Ndale mu Malaŵi
 |
|---|
| Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal'). |
Ndyali za Malaŵi zikuchitika mu chalo cha presidential representative democratic republic, apo President wa Malawi ni mutu wa chalo na mutu wa boma, ndipo pali vipani vinandi. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ŵali na mazaza gha kupanga malango. Mu Malawi muli nduna izo zikucemeka na pulezidenti. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Boma la Malawi ndakukolerana na vyaru vinandi kwambira mu 1994.The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Malawi a "hybrid regime" in 2022.[1]
Wupu wa mulara wa sono
Kuyana na dango la boma la mu 1995, pulezidenti, uyo ni mulara wa boma kweniso mulara wa boma, wakusankhika mu vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri. Malawi wali na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti uyo wakusankhika pamoza na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wangasankha wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, uyo wakwenera kuŵa wa chipani chinyake. Wupu uwu uli na ŵalara awo ŵakupika na pulezidenti. Ŵabali awo ŵali mu nduna za Malawi ŵakufuma mukati panji kuwaro kwa boma. Bakili Muluzi wakaŵa purezidenti kwambira pa 21 May 1994 mpaka May 2004, ndipo wakathereskeka mu 2000 na 51.4% ya mavoti kwa Gwandaguluwe Chakuamba 44.3% wa chipani cha MCP-AFORD. Mu mavoti gha 2004, Bingu wa Mutharika wakathereska Chakuamba na mavoti 10. Nangauli boma la Malawi likaŵa na masuzgo gha ndyali, kweni mu 2009 likati mu charu ichi mukaŵa vipani vinandi.[2] Mu Meyi 2009, ma parliamentary na presidential election ghakachitika kachinayi mu Malawi ndipo President Mutharika wakasankhika, nangauli ŵakamususka kuti wakachita upusikizgi.[3]
Pulezidenti Mutharika wakawonekanga na ŵanthu ŵanyake nga ni munthu uyo wakujighanaghanira yekha ndipo wakuyuyura wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo mu Julayi 2011 ŵanthu ŵakamba kugazgana chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama zakukhalira, kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu 18 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake 44 ŵakapwetekeka na futi..[4]
Mu Epulero 2012, Mutharika wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima. Kwa maora 48, nyifwa yake yikabisika, kusazgapo ulendo wa ndege na thupi la munthu uyu ku South Africa, uko ŵadokotala ŵakakana kusamuska thupi la munthu uyu. Boma la South Africa likati lati likukhumba kuvumbura nkhani iyi, Joyce Banda (uyo wakaŵa wabali yayi na pulezidenti wakale) ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti.
Mu 2014 chisankho cha Malawi Joyce Banda wakataya chisankho ichi ndipo wakatora malo gha Peter Mutharika, munung'una wa President Mutharika. Mu ma 2019 Malawi general election president Peter Mutharika wakasankhika. Mu February 2020 khoti la Malawi Constitutional Court likawuskapo chilato ichi chifukwa cha viheni na upusikizgi. Mu Meyi 2020 Khoti Likuru Chomene la Malawi likakhozga fundo iyi ndipo likati mavoti ghaphya ghachitikenge pa Julayi 2. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuskenge ivyo vikachitika. Mulongozgi wa chipani chakususkana na chalo cha Malawi, Lazarus Chakwera, ndiyo wakathereska pa chisankho cha 2020 ndipo wakalapizga kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malawi.[5]
Mulara wa sono
Pulezidenti wa Malaŵi na wupu wakulongozga wa sono ŵakukhozgeka na mamembara gha Kabinete ya Malaŵi na maboma gha Malaŵi.
Mu 2020 khoti la Malawi Constitutional Court likawuskapo chisankho cha president Peter Mutharika chifukwa cha viheni. Mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka Lazarus Chakwera watonda pa mavoti gha chalo cha Malawi mu 2020 ndipo wazgoka purezidenti muphya.[6]
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Lazarus Chakwera | Malawi Congress Party | 28 June 2020 |
Wupu wa Legislative
Nyumba ya Malamulo yili na ŵanthu 193, ndipo ŵakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Dango ili likayowoyangaso vya nyumba yaciŵiri, ya vyalo 80, kweni mpaka sono palije ico cacitika kuti kuŵe Nyumba ya Malango, ndipo fundo izo zikapeleka mwaŵi wa kuzenga nyumba iyi zikafumiskika mu 2001. Nyumba iyi yikovwira ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyapadera nga mbanakazi, ŵawukirano, na ŵanthu ŵakupendera..
Wupu Wakulongozga
Ndondomeko ya malango yikupanga wupu wakweruzga. Makhoti gha ku Malawi ghakupambanapambana.
M'paka mu 1969, boma la Malawi likaŵa na ndondomeko ya vyeruzgo yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain. Makhoti ghakamba na Magistrate mu matawuni, ndipo pamanyuma ghakazgoka High Court na Supreme Court of Appeal. Kweniso, mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, muli makhoti gha vigaŵa vinandi agho ghali na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ghakupulikizga mphindano nga ni kupatana na nkhani zinyake za nthengwa, kupokera chiharo, na kupoka malo. Makhoti agha ghakupulikizga milandu yichoko waka iyo yili kulembeka mu Dango la Malango gha ku Malawi. Khoti ili likaŵa pasi pa khoti likuru la ku Ireland (High Court) ndipo likaŵa na malango agho ghakaŵavikiliranga kuti ŵeruzgike mwaurunji..[7]
Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, Banda, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru, na nduna ya vya malango Orton Chirwa ŵakamba kususka fundo za malango gha Chingelezi nga ni presumption of innocence, kukhumbikwa kuti munthu waŵe na mulandu kwambura kukayika, ndiposo kukhumbikwa kwa ukaboni. Mu 1969, ŵanthu ŵankhondi awo ŵakakakika pa mulandu wakwamba wa kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Chilobwe ŵakakhozgeka soni comene nangauli pamanyuma munthu munyake wakasangika na mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu wose aŵa pa mulandu wachiŵiri. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵakakwiya comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo ŵaliska, ŵakayowoya kuti ŵeruzgi ŵa ku Europe na malango gha ku Europe ghakazomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na mulandu kuti ŵaleke kulangika. Aleke Banda, nduna ya vya ndalama, wakadandawura comene cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito maloya na kuvikilira malango agho malango gha ku England ghakupeleka. Banda (uyo wakaŵa purezidenti mu 1966) wakati usange mweruzgi wali na njuŵi, wakwenera kufumapo ndipo wakayaniska dango lakwamba na kulanga munthu..[8][9]
Kwambira mu 1970, makhoti ghakumanyikwa na mazina agha ghakasintha. Makhoti ghatatu gha ku Malaŵi na khoti la apilu la ku Malaŵi ghakaŵapo, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza pa milandu yose, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu na kugaluka. Para mulandu waŵikika mu khoti likuru la ku Malawi, ŵakachitanga apilu ku khoti linyake la ku Malawi. Khoti Likuru na la Apilu likalutilira kuŵapo, ndipo kanandi likadumbiskananga milandu ya ŵanthu yayi. Nangauli makhoti agha ghakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa milandu, kweni milandu yinandi yikeruzgikanga mu makhoti ghakurughakuru. Makhoti ghakale ghakeneranga kulondezga malango na mitheto ya ku Africa, nangauli ghakalondezganga fundo za Banda. Ŵeruzgi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵambura kusambira vya malango, ŵakimikika na Banda ndipo ŵakate ŵafumiskikengepo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayimbikanga mulandu ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuŵa na maloya, ndipo ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuchema ŵakaboni panji wa kupempha mulandu (pakuti makhoti na nduna ya vya urunji ndivyo vikeruzganga). Ŵakaŵaphalirapo yayi ivyo ŵakeruzgika navyo, ntheura ŵakatondeka kunozgekera umo ŵangajivikililira.[10]
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, makhoti ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakumanga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka Banda. Kuthemba kwa ndyali kwa makhoti gha Chikaya kukulongoreka mu milandu yikuru ya mu 1976 ya Albert Muwalo, Secretary General wa Malawi Congress Party na Focus Gwede, Chief wa Police Special Branch, chifukwa cha mulandu wa kuyezga kukoma President Banda, na mulandu wa 1983 wa Orton Chirwa, uyo wakaŵa Minister wa Justice mpaka pa Cabinet Crisis ya 1964 na muwoli wake, Vera Chirwa. Mu milandu yose yiŵiri, ukaboni wambura kuzomerezgeka ukazomerezgeka kuti ŵanthu ŵeruzgike ndipo wose ŵanayi ŵakeruzgika nyifwa cifukwa ca ukaboni wambura kupulikikwa makora, nangauli Muwalo yekha ndiyo wakapayikika.
Pa nyengo ya kusintha kwa demokilase, makhoti ghatatu gha vigaŵa na khoti likuru la apilu ghakamara kwamuyirayira mu Okutobala 1993. Pa Meyi 18, 1994, Dango liphya likati lafika pa ntchito, likazomerezga dango la kaluso kuŵa chigaŵa chakukhumbikwa mu ndondomeko ya malango ndipo likasintha makhoti ghanandi gha ku malo agha kuŵa makhoti gha Magistrates. Likayowoyaso za makhoti gha mitheto, kweni pambere chaka cha 2011 chindafike, pakaŵavya malango ghakukhwaskana na makhoti agha. Pa malango gha mu 2011, pakaŵa makhoti gha vigaŵa viŵiri: makhoti gha vigaŵa vinandi mu vigaŵa vyose 27 vya Malawi, chomenechomene ku mizi, na khoti limoza la chigaŵa (lakupulikizga madandawuro gha mu makhoti gha chigaŵa). Pa mulandu uwu, khoti likuru likulongozgeka na makhoti gha cigaŵa. Khoti lililose la ku malo agha likalongozgekanga na mulaŵiliri wake, uyo wakeneranga kuŵa loya yayi, kweni wakaŵa wakusambira chomene, wakamanyanga makora Chingelezi, kweniso wakamanyanga makora malango na chiyowoyero cha uko kuli khoti ili. Ŵanthu ŵakudandawura kuti makhoti gha ku malo agha, agho sono ghakucemeka makhoti ghakurughakuru, ghakulipiska ndalama zinandi comene kuti ghamare mphindano.
Pasono (mu 2013), khoti likuru chomene mu Malawi ni Khoti Likuru Chomene la Apilu ilo lili na mazaza pa milandu ya ku khoti lichoko. Wupu uwu uli na mulara wa khoti na ŵeruzgi ŵanyake 9. Khoti Likuru la ku Malawi lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana gha kupulikizga na kususka milandu ya ŵanthu wose panji ya vigeŵenga. Milandu yinandi ya ku khoti likuru yikupulikizgika na mweruzgi yumoza, kwambura wupu wa ŵeruzgi, kweni milandu yakukhwaskana na malango yikwenera kupulikikwa na ŵeruzgi ŵatatu. Khoti likuru ili lili na chigaŵa cha General Division, icho chikupulikizga madandawuro gha makhoti ghapasi, kweniso cha Commercial Division, icho chikudandawura pa milandu ya malonda. Khoti limoza ilo likulongozga pa nkhani ya ntchito ni Industrial Relations Court. Para khoti ili ladumura mulandu, likupulikizga mwambura kulembeka, ndipo likuŵa na malango ghachoko waka pa nkhani ya ŵeruzgi. Makhoti ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na boma ni Magistrates Courts na Local or Traditional Courts. Vinthu ivi vikulongosora za malango gha milandu ya milandu ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu na ya ŵanthu kuyana na msinkhu wawo, kweni vikususka milandu ya upusikizgi, kukoma munthu panji kukoma munthu kwambura kumanya.[11][12]
Maboma gha chigaŵa
Boma likwendeskeka mu vigaŵa 28 mu vigaŵa vitatu ivyo vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa awo ŵakwimikika na boma. Pa Novembala 21, 2000, pakaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa, agho ghakaŵa ghakwamba mu nyengo ya vyaru vinandi. Chipani cha UDF chikapokera vithuzithuzi 70 pa vithuzithuzi vyose. Vigaŵa ivi ni Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe, Machinga, Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Neno, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntcheu, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba
Ndondomeko ya ndyali
Vipani vya ndyali
Malaŵi ni chalo icho chili na vipani vinandi (wonani mazina gha vipani mu Malaŵi). Malaŵi yikamba kuŵa na chipani chimoza mu 1964, ndipo MCP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani pera m'paka mu 1993. Gulu lakucemeka Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) pasi pa muwuso wa Chakufwa Chihana likakura, likucemera umaliro wa muwuso wa Kamuzu Banda. Chifukwa cha suzgo la mukati na kuwaro, Banda wakazomerezga kuti paŵe referendum mu 1993, apo mtundu uwu ukazomera kuŵa na vipani vinandi. AFORD ndiyo yikaŵa chipani chakwamba kulembeska, ndipo pamasinda pakaŵaso vipani vinyake. Chisankho chakwamba cha zipani zinandi chikachitika mu 1994 apo chipani cha UDF chikapokera mavoti nga ni boma lakwamba pasi pa ndondomeko ya zipani zinandi pasi pa Bakili Muluzi. Malaŵi sono ni chalo cha vyaru vinandi na vyaru 40 ivyo vili kulembeka kweni vikuru vichoko waka.[13]
Visankho
Kwamba mu 1994, pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose ku Malawi pakuŵa mavoti. Mu 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2009, 2014 ndipo mavoti ghaumaliro ghakachitika mu Meyi 2019.
Mu Juni 2020, Malawi wakachitaso chisankho cha purezidenti, pamasinda pa milandu ya kuswa malango mu chisankho cha 2019.[14]
- Masankhiro ghakale:
Kuŵapo kwa mawupu gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Wonaniso
- Elections in Malawi
- Cabinet of Malawi
- President of Malawi
- List of political parties in Malawi
- 2007 Malawian political crisis
Ukaboni
- ↑ "Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit (in British English). 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
- ↑ "Country Brief – Malawi". The World Bank. September 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
- ↑ "Malawi president wins re-election". BBC News. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ↑ Jomo, Frank & Latham, Brian (22 July 2011). "U.S. Condemns Crackdown on Protests in Malawi That Left 18 Dead". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Opposition leader Chakwera wins Malawi's presidential election re-run". France 24 (in English). 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
- ↑ "Malawi opposition leader Lazarus Chakwera wins historic poll rerun - BBC News".
- ↑ F E Kanyongolo, (2006). Malawi: Justice sector and the Rule of Law, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, p. 44. ISBN 978-1-920051-32-7.
- ↑ M Chanock (1976) Neo Traditionalism and the Customary Law in Malawi, pp. 80-4. https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101608/http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/16/chanock-art.pdf
- ↑ P Brietzke, (1974). The Chilobwe Murders Trial, African Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 362.
- ↑ M Chanock (1976) Neo Traditionalism and the Customary Law in Malawi, pp. 80-4. https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101608/http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/16/chanock-art.pdf
- ↑ R Kapindu, Malawi's Constitutional and Legal system. http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/malawi.htm Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Malawi Judiciary. http://www.judiciary.mw/#
- ↑ "Malawi parties may 'mirror' Germany's Pirates to enter govt | Malawi news, Malawi - NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi". Archived from the original on 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
- ↑ "Elections in Malawi: 2020 Fresh Presidential Election | IFES - The International Foundation for Electoral Systems". www.ifes.org (in English).