 2015.
↑ "Home | James Beard Foundation". www.jamesbeard.org (in English). Retrieved Okutobala 11, 2022.
↑ Krebs, Albin (Janyuwale 24, 1985). "James Beard, Authority On Food, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved Epulelo 11, 2010. James Beard, the bald and portly chef and cookbook writer who was one of the country's leading authorities on food and drink and its foremost champion of American cooking, died of cardiac arrest yesterday at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. He was 81 years old and lived in ...
↑ "Julia Child | Biography, Cookbooks, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (in English). Retrieved Okutobala 15, 2021.
↑ "Our Story: CIA History | Culinary Institute of America". www.ciachef.edu (in English). Retrieved Okutobala 11, 2022.
↑ Averbuch, Bonnie (Sekutembala 2015). "Attention Food Entrepreneurs: School's Back in Business". Food Tank. Retrieved Juni 19, 2017.
↑ "Sports". Gallup, Inc. Sekutembala 25, 2007. Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.
↑ Sarah Krasnoff, Lindsay (Disembala 26, 2017). "How the NBA went global". The Washington Post. Retrieved Janyuwale 24, 2021.
↑ Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13.
↑ "Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012". Reuters. Juni 18, 2008. Retrieved Julayi 24, 2013.
↑ Krane, David K. (Okutobala 30, 2002). "Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport". Harris Interactive. Archived from the original on Julayi 9, 2010. Retrieved Sekutembala 14, 2007. MacCambridge, Michael (2004). America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50454-9.
↑ Guliza, Anthony (Ogasiti 14, 2019). "How the NFL took over America in 100 years". ESPN. Retrieved Meyi 8, 2021.
↑ "As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport" (PDF). Harris Interactive. Janyuwale 16, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on Malichi 9, 2014. Retrieved Julayi 2, 2014.
↑ Cowen, Tyler; Grier, Kevin (Febuluwale 9, 2012). "What Would the End of Football Look Like?". Grantland/ESPN. Retrieved Febuluwale 12, 2012.
↑ "Sports Illustrated: NCAA Reports $1.1 Billion in Revenues". Malichi 7, 2018.
↑ "Passion for College Football Remains Robust". National Football Foundation. Malichi 19, 2013. Archived from the original on Epulelo 7, 2014. Retrieved Epulelo 1, 2014.
↑ Schaus, Gerald P.; Wenn, Stephen R. (Febuluwale 9, 2007). Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-889-20505-5.
↑ "Greatest Sporting Nation". greatestsportingnation.com.
↑ "1,000 times gold – The thousand medals of Team USA – Washington Post". The Washington Post.
↑ Chase, Chris (Febuluwale 7, 2014). "The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings". USA Today. Retrieved Febuluwale 28, 2014. Loumena, Dan (Febuluwale 6, 2014). "With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Febuluwale 28, 2014.
↑ Carlisle, Jeff (Epulelo 6, 2020). "MLS Year One, 25 seasons ago: The Wild West of training, travel, hockey shootouts and American soccer". ESPN. Retrieved Meyi 5, 2021.
↑ Wamsley, Laurel (Juni 16, 2022). "The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced". NPR. Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.

External links

Government

Official U.S. Government Web Portal. Gateway to government sites.
House. Official site of the United States House of Representatives.
Senate. Official site of the United States Senate.
White House. Official site of the President of the United States.
Supreme Court. Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States.

History

Historical Documents. Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research.
U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality. Archived Novembala 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
USA. Collected links to historical data.

Maps

National Atlas of the United States. Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Wikimedia Atlas of the United States
Geographic data related to United States of America at OpenStreetMap
Measure of America. A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.

Photos

Photos of the USA

Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

40°N 100°W / 40°N 100°W / 40; -100 (United States of America)

[officiallanguage-4] 30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, and the state of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English.

[demonym-5] The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.

[pop-10] Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in U.S. census statistics.

[13] After adjustment for taxes and transfers

[time-16] See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.

[17] See Date and time notation in the United States.

[drive-18] A single jurisdiction, the U.S. Virgin Islands, uses left-hand traffic.

[41] John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston

[101] [The Soviet Union] instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan."

[largestcountry-162] Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named largestcountry

[210] Capital punishment is a de jure legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and in American Samoa. The death penalty is sanctioned for certain federal and military crimes.^[197] The country had a high per capita execution rate between the 1960s and 1990s, but execution rates and public support have fallen sharply since. According to Ian Millhiser of Vox, "only five states — Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee — conducted executions in 2020. And of these five states, only one, Texas, killed more than one person on death row."^[198]^[199]

[233] People born in American Samoa are non-citizen U.S. nationals unless one of their parents is a U.S. citizen.^[219] In 2019, a court ruled that American Samoans are U.S. citizens, but the litigation is ongoing.^[220]^[221]

[383] This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) and minor island possessions.

[401] Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian

[459] Also known less formally as Obamacare

[1] 36 U.S.C. § 302

[de_facto_Motto-2] "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. 2003. Retrieved Febuluwale 12, 2020.

[3] "An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America". H.R. 14, Act of Error: the date or year parameters are either empty or in an invalid format, please use a valid year for year, and use DMY, MDY, MY, or Y date formats for date. 71st United States Congress.

[6] Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio. 1963. p. 336.

[7] Elving, Ron (Sekutembala 10, 2022). "Is America a democracy or a republic? Yes, it is". National Public Radio.

[8] "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015. Retrieved Okutobala 11, 2020.

[9] Bureau, US Census. "Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic". Census.gov. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2022.

[11] "Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count". United States Census. Retrieved Epulelo 26, 2021. The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.

[IMF.WEO.US-12] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Epulelo 10, 2023. Archived from the original on Okutobala 11, 2022. Retrieved Epulelo 10, 2023.

[14] Bureau, US Census. "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020". Census.gov. p. 48. Retrieved Julayi 26, 2022.

[UNHDR-15] "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. Sekutembala 8, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 8, 2022.

[19] "The Difference Between .us vs .com". Cozab. Janyuwale 3, 2022.

[20] DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer. "Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq., wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., during the siege of Boston. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed's absence." Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA).

[21] Touba, Mariam (November 5, 2014) Who Coined the Phrase 'United States of America'? You May Never Guess "Here, on January 2, 1776, seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine's Common Sense, Stephen Moylan, an acting secretary to General George Washington, spells it out, 'I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain' to seek foreign assistance for the cause." New-York Historical Society Museum & Library

[22] Fay, John (July 15, 2016) The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' "According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan?" IrishCentral.com

[FOOTNOTESafire2003199-23] Safire 2003, p. 199.

[24] Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia guide to standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-231-06989-2.

[FOOTNOTEErlandsonRickVellanoweth200819-25] Erlandson, Rick & Vellanoweth 2008, p. 19.

[FOOTNOTESavage201155-26] Savage 2011, p. 55.

[FOOTNOTEHavilandWalrathPrins2013219-27] Haviland, Walrath & Prins 2013, p. 219.

[FOOTNOTEWatersStafford20071122–1126-28] Waters & Stafford 2007, pp. 1122–1126.

[FOOTNOTEFlannery2015173–185-29] Flannery 2015, pp. 173–185.

[FOOTNOTEPerdueGreen200540-30] 23.0 ^23.1 Perdue & Green 2005, p. 40.

[FOOTNOTEHainesHainesSteckel200012-31] 24.0 ^24.1 Haines, Haines & Steckel 2000, p. 12.

[32] "The New England Colonies and the Native Americans | National Geographic Society". History. Retrieved Janyuwale 7, 2023.

[33] "Forgotten History: How The New England Colonists Embraced The Slave Trade". NPR (in English). Juni 21, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 7, 2023.

[34] "The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Archived Febuluwale 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-521-55203-5

[35] Bianchine, Russo, 1992 pp. 225–232

[36] Ripper, 2008 p. 5

[37] Calloway, 1998, p. 55

[Wood1998-38] Wood, Gordon S. (1998). The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. UNC Press Books. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-8078-4723-7.

[FOOTNOTERatcliff2013220-39] Ratcliff 2013, p. 220.

[40] Otis, James (1763). The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. ISBN 9780665526787.

[Humphrey2003-42] Humphrey, Carol Sue (2003). The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0-313-32083-5.

[43] Miller, Hunter (ed.). "British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School.

[44] Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution, Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014.

[45] Klose, Nelson; Jones, Robert F. (1994). United States History to 1877. Barron's Educational Series. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-8120-1834-9.

[FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe2007153-157-46] Walker Howe 2007, p. 153-157.

[FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe2007478,_481-482,_587-588-47] Walker Howe 2007, p. 478, 481-482, 587-588.

[Cogliano2008-48] Cogliano, Francis D. (2008). Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy. University of Virginia Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8139-2733-6.

[49] Walton, 2009, p. 43

[50] Gordon, 2004, pp. 27,29

[Clark2012iu-51] Clark, Mary Ann (Meyi 2012). Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4422-0881-0.

[52] Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607–2007, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8139-2609-4, p. 197

[Kemp2010-53] Kemp, Roger L. (2010). Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works. McFarland. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7864-4210-2. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[Rawls1999-54] Rawls, James J. (1999). A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California. University of California Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-520-21771-3.

[55] Paul Frymer, "Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion," (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017)

[56] Murray, Stuart (2004). Atlas of American Military History. Infobase Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4381-3025-5. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Lewis, Harold T. (2001). Christian Social Witness. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-56101-188-9.

[Woods_2012_pp._415–439-57] Woods, Michael E. (2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature". The Journal of American History. [Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians]. 99 (2): 415–439. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas272. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 44306803. Retrieved Epulelo 29, 2023.

[Silkenat_2019_p._25-58] Silkenat, D. (2019). Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Civil War America. University of North Carolina Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4696-4973-3. Retrieved Epulelo 29, 2023.

[59] Vinovskis, Maris (1990). Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-39559-5.

[60] Shearer Davis Bowman (1993). Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers. Oxford UP. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-536394-4.

[61] Pierce, Jason E. (2016). Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West. University Press of Colorado. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-60732-396-9.

[PriceBenton-Short2008-62] Price, Marie; Benton-Short, Lisa (2008). Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities. Syracuse University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8156-3186-6.

[Black2011kj-63] Black, Jeremy (2011). Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871. Indiana University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-253-35660-4.

[64] "Purchase of Alaska, 1867". Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved Disembala 23, 2014.

[65] "The Spanish–American War, 1898". Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.

[HoE-66] 58.0 ^58.1 Gonzalez, Juan (2011). Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America. Penguin.

[67] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.

[68] "Virgin Islands History". Vinow.com. Retrieved Janyuwale 5, 2018.

[69] Rubin, A. (2021). Postindustrial America. In S. P. Holland (Ed.), Encyclopedia of American studies. Johns Hopkins University Press.

[70] The Pit Boss (Febuluwale 26, 2021). "The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History". Rumble On. Retrieved Disembala 5, 2021.

[Powell2009qwet-71] Powell, John (2009). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4381-1012-7. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[FOOTNOTEWinchester2013351,_385-72] Winchester 2013, pp. 351, 385.

[73] Kirkland, Edward. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy (1961 ed.). pp. 400–405.

[74] Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-91267-8 p. 589

[75] Zinn, 2005, pp. 321–357

[Fraser-76] Fraser, Steve (2015). The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power. Little, Brown and Company. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-316-18543-1.

[77] "The Great Migration (1910-1970)". Meyi 20, 2021.

[78] Paige Meltzer, "The Pulse and Conscience of America" The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 1945–1960," Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies (2009), Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 52–76.

[79] James Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (Harvard UP, 1963)

[80] George B. Tindall, "Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties," South Atlantic Quarterly 62 (Winter 1963): 92–106.

[81] "Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation". Mapping American Social Movements Project. University of Washington. Retrieved Sekutembala 25, 2022.

[voris-82] Voris, Jacqueline Van (1996). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. Women and Peace Series. New York City: Feminist Press at CUNY. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-55861-139-9. Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920. ... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.

[autogenerated418-83] McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). U.S. History Super Review. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-7386-0070-3.

[FOOTNOTEWinchester2013410–411-84] Winchester 2013, pp. 410–411.

[85] Axinn, June; Stern, Mark J. (2007). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-52215-6.

[86] James Noble Gregory (1991). American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507136-8. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
"Mass Exodus From the Plains". American Experience. WGBH Educational Foundation. 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2014.
Fanslow, Robin A. (Epulelo 6, 1997). "The Migrant Experience". American Folklore Center. Library of Congress. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2014.
Stein, Walter J. (1973). California and the Dust Bowl Migration. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-6267-6. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[McNeill_778-87] McNeill. America, Britain and Russia. p. 778.

[88] The official WRA record from 1946 state it was 120,000 people. See War Relocation Authority (1946). The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study. p. 8. This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.

[Pearl_Harbor-89] Yamasaki, Mitch. "Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History" (PDF). World War II Internment in Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on Disembala 13, 2014. Retrieved Janyuwale 14, 2015.

[90] Stoler, Mark A. "George C. Marshall and the "Europe-First" Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History" (PDF). Retrieved Epulelo 4, 2016.

[91] Kelly, Brian. "The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives". Retrieved Juni 21, 2014.

[FOOTNOTEHoopesBrinkley1997100-92] Hoopes & Brinkley 1997, p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEGaddis197225-93] Gaddis 1972, p. 25.

[94] Kennedy, Paul (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Vintage. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-679-72019-5

[95] "The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945". U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian. Okutobala 2005. Retrieved Juni 11, 2007.

[96] "Why did Japan surrender in World War II? | The Japan Times". The Japan Times (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 8, 2017.

[97] Pacific War Research Society (2006). Japan's Longest Day. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-4-7700-2887-7.

[98] See Frankenfeld, Peter (2012). "A Marshall Plan for Greece? The European Union and the Financial Crisis in Greece. A Theoretical and Political Analysis in the Global World Against a Background of Regional Integration: Table 1. European Recovery Programme – Marshall Plan ($ million)". Prace i Materiały Instytutu Handlu Zagranicznego Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego (in English) (31/1): 69. ISSN 2300-6153.

[WaggAndrews2012-99] Wagg, Stephen; Andrews, David (2012). East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-134-24167-5.

[Blakemore-2019-100] 92.0 ^92.1 Blakemore, Erin (Malichi 22, 2019). "What was the Cold War?". National Geographic (in English). Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2020.

[102] Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014). A Companion to Europe Since 1945. Wiley. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-118-89024-0.

[103] Blakeley, 2009, p. 92

[Proxy-104] 95.0 ^95.1 Collins, Michael (1988). Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 9780802110114.

[105] Chapman, Jessica M. (Ogasiti 5, 2016). "Origins of the Vietnam War". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (in English). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.353. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2020.

[FOOTNOTEWinchester2013305–308-106] Winchester 2013, pp. 305–308.

[IntHighways-107] Blas, Elisheva. "The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" (PDF). societyforhistoryeducation.org. Society for History Education. Retrieved Janyuwale 19, 2015.

[Lightner2004-108] Lightner, Richard (2004). Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-313-28233-1.

[109] "The Civil Rights Movement". PBS.org. Retrieved Janyuwale 5, 2019.

[110] "Social Security". ssa.gov. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[111] Dallek, Robert (2004). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-515920-2.

[112] "Our Documents—Civil Rights Act (1964)". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved Julayi 28, 2010.

[113] "Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York". Okutobala 3, 1965. Archived from the original on Meyi 16, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2012.

[114] Levy, Daniel (Janyuwale 19, 2018). "Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968". Time. Retrieved Meyi 5, 2021.

[115] Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan (Febuluwale 12, 2022). "The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact". study.com. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[116] "Playboy: American Magazine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Ogasiti 25, 2022. Retrieved Febuluwale 2, 2023. ...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.

[StonewallNYC1-117] Goicichea, Julia (Ogasiti 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[118] "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S". University of Kentucky. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.; Frizzell, Nell (Juni 28, 2013). "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". Pink News UK. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.; "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[watergate_committee_final_report-119] Ervin, Sam, et al., Final Report of the Watergate Committee.

[120] "Women in the Labor Force: A Databook" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. p. 11. Retrieved Malichi 21, 2014.

[121] Allen, Robert C. (Novembala 2001). "The rise and decline of the Soviet economy". Canadian Journal of Economics. 34 (4): 859–881. doi:10.1111/0008-4085.00103. ISSN 0008-4085.

[FOOTNOTEGerstle2022106–108,_121–128-122] Gerstle 2022, pp. 106–108, 121–128.

[123] Soss, 2010, p. 277

[124] Fraser, 1989

[125] Federal Debt Held by the Public (Report). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Meyi 31, 2018. Retrieved Juni 12, 2018.

[U.S._Debt-126] "Reagan Policies Gave Green Light to Red Ink". The Washington Post. Juni 9, 2004. Retrieved Meyi 25, 2007.

[Gaidar-127] Gaĭdar, E.T. (2007). Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 190–205. ISBN 978-0-815-73114-6.

[128] Howell, Buddy Wayne (2006). The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988. Texas A&M University. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-549-41658-6.

[129] Kissinger, Henry (2011). Diplomacy. Simon & Schuster. pp. 781–784. ISBN 978-1-4391-2631-8. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Mann, James (2009). The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War. Penguin. p. 432. ISBN 978-1-4406-8639-9.

[130] Hayes, 2009

[131] Charles Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment", Foreign Affairs, 70/1, (Winter 1990/1), 23–33.

[132] Judt, Tony; Lacorne, Denis (2005). With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4039-8085-4.
Samuels, Richard J. (2005). Encyclopedia of United States National Security. Sage Publications. p. 666. ISBN 978-1-4522-6535-3.
Pillar, Paul R. (2001). Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8157-0004-3.
Wang, Gabe T. (2006). China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait. University Press of America. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7618-3434-2.
Understanding the "Victory Disease", From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond. Diane Publishing. 2004. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4289-1052-2.
Kalaitzidis, Akis; Streich, Gregory W. (2011). U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-313-38375-5.
Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower

[133] Halliday, Fred (Epulelo 1991). "The Gulf War and Its Aftermath: First Reflections". International Affairs. Oxford University Press. 67 (2): 223–234. doi:10.2307/2620827. JSTOR 2620827. S2CID 154565052.

[134] "North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | United States Trade Representative". www.ustr.gov. Archived from the original on Malichi 17, 2013. Retrieved Janyuwale 11, 2015.
Thakur; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava (1997). International Management: Concepts and Cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-0-07-463395-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Kalaitzidis, Akis; Streich, Gregory W. (2011). U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-313-38376-2.

[135] Dale, Reginald (Febuluwale 18, 2000). "Did Clinton Do It, or Was He Lucky?". The New York Times. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
Mankiw, N. Gregory (2008). Macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-324-58999-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[136] Flashback 9/11: As It Happened. Fox News. Sekutembala 9, 2011. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
"America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later". CBS News. Associated Press. Sekutembala 11, 2012. Archived from the original on Okutobala 17, 2013. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
"Day of Terror Video Archive". CNN. 2005. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.

[137] Walsh, Kenneth T. (Disembala 9, 2008). "The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved Malichi 6, 2013.
Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 872. ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[138] Wong, Edward (Febuluwale 15, 2008). "Overview: The Iraq War". The New York Times. Retrieved Malichi 7, 2013.
Johnson, James Turner (2005). The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-7425-4956-2. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Durando, Jessica; Green, Shannon Rae (Disembala 21, 2011). "Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 4, 2020. Retrieved Malichi 7, 2013.

[139] Wallison, Peter (2015). Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again. Encounter Books. ISBN 978-978-59407-7-0.

[140] Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (2011). Financial Crisis Inquiry Report (PDF). ISBN 978-1-60796-348-6.

[141] Taylor, John B. (Janyuwale 2009). "The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong" (PDF). Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series. Retrieved Janyuwale 21, 2017.

[142] Hilsenrath, Jon; Ng, Serena; Paletta, Damian (Sekutembala 18, 2008). "Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight". The Wall Street Journal.

[143] "Barack Obama: Face Of New Multiracial Movement?". NPR. Novembala 12, 2008.

[Washington-2011-144] Washington, Jesse; Rugaber, Chris (Julayi 10, 2011). "African-American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession". Associated Press. Archived from the original on Juni 16, 2013.

[RSKrugman1-145] "In Defense of Obama". Rolling Stone. Okutobala 8, 2014. Archived from the original on Novembala 19, 2016. Retrieved Novembala 19, 2016.

[Obama_Inequality-146] "CEA 2017 Economic Report of the President-Chapter One-Eight Years of Recovery and Reinvestment" (PDF). Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved Malichi 12, 2017.

[Politico_Awesome-147] "Everything is Awesome". Politico.com. Disembala 29, 2016. Retrieved Disembala 30, 2016.

[Factcheck_Inherits-148] Jackson, Brooks (Janyuwale 20, 2017). "What President Trump Inherits" – via Factcheck.org.

[Factcheck_Obama#-149] Jackson, Brooks (Sekutembala 29, 2017). "Obama's Final Numbers" – via Factcheck.org.

[HHS_ASPE16-150] Uberoi, Namrata; Finegold, Kenneth; Gee, Emily (Malichi 2, 2016). "Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act, 2010–2016" (PDF). Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on Disembala 5, 2011. Retrieved Disembala 7, 2016. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; Disembala 5, 2021 suggested (help)

[151] Smith, Harrison (Novembala 9, 2016). "Donald Trump is elected president of the United States". The Washington Post. Retrieved Okutobala 27, 2020.

[152] Kochhar, Rakesh. "Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession". Pew Research Center (in American English). Retrieved Okutobala 1, 2022.

[153] Hamid, Shadi (Janyuwale 8, 2022). "The Forever Culture War". The Atlantic (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.

[154] Hammond, Michael (2018). "Chapter 30: The Recent Past". Stanford University Press (in American English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.

[155] Peñaloza, Marisa (Janyuwale 6, 2021). "Trump Supporters Storm U.S. Capitol, Clash with Police". NPR. NPR. Retrieved Janyuwale 16, 2021.

[156] "Protests erupt in D.C., around the country as Roe v. Wade falls". Washington Post (in American English). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.

[157] "The Senate has approved roughly $40 billion in aid to Ukraine". NPR.org (in English). Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.

[158] "Field Listing: Area". The World Factbook. cia.gov. Archived from the original on Julayi 7, 2020. Retrieved Epulelo 21, 2020.

[urlState_Area_Measurements_and_Internal_Point_Coordinates—Geography—U.S._Census_Bureau-159] "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau". State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved Sekutembala 11, 2017.

[160] "2010 Census Area" (PDF). census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. p. 41. Retrieved Janyuwale 18, 2015.

[CIA_Factbook_Area-161] "Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 31, 2014. Retrieved Janyuwale 15, 2015.

[WF-163] 153.0 ^153.1 ^153.2 "United States". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Janyuwale 3, 2018. Retrieved Janyuwale 8, 2018.

[164] "Geographic Regions of Georgia". Georgia Info. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.

[NAU-165] 155.0 ^155.1 Lew, Alan. "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US". GSP 220—Geography of the United States. North Arizona University. Archived from the original on Epulelo 9, 2016. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.

[166] Harms, Nicole. "Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range". Travel Tips. USA Today. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.

[167] Tinkham, Ernest R. (Malichi 1944). "Biological, Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies on the Shield-Back Katydids of the North American Deserts". The American Midland Naturalist. The University of Notre Dame. 31 (2): 257–328. doi:10.2307/2421073. JSTOR 2421073.

[168] "Mount Whitney, California". Peakbagger. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.

[169] "Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.

[170] Poppick, Laura (Ogasiti 28, 2013). "US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained". LiveScience. Retrieved Meyi 2, 2015.

[171] O'Hanlon, Larry (Malichi 14, 2005). "America's Explosive Park". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on Malichi 14, 2005. Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2016.

[172] Boyden, Jennifer. "Climate Regions of the United States". Travel Tips. USA Today. Retrieved Disembala 24, 2014.

[173] "World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on Janyuwale 26, 2022. Retrieved Ogasiti 19, 2015.

[174] Perkins, Sid (Meyi 11, 2002). "Tornado Alley, USA". Science News. Archived from the original on Julayi 1, 2007. Retrieved Sekutembala 20, 2006.

[175] Rice, Doyle. "USA has the world's most extreme weather". USA Today (in English). Retrieved Meyi 17, 2020.

[176] US EPA, OAR (Juni 27, 2016). "Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate". www.epa.gov (in English). Retrieved Juni 19, 2022.

[McDougall2004-177] McDougall, Len (2004). The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada. Lyons Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-59228-070-4.

[178] Morin, Nancy. "Vascular Plants of the United States" (PDF). Plants. National Biological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on Julayi 24, 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 27, 2008.

[Current_Results_#_of_native_species_in_the_US-179] Osborn, Liz. "Number of Native Species in United States". Current Results Nexus. Retrieved Janyuwale 15, 2015.

[180] "Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved Janyuwale 20, 2009.

[181] Park, National. "National Park FAQ". nps. Retrieved Meyi 8, 2015.

[NYTimes_Federal_Land-182] Lipton, Eric; Krauss, Clifford (Ogasiti 23, 2012). "Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling". The New York Times. Retrieved Janyuwale 18, 2015.

[AKLeg_CRS_Federal_Land-183] Vincent, Carol H.; Hanson, Laura A.; Argueta, Carla N. (Malichi 3, 2017). Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Retrieved Juni 18, 2020.

[Federal_Land_Ownership-184] Gorte, Ross W.; Vincent, Carol Hardy.; Hanson, Laura A.; Marc R., Rosenblum. "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data" (PDF). fas.org. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Janyuwale 18, 2015.

[Fed_Land_Uses-185] "Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development". doi.gov. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on Malichi 18, 2015. Retrieved Janyuwale 19, 2015.

[186] The National Atlas of the United States of America (Janyuwale 14, 2013). "Forest Resources of the United States". Nationalatlas.gov. Archived from the original on Meyi 7, 2009. Retrieved Janyuwale 13, 2014.

[187] "Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050" (PDF). 2003. Retrieved Janyuwale 13, 2014.

[188] Daynes & Sussman, 2010, pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78

[189] Hays, Samuel P. (2000). A History of Environmental Politics since 1945.

[Collin2006-190] Collin, Robert W. (2006). The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-33341-5. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[191] Turner, James Morton (2012). The Promise of Wilderness

[Office-192] Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service. General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing. 2003. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4289-3997-4. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[193] "What Is the Greenest Country in the World?". Atlas & Boots. Environmental Performance Index. Juni 6, 2020. Retrieved Novembala 18, 2020.

[194] "United States of America". Global Climate Action – NAZCA. United Nations. Retrieved Novembala 18, 2020.

[195] Nugent, Ciara (Novembala 4, 2020). "The U.S. Just Officially Left the Paris Agreement. Can it Be a Leader in the Climate Fight Again?". Times. Retrieved Novembala 18, 2020.

[196] "Biden announces return to global climate accord, new curbs on U.S. oil industry". Money News. Reuters. Janyuwale 20, 2021. Retrieved Febuluwale 9, 2021.

[197] "Common Core Document of the United States of America". U.S. Department of State. Disembala 30, 2011. Retrieved Julayi 10, 2015.

[FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times2007670-198] The New York Times 2007, p. 670.

[FOOTNOTEOnuf2010xvii-199] Onuf 2010, p. xvii.

[200] Desjardins, Jeff (August 8, 2019) "Mapped: The world's oldest democracies" World Economic Forum

[Scheb-201] Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). An Introduction to the American Legal System. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7668-2759-2.

[202] Greenwood, Shannon (Disembala 6, 2022). "Appendix A: Classifying democracies". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project (in American English). Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023.

[203] "Global Corruption Barometer". Transparency International (in English). Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023.

[204] "2022 Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International (in English). Janyuwale 31, 2023. Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023.

[205] Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011, p. 9

[206] Schultz, 2009, pp. 164, 453, 503

[207] "Death Penalty States [2022]". Death Penalty Info. Retrieved Sekutembala 8, 2022.

[208] DPIC adds Eleven cases to the Innocence List bringing national death-row exonerations to 185, Death Penalty Information Center, Robert Durham, February 18, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.

[209] Millhiser, Ian (Disembala 30, 2020). "The decline and fall of the American death penalty". Vox (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 6, 2023.

[211] Feldstein, Martin (Malichi 2017). "Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries?". National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA. doi:10.3386/w23221.

[212] Migdon, Brooke (Febuluwale 17, 2023). "Utah Senate votes to ban conversion therapy from health care providers". The Hill (in American English). Retrieved Epulelo 6, 2023.

[Drescher-213] Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). "The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy". Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7–12. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7. PMC 5040471. PMID 27754500.

[214] Rodriguez, Barbara (Julayi 29, 2021). "What is the future of prostitution and sex work? Two states preview diverging paths". The 19th (in American English). Retrieved Epulelo 6, 2023.

[twsNovGe-215] Etheridge, Eric; Deleith, Asger (Ogasiti 19, 2009). "A Republic or a Democracy?". The New York Times blogs. Retrieved Novembala 7, 2010. The US system seems essentially a two-party system. ...

[216] Mosler, David; Catley, Robert (1998). America and Americans in Australia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-275-96252-4. Retrieved Epulelo 11, 2016.

[217] "Political Parties - The Founding Fathers & Political Parties". Shmoop. Retrieved Febuluwale 25, 2022.

[218] McCoy, Jennifer; Press, Benjamin (Janyuwale 18, 2022). "What Happens When Democracies Become Perniciously Polarized?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved Epulelo 2, 2023.

[219] Killian, Johnny H. "Constitution of the United States". The Office of the Secretary of the Senate. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2012.

[220] "The Legislative Branch". United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany. Retrieved Ogasiti 20, 2012.

[221] "The Process for impeachment". ThinkQuest. Archived from the original on Epulelo 8, 2013. Retrieved Ogasiti 20, 2012.

[222] "The Executive Branch". The White House. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2017.

[223] Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T. (2005). Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988374-5.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (2013). Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test. Government Printing Office. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-16-091708-0.
Giddens-White, Bryon (2005). The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch. Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4034-6608-2.
Zelden, Charles L. (2007). The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-702-9. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
"Federal Courts". United States Courts. Retrieved Okutobala 19, 2014.

[Territories1-224] 213.0 ^213.1 ^213.2 Locker, Melissa (Malichi 9, 2015). "Watch John Oliver Cast His Ballot for Voting Rights for U.S. Territories". Time. Retrieved Novembala 11, 2019.

[225] Shell, Donald; Baldwin, Nicholas (2013). Second Chambers. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. ISBN 9781136337000. The United States Senate is frequently characterised as the most powerful upper house in the world.

[Avaliktos2004-226] Avaliktos, Neal (2004). The Election Process Revisited. Nova Publishers. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-59454-054-7.

[227] Cossack, Roger (Julayi 13, 2000). "Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life". CNN. Archived from the original on Julayi 12, 2012.

[228] 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(36) and 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. 8 U.S.C. § 1101a

[229] "Electoral College Fast Facts | U.S. House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved Ogasiti 21, 2015.

[AS_citizenship-230] 219.0 ^219.1 "American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism". harvardlawreview.org. Epulelo 10, 2017. Retrieved Janyuwale 5, 2018.

[231] Alvarez, Priscilla (Disembala 12, 2019). "Federal judge rules American Samoans are US citizens by birth". CNN. Retrieved Okutobala 6, 2020.

[232] Romboy, Dennis (Disembala 13, 2019). "Judge puts citizenship ruling for American Samoans on hold". KSL.com. Retrieved Okutobala 6, 2020.

[234] Keating, Joshua (Juni 5, 2015). "How Come American Samoans Still Don't Have U.S. Citizenship at Birth?". Slate.

[235] "Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs. Retrieved Janyuwale 16, 2016.

[236] "Tribal Geography in Relation to State Boundaries".

[237] "Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank". Lowy Institute. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[238] "Current Members". United Nations Security Council. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[239] "United Nations Headquarters Agreement". The American Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press. 42 (2): 445–447. Epulelo 1948. doi:10.2307/2193692. JSTOR 2193692. S2CID 246008694.

[240] "Where is the G7 Headed?". Council on Foreign Relations. New York City. Juni 28, 2022.

[241] "The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together". United States Department of State. Julayi 6, 2022. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[242] "Our global reach". OECD. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[243] Fialho, Livia Pontes; Wallin, Matthew (Ogasiti 1, 2013). Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran (Report). American Security Project. JSTOR resrep06070.

[244] Oliver, Alex; Graham, Euan (Disembala 19, 2017). "Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?". BBC News. London. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022. The United States has never established diplomatic relations with North Korea.

[245] Ferraro, Matthew F. (Disembala 22, 2014). "The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties". The Diplomat. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022. While Bhutan joined the United Nations in 1971, it does not have diplomatic relations with any of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, including the United States and China.

[246] "US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris". South China Morning Post (in English). Sekutembala 28, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.

[247] Ruwitch, John (Sekutembala 22, 2020). "Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister". NPR. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[248] Dumbrell, John; Schäfer, Axel (2009). America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-87270-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.

[249] Ek, Carl & Fergusson, Ian F. (Sekutembala 3, 2010). "Canada–U.S. Relations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.

[250] Vaughn, Bruce (Ogasiti 8, 2008). Australia: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service. OCLC 70208969.

[251] Vaughn, Bruce (Meyi 27, 2011). "New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.

[252] Lum, Thomas (Janyuwale 3, 2011). "The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2011.

[253] Chanlett-Avery, Emma; et al. (Juni 8, 2011). "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.

[254] Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nikitin, Mary Beth (Julayi 8, 2011). "U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 28, 2011.

[255] Zanotti, Jim (Julayi 31, 2014). "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Sekutembala 12, 2014.

[256] "U.S. Relations With Poland".

[257] Kimer, James (Sekutembala 26, 2019). "The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership". Atlantic Council (in English). Retrieved Meyi 30, 2020.

[258] Zelden, Charles L. (2007). The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-85109-702-9. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.
Yager, Loren; Friberg, Emil; Holen, Leslie (2003). Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Diane Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7567-3394-0.

[259] "INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES" (PDF). White House. Retrieved Febuluwale 3, 2022.

[260] Meidan, Michal (Julayi 1, 2019). US-China: The Great Decoupling (Report). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. JSTOR resrep33982.

[261] Bala, Sumathi (Malichi 28, 2023). "U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says". CNBC (in English). Retrieved Meyi 7, 2023.

[262] Rumer, Eugene; Sokolsky, Richard (Juni 20, 2019). "Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, D.C. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.

[263] Macias, Amanda (Juni 17, 2022). "Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia". CNBC (in English). Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2022.

[264] Lindsay, James M. (Ogasiti 4, 2021). "Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!". New York City: Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved Julayi 16, 2022. During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.

[SIPRI-20202-265] "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Epulelo 2023. Retrieved Epulelo 29, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[266] "Data for all countries from 1988–2020 in constant (2019) USD (pdf)" (PDF). SIPRI. Archived (PDF) from the original on Epulelo 28, 2021. Retrieved Epulelo 28, 2021.

[267] Reichmann, Kelsey (Juni 16, 2019). "Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them". defensenews.com. Sightline Media Group. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 23, 2020. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2020.

[IISS-268] 256.0 ^256.1 The Military Balance 2019. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2019. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 22, 2020. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2020.

[269] "Read: James Mattis' resignation letter". CNN. Disembala 21, 2018. Archived from the original on Disembala 4, 2019. Retrieved Janyuwale 8, 2020.

[270] "What does Selective Service provide for America?". Selective Service System. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 15, 2012. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2012.

[271] IISS 2020, pp. 46

[272] "Noble Eagle Without End". Retrieved Febuluwale 1, 2005.

[273] "The Ups and Downs of Close Air Support". Retrieved Disembala 1, 2019.

[274] "Building the Space Range of the Future". Retrieved Meyi 1, 2020.

[275] "Global Positioning System". www.schriever.spaceforce.mil.

[276] "Space surveillance technologies a top need for U.S. military". Novembala 22, 2020. Retrieved Novembala 22, 2020.

[277] Harris, Johnny (Meyi 18, 2015). "Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?". Vox. Archived from the original on Sekutembala 24, 2020. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2020.

[278] "Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)" (PDF). Department of Defense. Malichi 31, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on Julayi 24, 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 7, 2010.

[279] Banks, Duren; Hendrix, Joshua; Hickman, Mathhew (Okutobala 4, 2016). "National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice: 1.

[280] "U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do". Chiff.com. Archived from the original on Febuluwale 10, 2014. Retrieved Novembala 10, 2021.

[281] Manweller, Mathew (2006). "Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts". In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.). The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 37–96. ISBN 978-1-851-09751-7. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2020.

[282] "Introduction To The Federal Court System". United States Attorney. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice. Novembala 7, 2014. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.

[283] "Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) - United States". World Bank. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.

[284] Grinshteyn, Erin; Hemenway, David (Malichi 2016). "Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010". The American Journal of Medicine. 129 (3): 226–273. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025. PMID 26551975. Retrieved Juni 18, 2017.

[285] United States of America. World Prison Brief.

[WorldPrisonBrief-286] Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.

[287] "US Department of Justice, Oct. 22, 2020" (PDF).

[WholePie2023-288] Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter (Malichi 14, 2023). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023 (Report). Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved Meyi 13, 2023.

[289] Schrantz, Dennis; DeBor, Stephen; Mauer, Marc (Sekutembala 5, 2018). "Decarceration Strategies: How 5 States Achieved Substantial Prison Population Reductions". Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project. Retrieved Julayi 16, 2022.

[federalreserve.gov-290] 278.0 ^278.1 "The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere" (PDF). Retrieved Ogasiti 24, 2010.

[NYSEhighestcap-291] Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry (Epulelo 9, 2021). "NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange". Forbes. Retrieved Julayi 24, 2022.

[292] Jones, Huw (Malichi 24, 2022). "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index". www.reuters.com. Retrieved Juni 25, 2022.

[IMF-2023-293] 281.0 ^281.1 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org.

[Hagopian-294] Hagopian, Kip; Ohanian, Lee (Ogasiti 1, 2012). "The Mismeasure of Inequality". Policy Review (174). Archived from the original on Disembala 3, 2013. Retrieved Janyuwale 23, 2020.

[295] "Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits". U.S. Department of Commerce.

[296] "Explore the 2022 Social Progress Index Map: United States". Social Progress Imperative. Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.

[297] Fordham, Benjamin (Okutobala 2017). "Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914". Studies in American Political Development. 31 (2): 170–192. doi:10.1017/s0898588x17000116. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 148917255.

[298] WIPO (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition. Global Innovation Index (in English). World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. Retrieved Febuluwale 25, 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[299] "United States reference resource". The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Meyi 31, 2019.

[Wright,_Gavin_2007_p._185-300] Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny, ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. ISBN 0821365452.

[301] "Income". Better Life Index. OECD. Retrieved Sekutembala 28, 2019. In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.

[Household_Income-302] "Household Income". Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators. Society at a Glance. OECD Publishing. Malichi 18, 2014. doi:10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en. ISBN 9789264200722. Retrieved Meyi 29, 2014.

[autogenerated4-303] "OECD Better Life Index". OECD. Retrieved Novembala 25, 2012.

[Benjamin_J._Cohen_2006,_p._17-304] Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money, Princeton University Press, 2006, ISBN 0691116660; cf. "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, Frommer's Vietnam, 2006, ISBN 0471798169, p. 17

[305] "US GDP Growth Rate by Year". multpl.com. US Bureau of Economic Analysis. Malichi 31, 2014. Retrieved Juni 18, 2014.

[306] Jones, Huw (Malichi 24, 2022). "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index". www.reuters.com. Retrieved Julayi 29, 2022.

[307] "The Global Financial Centres Index 32". Long Finance. Sekutembala 22, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 22, 2022.

[NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy-308] Iman Ghosh (Sekutembala 24, 2020). "This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output". World Economic Forum. Retrieved Malichi 5, 2023. The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.

[309] "Monthly Reports - World Federation of Exchanges". WFE.

[sfc.hk-310] Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012). Securities and Exchange Commission (China).

[auto-311] "Top Trading Partners - October 2022". U.S. Census Bureau. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved Meyi 12, 2023.

[312] "World Trade Statistical Review 2019" (PDF). World Trade Organization. p. 100. Retrieved Meyi 31, 2019.

[313] "United States free trade agreements". Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved Meyi 31, 2019.

[World_Economic_Forum-314] "Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved Juni 1, 2014.

[Fortune-2022-315] 303.0 ^303.1 "Global 500". Fortune (in English). Retrieved Ogasiti 25, 2022.

[Econ-316] "USA Economy in Brief". U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs. Archived from the original on Malichi 12, 2008.

[317] "These are the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world". World Economic Forum (in English). Febuluwale 25, 2020. Retrieved Epulelo 3, 2023.

[318] "What is the national debt?". U.S. Department of Treasury.

[319] "Labour > Earnings > Average annual wages". OECD.

[320] "Income Distribution: Median equivalised disposable income". OECD. Retrieved Janyuwale 21, 2023.

[321] Shorrocks, Anthony; Davies, James; Lluberas, Rodrigo (2021). Global wealth databook 2021 (PDF). Credit Suisse Research Institute.

[322] Jackson, Sarah. "These 20 countries and territories are home to most of the world's 2,755 billionaires". Business Insider (in American English). Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[323] Exley, Robert Jr. (Disembala 22, 2021). "Nearly 22 million Americans are millionaires. Here's how they got wealthy". CNBC. Retrieved Julayi 16, 2022.

[324] Joumard, Isabelle; Pisu, Mauro; Bloch, Debbie (2012). "Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved Meyi 21, 2015.

[Data_for_urban_households_only-325] Monino, Jean-Louis; Sedkaoui, Soraya (Malichi 11, 2016). Data Development Mechanisms. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 43–72. doi:10.1002/9781119285199.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-28519-9. Retrieved Juni 26, 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[326] Gray, Sarah (Juni 4, 2018). "Trump Policies Highlighted in Scathing U.N. Report On U.S. Poverty". Fortune. Retrieved Sekutembala 13, 2018. "The United States has the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries", the report states.

[OHCHR-327] 315.0 ^315.1 ""Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies," says UN expert". OHCHR. Juni 4, 2018. Retrieved Juni 5, 2018.

[328] Piketty, Thomas (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Belknap Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-674-43000-6

[329] "Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved Julayi 27, 2020.

[330] Long, Heather (Sekutembala 12, 2017). "U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says". The Washington Post. Retrieved Novembala 11, 2019.

[Sme-331] Smeeding, T.M. (2005). "Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective". Social Science Quarterly. 86: 955–983. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x. S2CID 154642286.

[332] Min, Sarah (Meyi 24, 2019). "1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays". CBS News. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022. The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.

[333] Bernard, Tara Siegel (Febuluwale 22, 2013). "In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe". The New York Times. Retrieved Ogasiti 27, 2013.

[334] Van Dam, Andrew (Julayi 4, 2018). "Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world". The Washington Post. Retrieved Julayi 12, 2018.

[Culp2013-335] Anne McDonald Culp, ed. (Juni 25, 2013). Child and Family Advocacy: Bridging the Gaps Between Research, Practice, and Policy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-1-4614-7456-2. OCLC 1026456872.

[336] Fowler, P. J.; Hovmand, P. S.; Marcal, K. E.; Das, S. (2019). "Solving Homelessness from a Complex Systems Perspective: Insights for Prevention Responses". Annual Review of Public Health. 40: 465–486. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013553. PMC 6445694. PMID 30601718.

[337] "Household Food Security in the United States in 2011" (PDF). USDA. Sekutembala 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on Okutobala 7, 2012. Retrieved Epulelo 8, 2013.

[338] Rakesh Kochhar (Julayi 22, 2015). "What it means to be poor by global standards". Pew Research Center.

[339] "2021 Poverty Guidelines". aspe.hhs.gov. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[340] "Poverty and Inequality Forum". World Bank. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[341] "Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines". World Bank. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[342] "Country Profile: United States". World Bank. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[343] Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269, OCLC 1104810110

[344] "Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on Febuluwale 10, 2012. Retrieved Juni 19, 2007.

[345] "SJR - International Science Ranking". www.scimagojr.com (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 5, 2022.

[346] World Intellectual Property Organization. (2021). World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021. World IP Indicators (WIPI) (in English). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). doi:10.34667/tind.44461. ISBN 9789280533293. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[347] Hines, R. Lincoln; Ben-Itzhak, Svetla. "NASA's head warned that China may try to claim the Moon – two space scholars explain why that's unlikely to happen". The Conversation (in English). Retrieved Julayi 11, 2022.

[348] "Satellite Database". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.

[Edison-349] "Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions". Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation. Archived from the original on Malichi 16, 2016. Retrieved Janyuwale 21, 2015.

[350] Benedetti, François (Disembala 17, 2003). "100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Archived from the original on Sekutembala 12, 2007. Retrieved Ogasiti 15, 2007.

[fraser-351] Fraser, Gordon (2012). The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959215-9.

[352] 10 Little Americans. ISBN 978-0-615-14052-0. Retrieved Sekutembala 15, 2014 – via Google Books.

[353] "NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history". Sharon Gaudin. Julayi 20, 2009. Retrieved Sekutembala 15, 2014.

[Sawyer2012-354] Sawyer, Robert Keith (2012). Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation. Oxford University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-19-973757-4.

[355] WIPO (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition. Global Innovation Index (in English). World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. Retrieved Novembala 16, 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[356] Ngak, Chenda (Julayi 4, 2012). "Made in the USA: American tech inventions". CBS News.

[visu-357] 345.0 ^345.1 "Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved Meyi 16, 2023.

[358] "What is the United States' share of world energy consumption?". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Novembala 5, 2021.

[EIA-359] "EIA – Petroleum Basic Data". Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved Malichi 30, 2012.

[360] US EPA, OAR (Febuluwale 8, 2017). "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks". US EPA (in English). Retrieved Disembala 3, 2020.

[361] Hunter, Marnie (Epulelo 11, 2022). "This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest". CNN.com.

[362] "Railways – The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.

[363] "Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data". Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2021. Retrieved Febuluwale 16, 2021.

[364] Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (Epulelo 24, 2017). "Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems". The New York Times. Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.

[365] "Cars still dominate the American commute". World Economic Forum (in English). Meyi 19, 2022. Retrieved Meyi 21, 2023.

[366] "Roadways - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on Julayi 12, 2021. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2021.

[367] "Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface". United States Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 2, 2015. Retrieved Janyuwale 13, 2015.

[368] Rae, John Bell. "automotive industry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved Disembala 5, 2021.

[369] "2022 production statistics". International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.

[370] Klebnikov, Sergei. "Tesla Is Now The World's Most Valuable Car Company With A $208 Billion Valuation". Forbes (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.

[371] Bunkley, Nick (Janyuwale 21, 2009). "Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Epulelo 14, 2023.

[372] "China overtakes US in car sales". The Guardian. London. Janyuwale 8, 2010. Retrieved Julayi 10, 2011.

[373] "Fact #962: Vehicles per Capita: Other Regions/Countries Compared to the United States". Energy.gov (in English). Janyuwale 30, 2017. Retrieved Janyuwale 23, 2021.

[USBTS-374] "Vehicle Statistics: Cars Per Capita". Capitol Tires. Ogasiti 2017.

[375] Edwards, Chris (Julayi 12, 2020). "Privatization". Downsizing the Federal Government (in English). Cato Institute. Retrieved Janyuwale 23, 2021.

[376] "Scheduled Passengers Carried". International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2011. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 2, 2015. Retrieved Febuluwale 17, 2012.

[PANYNJ_2021_report-377] "2021 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Epulelo 2022. p. 32.

[378] "Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport". Malichi 31, 2014. Archived from the original on Epulelo 1, 2014. Retrieved Meyi 17, 2014.

[379] "Number of U.S. Airports". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.

[380] "The Top 50 Container Ports". World Shipping Council. Washington, D.C. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.

[381] "Waterways – The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Julayi 14, 2022.

[382] "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Malichi 13, 2023.

[2020CENSUS-384] "Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count". United States Census. Retrieved Epulelo 26, 2021.

[CIA-2018-385] 372.0 ^372.1 "The World Factbook: United States". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Novembala 10, 2018.

[386] "Population Clock". www.census.gov.

[387] "Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present". Historical Marital Status Tables. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Sekutembala 11, 2019.

[388] McPhillips, Deidre (Janyuwale 31, 2023). "Covid-19 'baby bump' brought an increased US fertility rate in 2021 -- but also record high preterm births". CNN (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 16, 2023.

[389] "U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households". Pew Research Center (in English). Retrieved Malichi 17, 2020.

[An2000-390] 377.0 ^377.1 ^377.2 "Ancestry 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Juni 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on Disembala 4, 2004. Retrieved Disembala 2, 2016.

[391] "The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010".

[392] "Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on Disembala 25, 2012. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2017.

[UNdef-393] "INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2019 DOCUMENTATION" (PDF).

[394] "UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019".

[395] "Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. Malichi 14, 2019.

[KeyFindings-396] "Key findings about U.S. immigrants". Pew Research Center. Juni 17, 2019.

[PewRefugees-397] Jens Manuel Krogstad (Okutobala 7, 2019). "Key facts about refugees to the U.S." Pew Research Center.

[398] Kaur, Harmeet (Meyi 20, 2018). "FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States". CNN (in English). Retrieved Meyi 11, 2023.

[399] "States Where English Is the Official Language". The Washington Post. Ogasiti 12, 2014. Retrieved Sekutembala 12, 2020.

[400] "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. Novembala 7, 1978. Archived from the original on Julayi 24, 2013. Retrieved Juni 19, 2007.

[402] Chapel, Bill (Epulelo 21, 2014). "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official". NPR.

[LakotaCommon-403] "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language". Argus Leader. Retrieved Malichi 26, 2019.

[PuertoRicoTranslation-404] "Translation in Puerto Rico". Puerto Rico Channel. Archived from the original on Disembala 30, 2013. Retrieved Disembala 29, 2013.

[405] Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder—Results". Archived from the original on Febuluwale 12, 2020. Retrieved Meyi 29, 2017.

[406] "Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools" (PDF). American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). Febuluwale 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on Epulelo 8, 2016. Retrieved Okutobala 17, 2015.

[407] Goldberg, David; Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (Febuluwale 2015). "Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013" (PDF). Modern Language Association. Retrieved Meyi 20, 2015.

[WSJ-2022-408] 394.0 ^394.1 "March 2023 NORC/AP poll" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. 2022. Retrieved Malichi 27, 2023.

[alesina1-409] Alesina, Alberto; et al. (2003). "Fractionalization" (PDF). Journal of Economic Growth. 8 (2): 155–194. doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938. Retrieved Sekutembala 13, 2012.

[Williams-2023-410] 396.0 ^396.1 Williams, Daniel (Malichi 1, 2023). "'Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing". Christianity Today (in English). Retrieved Malichi 25, 2023.

[Burge-2023-411] Burge, Ryan (Epulelo 3, 2023). "Gen Z and Religion in 2022". Religion in Public (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 4, 2023.

[Donadio-2021-412] 398.0 ^398.1 Donadio, Rachel (Novembala 22, 2021). "Why Is France So Afraid of God?". The Atlantic (in English). Retrieved Malichi 25, 2023.

[413] "First Amendment". Constitution Annotated. United States Congress.

[Global_Christianity-414] ANALYSIS (Disembala 19, 2011). "Global Christianity". Pewforum.org. Archived from the original on Julayi 30, 2013. Retrieved Ogasiti 17, 2012.

[Gallup_Poll-415] "Religion Historical Trends". Gallup. 2022.

[McCarthy-2019-416] McCarthy, Justin (Julayi 8, 2019). "U.S. Confidence in Organized Religion Remains Low". Gallup.com (in English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.

[Nadeem-2022-417] 403.0 ^403.1 ^403.2 Nadeem, Reem (Sekutembala 13, 2022). "Modeling the Future of Religion in America". Pew Research Center (in American English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.

[Thompson-2019-418] Thompson, Derek (Sekutembala 26, 2019). "Three Decades Ago, America Lost Its Religion. Why?". The Atlantic (in English). Retrieved Okutobala 2, 2022.

[:8-419] Jones, Jeffrey (Juni 17, 2022). "Belief in God in U.S. Dips to 81%, a New Low". Gallup (in English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.

[420] "Key findings about Americans' belief in God". Pew Research Center. Epulelo 25, 2018. The vast majority of Americans (90%) believe in some kind of higher power, with 56% professing faith in God as described in the Bible and another 33% saying they believe in another type of higher power or spiritual force. Only one-in-ten Americans say they don't believe in God or a higher power of any kind.

[Jones-2022-421] Jones, Jeffrey (Disembala 21, 2022). "In U.S., Childhood Churchgoing Habits Fade in Adulthood". Gallup.com (in English). Retrieved Janyuwale 1, 2023.

[pew2015-422] "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. Meyi 12, 2015.

[JDB-423] Dashefsky, Arnold; Della Pergola, Sergio; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2018). World Jewish Population (PDF) (Report). Berman Jewish DataBank. Retrieved Juni 22, 2019.

[424] Merriam, Jesse; Lupu, Ira; Elwood, F; Davis, Eleanor (Ogasiti 28, 2008). "On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity?". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (in American English). Retrieved Malichi 31, 2023.

[425] Jones, Jeffrey M. (Malichi 29, 2021). "U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time". Gallup Inc. (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 5, 2021.

[426] "United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on Epulelo 3, 2009. Retrieved Sekutembala 23, 2008.

[PopEstBigCities-427] "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (PDF). 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Julayi 1, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on Disembala 7, 2009.

[428] "Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth". The United States Census Bureau (in English). Epulelo 18, 2019. Retrieved Ogasiti 29, 2020.

[429] "Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ..." U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved Juni 10, 2007.

[430] "Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Ogasiti 1, 2006.

[431] For more detail on U.S. literacy, see A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century, U.S. Department of Education (2003).

[432] Pannoni, Alexandra; Kerr, Emma (Julayi 14, 2020). "Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved Julayi 9, 2022.

[433] Rushe, Dominic (Sekutembala 7, 2018). "The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?". The Guardian (in British English). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved Ogasiti 29, 2020.

[434] "Fast Facts: Expenditures". nces.ed.gov (in English). Epulelo 2020. Retrieved Ogasiti 29, 2020.

[education_spending-435] "U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows". CBS. AP. Juni 25, 2013. Retrieved Okutobala 5, 2013.

[436] "The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects". USAFacts (in English). Retrieved Julayi 15, 2022.

[437] Hess, Abigail Johnson (Disembala 22, 2020). "U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years". CNBC. Retrieved Janyuwale 8, 2022.

[438] Dickler, Jessica; Nova, Annie (Meyi 6, 2022). "This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis". CNBC. Retrieved Julayi 8, 2022.

[439] Fink, Jenni (Okutobala 22, 2019). "U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities". Newsweek (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.

[440] Nietzel, Michael T. (Malichi 22, 2023). "U.S. Universities Dominate Latest QS World Rankings By Academic Field". Forbes (in English). Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2023.

[441] "Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education". U.S. News & World Report. Epulelo 19, 2023.

[442] "2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[443] "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org.

[444] "Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity". Newsweek. Ogasiti 19, 2020.

[445] "Life Expectancy in the United States Declines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics". www.cdc.gov. Ogasiti 31, 2022. Retrieved Sekutembala 3, 2022.

[446] Noguchi, Yuki (Disembala 22, 2022). "American life expectancy is now at its lowest in nearly two decades". NPR. Retrieved Disembala 27, 2022.

[447] "Mortality in the United States, 2017". www.cdc.gov. Novembala 29, 2018. Retrieved Disembala 27, 2018.

[448] Bernstein, Lenny (Novembala 29, 2018). "U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I". The Washington Post. Retrieved Disembala 27, 2018.

[449] Achenbach, Joel (Novembala 26, 2019). "'There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates". The Washington Post. Retrieved Disembala 19, 2019.

[450] "New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations | Commonwealth Fund". www.commonwealthfund.org (in English). Janyuwale 30, 2020. Retrieved Malichi 17, 2020.

[451] "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved Juni 5, 2007.

[Murray2013-452] Murray, Christopher J.L. (Julayi 10, 2013). "The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors". Journal of the American Medical Association. 310 (6): 591–608. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805. PMC 5436627. PMID 23842577.

[453] "About Teen Pregnancy". Center for Disease Control. Retrieved Janyuwale 24, 2015.

[454] "The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?" (PDF). University of Maine. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on Malichi 9, 2007. Retrieved Novembala 29, 2006.

[455] Vladeck, Bruce (Janyuwale 2003). "Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (1): 16–19. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.1.16. PMC 1447684. PMID 12511377.

[EFPIA-456] "Improving Europe's competitiveness". EFPIA. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 23, 2009. Retrieved Novembala 6, 2016.

[Europe-457] Stats from 2007 Europ.Fed.of Pharm.Indust.and Assoc. Retrieved June 17, 2009, from [1]^{[permanent dead link]}

[458] Grant Rigney (Malichi 3, 2023). "United States: #11 in the 2022 World Index of Healthcare Innovation. America's runaway leadership in science & technology is marred by a fiscally unsustainable system of costly health care". freopp.org. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[460] Oberlander, Jonathan (Juni 1, 2010). "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed". Health Affairs (in English). 29 (6): 1112–1116. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 20530339.

[461] "National Health Interview Survey, January to June 2016" (PDF). CDC.gov. Retrieved Novembala 23, 2016.

[NYT20200323GoodnoughAbelsonetAl-462] Goodnough, Abby; Abelson, Reed; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Kliff, Sarah (Malichi 23, 2020). "Obamacare Turns 10. Here's a Look at What Works and Doesn't". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Malichi 30, 2020. Retrieved Malichi 31, 2020.

[463] Miller, Sarah; Altekruse, Sean; Johnson, Norman; Wherry, Laura (Julayi 2019). Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data (PDF). NBER Working Paper No. 26081. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26081. S2CID 164463149.

[464] Goldin, Jacob; Lurie, Ithai Z.; McCubbin, Janet (2020). "Health Insurance and Mortality: Experimental Evidence from Taxpayer Outreach". The Quarterly Journal of Economics (in English). 136: 1–49. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa029.

[465] Mathews, Anna Wilde (Juni 17, 2021). "Why Is ACA Still Controversial 11 Years After Healthcare Law Known as Obamacare Was Passed?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved Julayi 18, 2022.

[466] "Statue of Liberty". World Heritage. UNESCO. Retrieved Janyuwale 4, 2022.

[467] Huntington, Samuel P. (2004). "Chapters 2–4". Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-87053-3. Retrieved Okutobala 25, 2015.: also see American Creed, written by William Tyler Page and adopted by Congress in 1918.

[468] Hoeveler, J. David, Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0742548398, 2007, p. xi

[469] Grabb, Edward; Baer, Douglas; Curtis, James (1999). "The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence". Canadian Journal of Sociology. University of Alberta. 24 (4): 511–533. doi:10.2307/3341789. ISSN 0318-6431. JSTOR 3341789.

[470] Porter, Gayle (Novembala 2010). "Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer. 96 (4): 535–550. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6. JSTOR 29789736. S2CID 143991044.

[471] Stephens, R.H. (Sekutembala 1952). "The Role Of Competition In American Life". The Australian Quarterly. Australian Institute of Policy and Science. 24 (3): 9–14. JSTOR 41317686.

[472] "World Giving Index 2022" (PDF). Charities Aid Foundation. Retrieved Epulelo 27, 2023.

[473] "Country-level estimates of altruism". Our World in Data. Retrieved Malichi 14, 2023.

[474] Marsh, Abigail (Febuluwale 5, 2018). "Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One?". National Public Radio. Retrieved Malichi 14, 2023.

[475] "GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving" (PDF). Charities Aid Foundation. Janyuwale 2016. Retrieved Julayi 18, 2022.

[DD-476] 461.0 ^461.1 ^461.2 Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). Dealing with diversity : the anthology. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt Pub. ISBN 978-0-7872-8145-8.

[Society_in_Focus-477] Thompson, William E.; Hickey, Joseph V. (2004). Society in focus : an introduction to sociology (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-41365-2.

[478] BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America

[479] Fergie, Dexter (Malichi 24, 2022). "How American Culture Ate the World". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved Julayi 3, 2022.

[stead1901-480] Stead, W. T. (1901). The Americanization of the World. Horace Markley. p. 393.

[:0-481] Berghahn, Volker R. (Febuluwale 1, 2010). "The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians". Cold War History. 10 (1): 107–130. doi:10.1080/14682740903388566. ISSN 1468-2745. S2CID 144459911.

[482] Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2010). The New American democracy (7th ed.). London: Longman. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-205-78016-7.

[483] Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American culture (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 18–38. ISBN 978-0-253-21749-3.
Johnson, Fern L. (2000). Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States. Sage Publications. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8039-5912-5.

[484] Clifton, Jon (Malichi 21, 2013). "More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S." Gallup. Retrieved Janyuwale 10, 2014.

[socialmobility-485] *"A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries" (PDF). Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth. OECD. 2010. Retrieved Sekutembala 20, 2010.
Blanden, Jo; Gregg, Paul; Machin, Stephen (Epulelo 2005). "Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America" (PDF). Centre for Economic Performance. Archived from the original (PDF) on Juni 23, 2006.

Gould, Elise (Okutobala 10, 2012). "U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2013.

Winship, Scott (Spring 2013). "Overstating the Costs of Inequality" (PDF). National Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on Okutobala 24, 2013. Retrieved Janyuwale 10, 2014.

[486] Blanden, Jo; Gregg, Paul; Machin, Stephen (Epulelo 2005). "Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America" (PDF). Centre for Economic Performance. Archived from the original (PDF) on Juni 23, 2006.

[487] Gould, Elise (Okutobala 10, 2012). "U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved Julayi 15, 2013.

[488] Winship, Scott (Spring 2013). "Overstating the Costs of Inequality" (PDF). National Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on Okutobala 24, 2013. Retrieved Janyuwale 10, 2014.

[CAP-486] "Understanding Mobility in America". Center for American Progress. Epulelo 26, 2006.

[Schneider-487] Schneider, Donald (Julayi 29, 2013). "A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved Ogasiti 22, 2013.

[488] Gutfeld, Amon (2002). American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-903900-08-6.

[489] Zweig, Michael (2004). What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8899-3. "Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech". Education Resource Information Center. Retrieved Janyuwale 27, 2007.

[490] O'Keefe, Kevin (2005). The Average American. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-270-1.

[491] Coleman, Gabriella (2013). Coding Freedom. Princeton University Press. pp. 10, 201. ISBN 9780691144610.

[492] "Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad". National Public Radio. Sekutembala 19, 2012. Retrieved Malichi 4, 2023.

[493] Liptak, Adam (Juni 11, 2008). "Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S.". The New York Times. Retrieved Febuluwale 21, 2023.

[494] Durkee, Alison (Epulelo 25, 2018). "What if we didn't... have the First Amendment?". Mic (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 6, 2023.

[495] Wike, Richard. "Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world". Pew Research Center (in American English). Retrieved Febuluwale 6, 2023.

[496] Gray, Alex (Novembala 8, 2016). "Freedom of speech: which country has the most?". World Economic Forum (in English). Retrieved Febuluwale 6, 2023.

[497] Norris, Pippa (Febuluwale 2023). "Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality?". Political Studies (in English). 71 (1): 145–174. doi:10.1177/00323217211037023. ISSN 0032-3217. S2CID 238647612. As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK...

[auto1-498] 483.0 ^483.1 Derks, Marco; van den Berg, Mariecke (2020). Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond. Springer International Publishing. p. 338. ISBN 9783030563264. ...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...

[499] Leveille, Dan (Disembala 4, 2009). "LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world". Equaldex. Retrieved Janyuwale 26, 2023. 13.) United States

[500] Garretson, Jeremiah (2018). "A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States". The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion. New York University Press. ISBN 9781479850075. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.

[501] Harold, Bloom (1999). Emily Dickinson. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7910-5106-1.

[502] Philipson, Robert (2006). "The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon". African American Review. 40 (1): 145–160. JSTOR 40027037.

[503] Buell, Lawrence (2014). The Dream of the Great American Novel. Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780674051157. OCLC 871257583.

[504] Buell, Lawrence (Okutobala 1994). "The Rise and 'Fall' of the Great American Novel". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 104 (2): 261–283.

[505] Buell, Lawrence (Spring–Summer 2008). "The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: Moby-Dick as Test Case". American Literary History. 20 (1–2): 132–155. doi:10.1093/alh/ajn005. ISSN 0896-7148. S2CID 170250346.

[506] Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. "All Nobel Prizes in Literature". NobelPrize.org (in English). Retrieved Malichi 23, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[507] Edward, Quinn (2006). A dictionary of literary and thematic terms (2nd ed.). Facts On File. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-8160-6243-0.

[508] Brown, Milton W. (1963). The Story of the Armory Show (2nd ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-89659-795-2.

[JansonJanson2003-509] Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2003). History of Art: The Western Tradition. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 955. ISBN 978-0-13-182895-7.

[Davenport1991-510] Davenport, Alma (1991). The History of Photography: An Overview. UNM Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8263-2076-6.

[WDL-511] "Study for Woolworth Building, New York". World Digital Library. Disembala 10, 1910. Retrieved Julayi 25, 2013.

[512] Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California. ByOffice of Controller Los Angeles, CA (1914). 1914. Retrieved Febuluwale 22, 2014.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[lower-alpha 3]

[8]

[9]

[lower-alpha 4]

[10]

[11]

[lower-alpha 5]

[lower-alpha 6]

[lower-alpha 7]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[lower-alpha 8]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

v t e Political divisions of the United States
List of states and territories
States	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Federal district	Washington, D.C.
Insular areas	American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Indian reservations	List of Indian reservations
Others	Federal enclave

v t e North America
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States
Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

Authority control
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Norway Spain France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel 2 United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Poland Portugal Vatican
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove 2 3 4 UK Parliament
Other	Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi