Colorado

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Colorado
Colorado
State
Flag	Seal
	Nicknames: The Centennial State
	Motto(s): Nil sine numine; (English: Nothing without providence)
	Anthem: Where the Columbines Grow &; Rocky Mountain High
	Mapu gha United States kulongola Colorado pakubiliŵila
Charu	United States
Pambele lindazgoke boma	Territory of Colorado
Admitted to the Union	August 1, 1876; 147 years ago (38th)
Msumba waboma; (and largest city)	Denver
Largest county or equivalent	El Paso
Largest metro and urban areas	Denver
Government
• Governor	Jared Polis (D)
• Lieutenant Governor	Dianne Primavera (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Supreme Court (list)
U.S. senators	Michael Bennet (D); John Hickenlooper (D)
U.S. House delegation	5 Democrats ; 3 Republicans (list)
Area
• Total	104,094 sq mi (269,837 km2)
• Land	103,718 sq mi (268,875 km2)
• Water	376 sq mi (962 km2) 0.36%
• Rank	8th
Dimensions
• Length	280 mi (451 km)
• Width	380 mi (612 km)
Elevation	6,800 ft (2,070 m)
Highest elevation (Mount Elbert)	14,440 ft (4,401.2 m)
Lowest elevation (Arikaree River)	3,317 ft (1,011 m)
Population (estimate as of July 1, 2022)
• Total	5,839,926
• Rank	21st
• Density	56.25/sq mi (21.72/km2)
• Rank	37th
• Median household income	$75,200
• Income rank	9th
Demonym	Coloradan
Language
• Official language	English
Time zone	UTC−07:00 (MST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation	CO
ISO 3166 code	US-CO
Latitude	37°N to 41°N
Longitude	102.0467°W to 109.0467°W
Website	www.colorado.gov
Symbols of Colorado
Slogan	Colorful Colorado
Amphibian	Western tiger salamander; Ambystoma mavortium
Bird	Lark bunting; Calamospiza melanocoryus
Cactus	Claret cup cactus; Echinocereus triglochidiatus
Fish	Greenback cutthroat trout; Oncorhynchus clarki somias
Flower	Rocky Mountain columbine; Aquilegia coerulea
Grass	Blue grama grass; Bouteloua gracilis
Insect	Colorado Hairstreak; Hypaurotis crysalus
Mammal	Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep; Ovis canadensis
Pet	Colorado shelter pets; Canis lupus familiaris; and Felis catus
Reptile	Western painted turtle; Chrysemys picta bellii
Tree	Colorado blue spruce; Picea pungens
Folk dance	Square dance; Chorea quadra
Fossil	Stegosaurus; Stegosaurus armatus
Gemstone	Aquamarine
Mineral	Rhodochrosite
Rock	Yule Marble
Ship	USS Colorado (SSN-788)
Sport	Pack burro racing (summer); Skiing & snowboarding (winter)
Tartan	Colorado state tartan

Colorado (/ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ, -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ (pulikizgani machemelo),^[7]^[8] machemelo ghnayake^[9]) ni boma ilo liri ku Mountain West ku Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States. Chigaŵa ichi chikupanga mapiri ghanandi gha ku Rocky Mountains, kumpoto kwa Colorado Plateau, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Great Plains. Colorado ni boma la nambara 8 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu U.S. ndipo ni la nambara 21 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku Colorado ŵalipo 5,839,926 pa Julayi 1, 2022, ndipo ichi ntchiŵelengero cha 1.15% kufuma pa census ya ku United States ya 2020.^[10]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakukhala mu caru ici kwa vilimika pafupifupi 13,500 panji kujumpha apa. Kufumira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky kukaŵa nthowa yikuru iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo para ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake vya ku America. Mu 1848, boma la United States likazomerezga kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe cha charu cha Spain. Mu 1858 na 1862, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku malo agha chifukwa cha kupenja golide. Pa Febuluwale 28, 1861, boma la U.S. Pulezidenti James Buchanan wakasainira dango lakuti boma la Colorado liŵe lakwamba, ndipo pa Ogasiti 1, 1876, Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakasaina Proclamation 230 yakuzomerezga Colorado kuŵa boma la nambara 38.^[3] Lizgu la Cisipanishi lakuti "colorado" likung'anamura "kufipirwa". Boma la Colorado likucemeka kuti "Centennial State" cifukwa likaŵa lakwamba kuwusa pamanyuma pa vilimika 100 kufuma apo likapokera wanangwa.

Charu cha Colorado chili kumpoto kwa Wyoming, kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nebraska, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Kansas, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Oklahoma, kumwera kwa New Mexico, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Utah. Charu cha Colorado chili kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arizona. Ku Colorado kuli mapiri, nkhorongo, mapiri ghatali, mapiri ghatali, madambo, milonga, na mapopa. Colorado ni limoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na mapiri ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti vili kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States. Malo ghatali gha ku Colorado ghangaŵa kuti ghakukhala ku cigaŵa ca ku America.

Denver ni msumba ukuru wa boma ili, ndipo ni msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Colorado Springs ni msumba wachiŵiri uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakucemeka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado, nangauli nyengo zinyake ŵakucemeka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado.^[11]^[12] Vinyake mwa vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti caru ciŵe cakukhora ni vya boma na vya nkhondo, migodi, ulimi, vyamwendakwenda, na vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Pakuti maji ghakukwera kweniso ghakukhala pachoko, ulimi, makuni, na vyamwendakwenda mu Colorado vikukhwaskika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.^[13]

Mbili[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Prehistory of Colorado and History of Colorado

Dera ilo lero ni State of Colorado likakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵa ku America vyaka 13,500 ivyo vyajumpha ndipo panji vyaka vyakujumpha 37,000 ivyo vyajumpha.^[14]^[15] Mphepete ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky ghakaŵa nthowa yikuru iyo ŵanthu ŵakendanga pakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Ku malo gha Lindenmeier ku Larimer County kuli vinthu ivyo vikaŵako mu 8720 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Pueblo ŵakakhalanga mu madambo gha ku Colorado.^[16] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ute ŵakakhalanga mu madambo gha mapiri gha ku Southern Rocky Mountains na Western Rocky Mountains, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Front Range. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Apache na Comanche nawo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Arapaho na wa Cheyenne ŵakafumako ku vigaŵa vya ku Great Lakes na kuluta ku vigaŵa vya Colorado na Wyoming.

Boma la Spain likati Colorado ni cigaŵa ca New Mexico pambere United States yindaŵanjire. Boma la United States likapoka malo agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky na kugura Louisiana kufuma ku France mu 1803. Ivyo boma la United States likakhumbanga vikaŵa vyakupambana na ivyo Spain yikakhumbanga, vyakuti chigaŵa cha pachanya pa Mlonga wa Arkansas chiŵe chigaŵa cha malonda pera mu Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Mu 1806, Zebulon Pike wakalongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵakaŵa pa ulendo wa kuwukapo mu cigaŵa ico ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga yayi. Mu Febuluwale, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamukora Pike na ŵasilikari ŵake ku San Luis Valley, ndipo ŵakaluta nayo ku Chihuahua. Mu Julayi, ŵakachimbizgika ku Mexico.

Wupu wa United States ukaleka vyaru vyose kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Arkansas na kumwera kwa 42nd parallel kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa 100th meridian kumanjiliro gha dazi nga ni chigaŵa cha kugura kwake Florida kufuma ku Spain na Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. Phangano ili likamba kugwira nchito pa Febuluwale 22, 1821. Ŵakati ŵasanda makora mphaka yawo na Spain, pa Ogasiti 10, 1821, U.S. yikazomerezga kuti cigaŵa ca kumwera ca Missouri ciŵe cigaŵa ca Missouri. Cigaŵa cinyake ca Missouri, kusazgapo cigaŵa ca kumpoto ca Colorado, cikaŵa cigaŵa cambura kulongozgeka kwa vilimika 33 cifukwa ca nkhani ya wuzga. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya vilimika 11, pa Ogasiti 24, 1821, caru ca Spain cikazomerezga kuti Mexico njakujiyimira payekha ndipo cikacita phangano la Córdoba. Paumaliro, Mexico yikazomerezga kuti paŵe Mtende wa ku Adams-Onís mu 1831. Mu 1835 ŵanthu ŵa ku Texas ŵakagalukira boma la United States, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti kuŵe nkhondo ya pakati pa United States na Mexico. Nkhondo iyi yikazgoka Nkhondo ya pakati pa Mexico na America mu 1846. Mu 1848, pamanyuma pa nkhondo, Mexico yikapeleka chigaŵa chake chakumpoto ku U.S. mu phangano la Guadalupe Hidalgo. Phangano ili likapokeleraso vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Colorado.

Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Colorado cikapika cifukwa ca phangano ili.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America awo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya Oregon, California, panji ku malo gha ku Deseret mu chigodobu cha Salt Lake, ŵakaleka mapiri gha ku South Rocky Mountains, ndipo ŵakalondezga Mlonga wa North Platte na Sweetwater River kuluta ku South Pass (Wyoming), uko kukaŵa pakati pa mapiri gha ku South Rocky Mountains na Central Rocky Mountains. Mu 1849, Ŵamormon ŵa ku Salt Lake Valley ŵakapanga boma la Deseret, ndipo ŵakatenge malo ghose gha ku Great Basin na vyaru vyose ivyo vili mu milonga ya Green, Grand, na Colorado ni ghawo. Boma la U.S. likakana kuzomerezga boma liphya la Mormon, cifukwa likazomerezganga nthengwa za ŵanakazi ŵanandi. M'malo mwake, phangano la mu 1850 likapatulira malo gha ku Mexico na kumpoto kwa Texas ku California, New Mexico, na Utah. Pa Epulero 9, 1851, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico awo ŵakakhalanga ku Taos ŵakamba kukhala mu muzi wa San Luis, uwo ukaŵa mu chigaŵa cha New Mexico.

The Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center & Museum ku Dolores

Mu 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas wakaciska U.S. Wupu Wakulongozga ukazomerezga kuti chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide chigaŵikike mu vigaŵa viŵiri, chigaŵa cha Kansas na chigaŵa cha Nebraska, kweniso chigaŵa chinyake chakumwera icho chikachemekanga Indian territory. Boma lililose likeneranga kusankha yekha umo ŵazga ŵakeneranga kukhalira mu charu chake, kweni fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa awo ŵakakolerananga na boma na awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵazga.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga golide ŵakakhazikiska boma la kanyengo kachoko mu chigaŵa cha Jefferson pa Ogasiti 24, 1859, kweni boma ili likapokeka yayi na wupu wa United States. Pa Novembala 6, 1860, Abraham Lincoln wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mafuko ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ŵazga ŵa ku South ghajipature ku boma la United States. Pakukhumba kukhozga mazaza gha vyalo vya Union, wupu wa Republican Party uwo ukalamuliranga na Congress ukazomelezga kuti chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa cha Kansas chiŵe chigaŵa cha Union pa 29 Janyuwale 1861. Kweni chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi cha chigaŵa cha Kansas na malo agho ŵakagwirangapo ntchito ya kujimira golide, ghakaŵa chigaŵa chambura kupangika.

Territory act[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Organic act#List of organic acts, New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas–Nebraska Act, Kansas Territory, Nebraska Territory, Colorado Territory, and Pike's Peak Gold Rush

Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa 30, pa Febuluwale 28, 1861, pulezidenti wakufuma ku United States, James Buchanan, wakalemba chikalata cha Congress icho chikakhazikiska malo gha Colorado. Mphaka zakwambilira za Colorado zikukhalabe zambura kusintha kupatula kusintha kwa boma. Mu 1776, wasembe wa ku Spain, Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, wakalemba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamanyanga mlonga uwu kuti ni Rio Colorado chifukwa cha nthaka ya wofiira ya mu m'paka iyo mlonga uwu ukayegha kufuma ku mapiri.^[17] Gulu la Macomb likati malo agha ndigho ghakwamba kufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Colorado.

Pa Epulero 12, 1861, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Carolina ŵakamba kuwukira Fort Sumter, ndipo ivi vikambiska nkhondo ya pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga golide ŵakakolerananga na Confederation, kweni ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Union.

Mu 1862, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pa mahachi ŵa ku Texas likawukira chigaŵa cha New Mexico na kupoka Santa Fe pa Malichi 10. Chilato cha nkhondo iyi chikaŵa chakuti ŵathereske panji kutimbanizga migodi ya golide ya ku Colorado na California ndiposo kuti ŵathereske madoko gha pa Nyanja ya Pacific kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa Confederation. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka likaluta mwaluŵiro kufuma ku Denver City, Colorado, kuya ku Glorieta Pass, New Mexico, kuti likanizge ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas. Pa Malichi 28, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Colorado na ŵa ku New Mexico ŵakakoma ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas pa nkhondo ya ku Glorieta Pass, ŵakakoma vilwero vyawo na magalimoto ghawo, kweniso ŵakathereska mahachi na ngamila zawo 500. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas ŵakacimbira ku Santa Fe. Ŵakati ŵafwa mu nkhondo iyi, ndipo ŵakasangaso wovwiri mucoko waka ku New Mexico, Ŵatexan ŵakaleka Santa Fe na kuwelera ku San Antonio. Ŵasilikari ŵa Confederation ŵakakhumba yayi kupoka cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa United States.

Phiri la Holy Cross, lajambulika na William Henry Jackson mu 1874

Mu 1864, Kazembe John Evans wakimika Reverend John Chivington kuŵa Colonel wa gulu la Colorado Volunteers, na dango lakuti ŵavikilire ŵazungu ku ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Cheyenne na Arapaho awo ŵakayimbanga mulandu wa kwiba ng'ombe. Colonel Chivington wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawukire gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Cheyenne na Arapaho awo ŵakazenga misasa mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Sand Creek. Chivington wakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakakoma ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 500. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakawelera ku Denver City, kweni ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakukoma nadi Ŵaindiya awo ŵakaŵa pa mtende. Ŵanandi awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi na ŵana, ndipo mathupi gha awo ŵakafwa ghakaŵa kuti ghadumulika na kuyuzgika. Ndalama zakukwana madola ghatatu. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuska ivyo ŵakacita, ndipo pulezidenti wakwamba, Andrew Johnson, wakapempha kuti kazembe Evans wafumeko, kweni pakaŵavya uyo wakalangika. Cakucitika ici sono cikucemeka kuti Sand Creek massacre.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose na pamanyuma pake, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagongowa ŵakawelera ku nyumba zawo, kweni ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakakhalako ndipo ŵakazenga migodi, mafakitare, minda, misewu, na matawuni mu cigaŵa ca Colorado. Pa Seputembala 14, 1864, James Huff wakasanga siliva pafupi na Argentine Pass, ndipo ili likaŵa lakwamba. Mu 1867, njanji ya Union Pacific yikafika ku Weir, iyo sono ni Julesburg. Pa Meyi 10, 1869, sitima ya Union Pacific yikakolerana na njanji ya Central Pacific ku Promontory Summit, Utah, ndipo yikazgoka njanji yakwamba ya ku America. Sitima ya Denver Pacific yikafika ku Denver mu Juni caka cakulondezgapo, ndipo ya Kansas Pacific yikafika myezi yiŵiri yikati yajumphapo kuti yijure njanji yaciŵiri ya ku America. Mu 1872, siliva likasangika mu mapiri gha San Juan, mu chigaŵa cha Ute ku Colorado. Caka cakulondezgapo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ute ŵakafumiskika mu San Juans.

Kuŵa Boma[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Admission to the Union, List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, Colorado Silver Boom, and Cripple Creek Gold Rush

Pa Malichi 3, 1875, wupu wa United States Congress ukazomerezga kuti Colorado yiŵe boma. Pa Ogasiti 1, 1876 (masabata ghanayi pamanyuma pa kukondwelera vyaka 100 kufuma apo boma la United States likakhazikiskikira), U.S. Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakasaina chikalata icho chikapelekanga mwaŵi ku Colorado kuti yiŵe boma la nambara 38, ndipo yikacemeka kuti "Centennial State".

Mu 1878, ŵati ŵasanga malo ghakurughakuru gha siliva kufupi na Leadville, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu Colorado. Dango la Sherman la mu 1890 likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kupenja siliva, ndipo ku Colorado, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja golide mu Cripple Creek. Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Colorado ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuvota pa Novembala 7, 1893, ndipo Colorado yikaŵa boma laciŵiri kupika wanangwa wa kuvota ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kupika wanangwa uwu na ŵanthu wose (ŵanalume ŵa ku Colorado). Mu 1893, boma likati lakanizga dango la Sherman la kuguliska siliva, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Colorado. Pakati pa 1880 na 1930, ulimi wa maluŵa ku Denver ukazgoka bizinesi yikuru ku Colorado. Nyengo iyi yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Carnation Gold Rush.^[18]

Twentieth and twenty-first centuries[lemba | kulemba source]

Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi ku ŵaganyu ndipo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo ŵakagwiranga. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵaganyu ŵakumane na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Colorado. Mu 1913, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States ŵakanjilirapo kuti ŵamazge vivulupi. Mu 1927, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito za makara, ndipo paumaliro ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana dola yimoza pa zuŵa. Kweni pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu 6 ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya ku Columbine, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Colorado ŵakasuzgika chomene. Pa nkhani yinyake iyo yikacitika ku Trinidad, meya wa msumba uwu wakayimbika mulandu wakuti wakatuma ŵimiliri ŵa gulu la KKK kuti ŵawukire ŵantchito awo ŵakambanga sitayiko. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya ku Colorado, awo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca ngozi.

Mu 1924, gulu la Ku Klux Klan likamba kuwusa mu Colorado. Ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, ndipo gulu ili likapoka mazaza pa vipani vya Democratic na Republican, comenecomene mu maofesi gha boma na mu misumba ya Denver, Cañon City, na Durango. Gulu linyake la Klan likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵapolisi ŵa ku Denver. Kuwotcha mphinjika kukaŵanga kacitiro ka nyengo na nyengo mu misumba nga ni Florence na Pueblo. Gulu la Klan likawukira ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa, Ŵakatolika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eastern Europe, na magulu ghanyake gha Ŵaprotesitanti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la Klan yayi, kusazgapo Philip Van Cise, ŵakamba kulimbana na gulu ili ndipo nkhongono zikamba kuchepa. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1920, gulu ili likamba kuchepa.^[19]

Mu 1908, boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States kuŵa na ungano ukuru wa ndyali. Kuyana na kalembera wa ŵanthu wa ku U.S. mu 1930, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakwana miliyoni. Boma la Colorado likakhwaskika comene na suzgo ya ndalama iyo yikacemeka Great Depression na Dust Bowl iyo yikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta kukakhala ku Colorado pamasinda pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Ulendo wakuwona malo ukaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa usambazi wa caru, ndipo luso la vinthu vya mu mlengalenga likaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa usambazi. Ofesi yakupenda ŵanthu ku United States yikati mu 2009, mu Colorado mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha mamiliyoni ghankhondi.

Pa Seputembala 11, 1957, moto wa plutonium ukabuka pa fakitare ya Rocky Flats, ndipo ukabinkhiska ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vyapafupi.^[20]

Mu ma 1940 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita viwoneskero ku Colorado, chomenechomene ku Denver. Ivi vikasazgapo gulu la Chicano Movement, ilo likaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico na ku America. Msonkhano wa National Chicano Liberation Youth unachitikira ku Colorado mu March 1969.

Mu 1967, boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kulekeska ŵanthu kufumiska nthumbo, apo kazembe John Love wakasazgirako dango lakuti munthu wangafumiska nthumbo para wacicizgika, panji usange mwanakazi wakusuzgika maghanoghano. Vyaru vinandi vikalondezga ivyo Colorado wakacita, ndipo vikasintha malango ghakukhwaskana na kufumiska nthumbo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970.

Kufumira ku umaliro wa m'ma 1990, ku Colorado kukacitika masoka ghanandi, kusazgapo masoka gha ku Columbine High School mu 1999 agho ghakapuluska caru cose, apo Eric Harris na Dylan Klebold ŵakakoma ŵana ŵa sukulu 12 na msambizgi yumoza, pambere ŵandajikome. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucita nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga. Pa Julayi 20, 2012, munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa na futi wakakoma ŵanthu 12 mu sinema ku Aurora. Boma likazgora na kukanizga comene kugwiliskira nchito vilwero, kusazgapo kukanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira nchito magazini. Pa Malici 22, 2021, munthu uyo wakaŵa na futi wakakoma ŵanthu 10, kusazgapo wapolisi, mu sitoro ya King Soopers ku Boulder. Mu nyengo ya nkhaza ya anti-LGBT, mwanalume munyake wakoma ŵanthu 5 mu kilabu ya usiku ku Colorado Springs mu usiku wa Novembala 19 kuya 20, 2022.

Ngalaŵa zinayi za nkhondo za U.S. Ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵakasankha zina lakuti USS Colorado. Ngalaŵa yakwamba yakucemeka USS Colorado yikacemeka ku zina la Mlonga wa Colorado ndipo yikacita nchito mu Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose ndipo pamasinda yikacemeka kuti Asiatic Squadron. Ngalaŵa izi zikaŵa zankhongono chomene ndipo zikaŵa na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Zina lakwamba likaŵa la sitima ya nkhondo ya USS Colorado. Pa nyengo iyo Pearl Harbor yikabwangandukiranga, sitima ya nkhondo ya USS Colorado yikaŵa ku San Diego, California, ndipo yikaŵavya suzgo. Boti lakwamba ilo lili na zina la USS Colorado ni la Virginia-class submarine USS Colorado (SSN-788), ilo likamba kugwira nchito mu 2018.^[21]

Makhalilo gha malo[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Colorado

Charu cha Colorado chili na malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni mapiri gha mapiri, mapiri ghatali, mapopa ghatali, na madambo ghatali. Mu chaka cha 1861, boma la United States likalongosora mphaka za chigaŵa cha Colorado na mizere ya latitude na longitude, kufuma pa 37°N kufika pa 41°N, ndipo kufuma pa 102°02′48′′W kufika pa 109°02′48′′W (25°W kufika pa 32°W kufuma pa Washington Meridian). Pakati pajumpha vilimika 162 kufuma apo boma likambira kupima, mphaka za Colorado zikamanyikwa na vikhwangwani 697 na mizere 697. Colorado, Wyoming, na Utah ni vyaru vyekha ivyo vili na mphaka zake pera, kweni palije vinthu vinyake. Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Colorado kuli Four Corners Monument pa 36°59′56′′N, 109°2′43′′W. Chikumbusko cha Four Corners, ico cili pa malo apo Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, na Utah ghakukolerana, ndico malo ghekha mu United States apo vyaru vinayi vikukumana.^[22]

Plains[lemba | kulemba source]

Pafupifupi hafu ya caru ca Colorado ni mapiri. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rocky Mountains kuli Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, chigaŵa cha Great Plains mukati mwa Colorado pa mtunda wa mamita 1,020 mpaka 2,290. Malo ghakupambanapambana gha ku Colorado ni mapiri, makuni, na madambo. Chaka chilichose kukuwa vula pafupifupi mamilimita 380 m'paka 640.

Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado, kuli minda na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kweniso mizi na matawuni. Vipasi ivyo vikulimika kanandi ni tirigu, tirigu, tirigu wa soya, na oats. Misumba na matawuni ghanandi mu cigaŵa ici ghali na malo ghakusungiramo maji na ghakukwezgera vyakurya. Maji ghakufuma pasi na pasi ghakupangika kuti ghaŵe ghakumwa. Maji agho ghakufuma mu maji ghakunyang'amira ni South Platte, Mlonga wa Arkansas, na tumilonga tunyake. Kanandi maji gha pasi pa caru ghakusangika mu visimi. Pakuti visimi ivi vikaŵanga na maji ghanandi, maji ghakamara mu chigaŵa ichi. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli viŵeto vinandi, nga ni viŵeto vya ng'ombe na nkhumba.^[23]

Front Range[lemba | kulemba source]

Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rocky Mountains mu Front Range Urban Corridor pakati pa Cheyenne, Wyoming, na Pueblo, Colorado. Cigaŵa ici cikuponerako ku mphepo izo zikwiza kufuma ku Nyanja ya Pacific cifukwa ca mapiri gha Rockies agho ghali pakati pa Colorado. Ku "Front Range" kuli Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Castle Rock, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley, na matawuni ghanyake agho ghali pakati. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha mapiri gha Rockies, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku Colorado (uko ukuchemeka kuti "The Western Slope").

Mountains[lemba | kulemba source]

Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Great Plains of Colorado kuli mapiri gha Rocky. Mapiri gha Rocky ghakumanyikwa comene ni Longs Peak, Phiri la Evans, Pikes Peak, na Spanish Peaks kufupi na Walsenburg, kumwera kwa Colorado. Malo agha ghakumira kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera, ndipo ghakumira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi panji Rio Grande, ndipo ghakumira mu Nyanja ya Mexico.

Mapiri gha Rocky ku Colorado ghali na mapiri 53 ghatali chomene, ndipo 58 ghali na utali wa mamita 4,267 panji kujumpha apa.^[24] Mapiri agha ghali na makuni ghanandi nga ni makuni gha conifers na aspen. Ndipo ghakukwera kufuma pa mamita 3,658 kumwera kwa Colorado kufika pa mamita 3,200 kumpoto kwa Colorado. Pamwamba pa makuni agha, pali vyakumera vya ku mapiri pera. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya Colorado Rockies ndivyo vikuŵa na chiwuvi nyengo zose.

Mu mwezi wa Ogasiti, ciwuvi cikusongonoka mu mapiri ghose gha ku Alps, kupaturako tuchoko waka uto tukuŵa na ciwuvi na tuvizinga tucoko waka. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kujimya golide na siliva. Phiri la Elbert ndilo ndilokuru comene pa Mapiri gha Rocky. Mapiri 30 ghatali chomene gha Rocky Mountains gha ku North America ghali mu chigaŵa ichi.

Phiri la Elbert lili pa mtunda wa mamita 4,401.2 ndipo ni malo ghapachanya chomene ku Colorado na mu mapiri gha Rocky ku North America. Colorado ni boma la ku U.S. ilo lili pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,000. Ku malo uko mlonga wa Arikaree ukuthira kufuma ku Yuma County, ku Colorado, na kunjira mu Cheyenne County, ku Kansas, ndiko kuli malo ghambura kuzingilizgika mu Colorado. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghatali chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu United States, ndipo ghakaŵa ghatali chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu vyaru 18 na mu chigaŵa cha Columbia.^[25]

Continental Divide[lemba | kulemba source]

Mphepete mwa mapiri gha Rocky Mountains, kuli malo agho ghakupambana mu vyaru vya ku America. Malo gha ku Colorado agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide ghakucemeka Western Slope of Colorado. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, maji ghakukhira kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwizira mu Mlonga wa Colorado na Mlonga wa Green mu Gulf of California.

Mu mapiri gha Rocky muli mapaki ghakurughakuru agho ghali na madambo ghatali. Kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kuli malo ghakucemeka North Park of Colorado. Mlonga wa North Platte ndiwo ukwenda mu North Park, ndipo ukwenda kumpoto m'paka ku Wyoming na Nebraska. Kumwera kwa North Park, kweni kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kuli Middle Park of Colorado, iyo yikuthika na Mlonga wa Colorado. Ku South Park ku Colorado ndiko kuli maji gha mu Mlonga wa South Platte.

South Central region[lemba | kulemba source]

The high desert lands that make up the San Luis Valley in Southern Colorado

Mu chigaŵa cha pakati cha kumwera kwa Colorado, muli Dambo la San Luis, uko kuli maji gha mu Mlonga wa Rio Grande. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha dambo ili ni San Luis Closed Basin, ndipo ni malo agho ghakawovwira kupanga Great Sand Dunes. Chigodobu chili pakati pa mapiri gha Sangre De Cristo na San Juan. Mlonga wa Rio Grande ukwenda kumwera m'paka ku New Mexico, Texas, na Mexico. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa San Luis Valley kuli kaphiri ka Wet Mountain Valley. Vigaŵa ivi, comenecomene mu San Luis Valley, vili mu mphepete mwa Rio Grande Rift, malo ghakuru gha Rocky Mountains, na minthavi yake.

Western Slope[lemba | kulemba source]

Chigaŵa cha Western Slope cha Colorado chikupanga chigaŵa chakumadzulo kwa mapiri gha Rocky Mountains na chigaŵa chose icho chili ku mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu cigaŵa ici muli malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso nyengo zakupambanapambana, kwambira ku mapiri mpaka ku mapopa. Ku Western Slope kuli matawuni ghanandi agho ghali ku Rocky Mountains na matawuni ghanyake agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Utah. Cirwa ici cili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska cigaŵa ca Front Range, kweni cili na malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinyama.

Kumpoto kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ndipo kuli malo ghanyake agho ghakuchemeka kuti Dinosaur National Monument. Malo agha ngakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha malo agho ŵanthu ŵakusambira vyamoyo vyakale ŵakukhalamo, kweniso ni malo ghakutowa agho ghali na mapiri gha majalawe, makululu, mapopa ghambura maji, na milonga. Pa malo agha, mlonga wa Green River ukunjira mu Colorado.

Mlonga wa Colorado na milonga yake yikwenda mu chigaŵa cha Western Slope (Kanandi ni Gunnison River, Green River, na San Juan River). Mlonga wa Colorado ukusolota mu Glenwood Canyon, ndipo kufuma apo ukujumpha mu chigodobu cha mapopa kufuma ku Rifle mpaka ku Parachute, ukujumpha mu chigodobu cha De Beque Canyon, na kunjira mu mapopa gha Grand Valley, uko kuli msumba wa Grand Junction.

Cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene ni Grand Mesa, ico cili kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Grand Junction; mapiri ghatali gha San Juan, agho ghali na mapiri ghatali; ndipo kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha San Juan, ni Colorado Plateau.

Grand Junction, Colorado, ni tawuni yikuru comene ya Western Slope. Grand Junction na Durango ni malo ghekha ghakupharazgira pa wayilesi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide mu Colorado, nangauli malo ghanandi gha mapiri ghakupharazga nyuzipepara zuŵa lililose. Grand Junction yili pa mphambano ya Interstate 70 na US 50, nthowa zikuruzikuru mu Colorado. Grand Junction yili pafupi na njanji yikuru ya Western Slope, ya Union Pacific. Kweniso njanji iyi yikovwira kuti sitima ya Amtrak yakuchemeka California Zephyr yende mu mapiri gha Rocky.

Ku chigaŵa cha Western Slope kuli malo ghanandi ghakukondweska mu Colorado Rocky Mountains, kusazgapo Glenwood Springs, na malo ghakupumulirapo, na malo ghakukondwelera kuskera gha Aspen, Breckenridge, Vail, Crested Butte, Steamboat Springs, na Telluride.

Masambiro ghapachanya ghakusangika ku Colorado Mesa University ku Grand Junction, Western Colorado University ku Gunnison, Fort Lewis College ku Durango, na Colorado Mountain College ku Glenwood Springs na Steamboat Springs.

Chikumbusko cha Four Corners icho chili kumwera chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado chikulongora mphaka iyo yili pakati pa Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, na Utah.

Nyengo[lemba | kulemba source]

Nyengo ya ku Colorado njakusuzga comene kuluska ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku America. Mwakupambana na vigaŵa vinyake, kumwera kwa Colorado nyengo zose kukuzizima yayi kuluska kumpoto. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Colorado cili na mapiri, tumapiri, madambo, na mapopa. Mapiri na madambo ghakuzingilizga malo agha ghakupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yiwemi panji yiheni. Kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa Colorado ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo kumpoto kwa Colorado kuli mapiri na mapiri. Kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli mapiri, ndipo malo ghanyake ni mapopa. Kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Colorado ni malo gha mapopa na mapiri.

Eastern Plains[lemba | kulemba source]

Nyengo ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Plains ni semi-arid (Köppen climate classification: BSk) na chinyezi chichoko na mphepo ya mphepo, kanandi kufuma pa 15 kufika pa 25 inchi (380 kufika pa 640 millimeters) pachaka, nangauli vigaŵa vinandi kufupi na milonga ni semi-humid climate. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakuŵa na dazi liwemi ndiposo kuti usiku kukuzizima, ntheura nyengo ya muhanya yikupambana chomene. Nyengo zinyake pa zuŵa, nyengo ya muhanya na ya usiku yikuŵa yakupambana chomene, chifukwa chakuti mu nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima, nyengo ya muhanya na ya usiku yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene. Mu tawuni ya Front Range, mukukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Colorado, ndipo muli mfwiri chifukwa cha mapiri gha Rocky.^[26]

Mu nyengo ya chihanya, malo agha ghangaŵa na nyengo yakuzizima chomene. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa pakati pa 25 na -10 °F (-4 mpaka -23 °C). Pafupifupi 75% ya vula iyo yikuwa mu nyengo ya vula, kufuma mu Epulero m'paka Seputembala, kweni mu chigaŵa ichi kanandi kukaŵanga chilangalanga. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuwa vikufuma ku vivula vya mphepo, ivyo vingaŵa vyankhongono, ndiposo ku chiwuvi chikuru icho chikuŵa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi na kuuyambiro kwa chihanya. Kweni nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima ndiposo yambura vula.

Mu vigaŵa vinandi, mwezi wa Malichi ndiwo ukuŵa na chiwuvi chinandi. Mu mwezi wa Epulero na Meyi ndipo vula yikulokwa comene, ndipo mu mwezi wa Epulero ndipo vula yikulokwa comene. Mizinda ya ku Front Range iyo yili kufupi na mapiri, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuzizima chomene chifukwa cha mphepo ya Chinook iyo yikuwotcha malo agha, ndipo nyengo zinyake nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuzizima chomene. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana 55 °F (13 °C) na 90 °F (32 °C) muhanya. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale, nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 18 °F (−8 °C) mulenji ndipo 48 °F (9 °C) muhanya, nangauli nyengo zinyake zuŵa limoza likusintha kufika pa 40 °F (-40 °C).

Front Range foothills[lemba | kulemba source]

Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri na mu vikhizga vya mapiri, kuli nyengo zakupambanapambana. Malo agho ghali patali ghangaŵa na nyengo zakupambana comene kuyana na malo agho. Mu madambo ghanandi muli nyengo ya chiwuvi, nga umo viliri ku mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi, uko nyengo ya chiwuvi yikupambana na nyengo ya mapiri. Vinthu ivi vikusangikaso mu vigaŵa vinandi, nga ni vigaŵa vya mapiri (Cfb/Cwb), vigaŵa vya mapiri (Cfa), vyaru vya ku Meditereniyani (Csa/Csb) na vyaru vya ku Arctic (Dfc).^[27]

Extreme weather[lemba | kulemba source]

Nyengo zikupambana chomene ku Colorado, nangauli nyengo zinandi zikupambana mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhalako pachoko. Nyengo ya chihanya na chihanya, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kukuŵa mphepo na mabingu, kweni kanandi vikuŵako nyengo yifupi. Chimphepo chikuluta ku mapiri ghakumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa icho chikupambanako na mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi. Chivula cha malibwe ndicho chikuŵako pa nyengo ya chiwuvi chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake chikupangiska ŵanthu kupwetekeka, kweniso vinthu vinandi vikunangika. Ku mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukuŵa vula ya malibwe iyo yikuŵa yikuru chomene ku North America. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni vula ya malibwe iyo yikawira ku Denver pa Julayi 11, 1990, na pa Meyi 8, 2017.

Chigwa cha Kum'mawa ndi gawo la mbali yakumadzulo kwambiri ya Tornado Alley; mphepo zamkuntho zowononga ku Eastern Plains zikuphatikiza mphepo yamkuntho ya Limon F3 ya 1990 ndi mphepo yamkuntho ya Windsor EF3 ya 2008, yomwe idawononga tawuni yaying'ono.^[28] Vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Plains vikuŵa na mphepo zikuruzikuru, izo zikufuma ku mphepo zikuruzikuru zakuchemeka supercell thunderstorms, kweniso ku mphepo zakuchemeka landpouts, nga ni izo zikuchitika mu Denver convergence vorticity zone.

Kweniso mu vidika ivi nyengo zinyake pakuŵa maji ghakututuka, ndipo para nyengo yazizima, maji ghakututuka mwamabuchi chifukwa cha chimphepo na vula, kweniso chifukwa chakuti chiwuvi chikusungunuka mwaluŵiro mu mapiri. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni maji ghakututuka agho ghakachitika mu Denver mu 1965, mu Big Thompson River mu 1976 na mu 2013 ku Colorado. Nyengo yakotcha yikuŵako comene mu nyengo ya cihanya ku Denver. Mu chaka cha 1901, mzinda uwu ukaŵa na nyengo ya kuzizima chomene. Ŵakacita nthena kwa mazuŵa 24 ndipo nyengo iyi yikakwana sabata yimoza.

Chigaŵa chikuru cha Colorado ntcha chilangalanga, ndipo chihanya chikugwa maji gha chivula ghakukwana mamilimita 430 pa chaka. Nyengo zinyake mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chilangalanga. Mu 2002, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa moto ukuru uwo ukawotcha malo ghanandi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵako ni moto wa Fourmile Canyon uwo ukaŵako mu 2010, moto wa Waldo Canyon na High Park uwo ukaŵako mu Juni 2012, na moto wa Black Forest uwo ukaŵako mu Juni 2013. Moto wa Pine Gulch, wa Cameron Peak, na wa East Troublesome uwo ukabuka mu 2020, ndiwo ukaŵa ukuru chomene mu nyengo ya Colorado. Ndipo moto wa Marshall uwo ukayamba pa Disembala 30, 2021, nangauli ukaŵa ukuru comene yayi mu mdauko wa boma ili, kweni ukaŵa wakuparanya comene pa vinthu ivyo vikaparanyika (wonani Marshall Fire).

Ndipouli, malo ghanyake gha mapiri gha ku Colorado ghakuŵa na maji ghanandi chifukwa cha chiwuvi icho chikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Para ciwuvi camara kusongonoka, maji ghakututuka comene mu Mlonga wa Yampa, Colorado, Rio Grande, Arkansas, North Platte, na South Platte.

Maji agho ghakufuma mu mapiri gha Colorado Rocky Mountains ghakupeleka maji ghakukwana ku minda, matawuni, na misumba ya kumwera kwa New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, na Nevada, kweniso ku Midwest, nga ni Nebraska na Kansas, na kumwera kwa Oklahoma na Texas. Nyengo zinyake maji agha ghakafikanga kumpoto kwa Mexico.

Climate change[lemba | kulemba source]

Page 'Climate change in Colorado' not found

Records[lemba | kulemba source]

Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri komwe kudalembedwapo ku Colorado kunali 115 ° F (46.1 ° C) pa Julayi 20, 2019, ku John Martin Dam. Pa February 1, 1985, ku Maybell, ku America, nyengo yazizima chomene yikaŵa -61 °F (-51.7 °C).^[29]^[30]

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Colorado cities^[31]
City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Alamosa	34/−2 2/−19	40/6 4/−14	50/17 10/−8	59/24 15/−4	69/33 21/1	79/41 26/5	82/47 28/8	80/46 27/8	73/40 23/4	62/25 17/−4	47/12 8/−11	35/1 2/−17
Colorado Springs	43/18 6/−8	45/20 7/−7	52/26 11/−3	60/33 16/1	69/43 21/6	79/51 26/11	85/57 29/14	82/56 28/13	75/47 24/8	63/36 17/2	51/25 11/−4	42/18 6/−8
Denver	49/20 9/−7	49/21 9/−6	56/29 13/−2	64/35 18/2	73/46 23/8	84/54 29/12	92/61 33/16	89/60 32/16	81/50 27/10	68/37 20/3	55/26 13/−3	47/18 8/−8
Grand Junction	38/17 3/−8	45/24 7/−4	57/31 14/-1	65/38 18/3	76/47 24/8	88/56 31/13	93/63 34/17	90/61 32/16	80/52 27/11	66/40 19/4	51/28 11/−2	39/19 4/−7
Pueblo	47/14 8/−10	51/17 11/−8	59/26 15/−3	67/34 19/1	77/44 25/7	87/53 31/12	93/59 34/15	90/58 32/14	82/48 28/9	69/34 21/1	56/23 13/−5	46/14 8/−10

Extreme temperatures[lemba | kulemba source]

Climate data for Colorado
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	84 (29)	88 (31)	96 (36)	100 (38)	107 (42)	114 (46)	115 (46)	112 (44)	108 (42)	100 (38)	90 (32)	88 (31)	115 (46)
Record low °F (°C)	−56 (−49)	−61 (−52)	−44 (−42)	−30 (−34)	−11 (−24)	10 (−12)	18 (−8)	15 (−9)	−2 (−19)	−28 (−33)	−37 (−38)	−50 (−46)	−61 (−52)
Source: Colorado Climate Center^[32]

Earthquakes[lemba | kulemba source]

Nangauli malo agha ghali na mapiri, kweni ku Colorado kulije vindindindi. Ku U.S. National Earthquake Information Center yili ku Golden.

Pa Ogasiti 22, 2011, chindindindi chikuru chomene chikachitika pa mtunda wa makilomita 14 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Trinidad. Pakaŵavya uyo wakafwa, ndipo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikanangika vikaŵa vichoko waka. Cindindindindi ici cikaŵa caciŵiri cikuru comene mu mdauko wa Colorado. Cindindindi cikuru comene ico cikacitika mu 1973 cikaŵa 5.7.

Kukwambilira kwa Ogasiti 24, 2018, ku Colorado kukachitika chindindindi chankhondi icho chikafika pa 2.9 kufika pa 4.3.

Ku Colorado kwacitika vindindindi 525 kwambira mu 1973, ndipo vinandi mwa ivi ni vya pakati pa 2 na 3.5 pa sikelo ya Richter.^[33]

Vinyama[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, ku Colorado kukacitika cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti vinyama vyakofya vyakofya ivi vifwe. Gulu la mimbulu likakhazikikaso ku Moffat County, Colorado kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado mu 2019. Ŵalimi ŵa viŵeto ŵakufipa mtima kuti para mphumphi zikuweleraso, viŵeto vyawo vinganangika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵikeso mphumphi zakufipa mu 2020, ndipo boma ili likati laŵikapo mtima kuti mu 2022 mu charu ichi muŵe mphumphi zakufipa na kuzomerezga nthowa zakuponoskera mphumphi izo zikukoma viŵeto na vinyama.

Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti mbuzi iyi yikaŵako vyaka 800,000 ivyo vyajumpha, kweni mbuzi iyi yikafuma ku Colorado yayi, kweni yikaŵako pakati pa 1947 na 1972. Nangauli mbuzi za ku mapiri zikaŵa kuti zikafumira ku malo ghanyake, kweni mu 1993 boma likati mbuzi za ku mapiri ni za ku malo agha. Mu 2013, 2014, na 2019, nthenda yambura kumanyikwa yikakoma ŵana wose ŵa mbuzi za ku mapiri, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Colorado Parks and Wildlife yipenje.

Mu Colorado, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakasazgikana chomene mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu ma 1960, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako ŵakaŵanga 15,000 pera. Ndipouli, mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupwelelera viyuni ivi ndipo vikakwana 66,000. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti mu chaka cha 2019 ŵakafika pa ŵanthu 85,000 ndipo ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na nyumba izo zikaŵanga mu mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakayowoya kuti ŵeneko ŵa malo ŵakwenera kusintha vinthu vinyake kuti viŵe vyakukwana kuti viyuni ivi vifwatukenge mu malo agha. Vinyama ivi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, ndipo vinyake vikusangikaso ku mapiri gha San Juan.

Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu mapiri gha Colorado ni mphoyo, chiwuvi chakumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chiwuvi cha golide, chiwuvi chamuthumbo, chiwuvi cha American pika, na chiwuvi chakuthondo, vyose vilipo vinandi chomene, nangauli chiwuvi ichi ntcha mu charu ichi yayi.^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] Mu vigaŵa ivi muli visomba vya mtundu wa deer, fox squirrel, desert cottontail, mountain cottontail, na coyote.^[38]^[39] Mu mapiri agha muli ntcheŵe yakucemeka black-tailed prairie dog, nkharamu yakucemeka swift fox, nkharamu yakucemeka American badger, na nkharamu yakucemeka white-tailed jackrabbit.^[40]^[41]^[42]

M'madera[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: List of counties in Colorado and List of Colorado counties by socioeconomic factors

Boma la Colorado lili na vigaŵa 64. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivi, City and County of Broomfield na City and County of Denver, vili na maboma ghakukolerana. Ma counties ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa mu boma la Colorado pakuti kulije matawuni panji vigaŵa vinyake.

Dera la El Paso ndilo liri na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado. Dera ili ndimo muli msumba wa Colorado Springs. Dera lachiŵiri ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni msumba wa Denver, uwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma ili. Mu vigaŵa vinkhondi mwa vigaŵa 64, sono muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000, ndipo mu vigaŵa 12 muli ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 5,000. Vigaŵa 10 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Colorado vili mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Dera la Mesa ndilo lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Colorado Western Slope.^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Pikes Peak and Garden of the Gods in El Paso County, Colorado

The 16 most populous Colorado counties
2022 Rank^{[lower-alpha 2]}	County	County seat	2022 Population^{[lower-alpha 2]}
1	El Paso County	Colorado Springs	740,567
2	City and County of Denver	Denver^{[lower-alpha 3]}	713,252
3	Arapahoe County	Littleton	655,808
4	Jefferson County	Golden	576,143
5	Adams County	Brighton	527,575
6	Douglas County	Castle Rock	375,988
7	Larimer County	Fort Collins	366,778
8	Weld County	Greeley	350,176
9	Boulder County	Boulder	327,468
10	Pueblo County	Pueblo	169,544
11	Mesa County	Grand Junction	158,636
12	City and County of Broomfield	Broomfield^{[lower-alpha 4]}	76,121
13	Garfield County	Glenwood Springs	62,271
14	La Plata County	Durango	56,607
15	Eagle County	Eagle	55,285
16	Fremont County	Cañon City	49,621

Municipalities[lemba | kulemba source]

Map this section's coordinates in "List of municipalities in Colorado" using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as: KML

Nkhani ikulu: List of municipalities in Colorado

Ku Colorado kuli matawuni ghakukwana 272 agho ni matawuni ghakukwana 197, misumba 73, na maboma gha vigaŵa viŵiri.^[44]^[45] Ku United States mu chaka cha 2020, ŵanthu 4,299,942 pa ŵanthu 5,773,714 awo ŵakakhalanga mu Colorado (74.47%) ŵakakhalanga mu muzi umoza. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 714,417 (12.37%) ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakukwana 210, ndipo ŵakukwana 759,355 (13.15%) ŵakakhalanga ku mizi na mu mapiri.

Boma la Colorado likugwira nchito pasi pa boma limoza mwa ma boma ghankhondi. Mu Colorado muli maboma ghaŵili gha msumba na gha county, 61 gha msumba, 12 gha msumba, 35 gha tawuni, 161 gha tawuni, na boma limoza.

Mzinda wa Denver ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Ku Colorado kuli matawuni 12 agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000, ndipo 17 ŵali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100. Virwa 16 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Colorado vili mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Msumba wa Grand Junction ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado. Mu tawuni ya Carbonate mukaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi nyengo yose ya chaka, chifukwa nyengo ya chiwuvi yikaŵa yiheni chomene kweniso chikaŵa chakusuzga kufikako.^{[lower-alpha 5]}

The evening skyline of downtown Denver

Mizinda 25 ya ku Colorado iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi
2022 Rank^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Municipality	County	2022 Population^{[lower-alpha 5]}
1	City and County of Denver	City and County of Denver	713,252
2	City of Colorado Springs	El Paso County	486,248
3	City of Aurora	Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties	393,537
4	City of Fort Collins	Larimer County	169,249
5	City of Lakewood	Jefferson County	156,120
6	City of Thornton	Adams and Weld counties	143,282
7	City of Arvada	Jefferson and Adams counties	121,581
8	City of Westminster	Adams and Jefferson counties	114,533
9	City of Pueblo	Pueblo County	111,456
10	City of Greeley	Weld County	109,209
11	City of Centennial	Arapahoe County	105,865
12	City of Boulder	Boulder County	105,485
13	City of Longmont	Boulder and Weld counties	98,687
14	Town of Castle Rock	Douglas County	80,191
15	City of Loveland	Larimer County	77,884
16	City and County of Broomfield	City and County of Broomfield	76,121
17	City of Grand Junction	Mesa County	68,034
18	City of Commerce City	Adams County	66,115
19	Town of Parker	Douglas County	61,222
20	City of Littleton	Arapahoe, Jefferson, and Douglas counties	44,755
21	City of Brighton	Adams and Weld counties	41,881
22	Town of Windsor	Weld and Larimer counties	38,510
23	City of Northglenn	Adams and Weld counties	38,106
24	City of Englewood	Arapahoe County	33,642
25	Town of Erie	Weld and Boulder counties	33,104

Unincorporated communities[lemba | kulemba source]

Map this section's coordinates in "List of census-designated places in Colorado" using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as: KML

Nkhani ikulu: List of census-designated places in Colorado and List of populated places in Colorado

Kuonjezera pa ma municipalities 272, Colorado ili ni malo 210 osagwirizana na chiwerengero cha ŵanthu (CDPs) na madera ghanyake ghadoko ghhadoko. Msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado ni wa Highlands Ranch kumwera kwa Denver. Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Chigaŵa cha Clifton ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Colorado Western Slope.^[47]

The ten most populous census-designated places in Colorado
2020 Rank^[10]	Census-designated place	County	2020 census^[10]
1	Highlands Ranch CDP	Douglas County	103,444
2	Security-Widefield CDP	El Paso County	38,639
3	Dakota Ridge CDP	Jefferson County	33,892
4	Ken Caryl CDP	Jefferson County	33,811
5	Pueblo West CDP	Pueblo County	33,086
6	Columbine CDP	Jefferson and Arapahoe counties	25,229
7	Four Square Mile CDP	Arapahoe County	22,872
8	Clifton CDP	Mesa County	20,413
9	Cimarron Hills CDP	El Paso County	19,311
10	Sherrelwood CDP	Adams County	19,228

Special districts[lemba | kulemba source]

Ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vyakujumpha 4,000, ndipo vinandi mwa vigaŵa ivi vili na boma ilo likupeleka msonkho wa katundu. Vigaŵa ivi vingapeleka masukulu, kuvikilira malango, kuvikilira moto, maji, maji ghakunyang'amira, maji ghakunyang'amira, ulimi wa maji, vyakwendeskera, vyakusanguluska, vinthu vyakovwira pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, vinthu vyakovwira pa vya mitheto, kovwira bizinesi, kunozgaso vinthu vinyake, panji vinthu vinyake.

Vigaŵa vinyake vili na mazaza ghakukhomeska msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, na msonkho wa kugwiliskira nchito nyumba. Ivi vyapangiska kuti mu Colorado muŵe msonkho wa katundu na msonkho wa katundu. Ku Colorado kuli misewu yinyake iyo yikupambana pa msonkho, ndipo nyengo zinyake yikupambana comene.

Vinyake mwa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya Colorado ni:

The Regional Transportation District (RTD), which affects the counties of Denver, Boulder, Jefferson, and portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, and Douglas Counties
The Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD), a special regional tax district with physical boundaries contiguous with county boundaries of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties
- It is a 0.1% retail sales and uses tax (one penny on every $10).
- According to the Colorado statute, the SCFD distributes the money to local organizations on an annual basis. These organizations must provide for the enlightenment and entertainment of the public through the production, presentation, exhibition, advancement, or preservation of art, music, theater, dance, zoology, botany, natural history, or cultural history.
- As directed by statute, SCFD recipient organizations are currently divided into three "tiers" among which receipts are allocated by percentage.
  - Tier I includes regional organizations: the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Botanic Gardens, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, the Denver Zoo, and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. It receives 65.5%.
  - Tier II currently includes 26 regional organizations. Tier II receives 21%.
  - Tier III has more than 280 local organizations such as small theaters, orchestras, art centers, natural history, cultural history, and community groups. Tier III organizations apply for funding from the county cultural councils via a grant process. This tier receives 13.5%.
- An 11-member board of directors oversees the distributions by the Colorado Revised Statutes. Seven board members are appointed by county commissioners (in Denver, the Denver City Council) and four members are appointed by the Governor of Colorado.
The Football Stadium District (FD or FTBL), approved by the voters to pay for and help build the Denver Broncos' stadium Empower Field at Mile High.
Local Improvement Districts (LID) within designated areas of Jefferson and Broomfield counties.
The Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District, approved by voters to pay for and help build the Colorado Rockies' stadium Coors Field.
Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) taxes at varying rates in Basalt, Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, and Gunnison County.

Statistical areas[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: List of statistical areas in Colorado

Pa Malichi 6, 2020, Ofesi yakulaŵilira vya bajeti yikayowoya kuti ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa 21 ivyo vikusazgapo vigaŵa vinayi, vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu msumba, na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu msumba.

Ku Colorado, malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ni Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, uko kuli ŵanthu 2,963,821 pa census ya ku United States ya mu 2020, ndipo kukwera na +15.29% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010.

Mzinda wa Denver-Aurora, CO, uwo uli na vigaŵa 12, ukaŵa na ŵanthu 3,623,560 pa census ya mu 2020, yikasazgikira na +17.23% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010.

Chigawo chachikulu cha anthu ambiri ku Rocky Mountain Region ndi 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Southern Rocky. Chigaŵa ichi chili na Denver pakati ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa 5,055,344 pa census ya mu 2020, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chikasazgikira na +16.65% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010.^[10]

Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu[lemba | kulemba source]

Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati pa July 1, 2022 ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado ŵakaŵa 5,839,926, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chikasazgikira na 1.15% kufuma pa census ya ku United States ya 2020..^[10]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale
Census	Pop.	%±
1860	34,277	—
1870	39,864	16.3%
1880	194,327	387.5%
1890	413,249	112.7%
1900	539,700	30.6%
1910	799,024	48.0%
1920	939,629	17.6%
1930	1,035,791	10.2%
1940	1,123,296	8.4%
1950	1,325,089	18.0%
1960	1,753,947	32.4%
1970	2,207,259	25.8%
1980	2,889,964	30.9%
1990	3,294,394	14.0%
2000	4,301,262	30.6%
2010	5,029,196	16.9%
2020	5,773,714	14.8%
U.S. Decennial Census

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and Ethnicity^[48]	Non-Hispanic		Total
White (non-Hispanic)	65.1%	65.1	69.4%	69.4
Hispanic or Latino^{[lower-alpha 6]}	—		21.9%	21.9
Black (non-Hispanic)	3.8%	3.8	4.9%	4.9
Asian	3.4%	3.4	4.7%	4.7
Native American	0.6%	0.6	2.1%	2.1
Pacific Islander	0.2%	0.2	0.4%	0.4
Other	0.5%	0.5	1.5%	1.5

Colorado historical racial demographics
Racial composition	1970^[49]	1990^[49]	2000^[50]	2010^[51]
White (includes White Hispanics)	95.7%	88.2%	82.8%	81.3%
Black	3.0%	4.0%	3.8%	4.0%
Asian	0.5%	1.8%	2.2%	2.8%
Native	0.4%	0.8%	1.0%	1.1%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	–	–	0.1%	0.1%
Other race	0.4%	5.1%	7.2%	7.2%
Two or more races	–	–	2.8%	3.4%

Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain na ku Latin America (ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uliwose) ŵakukwana 20.7% mwa ŵanthu wose. Kuyana na census ya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Colorado ni ŵa ku Germany (22%) kusazgapo ŵa ku Switzerland na Austria, Mexico (18%), Ireland (12%), na England (12%). Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti mba ku Germany ŵakusangika comene mu vigaŵa vya Front Range, Rockies (vikaya vya kumanjiliro gha dazi), na Eastern parts/High Plains.

Mu Colorado muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Mexico na America. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu Denver, Colorado Springs, Greeley, Pueblo, na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Kumwera, kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain, awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafuma ku Spain. Mu 1940, U.S. Census Bureau yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ni 8.2% ŵa ku Spain na 90.3% ŵa ku Spain yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado ŵakusazgikira comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 22% ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 70%. Cingelezi ico ŵakuyowoya ku Colorado cikuyana comene na Cisipanishi.

Mu Colorado muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na America awo ŵakukhala ku Denver, ku vigaŵa vya Montbello, Five Points, Whittier, na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Denver. Boma ili lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia awo mbakufuma ku Mongolia, China, Philippines, Korea, Southeast Asia, na Japan. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia ŵakukhala kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Denver, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakukhala kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mzinda wa Denver ukuwoneka kuti uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo uli na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake vya boma la Denver pa nkhani ya ndyali na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na malo.

Mu 2006, ku Colorado kukababika ŵana 70,331. (Ŵana awo ŵakubabika ni 14.6 pa ŵanthu 1,000.) Mu 2007, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain yayi ndiwo ŵakababanga ŵana ŵanandi chomene. Pa ŵana awo ŵakababika, 14.06% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko linyake. Pa ŵana awo ŵakababika ku Colorado, 43 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain. Kuyana na census ya mu 2010, Colorado ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku United States. Virwa ivi ni New Mexico (46.3%), California (37.6%), Texas (37.6%), Arizona (29.6%), Nevada (26.5%) na Florida (22.5%). Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 918,899, panji kuti pafupifupi 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu boma ili. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Mexico, ndipo kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska ku California, Texas, Arizona, na Illinois. Kuyana na ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu, Colorado ni cigaŵa ca nambara 6 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, na Nevada.^[52]

Birth data[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu 2011, ŵanthu 46 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵa ku Colorado awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka viŵiri kukhilira pasi, ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵapapi ŵawo wose ŵakaŵa ŵazungu.^[53]^[54]

Manyani kuti: Ŵana awo ŵali kubabika mu tebulo ili ŵakusazgikana yayi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakusazgikana kuyana na fuko lawo kweniso mtundu wawo, ntheura unandi wawo ngukuru chomene.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race	2013^[55]	2014^[56]	2015^[57]	2016^[58]	2017^[59]	2018^[60]	2019^[61]	2020^[62]	2021^[63]
White:	57,491 (88.4%)	58,117 (88.3%)	58,756 (88.2%)	...	...	...	...	...	...
> Non-Hispanic whites	39,872 (61.3%)	40,629 (61.7%)	40,878 (61.4%)	39,617 (59.5%)	37,516 (58.3%)	36,466 (58.0%)	36,022 (57.3%)	34,924 (56.8%)	36,334 (57.7%)
Black	3,760 (5.8%)	3,926 (6.0%)	4,049 (6.1%)	3,004 (4.5%)	3,110 (4.8%)	3,032 (4.8%)	3,044 (4.8%)	3,146 (5.1%)	2,988 (4.7%)
Asian	2,863 (4.4%)	3,010 (4.6%)	2,973 (4.5%)	2,617 (3.9%)	2,611 (4.1%)	2,496 (4.0%)	2,540 (4.0%)	2,519 (4.1%)	2,490 (4.0%)
American Indian	793 (1.2%)	777 (1.2%)	803 (1.2%)	412 (0.6%)	421 (0.7%)	352 (0.6%)	365 (0.6%)	338 (0.5%)	323 (0.5%)
Pacific Islander	...	...	...	145 (0.2%)	145 (0.2%)	155 (0.2%)	168 (0.3%)	169 (0.3%)	202 (0.3%)
Hispanic (of any race)	17,821 (27.4%)	17,665 (26.8%)	18,139 (27.2%)	18,513 (27.8%)	18,125 (28.2%)	17,817 (28.3%)	18,205 (29.0%)	18,111 (29.4%)	18,362 (29.2%)
Total Colorado	65,007 (100%)	65,830 (100%)	66,581 (100%)	66,613 (100%)	64,382 (100%)	62,885 (100%)	62,869 (100%)	61,494 (100%)	62,949 (100%)

Kufumira mu chaka cha 2016, ma data gha kubabika kwa White Hispanic ghakuwunjikika yayi, kweni ŵakusazgikamo mu gulu limoza la Hispanic; ŵanthu ŵa Hispanic ŵangaŵa ŵa mtundu uliwose. Mu 2017, Colorado yikaŵa na ŵana ŵachoko chomene ku United States, ndipo mwanakazi waliyose wakaŵa na ŵana 1.63. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikawovwira kuti nthumbo zileke kuŵa zinandi vikaŵa vya Title X Family Planning Program na chawanangwa chakufuma ku mbumba ya Warren Buffett.^[64]^[65]

Language[lemba | kulemba source]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Colorado ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi, ndipo kufuma apo ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi. Chiyowoyero chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakuyowoya ku Colorado ni chiyowoyero cha ku Colorado River icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Numic, icho chikuchemekaso kuti chiyowoyero cha Ute.^[66]

Religion[lemba | kulemba source]

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey^[67] ██ Protestantism (39%)██ Catholicism (19%)██ Mormonism (2%)██ Eastern Orthodoxy (1%)██ Unitarianism/Universalism (1%)██ Unaffilated (34%)██ New Age (2%)██ Judaism (1%)██ Hinduism (1%)

Mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakagomezganga visopa vyakupambanapambana. Pa visopa ivi, 64% ni Ŵakhristu, 44% ni Ŵaprotesitanti, 16% ni Ŵakatolika, 3% ni Ŵamormoni, ndipo 1% ni Ŵakatolika. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center, visopa vinyake vikaŵa na Ŵayuda 1%, Ŵasilamu 1%, Ŵabuda 1%, na ŵanyake 4%. Ŵanthu 29 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵavya cisopo. Mu 2020, kuyana na kafukufuku wa Public Religion Research Institute, Cikristu cikaŵa na ŵanthu 66%. Ŵayuda nawo ŵakasazgikirako mu kafukufuku uyu, ndipo ŵakakwana 2% mu visopa vyose, apo ŵanthu awo ŵakasopanga yayi ŵakakwana 28% mu kafukufuku uyu. Mu 2022, wupu uwu ukayowoya kuti ŵanthu 61 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu (39% ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti, 19% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, 2% ŵakaŵa Ŵamormon, 1% ŵakaŵa ŵa Orthodox, 2% ŵakaŵa ŵa Cikhristu Ciphya, 1% ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda, 1% ŵakaŵa Ŵahindu, ndipo 34% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake.

Kuyana na wupu wa Association of Religion Data Archives, visopa vikuruvikuru vya Cikhristu kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga visopa ivi mu 2010 ni Chalichi la Katolika ilo lili na ŵanthu 811,630; Chalichi la Evangelical Protestants ilo lili na ŵanthu 229,981; na Chalichi la Yesu Khristu la Ŵatuŵa ŵa mu Mazuŵa Ghaumaliro ilo lili na ŵanthu 151,433. Mu 2020, wupu wa Association of Religion Data Archives ukati visopa vikuruvikuru ni Ŵakatolika (873,236), Ŵaprotesitanti (406,798), na Ŵamormon (150,509). Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu yayi, pakaŵa Ŵahindu 12,500, Ŵahindu 7,101, na Ŵabuddha 17,369.

Mpingo wa Katolika wa Our Lady of Guadalupe ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kukhazikiskika ku Colorado ndipo ukazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain kufuma ku New Mexico. Ŵakatolika ŵa Chalichi la Latin ŵakuteŵetereka na madiyosezi ghatatu: Archdiocese ya Denver na Diocese ya Colorado Springs na Pueblo.

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mpingo wa Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ku Colorado ŵakafuma ku Mississippi ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu msasa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Arkansas kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Pueblo.^[68]

Health[lemba | kulemba source]

Ŵasayansi awo ŵakuwona umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na ivyo ŵakuchita pa umoyo wawo, ŵakuti Colorado ni boma ilo lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali na umoyo uwemi. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni ivyo boma ili likucita pa nkhani ya vyakusanguluska. Ndipouli, vinthu vikupambana pa nkhani ya umoyo wa ŵanthu, pakuti vyaru visambazi nga ni Douglas na Pitkin vikuchita makora chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumwera, vyambura usambazi nga ni Huerfano na Las Animas.^[69]

Obesity[lemba | kulemba source]

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wacitika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ndiwo mbakututuŵa comene kuluska waliyose mu caru ici. Kufika mu 2018, ŵanthu 24 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kunona chomene, ndipo nangauli ichi ndicho chikaŵa chiŵelengero chichoko chomene mu charu ichi, kweni mu 2004 chikaŵa 17 pa ŵanthu 100 pera.^[70]^[71]^[72]

Life expectancy[lemba | kulemba source]

Lipoti la mu magazini ya Journal of the American Medical Association likuti mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakhaliranga vyaka 80.21, ndipo ndiwo ŵakakhala vyaka vinandi ku United States.^[73]

Homelessness[lemba | kulemba source]

Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022, ku Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 10,397 awo ŵalije pakukhala.^[74]^[75]

Chuma[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Colorado

Total employment (2019): 2,473,192
Number of employer establishments: 174,258^[76]

Mu 2015, ndalama zose izo boma likasanganga zikaŵa $318.6 biliyoni. Mu 2016, ndalama izo mbumba zikapokeranga pa caka zikakwana $70,666, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambala 8 mu caru cose. Mu 2010, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikaŵanga $51,940, ndipo Colorado yikaŵa pa nambara 11 mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwira nchito za ku migodi, ndipo ku umaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto. Makampani ghakwambilira ghakapanganga vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika sono ni ng'ombe, tirigu, mkaka, tirigu, na utheka.

Boma likugwiliskira ntchito maofesi gha boma mu boma ili, kusazgapo NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), United States Air Force Academy, Schriever Air Force Base iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 16 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Peterson Air Force Base, na Fort Carson, vyose vili mu Colorado Springs mu El Paso County; NOAA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) mu Golden, na National Institute of Standards and Technology mu Boulder; U.S. Wupu wa Geological Survey na mawupu ghanyake gha boma pa Denver Federal Center pafupi na Lakewood; Denver Mint, Buckley Space Force Base, Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, na Byron G. Rogers Federal Building na United States Courthouse ku Denver; na Federal Supermax Prison na majele ghanyake kufupi na Cañon City. Kuonjezera pa mabungwe ena, Colorado ili ndi nkhalango zambiri za National Forest ndi National Parks zinayi zomwe zimathandizira kuti boma likhale ndi malo okwana 24,615,788 acres (99,617 km2) ku Colorado, kapena 37% ya dera lonse la boma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, makampani ghakurughakuru na gha uteŵeti ghakakura comene. Chuma cha boma ili nchakupambanapambana ndipo chikumanyikwa na kafukufuku wa sayansi na mafakitale gha tekinoloje yapachanya. Makampani ghanyake ghakupanga vyakurya, kugura vinthu vyakwendeskera katundu, kupanga makina, kupanga vinthu vya makemikolo, kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni golide, siliva, na molybdenum. Sono mu Colorado ndimo muli moŵa unandi comene kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake.^[77] Denver ni msumba wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya ndalama.

Boma ili lili na malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso mapiri ghakutowa chomene ndipo chaka chilichose ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Ntchito ya zokopa alendo ikugwira ntchito yayikulu pa chuma cha Colorado, ndipo mu chaka cha 2018 ntchito ya zokopa alendo idapanga ndalama zokwana madola 22.3 biliyoni.

Mazina ghanandi ghakumanyikwa pa caru cose ghakafuma ku mafakitare na ma laboratory gha ku Colorado. Ku Denver ndiko kukafuma kampani yakupanga mafoni ya Qwest mu 1879, Samsonite mu 1910, Gates mu 1911, na Russell Stover mu 1923. Kuner wakambiska makina gha kunjilira vyakurya mu matumba mu Brighton mu 1864. Mu 1873, ku Golden kukafuma moŵa wa Coors, mu 1920 kukafuma vinthu vya ceramic vya CoorsTek, ndipo mu 1949 kukafuma candy wa Jolly Rancher. Mu 1892, mu tawuni ya Pueblo mukaŵa njanji ya CF&I iyo yikaŵa na matayala, misomali, na mapaipi. Mu 1905, ŵakamba kupanga shuga wa Holly kufuma ku beets mu tawuni ya Holly. Nkhumba ya Swift ya Greeley yikamba kufuma ku Monfort of Colorado, Inc., iyo yikamba mu 1930. Makamera gha mtundu wa Estes ghakaŵikika mu Penrose mu 1958. Ku Fort Collins ndiko kuli magalasi agho ghakugwiliskira nchito mawotchi gha kampani ya Woodward Governor kufuma waka mu 1870, ndipo ku Waterpik ndiko kuli magalasi agho ghakugwiliskira nchito mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi kufuma waka mu 1962. Tiyi wa vyakumera wa Celestial Seasonings wakupangika mu tawuni ya Boulder kwambira mu 1969. Mulimo wa Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory ukayamba mu 1981 ku Durango.

Boma la Colorado likutolera msonkho wa ndalama wa 4.63 peresenti, nanga munthu wangaŵa na ndalama zinandi wuli. Pa Novembala 3, 2020, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakakolerana na fundo yakukhizga msonkho ku 4.55 peresenti. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi, ivyo vikupima msonkho mwakuyana na ndalama izo munthu wakusanga, msonkho wa ku Colorado ukuyana na ndalama izo munthu wakusanga para wapeleka ndalama ku boma.^[78]^[79] Boma la Colorado likutolera msonkho wa 2.9% pa vinthu ivyo ŵakuguliska. Para ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikuluska ivyo boma likuzomerezga, kuyana na malango gha boma la Colorado, awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado kwa chaka chose ŵangapempha kuti ŵaŵawombere msonkho wa ivyo ŵakaguliska. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma na matawuni ghakuŵa na mitengo yawo, padera pa mitengo ya boma. Kweniso pali msonkho unyake wapadera wa boma na wa chigaŵa uwo ungaŵapo.

Vinthu vyambura kukhazikika na katundu wa munthu wakucita bizinesi vikusangika na msonkho mu Colorado. Mu 2003, boma la Colorado likakanizga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho wa katundu wawo. Msonkho uwu ukeneranga kuperekekekekaso mu chaka cha 2006 ndipo ukeneranga kupelekeka mu 2007.

Kufika mu Disembala 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakusoŵa ntchito mu chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa 4.2%.^[80]

Ŵasambizgi ŵa ku West Virginia ŵakamba kucekura mu 2018 ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake, kusazgapo Colorado, nawo ŵakamba kucekura.^[81]

Agriculture[lemba | kulemba source]

Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika ku mapiri gha ku Colorado. Kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake na njara vikakhwaska chomene vyakurya mu 2020 na 2022.^[82]^[83]

Natural resources[lemba | kulemba source]

Ku Colorado kuli mafuta ghanandi. Ku Colorado kuli malo ghakukwana 7 ghakusungiramo gasi na mafuta ku United States, ndipo ku Colorado kuli malo ghaŵiri ghakusungiramo mafuta. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku United States, mafuta agho ŵanthu ŵakupanga ghakukwana 5 peresenti pa chaka. Ku Colorado kuli mafuta ghakukwana matiriliyoni ghanandi (160 km3) gha mafuta, ndipo mafuta agha ghakukwana pafupifupi mafuta ghose agho ghalipo pa charu chapasi. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli magesi ghanandi gha malasha.

Ku Colorado, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwira migodi ya uranium mu 1872, apo ŵakafumiskanga golide kufupi na Central City, Colorado. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli uranium iyo yikupangika na phosphate, ndipo yikukhala pa malo ghacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya ku U.S., kufuma pa Wyoming na New Mexico. Apo Colorado na Utah ghakaŵa na migodi ya radium kufuma mu 1910 mpaka 1922, uranium na vanadium ghakaŵa vinthu ivyo vikafumanga mu migodi iyi. Kufumira waka mu 2001 kufika mu 2007, mitengo ya uranium yikakwera comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti makampani ghanandi ghapange migodi ya uranium ku Colorado. Mu ma 1940, ŵanthu ŵanyake, kusazgapo Naturita na Paradox, ŵakamba kucemeka kuti "mizinda ya yellowcake" cifukwa ca kugwilira nchito mu migodi ya uranium. Pakuti mitengo yikakhira comene, ndipo mu 2008 vinthu vikasuzga pa nkhani ya ndalama, makampani agha ghakaleka kuzenga migodi ya uranium panji kuchepeskako vinthu vinyake. Mu chaka cha 2016, pakaŵavya migodi yikuru ya uranium mu boma ili, nangauli kukaŵanga mapulani ghakuti ŵambeso kupanga migodi iyi.^[84]

Electricity generation[lemba | kulemba source]

Ku Colorado, mapiri ghatali gha Rocky Mountains na mapiri ghakumafumiro gha dazi ghakupanga nkhongono ya mphepo, ndipo malo gha mapiri ghakupanga nkhongono ya magesi. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa zuŵa, ntheura mungaŵa magesi ghanandi. Mlonga ukuru uwo ukufuma mu Mapiri gha Rocky ndiwo ukupangiska kuti maji ghaŵe na nkhongono.

Mwambo[lemba | kulemba source]

Arts and film[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu Colorado ndimo ŵakacitiranga mafilimu ghanandi, nga ni True Grit, The Searchers, na Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Viliŵa vya nkhondo, njanji, na matawuni ghakupambanapambana agho ghakazengekaso kuti viŵe vyakwenelera mu nyengo yakale, vikusangika mu mafilimu ghanandi. Paliso misewu yinandi yakutowa iyo yikawovwiranga kuti mu mafilimu gha nga ni Vanishing Point, Bingo na Starman muwonekenge misewu iyi. Vinthu vinyake vya ku Colorado vyazunulika mu mafilimu nga ni The Stanley Hotel mu filimu ya Dumb and Dumber na The Shining and the Sculptured House mu filimu ya Sleeper. Mu 2015, Furious 7 yikeneranga kujambulika pa msewu wa Pikes Peak Highway ku Colorado. Nkhani za pa TV za ŵanthu ŵalara zikucitika mu tawuni ya Colorado. Kweniso, The TV series Good Luck Charlie yikacitikira ku Denver, Colorado, kweni yikajambulika yayi. Ofesi yakulaŵilira mafilimu na TV ya ku Colorado yikayowoya kuti mafilimu ghakujumpha 400 ghajambulika ku Colorado.^[85]

Pali viphikiro vinandi vya mafilimu ku Colorado, nga ni Aspen Shortsfest, Boulder International Film Festival, Castle Rock Film Festival, Denver Film Festival, Festivus Film Festival, Mile High Horror Film Festival, Moondance International Film Festival, Mountainfilm ku Telluride, Rocky Mountain Women's Film Festival, na Telluride Film Festival.

Ŵanandi awo ŵakalembanga mabuku ŵakakhalanga ku Colorado. Jack Kerouac na Neal Cassady, awo ŵakalembako mabuku gha mdauko wa Beat Generation, ŵakakhala mu Denver na mu vikaya vyapafupi na msumba uwu kwa vilimika vinandi. Mulembi wa maseŵero wa ku Ireland, Oscar Wilde, wakati waluta ku Colorado mu 1882, wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Impressions of America kuti Leadville "ukaŵa msumba usambazi comene pa caru cose. Kweniso ŵakumanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵankhaza comene, ndipo munthu waliyose wali na futi".^[86]^[87]

Cuisine[lemba | kulemba source]

Charu cha Colorado chikumanyikwa na vyakurya vya ku Southwest na Rocky Mountain, ndipo ku chigaŵa chose kuli malo ghakurya gha ku Mexico.

Mu 2010, tawuni ya Boulder ndiyo yikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi kuluska tawuni zose mu America. Mu tawuni ya Boulder muli makampani ghanandi gha vyakurya na vyakumwa, malo ghakurya ghawemi chomene, kweniso misika ya ŵalimi. Kweniso mu tawuni ya Boulder muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakutemwa kuphika vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuluska mu tawuni yinyake yiliyose, kusazgapo San Francisco na New York. Denver wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kurya nyama ya viŵeto, kweni sono wali na malo ghanandi ghakulyeramo.

Polidori Sausage ni mtundu wa nyama ya nkhumba iyo yikusangika mu masupamaketi, iyo yikamba ku Colorado, kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900.

Chaka chilichose mu mwezi wa Juni, ku Aspen kukaŵanga chiphikiro cha Food & Wine Classic. Aspen wakumanyikwaso kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyakurya vya ku Rocky Mountain.^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]

Wine and beer[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Colorado wine and Colorado beer

Vinyo wa ku Colorado wali na mitundu yakupambana-pambana iyo yikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Vinyo wa ku Colorado wakupangika kufuma ku mpheska za Vitis vinifera na vinyo la cherry, peach, plum, na uchi. Vinyo wa ku Colorado walumbika comene mu caru cose na mu vyaru vinyake cifukwa ca makhaliro ghake ghawemi. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli minda ya mpheska iyo yili pachanya pa mtunda wose mu United States. Nyengo ya ku mapiri iyi yikupangiska kuti mu cihanya kuŵe kwakuthukira ndiposo kuti usiku kuŵe kwakuzizima. Ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikuchemeka kuti American Viticultural Areas. Vigaŵa ivi ni Grand Valley AVA na West Elks AVA. Ndipouli, malo ghanandi ghakupangira vinyo ghakusangika ku Front Range. Mu chaka cha 2018, magazini ya Wine Enthusiast yikati malo gha Grand Valley AVA ku Mesa County, Colorado, ndigho ghakaŵa pa malo 10 agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukamwa vinyo.

Ku Colorado kuli malo ghanandi ghakupangira moŵa, nga ni New Belgium Brewing Company, Odell Brewing Company, Great Divide Brewing Company, na Bristol Brewing Company. Cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa Colorado ico cili pafupi na pakati pa misumba ya Denver, Boulder, na Fort Collins cikucemeka kuti "Dambo la Mowa la Napa" cifukwa ca umo muli malo ghanandi ghakupangira mowa.^[93]^[94]^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99]

Marijuana and hemp[lemba | kulemba source]

Boma la Colorado likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kwenda na chamba. Mu 2012, boma la Colorado likamba kuzomerezga chamba kuti chiŵe munkhwala (2000), mu mafakitale (kuyowoya za hemp, 2012), na mu vyakusanguluska (2012). Mu 2016, ku Colorado kukaŵa chamba chakukwana madola 1.31 biliyoni, ndipo mu vyaka vitatu vyakwambilira vya 2017, chamba ichi chikaŵa chakukwana madola 1.26 biliyoni. Mu 2016, boma likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 194 miliyoni ku boma pa nkhani ya msonkho, malipiro, na malaisensi gha kuguliska chamba. Boma la Colorado likukanizga kugwiliskira nchito mbuto yiliyose iyo yili na THC yambura kujumpha 0.3%.

Pa 4 April, 2014, Senate Bill 14 ⁇ 184 addressing oversight of Colorado's industrial hemp program was first introduced, ultimately being signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper on May 31, 2014.^[100]^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]

Medicinal use[lemba | kulemba source]

Pa Novembala 7, 2000, 54 peresenti ya ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ku Colorado ŵakakolerana na fundo ya 20 iyo yikasintha dango la boma la Colorado na kuzomerezga kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa chamba. Para mulwari wakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa chamba, pali vifukwa vyakulondezgapo:^[105]

(I) No more than 2 ounces (57 g) of a usable form of marijuana; and
(II) No more than twelve marijuana plants, with six or fewer being mature, flowering plants that are producing a usable form of marijuana.^[106]

Pasono, boma la Colorado lili kulemba "malwara 8 agho ŵalwari ŵangachizgika na munkhwala wa chamba: kansa, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, kupwetekeka kwa misipa, kupwetekeka kwa mtima, vyakuŵinya vikuru, kusuzgika comene mu thupi, kuchepa thupi, na kusuzgika kwa misipa". Apo wakaŵa kazembe, John Hickenlooper wakapeleka hafu ya ndalama zakukwana $13 miliyoni za boma za "Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund" ku kafukufuku wa vyaumoyo mu bajeti ya 2014. Mu 2018, Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund yikaŵa "ndalama zinandi chomene mu boma" ndipo yikagwiliskirika nchito kuti yipwelelere mapulogiramu nga ni kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵangawovwilira ŵana awo ŵali na suzgo la autism.^[107]

Recreational use[lemba | kulemba source]

Pa Novembala 6, 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakasintha dango la boma kuti livikilire ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito chomene chamba. Malo ghakuguliskirapo chamba ghakwamba ku Colorado, kweniso ku United States, ghakajulika pa Janyuwale 1, 2014.^[108]^[109]

Sports[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Sports in Colorado

Ku Colorado kuli vipani vikuruvikuru vinkhondi vya maseŵero, ndipo vyose vili mu msumba wa Denver. Boma la Colorado ndilo lili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska maboma ghanyake ghose agho ghali na magulu gha maseŵero ghakurughakuru.

Gulu la baseball la Colorado Springs Snow Sox likukhala ku Colorado Springs. Timu iyi ni membala wa Pecos League, mphala ya baseball yambura kukolerana na Major panji Minor League Baseball.^[110]^[111]

Pikes Peak International Hill Climb ni mpikisano wa magalimoto uwo ukuchitikira pa Pikes Peak Highway.

Ku Cherry Hills Country Club kukachitikanga maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha gofu, kusazgapo maseŵero gha U.S. Ku U.S. Ku U.S. Ŵanakazi ŵakugaŵana maseŵero ghakupambanapambana, PGA Championship na BMW Championship.

Professional sports teams[lemba | kulemba source]

Team	Home	First game	Sport	League
Colorado Avalanche	Denver	October 6, 1995	Ice hockey	National Hockey League
Colorado Eagles	Loveland	October 17, 2003	Ice hockey	American Hockey League
Colorado Mammoth	Denver	January 3, 2003	Lacrosse	National Lacrosse League
Colorado Rapids	Commerce City	April 13, 1996	Soccer	Major League Soccer
Colorado Rapids 2	Denver	March 27, 2022	Soccer	MLS Next Pro
Colorado Rockies	Denver	April 5, 1993	Baseball	Major League Baseball
Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC	Colorado Springs	March 28, 2015	Soccer	USL Championship
Denver Barbarians	Denver	Spring 1967	Rugby union	Pacific Rugby Premiership
Denver Broncos	Denver	September 9, 1960	American football	National Football League
Denver Nuggets	Denver	September 27, 1967	Basketball	National Basketball Association
Glendale Raptors	Glendale	Fall 2006	Rugby union	Major League Rugby
Grand Junction Rockies	Grand Junction	June 18, 2012	Baseball	Pioneer League
Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC	Windsor	April 6, 2022	Soccer	USL League One
Northern Colorado Owlz	Windsor	May 25, 2022	Baseball	Pioneer League
Rocky Mountain Vibes	Colorado Springs	June 2019	Baseball	Pioneer League

College athletics[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: List of college athletic programs in Colorado

Mayunivesite ndi makoleji otsatirawa amatenga nawo mbali mu National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. Gulu la maseŵero ilo likutchuka comene ku koleji ni la University of Colorado Buffaloes, ilo kale likacitanga maseŵero gha Big-12 kweni sono likucitako maseŵero gha Pac-12. Ŵakawina nkhombo ya Orange Bowl mu 1957 na 1991, Fiesta Bowl mu 1995, na Cotton Bowl Classic mu 1996.

NCAA Division I athletic programs in Colorado
Team	School	City	Conference
Air Force Falcons	United States Air Force Academy	Colorado Springs	Mountain West^{[lower-alpha 7]}
Colorado Buffaloes	University of Colorado Boulder	Boulder	Pac-12^{[lower-alpha 8]}
Colorado State Rams	Colorado State University	Fort Collins	Mountain West
Denver Pioneers	University of Denver	Denver	NCHC / Summit^{[lower-alpha 9]}
Northern Colorado Bears	University of Northern Colorado	Greeley	Big Sky^{[lower-alpha 10]}
Colorado College Tigers	Colorado College	Colorado Springs	NCHC / Mountain West^{[lower-alpha 11]}

Mayendelo[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Transportation in Colorado

Ku Colorado, misewu ndiyo yikuru pa misewu yose iyo yikwenda. Msewu wa Interstate 25 (I-25) ni msewu ukuru uwo ukufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ukugumaniska Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Denver, na Fort Collins, ndipo ukufika kumpoto kwa Wyoming na kumwera kwa New Mexico. I-70 ni nthowa yikuru ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msewu uwu ukusazga Grand Junction na mapiri gha ku Colorado na Denver ndipo ukunjira mu chigaŵa cha Utah na Kansas. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli misewu yinandi iyo yikuluta ku vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya chigaŵa ichi. Misumba yinandi yichokoyichoko yikukolerana na misewu iyi kwizira mu misewu ya boma pera.

Denver International Airport (DIA) ni chiŵanja chachitatu pa viŵanja vya ndege ku United States na vyaru vinyake pa charu chose.^[112] Ndege za ku United States zikudutsa m'dera la Colorado ndipo zili pakati pa mzinda wa Chicago na Pacific Coast. Lekani kuti Denver ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku chigaŵa ichi.

Mabasi ghanyengo zose ghakwenda mu misumba na mu vigaŵa vinyake, kusazgapo maofesi gha RTD mu Denver. Bungwe la Regional Transportation District (RTD) likugwira ntchito ya RTD Bus & Rail transit system ku Denver Metropolitan Area. Kufika mu Janyuwale 2013, sitima ya RTD yikaŵa na magalimoto 170 agho ghakendanga pa mtunda wa makilomita 76. Kuonjezera pa mabasi, mabasi ena amagwira ntchito ku Burlington Trailways, Bustang, Express Arrow, ndi Greyhound Lines.

Amtrak wakwendeska njanji ziŵiri mu Colorado, California Zephyr na Southwest Chief. Colorado ndiyo yikamba kuŵa na njanji ya Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad mu 1870. Mu 1988, "Rio Grande" yikagulika, kweni yikasazgikana na njanji ya Southern Pacific Railroad na mwenecho wa njanji iyi, Philip Anschutz. Pa Seputembala 11, 1996, Anschutz wakaguliska kampani iyi ku kampani ya Union Pacific Railroad, ndipo yikaŵa njanji yikuru chomene mu United States. Anschutz wakaguliskika cifukwa ca kusangana kwa Burlington Northern na Santa Fe, ivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), iyo yikaŵa mpikisano wa Union Pacific. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵa Union Pacific na ŵa BNSF ŵali na katundu mu Colorado.

Msewu wa sitima ya pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,688 uwo uli ku Colorado, uli na njanji ya Kilasi I. Cigaŵa ici nchakukhumbikwa comene pa usambazi wa caru ca U.S., cifukwa ni nthowa yikuru comene yakwendeskera katundu wa magesi, ulimi, migodi, na vyamalonda. Cigaŵa ici cikusazgirako katundu na katundu wakupangika pakati pa vyaru vya ku East na Midwest na vyaru vya ku Pacific.

Mu Ogasiti 2014, boma la Colorado likamba kupeleka makalata ghakuluta ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku United States kweni ŵalije vikalata vyakwendera. Mu Seputembala 2014, KCNC yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 524 awo mba ku United States yayi ŵakapika ma layisensi gha kwendeska galimoto agho kanandi ghakupelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku United States awo ŵakukhala ku Colorado.^[113]

Masambilo[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: List of colleges and universities in Colorado

Sukulu yakwamba ya masambiro ghapacanya mu Colorado yikaŵa Colorado Seminary, iyo yikajulika pa November 16, 1864, na Methodist Episcopal Church. Mu 1867 seminare iyi yikajalika, kweni mu 1880 yikambaso kugwira nchito nga ni yunivesite ya Denver. Mu 1870, Bishop George Maxwell Randall wa Episcopal Church's Missionary District of Colorado and Parts Adjacent wakajura sukulu yakwamba ya Colorado University Schools iyo yikaŵa na Territorial School of Mines iyo yikajulika mu 1873 na kuguliskika ku Colorado Territory mu 1874. Sukulu izi pakwamba zikacitikanga na chalichi la Episcopal.^[114] Mu 1861, boma likazomerezga kuti ku Boulder kukhazikike yunivesite ya boma, kweni mu 1876 pera ndipo ŵakambiska Yunivesite ya Colorado. Mu 1876, sukulu iyi yikachemekaso kuti Colorado School of Mines. Mu 1870, boma likapanga sukulu ya Agricultural College of Colorado, iyo yikajulika mu 1879. Kholeji iyi yikapika zina lakuti Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts mu 1935, ndipo yikazgoka Colorado State University mu 1957.

Koleji yakwamba ya Katolika mu Colorado yikaŵa Jesuit Sacred Heart College, iyo yikapangika ku New Mexico mu 1877, yikasamukira ku Morrison mu 1884, na ku Denver mu 1887. Kholeji iyi yikapika zina lakuti Regis College mu 1921 ndipo mu 1991 yikapika zina lakuti Regis University. Pa Epulero 1, 1924, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵankhondo ŵakendanga mu sukulu iyi apo ŵakasanga mphinjika yikugolera moto, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano yikuru pakati pa Regis College na gulu la Ku Klux Klan.

Mu 1950, Komiti ya Sukulu ya Uteŵeti yikati yawona kuti pakukhumbikwira kusazgirako buku la U.S. Sukulu ya usilikali na ya nkhondo ya pa maji yikaŵa na sukulu yachitatu iyo yikalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ya pa maji. Pa Epulero 1, 1954, Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower wakasazga dango lakuti boma la U.S. Sukulu ya Ŵasilikari ŵa pa Mlengalenga. Kuumaliro wa cilimika ici, msumba wa Colorado Springs ndiwo ukasankhika kuti uŵe cigaŵa ca maofesi ghaphya agha. Kufumira apo yikakhazikiskikira mu 1955, mpaka apo yikamalizgira kuzenga malo ghakwenelera ku Colorado Springs ndipo yikamba kugwira nchito mu 1958, sukulu iyi yikaŵa ku Lowry Air Force Base ku Denver. Ŵakati ŵajura sukulu ya Colorado Springs, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakasamira ku sukulu yiphya, nangauli ŵakaŵa na vyakuvwara vyose yayi nga umo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoyera. Gulu lakwamba la maofesala gha Space Force kufuma ku Air Force Academy likamba kugwira nchito pa 18 April, 2020.^[115]^[116]^[117]^[118]^[119]^[120]

Vinthu vya nkhondo[lemba | kulemba source]

Vinthu vikuru-vikuru vya nkhondo mu Colorado ni ivi:

Buckley Space Force Base (1938–)
- Air Reserve Personnel Center (1953–)
Fort Carson (U.S. Army 1942–)
- Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (1983–)
Peterson Space Force Base (1942–)
- Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station (1961–)
Pueblo Chemical Depot (U.S. Army 1942–)
Schriever Space Force Base (1983–)
United States Air Force Academy (1954–)

Ŵasilikari ŵakale ku Colorado ni aŵa:

Spanish Fort (Spanish Army 1819–1821)
Fort Massachusetts (U.S. Army 1852–1858)
Fort Garland (U.S. Army 1858–1883)
Camp Collins (U.S. Army 1862–1870)
Fort Logan (U.S. Army 1887–1946)
Colorado National Guard Armory (1913-1933)
Fitzsimons Army Hospital (U.S. Army 1918–1999)
Denver Medical Depot (U.S. Army 1925–1949)^[121]
Lowry Air Force Base (1938–1994)
Pueblo Army Air Base (1941-1948)
Rocky Mountain Arsenal (U.S. Army 1942–1992)
Camp Hale (U.S. Army 1942–1945)
La Junta Army Air Field (1942-1946)
Leadville Army Air Field (1943-1944)

Boma[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Government of Colorado

State government[lemba | kulemba source]

State Executive Officers
Office	Name	Party
Governor	Jared Polis	Democratic
Lieutenant Governor	Dianne Primavera	Democratic
Secretary of State	Jena Griswold	Democratic
Attorney General	Phil Weiser	Democratic
Treasurer	Dave Young	Democratic

Nga ni umo viliri na boma la United States, dango la boma la Colorado likulongora kuti pali magulu ghatatu gha boma: wupu wa malango, wupu wakulongozga, na wupu wa ŵeruzgi.

Kazembe wa Colorado ndiyo wakulongozga boma. Kazembe uyo waliko sono ni Jared Polis, wa ku Democratic Party. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Colorado ni Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (uyo wakusankhika na Governor), Secretary of State of Colorado, Colorado State Treasurer, na Attorney General of Colorado, ndipo wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vyaka vinayi.

Khoti Likuru Chomene la Colorado ilo lili na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri, ndilo ni khoti likuru chomene mu charu ichi. Khoti la Apilu la ku Colorado, ilo lili na ŵeruzgi 22, likukhala mu magulu gha ŵeruzgi ŵatatu. Boma la Colorado lili na vigaŵa 22, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na khoti la chigaŵa na khoti la chigaŵa. Boma ili lili na makhoti ghapadera agho ghakulaŵilira nkhani za maji. Makhoti agha ghali mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ndipo ghakupanga malango ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu pa nkhani ya maji.

Wupu wa malango wa boma ni Colorado General Assembly, uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, nyumba ya ŵimiliri na nyumba ya Senate. Nyumba ya malango yili na mamembara 65, ndipo ya Senate yili na mamembara 35. Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2021, chipani cha Democratic Party chili na mavoti 20 ku 15 mu Senate ndipo 41 ku 24 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Anthu ambiri a ku Colorado amachokera ku mayiko ena (pafupifupi 60% malinga ndi chiwerengero cha 2000), ndipo izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti boma silinakhale ndi kazembe wobadwira kuchokera ku 1975 (pamene John David Vanderhoof adachoka ku ofesi) mpaka 2007, pamene Bill Ritter adayamba kugwira ntchito; chisankho chake chaka chathachi chinali chigonjetso choyamba cha chisankho cha Colorado wobadwira ku Colorado mu mpikisano wa kazembe kuyambira 1958 (Vanderhoof adachokera ku Lieutenant Governorship pamene John Arthur Love adapatsidwa udindo mu boma la Richard Nixon mu 1973).

Boma la Colorado ndilo likusonkha msonkho.^[122]

Politics[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Colorado

Colorado registered voters as of March 1, 2023^[update]^[123]
Party		Number of Voters	Percentage
	Unaffiliated	1,761,728	46.15%
	Democratic	1,055,164	27.64%
	Republican	932,127	24.42%
	Libertarian	39,689	1.04%
	American Constitution	11,595	0.30%
	Green	8,400	0.22%
	Approval Voting	4,452	0.12%
	Unity	3,193	0.08%
Total		3,817,369	100.00%

United States presidential election results for Colorado^[124]
Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party
Year	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|1,364,607	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	41.90%	1,804,352	55.40%	88,021	2.70%
2016	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|1,202,484	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	43.25%	1,338,870	48.16%	238,893	8.59%
2012	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|1,185,243	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	46.09%	1,323,102	51.45%	63,501	2.47%
2008	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|1,073,629	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	44.71%	1,288,633	53.66%	39,200	1.63%
2004	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|1,101,256	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	51.69%	1,001,725	47.02%	27,344	1.28%
2000	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|883,745	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	50.75%	738,227	42.39%	119,393	6.86%
1996	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|691,848	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	45.80%	671,152	44.43%	147,704	9.78%
1992	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|562,850	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	35.87%	629,681	40.13%	376,649	24.00%
1988	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|728,177	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	53.06%	621,453	45.28%	22,764	1.66%
1984	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|821,818	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	63.44%	454,974	35.12%	18,589	1.44%
1980	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|652,264	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	55.07%	367,973	31.07%	164,178	13.86%
1976	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|584,367	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	54.05%	460,353	42.58%	36,415	3.37%
1972	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|597,189	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	62.61%	329,980	34.59%	26,715	2.80%
1968	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|409,345	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	50.46%	335,174	41.32%	66,680	8.22%
1964	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|296,767	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	38.19%	476,024	61.27%	4,195	0.54%
1960	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|402,242	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	54.63%	330,629	44.91%	3,375	0.46%
1956	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|394,479	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	59.49%	263,997	39.81%	4,598	0.69%
1952	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|379,782	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	60.27%	245,504	38.96%	4,817	0.76%
1948	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|239,714	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	46.52%	267,288	51.88%	8,235	1.60%
1944	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|268,731	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	53.21%	234,331	46.40%	1,977	0.39%
1940	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|279,576	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	50.92%	265,554	48.37%	3,874	0.71%
1936	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|181,267	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	37.09%	295,021	60.37%	12,396	2.54%
1932	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|189,617	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	41.43%	250,877	54.81%	17,202	3.76%
1928	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|253,872	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	64.72%	133,131	33.94%	5,239	1.34%
1924	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|195,171	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	57.02%	75,238	21.98%	71,851	20.99%
1920	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|173,248	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	59.32%	104,936	35.93%	13,869	4.75%
1916	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|102,308	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	34.75%	178,816	60.74%	13,251	4.50%
1912	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|58,386	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	21.88%	114,232	42.80%	94,262	35.32%
1908	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|123,693	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	46.88%	126,644	48.00%	13,521	5.12%
1904	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|134,661	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	55.26%	100,105	41.08%	8,901	3.65%
1900	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|93,072	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	42.04%	122,733	55.43%	5,603	2.53%
1896	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|26,271	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	13.86%	161,005	84.95%	2,263	1.19%
1892	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|38,620	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	41.13%	0	0.00%	55,271	58.87%
1888	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|50,772	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	55.22%	37,549	40.84%	3,625	3.94%
1884	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|36,084	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	54.25%	27,723	41.68%	2,712	4.08%
1880	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading. }}\|27,450	style="text-align:center;" For a more comprehensive list, see Special:Prefixindex/Template:Party shading.	51.26%	24,647	46.03%	1,449	2.71%

Nyengo yinyake boma la Colorado likawonekanga kuti ndambura kuvikilirika, kweni sono ni boma la ŵanthu ŵakuvikilirika. Pa visankho vya pulezidenti, pakaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka mpaka mu 2020 na ma digiti ghaŵiri kufuma mu 1984 ndipo wakakhozgera uyo wakathereskeka mu visankho 9 pa visankho 11 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵasankha ŵalongozgi 17 ŵa chipani cha Democratic na 12 ŵa chipani cha Republic.

Mu ndyali za pulezidenti, Colorado yikawonekanga nga ni boma la Republican panyengo ya Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caru Cose, ndipo yikavotera Democratic mu 1948, 1964, na 1992. Ndipouli, mu ma 1990, caru ici cikamba kutemwana comene. Kufumira pakatikati pa ma 2000s, yaluta ku ma Democrats, kuvotera Barack Obama mu 2008 na 2012, Hillary Clinton mu 2016, na Joe Biden mu 2020.

Vinthu vya ndyali vya ku Colorado vikupambana comene na misumba ya ŵanthu ŵakutchintha nga ni Colorado Springs na Grand Junction na misumba ya ŵanthu ŵakutchintha nga ni Boulder na Denver. Ŵademocrats ŵali na nkhongono comene mu Denver, mu matawuni gha ku koleji gha Fort Collins na Boulder, kumwera kwa Colorado (kusazgapo Pueblo), ndiposo mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado. Ŵa Republican ŵali na nkhongono chomene ku Eastern Plains, Colorado Springs, Greeley, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kufupi na Grand Junction.

Boma la Colorado lili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa United States Senators:

United States Senate Class 2, John Hickenlooper (Democratic) 2021–
United States Senate Class 3, Michael Bennet (Democratic) 2009–

Colorado is represented by eight Representatives to the United States House of Representatives:

Colorado's 1st congressional district, Diana DeGette (Democratic) 1997–
Colorado's 2nd congressional district, Joe Neguse (Democratic) 2019–
Colorado's 3rd congressional district, Lauren Boebert (Republican) 2021–
Colorado's 4th congressional district, Ken Buck (Republican) 2015–
Colorado's 5th congressional district, Doug Lamborn (Republican) 2007–
Colorado's 6th congressional district, Jason Crow (Democratic) 2019–
Colorado's 7th congressional district, Brittany Pettersen (Democratic) 2023–
Colorado's 8th congressional district, Yadira Caraveo (Democratic) 2023–

Mu kafukufuku wa mu 2020, Colorado yikaŵa pa malo gha 7 pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi wa kuvota.^[125]

Significant initiatives and legislation enacted in Colorado[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu 1881, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakazomerezga fundo yakuti msumba wa Denver uŵe msumba ukuru wa boma.

Boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kukhazikiska dango lakuti ŵanakazi nawo ŵaŵenge na wanangwa wa kuvota. Pa Novembala 7, 1893, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakazomerezga fundo iyi.^[126]

Pa Novembala 8, 1932, boma la Colorado likazomerezga kuti ŵakanizgenge kumwa moŵa.

Boma la Colorado likakanizga kuguliska magalimoto pa Sabata kwambira waka mu 1953.

Mu 1972, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakana fundo yakuti ŵapeleke ndalama zakucitira maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu nyengo ya ciwuvi mu 1976, agho ghakacitikiranga mu caru ici. Pa Meyi 12, 1970, Komiti ya International Olympic Committee yikasankha msumba wa Denver kuti uŵe uko kukacitikiranga maseŵero gha Olimpiki.

Mu 1992, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakolerana na dango la boma lakuti mu msumba uliwose panji mu chigaŵa chilichose ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha panji ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵaŵe mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilirika. Mu 1996, mu chigamulo cha 6 ⁇ 3 mu Romer v. Evans, wa ku United States Khoti Likuru Chomene likawona kuti kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kutemwana chifukwa cha kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera kukakolerananga yayi na fundo ya Equal Protection Clause.

Mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga dango la 43 ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana kutorana mu Colorado. Kweni boma la U.S. likakana. Ivyo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura mu 2015 pa mulandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges.

Mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakasintha dango la boma la boma ili kuti ŵanthu ŵalara ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito munkhwala wa chamba paŵekha, ndipo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito munkhwala wa chamba nga ni moŵa. Malo ghakuguliskirako vyamba ku Colorado, na ku United States, ghakajulika pa Janyuwale 1, 2014.

Pa 29 May, 2019, Kazembe Jared Polis wakasaina House Bill 1124 iyo yikukanizga ŵapolisi ku Colorado kuti ŵaleke kukora ŵanthu awo ŵalije vikalata vyakwendera mu charu ichi chifukwa cha pempho la U.S. Ofesi ya Immigration na Customs Enforcement.^[127]

Malo gha Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America[lemba | kulemba source]

Vipani viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa ku Colorado ni ivi:

Southern Ute Indian Reservation — Southern Ute Indian Tribe (1873; Ute dialect: Kapuuta-wa Moghwachi Núuchi-u)
Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation — Ute Mountain Ute Tribe (1940; Ute dialect: Wʉgama Núuchi)

Malo ghaŵiri agho kukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵa ku India mu Colorado ni agha:

Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation (1851–1870)
Ute Indian Reservation (1855–1873)

Malo ghakutetezeka[lemba | kulemba source]

Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve

Spruce Tree House in Mesa Verde National Park

Nkhani ikulu: List of protected areas of Colorado

Ku Colorado ndiko kuli 4 national parks, 9 national monuments, 3 national historic sites, 2 national recreation areas, 4 national historic trails, 1 national scenic trail, 11 national forests, 2 national grasslands, 44 national wildernesses, 3 national conservation areas, 8 national wildlife refuges, 3 national heritage areas, 26 national historic landmarks, 16 national natural landmarks, more than 1,500 National Register of Historic Places, 1 wild and scenic river, 42 state parks, 307 state wildlife areas, 93 state natural areas, 28 national recreation trails, 6 regional trails, kweniso malo ghanyake ghakutowa ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale na malo ghanyake ghakusanguluskira.

Mu Colorado muli vigaŵa 23 vya National Park System:

Amache National Historic Site (2022)
Arapaho National Recreation Area^{[lower-alpha 12]} (1978)
Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site (1960)
Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park (NM 1933, NP 1999)
Browns Canyon National Monument^{[lower-alpha 13]} (2015)
California National Historic Trail^{[lower-alpha 14]} (1992)
Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument^{[lower-alpha 12]} (2022)
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument^{[lower-alpha 15]} (2000)
Chimney Rock National Monument^{[lower-alpha 12]} (2012)
Colorado National Monument (1911)
Continental Divide National Scenic Trail^{[lower-alpha 16]}^{[lower-alpha 17]} (1978)
Curecanti National Recreation Area (1965)
Dinosaur National Monument^{[lower-alpha 18]} (1915)
Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument (1969)
Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve (NM 1932, NP 2004)
Hovenweep National Monument^{[lower-alpha 19]} (1923)
Mesa Verde National Park (1906) and UNESCO World Heritage Site (1978)
Old Spanish National Historic Trail^{[lower-alpha 20]} (2002)
Pony Express National Historic Trail^{[lower-alpha 21]} (1992)
Rocky Mountain National Park (1915)
Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (2007)
Santa Fe National Historic Trail^{[lower-alpha 22]} (1987)
Yucca House National Monument^{[lower-alpha 23]} (1919)

Wonaniso[lemba | kulemba source]

Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

Footnotes[lemba | kulemba source]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 United States Census Bureau estimates of county population as of July 1, 2022,^[43]
↑ As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Denver is its own county seat.^[44]
↑ As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Broomfield is its own county seat.^[44]
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 United States Census Bureau estimates of municipal population as of July 1, 2022^[46]
↑ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
↑
Several Air Force teams participate in other conferences, or as independents, in sports that the MW does not sponsor:
- Boxing, a men-only sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent.
- Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent.
- Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
- Men's ice hockey competes in Atlantic Hockey.
- Men's lacrosse competes in the ASUN Conference.
- Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference.
- Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the Western Athletic Conference.
- Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.
↑
Several Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Pac-12 does not sponsor:
- Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
- Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.
↑
Several Denver teams participate in other conferences in sports that The Summit League does not sponsor:
- Women's gymnastics competes in the Big 12 Conference.
- Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.
- Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the Big East Conference.
- Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.
↑
Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor:
- Baseball competes in the Summit League.
- Women's swimming & diving competes in the Western Athletic Conference.
- Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.
↑ Colorado College, otherwise an NCAA Division III member, has two Division I teams. Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference and women's soccer competes in the Mountain West.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Arapaho National Recreation Area, Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument, and Chimney Rock National Monument are managed by the United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
↑ Browns Canyon National Monument is jointly managed by the Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the Interior, and the United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
↑ The California National Historic Trail traverses ten U.S. states: Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, and California.
↑ Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the Interior.
↑ The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail traverses five U.S. states: Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.
↑ The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail is jointly managed by the United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the Interior.
↑ Dinosaur National Monument extends into the State of Utah.
↑ Hovenweep National Monument extends into the State of Utah.
↑ The Old Spanish National Historic Trail traverses six U.S. states: New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California.
↑ The Pony Express National Historic Trail traverses eight U.S. states: Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California.
↑ The Santa Fe National Historic Trail traverses five U.S. states: Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.
↑ Yucca House National Monument remains undeveloped.

Ukaboni[lemba | kulemba source]

↑ "State Songs". Colorado State Archives. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ColoradoOrganicAct
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 President of the United States of America (August 1, 1876). "Proclamation of the Admission of Colorado to the Union" (php). The American Presidency Project. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mount_Elbert
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
↑ "US Census Bureau QuickFacts". Retrieved April 30, 2022.
↑ "Colorado—Definition". Merriam-Webster. August 13, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
↑ "Colorado". Dictionary.com. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
↑ Clark, Kyle (June 27, 2018). What's the right way to pronounce 'Colorado?' (TV news magazine segment). Contributor: Rich Sandoval, linguist at Metropolitan State University of Denver. KUSA-TV. Archived from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved August 4, 2018. [Sandoval] found five pronunciations.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
↑ "Creative Services". Colorado State University. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
↑ Quillen, Ed (March 18, 2007). "Coloradoan or Coloradan". The Denver Post. Denver. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
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↑ "Fossilized Footprints". United States National Park Service. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
↑ Ashley Strickland (August 4, 2022). "Discovery in paleontologist's backyard reveals evidence of North America's early humans". Cable News Network. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
↑ "Genocide Wiped Out Native American Population Archived Sekutembala 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine", Discovery News, September 20, 2010.
↑ Report of the exploring expedition from Santa Fé, New Mexico, to the junction of the Grand and Green Rivers of the great Colorado of the West, in 1859: under the command of Capt. J. N. Macomb, Corps of topographical engineers, Volume 1 @ archive.org
↑ Rebchook, John (October 15, 2015). "Neighbors want historic designation for NW Denver home".
↑ Louvaris, Elenie (August 20, 2019). "Ku Klux Klan in Colorado". Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
↑ Iversen, Kristen (June 12, 2012). "Under The 'Nuclear Shadow' Of Colorado's Rocky Flats". NPR.
↑ Coffield, Alfred (May 29, 2020). "USS Colorado Continues the Tradition of the Submarine Battle Flag". Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. Groton, CT. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
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↑ U.S. Forest Service. "Rocky Mountain Region 14ers". Retrieved November 6, 2009.
↑ U.S. Geological Survey. "Elevations and Distances". Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
↑ Hansen, Wallace R.; Chronic, John; Matelock, John (1979) [first published 1978]. Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and vicinity, Colorado (PDF). Geological Survey Professional Paper 1019 (Report). Washington, DC: USG Printing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
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↑ "NOAA's National Weather Service—National Climate". W2.weather.gov. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
↑ Colorado Climate Center (extreme temperatures)"Colorado Climate Center". Retrieved 6 February 2023.
↑ Forster, Liz (14 June 2020). "3 earthquakes reported overnight in Colorado". Colorado Springs Gazette.
↑ "Southwestern Red Squirrel". American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ Sommariva, Kelly (6 February 2014). "9 fascinating facts about pika in Colorado". Denver: KUSA. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ "Yellow Bellied Marmot". Clear Creek County, CO: Clear Creek County Tourism Bureau. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ "Moose Reintroduction" (PDF). Colorado Parks and Wildlife. November 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ Cahill, Caitlyn. "Rabbits". Arapahoe County Government. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ Brady, Jeff (7 December 2003). "Coyote Hunt for Colorado". National Public Radio. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ "Black-tailed Prairie Dogs". Jefferson County Government. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ "Swift Fox Conservation Team". Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ Zimmer, Amy (6 January 2020). "Colorado's Small Mammals, Part III: Mustelids". Colorado Virtual Library. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties in Colorado: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 (CO-EST2022-POP-08)". United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. March 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 ^44.2 "Active Colorado Municipalities". State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
↑ "State of Colorado Incorporated Places - Current/TAB20 - Data as of January 1, 2020". United States Census Bureau. January 1, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Colorado: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 (SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-08)". United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. May 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
↑ "State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
↑ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (September 2002). "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Population Division. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
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↑ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data—2010 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
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↑ "Losing ground" (PDF). Adworks.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
↑ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.
↑ "Births: Final Data for 2013 Volume 64, Number 1" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 15, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
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↑ "Births: Final Data for 2015 Volume 66, Number 1" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 5, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
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↑ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
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↑ Seaman, Jessica (March 22, 2019). "Colorado teen pregnancies dropped 20 percent near these clinics. Now their funding is at risk". The Denver Post. Denver. Retrieved May 21, 2019. By increasing access to long-term birth control such as intrauterine devices, Colorado has reduced teen pregnancies by about 20 percent in zip codes near clinics that receive federal funding ... Statewide, the birth rate for ... ages 15 and 19 dropped 59 [%] ... in 2017
↑ Brown, Jennifer (November 30, 2017). "IUD program leads to big decline in teen pregnancies, abortions in Colorado". The Denver Post. Denver. Retrieved May 21, 2019. The steep drop in teen pregnancies and abortions in Colorado since 2009 is mainly due to one thing: free, low-cost access to IUDs ... Thanks to a grant from billionaire Warren Buffett's family, Colorado spent $28 million
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↑ Staff (February 24, 2023). "2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
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↑ "Adult Obesity Rates".
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↑ Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura (May 8, 2017). "Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (7): 1003–1011. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0918. PMC 5543324. PMID 28492829.
↑ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State".
↑ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF).
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External links[lemba | kulemba source]

State government[lemba | kulemba source]

State of Colorado
- Colorado Tourism Office
- History Colorado

Federal government[lemba | kulemba source]

Other[lemba | kulemba source]

List of searchable databases produced by Colorado state agencies hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable
Colorado County Evolution
Ask Colorado
Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection (CHNC)
Mountain and Desert Plants of Colorado and the Southwest,
Climate of Colorado Archived Epulelo 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Colorado at Curlie
Geographic data related to Colorado at OpenStreetMap
Holocene Volcano in Colorado (Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program)

38°59′50″N 105°32′52″W / 38.9972°N 105.5478°W / 38.9972; -105.5478 (State of Colorado)

[NAVD88-6] 1.0 ^1.1 Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

[2022_county_estimates-45] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 United States Census Bureau estimates of county population as of July 1, 2022,^[43]

[47] As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Denver is its own county seat.^[44]

[48] As a consolidated city and county, the City and County of Broomfield is its own county seat.^[44]

[2022_muni_estimates-51] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 United States Census Bureau estimates of municipal population as of July 1, 2022^[46]

[54] Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

[118] Several Air Force teams participate in other conferences, or as independents, in sports that the MW does not sponsor:
Boxing, a men-only sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent.

Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent.

Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.

Men's ice hockey competes in Atlantic Hockey.

Men's lacrosse competes in the ASUN Conference.

Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference.

Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the Western Athletic Conference.

Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.

[8] Boxing, a men-only sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent.

[9] Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent.

[10] Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.

[11] Men's ice hockey competes in Atlantic Hockey.

[12] Men's lacrosse competes in the ASUN Conference.

[13] Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference.

[14] Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the Western Athletic Conference.

[15] Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.

[119] Several Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Pac-12 does not sponsor:
Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.

Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.

[17] Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.

[18] Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.

[120] Several Denver teams participate in other conferences in sports that The Summit League does not sponsor:
Women's gymnastics competes in the Big 12 Conference.

Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.

Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the Big East Conference.

Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.

[20] Women's gymnastics competes in the Big 12 Conference.

[21] Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.

[22] Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the Big East Conference.

[23] Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association.

[121] Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor:
Baseball competes in the Summit League.

Women's swimming & diving competes in the Western Athletic Conference.

Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.

[25] Baseball competes in the Summit League.

[26] Women's swimming & diving competes in the Western Athletic Conference.

[27] Men's wrestling competes in the Big 12 Conference.

[122] Colorado College, otherwise an NCAA Division III member, has two Division I teams. Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference and women's soccer competes in the Mountain West.

[USFS-139] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Arapaho National Recreation Area, Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument, and Chimney Rock National Monument are managed by the United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture.

[BLMNFS-140] Browns Canyon National Monument is jointly managed by the Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the Interior, and the United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture.

[CNHT-141] The California National Historic Trail traverses ten U.S. states: Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, and California.

[BLM-142] Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the Interior.

[CDNST-143] The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail traverses five U.S. states: Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.

[USFSNPSBLM-144] The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail is jointly managed by the United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the Interior.

[145] Dinosaur National Monument extends into the State of Utah.

[146] Hovenweep National Monument extends into the State of Utah.

[OSNHT-147] The Old Spanish National Historic Trail traverses six U.S. states: New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California.

[PENHT-148] The Pony Express National Historic Trail traverses eight U.S. states: Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California.

[SFNHT-149] The Santa Fe National Historic Trail traverses five U.S. states: Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.

[150] Yucca House National Monument remains undeveloped.

[1] "State Songs". Colorado State Archives. Retrieved May 28, 2023.

[ColoradoOrganicAct-2] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ColoradoOrganicAct

[ColoradoStatehoodProclamation-3] 3.0 ^3.1 President of the United States of America (August 1, 1876). "Proclamation of the Admission of Colorado to the Union" (php). The American Presidency Project. Retrieved November 15, 2018.

[Mount_Elbert-4] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mount_Elbert

[USGS-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.

[7] "US Census Bureau QuickFacts". Retrieved April 30, 2022.

[8] "Colorado—Definition". Merriam-Webster. August 13, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2011.

[9] "Colorado". Dictionary.com. Retrieved August 17, 2013.

[10] Clark, Kyle (June 27, 2018). What's the right way to pronounce 'Colorado?' (TV news magazine segment). Contributor: Rich Sandoval, linguist at Metropolitan State University of Denver. KUSA-TV. Archived from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved August 4, 2018. [Sandoval] found five pronunciations.

[Census-11] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2023.

[statestyle-12] "Creative Services". Colorado State University. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2016.

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[70] Seaman, Jessica (March 22, 2019). "Colorado teen pregnancies dropped 20 percent near these clinics. Now their funding is at risk". The Denver Post. Denver. Retrieved May 21, 2019. By increasing access to long-term birth control such as intrauterine devices, Colorado has reduced teen pregnancies by about 20 percent in zip codes near clinics that receive federal funding ... Statewide, the birth rate for ... ages 15 and 19 dropped 59 [%] ... in 2017

[71] Brown, Jennifer (November 30, 2017). "IUD program leads to big decline in teen pregnancies, abortions in Colorado". The Denver Post. Denver. Retrieved May 21, 2019. The steep drop in teen pregnancies and abortions in Colorado since 2009 is mainly due to one thing: free, low-cost access to IUDs ... Thanks to a grant from billionaire Warren Buffett's family, Colorado spent $28 million

[72] "Languages—Colorado". www.city-data.com.

[73] Staff (February 24, 2023). "2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved March 30, 2023.

[74] "Your Colorado Church History Tour". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Colorado. March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2021.

[75] Svaldi, Aldo (January 19, 2020). "Colorado is one of the healthiest states in the country, but health outcomes vary widely by county". The Denver Post. Denver. Retrieved April 13, 2021.

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[91] Cangialosi, Jason. "Scenic Memorabilia: Colorado's Film Locations". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved March 4, 2013.

[92] Flewelling, Lindsey (March 2, 2017). "Oscar Wilde in Leadville, Colorado". Isles Abroad. Retrieved May 3, 2021.

[93] Oscar Wilde (1906). Impressions of America. Sunderland: Keystone Press. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Project Gutenburg.

[94] Arnold, Katie (June 8, 2008). "As Skiers Depart Aspen, Chowhounds Take Their Place". Travel.nytimes.com. New York City. Retrieved June 5, 2011.

[Travel_+_Leisure-95] "Colorado Travel Guide". Travelandleisure.com. Retrieved June 5, 2011.

[Denver_Magazine-96] Harkins, Jacob (March 2011). "Master Class: The Coloradans who've passed the Master Sommelier test that 97 percent fail". Denver Magazine. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011.

[97] Antonation, Mark (October 20, 2015). "Chef & Tell: Steve Polidori Talks About 90 Years of Sausage in North Denver". Westword. Retrieved April 26, 2021.

[Bon_Appétit-98] Knowlton, Andrew (September 9, 2010). "America's Foodiest Town 2010: Boulder, Colorado: In the Magazine". bonappetit.com. Retrieved June 5, 2011.

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[Colorado_Wine_Industry_Development_Board-100] "Colorado Wine Industry Development Board". Coloradowine.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2011.

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v t e State of Colorado
Denver (capital)
Topics	Bibliography Index Outline Climate change Colleges Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Historic places History Images Indian reservations Law Lists Military Mountains Municipalities Museums National Forests National Parks Paleontology Prehistoric sites Prehistory Protected areas Railroads Rivers Slavery Statistical areas Symbols Timeline Tourist attractions Trails Transportation Wildernesses
Society	Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Religion Sports
Cities	Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Black Hawk Boulder Brighton Broomfield Brush Burlington Cañon City Castle Pines Centennial Central City Cherry Hills Village Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Cripple Creek Dacono Delta Denver Durango Edgewater Englewood Evans Federal Heights Florence Fort Collins Fort Lupton Fort Morgan Fountain Fruita Glendale Glenwood Springs Golden Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison Holyoke Idaho Springs La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Las Animas Leadville Littleton Lone Tree Longmont Louisville Loveland Manitou Springs Monte Vista Montrose Northglenn Ouray Pueblo Rifle Rocky Ford Salida Sheridan Steamboat Springs Sterling Thornton Trinidad Victor Walsenburg Westminster Wheat Ridge Woodland Park Wray Yuma
Counties	Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma
Regions	Central Colorado Eastern Plains Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Piedmont Colorado Plateau Colorado Western Slope Denver Metropolitan Area Four Corners Region Front Range Urban Corridor High Plains North Central Colorado Urban Area Northwestern Colorado San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado South Central Colorado Urban Area Southern Rocky Mountains Southwest Colorado
Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

v t e Political divisions of the United States
List of states and territories
States	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Federal district	Washington, D.C.
Insular areas	American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Indian reservations	List of Indian reservations
Others	Federal enclave

Authority control
International	ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Other	NARA IdRef

Mbili[lemba | kulemba source]

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Mountains[lemba | kulemba source]

Continental Divide[lemba | kulemba source]

South Central region[lemba | kulemba source]

Western Slope[lemba | kulemba source]

Nyengo[lemba | kulemba source]

Eastern Plains[lemba | kulemba source]

Front Range foothills[lemba | kulemba source]

Extreme weather[lemba | kulemba source]

Climate change[lemba | kulemba source]

Records[lemba | kulemba source]

Extreme temperatures[lemba | kulemba source]

Earthquakes[lemba | kulemba source]

Vinyama[lemba | kulemba source]

M'madera[lemba | kulemba source]

Municipalities[lemba | kulemba source]

Unincorporated communities[lemba | kulemba source]

Special districts[lemba | kulemba source]

Statistical areas[lemba | kulemba source]

Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu[lemba | kulemba source]

Birth data[lemba | kulemba source]

Language[lemba | kulemba source]

Religion[lemba | kulemba source]

Health[lemba | kulemba source]

Obesity[lemba | kulemba source]

Life expectancy[lemba | kulemba source]

Homelessness[lemba | kulemba source]

Chuma[lemba | kulemba source]

Agriculture[lemba | kulemba source]

Natural resources[lemba | kulemba source]

Electricity generation[lemba | kulemba source]

Mwambo[lemba | kulemba source]

Arts and film[lemba | kulemba source]

Cuisine[lemba | kulemba source]

Wine and beer[lemba | kulemba source]

Marijuana and hemp[lemba | kulemba source]

Medicinal use[lemba | kulemba source]

Recreational use[lemba | kulemba source]

Sports[lemba | kulemba source]

Professional sports teams[lemba | kulemba source]

College athletics[lemba | kulemba source]

Mayendelo[lemba | kulemba source]

Masambilo[lemba | kulemba source]

Vinthu vya nkhondo[lemba | kulemba source]

Boma[lemba | kulemba source]

State government[lemba | kulemba source]

Politics[lemba | kulemba source]

Significant initiatives and legislation enacted in Colorado[lemba | kulemba source]

Malo gha Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America[lemba | kulemba source]

Malo ghakutetezeka[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso[lemba | kulemba source]

Footnotes[lemba | kulemba source]

Ukaboni[lemba | kulemba source]

Further reading[lemba | kulemba source]

External links[lemba | kulemba source]

State government[lemba | kulemba source]

Federal government[lemba | kulemba source]

Other[lemba | kulemba source]