Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne; German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] (listen); 14 Malichi 1879 – 18 Epulelo 1955) wakaŵa wakupanga vya zeru za patali chomene za sayansi uyo wakababikila ku German, uyo njumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵalikuvwila ku nkhani ya vya sayansi nyengo zose. Einstein ŵakumanyikwa nakuyambiska sambizgo ilo pachingelezi likuchemeka kuti theoretical relativity, kweneso wakavwilaso chomene ku nkhani yakusambizga masambilo agho pa chingelezi ghakuchemeka kuti quantum mechanics. Relativity na quantum mechanics ni vipilala viŵili vikulu vya modern physics. Samu yake ya E = mc2, iyo ikafuma ku masambilo gha relativity theory, ghakumanyikwa pa charu chose chapasi kuti "ziŵalo yakumanyikwa chomene". Ntchito za Einstein zikumanyikwaso na kulimbikiska masambilo gha vya zeru zapatali zakuganiza na za sayansi. Wakapokela mphoto ya 1921 Nobel Prize mu masambilo gha Physics "chifukwa chakutumila kwake mu visambizgo vya zeru za pachanya,kweneso chomene chifukwa cha kusanga lango la photoelectric effect", ngati ni nthowa yakwamba yakulutiska vya sayansi panthazi. Vyakukwaniska vyake na vyakusanga vyake vikapangiska zina lake la "Einstein" kuŵa lakumanyikwaso kuti "nkhwantha".
Mu 1905, chaka icho chikumanyikwaso kuti ngati ntchaka chake chakuchemeka annus mirabilis ('chaka cha vyakudabwisa'), Einstein wakalemba mapepala ghanayi ghapachanya chomene. Ivi vikaŵa vyakulongosola vya photoelectric effect, kulongosola vya kayendelo ka Brownian, na kulongosola za ziŵalo yake. Einstein wakaganiza kuti lango la classical mechanics lingakolelanako chala na lango la vya electromagnetic field, icho chikapangiska kuti wayambe kupanga maganizo ghake gha vya relativity. Wakatandazga ganizo lake nakulumikiza na vya nkhongono ya chalo yakukankha vinthu pasi.Wakalemba nkhani ya general relativity mu 1916, kupelekapo maganizo ghake gha gha vya nkhongono ya charu yakukankha vinthu pasi (gravitation). Mu 1917, wakagwiliska ganizo lake la relativity pakulongosola umo mlengalenga uli kukhalila (structure of the universe). Wkapitilizga kupanga vya masambilo gha vya mechanics na quantum theory,ivo vikapangiska kuti walongosole vya particle theory na mayendelo gha tunthu tuchoko tuchoko twambula kuoneka na maso (molecules). Kweneso wakafufuza vya kayendelo na ukhalilo wa ungwelu (light) na quantum theory of radiation,iyo vikaŵa ngati ni mazengo gha photon theory ya ungwelu.
Nangauli paumalilo wakayamba kusambila vya masambilo ghanyake agho wakamalizga chala vyakulondezgapo vyake (vikatondeka). Chakwamba, nangauli wakaŵa na zeru zinandi za quantum mechanics, wakasuskana na maganizo gha icho chikuzgoka, kuyowoya kuti "God does not play dice". Chachiŵili wakayezga kugaŵa na kusazga zeru zake za field theory na kusazga vay masamu ghake mwakulongosola vya electromagnetism. Paumalilo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayamba kumusala ku masambilo gha vya modern physics.
Einstein wakababikila mu Ufumu waku German, kwene wakasamukila ku Switzerland mu 1895, kutaya chikhalilo gha German (kukhwaskana na vya Ufumu wa Württemberg) mu chaka chakulondezgapo. Mu 1897, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 17,wakayamba kusambilo mu visambizgo vya masamu na vya physics pa sukulu ya Swiss Federal polytechnic ku Zürich, ndipo wakaphasaka mu masambilo ghake pa sukulu yaumalilo mu 1900. Mu 1901, wakapempha kuti waŵe na chikhaze mu charu cha Switzerland, icho chikaŵa chikhae chakuti wakafwa nacho, ndipo mu 1903 wakateteza malo gha udindo wambula kumala pa Swiss Patent Office ku Bern.Mu 1905, wakaokela mphoto ya PhD na sukulu yaumalilo yapachanya ya University ya Zurich. Mu 1914, Einsteinwakasamukila ku Berlin na chakulinga chakujoina Prussian Academy of Sciences na Humboldt University ya ku Berlin. Mu 1917, Einstein wakaŵa mulongozgi vinthu(director) pa Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; apa wakatolaso chikhaze cha German citizen kachiŵili, nyengo iyi wakaŵa mu Prussian.
Mu 1933, apo Einstein wakaonanga charu cha United States, Adolf Hitler wakatola nkhongono za charu cha Germany. Einstein, mgati ni mu Jewish, wakachimbila malango gha boma la Nazi ndipo wakakhala ku United States nakutola chikhaze cha u Amelika mu 1940. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵili Yacharu Chose, wakalemba kalata kwa mlongozgi charu Franklin D. Roosevelt kumuchenjezga za zeru za German zakupanga vilwelo vya nkhondo ndipo wakaphalilaso charu cha US kuti nacho chiyambeso kupanga vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo. Einstein wakhozgela Allies kwene wakasuskana na vya mabomba ghakofya.
Umoyo na Masambilo
Umoyo na Msambilo ghake
Albert Einstein wakababikila ku Ulm, mu Ufumu wa Württemberg ku Ufumu Ukulu waku German pa 14 Malichi 1879 imu banja la chi Ashkenazi Jews. Awiske ŵakawa a Hermann Einstein,awo ŵakaŵa wakuguliska mu sitolo kweneso wakunozga nozga vinthu ngati ni magalimoto na Pauline Koch. Mu 1880, banja ili likasamukila ku Munich, uko awiske ŵa Einsteinna asibweni ŵake a Jakob ŵakasanga Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, kamupani iyo ikapanganga vinthu vya magesi mwakukolelanako na vya direct current.
Albert wakasambila sukulu yakwamba yachi Katolika ku Munich, kufuma apo wakaŵa na vyaka 5, kwa vyaka vitatu. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 8, wakasintha sukulu nakuluta ku Luitpold-Gymnasium (iyo sono ikuchemeka Albert-Einstein-Gymnasium), uko wakasambila masambilo ghapachanya gha sukulu yakwamba yachilalako na sukulu yachiŵili mpaka apo wakaukilako ku German Empire pati pajumpha vyaka 7.
Mu 1894, Hermann na Jakob kamupani yawo ikasoŵa wovwili wa ndalama kuti ŵagule visulo viphya chifukwa iwo ŵakagwiliskanga vyawo vya direct current (DC) standard apo ivo vikakhumbikanga ni alternating current (AC) standard, icho chikapangiska kuti msumba wa Munich uŵe na suzgo la magesi.Mukupenja malo gha va malonda, banja la Einstein likasamukila ku Italy, kuyambila ku Milanndipo pati pajumpha miyezi ichoko ukasamukila ku Pavia. Banja lati lasamukila ku Pavia, Einstein, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 15, wakakhala ku Munich kuti wamalizge masambilo ghake pa Luitpold Gymnasium. Awiske ŵakakhumba kuti iye wakwele makola masambilo gha vya kunozga vya magesi (electrical engineering), kwene Einstein wakayambana na ŵalala ŵa sukulu icho chikapangiska kuti masambigzilo ghasinthe. Paumalilo wakalemba kuti mtima wakusambila ukaukamo mu vyakusambila. Kuumalilo wa Disembala 1894,wakaluta ku Italy kuyakhala na banja lake ilo likaŵa kale kwenekuko ku Pavia, ulendo wakuti wanyenga sukulu wakuilembela kalata ngati yalembeka na dokotala. Mukukhala kwake ku Italy wakalemba kalata idoko mutu wake mu chingelezi "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".
Einstein wakakwela makola pa vya masamu na vya physics kufuma apo wakaŵa na vyaka vyakuchepa,kuphaska masamu mu vyaka vidoko kujumpha ŵanyake wose. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 12, Einstein wakajisambizga yekha masamu gha algebra na Euclidean geometry mu nyengo imoza ya chihanya. Einstein wakasangaso umboni wake wakukhozgela samu ya Pythagorean theorem apo wakaŵa waka na vyaka 12. Wamubanja Max Talmud wakuyowoya kuti wati wapasika buku la Einstein la geometry, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa na vyaka 12 , panyengo ichoko "[Einstein] waka uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa na a kuti wamalizga kugwila pa buku lose. Paumalilo wakajipeleka ku wapangenge vya masamu gha pachanya... Pa umalilo umanyi wake wa masamu ukuŵa upusu chala wakuti nkutondeka kulondezga." Chitemwa chake cha masamu gha geometry na algebravikapangiska kuti mwana wa vyaka 12 (Einstein) kugomezga kuti chilengiwa chingapulikiskika na "kakhalilo ka masamu". Einstein wakayamba kujisambizga yekha vya calculus na vyaka 12, ndipo apo wati wafika vyaka 14 wakati "namanya chomene vya integral na differential calculus".