Jump to content

Ulimi mu Malaŵi

Sintha malink
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Kufuma Wikipedia

Ŵakuvuna mphonje pa malo ghakucitira kafukufuku wa ulimi ku Malawi
Ŵanakazi mu cigaŵa ca Salima, Malawi, ŵakuguliska mphonje
Minda ya mpunga ku Karonga

Vinthu vikuru comene ivyo Malawi wakuguliska ni hona, tiyi, katoni, mphonje, shuga na khofi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima chomene hona, kweni mu vyaka 25 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima chomene hona.[1]Mu virimika 100 ivyo vyajumpha, tiyi na mphonje vyazara comene, kweni makuni gha katoni ghachepa comene.[2] Vyakurya vikuru ni mbuto za. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya vyakumera ni vyakurya vya hona, tiyi, shuga, na makuni. Kukula kwa malonda kwa mafakitale kumawerengedwa kuti ndi 10% (2009).

Mbiri ya ulimi ku Malawi

Nyengo ya Chikoloni

Nangauli charu cha Nyasaland chikaŵa na vinthu vinyake, comenecomene malasha. Pakuti charu ichi chikaŵavya migodi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na m'ma 1900, mu chigaŵa cha Shire Valley ŵakaliskanga manioc, mpunga, nyemba na mphoza, mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands ŵakaliskanga chiŵiya cha chimanga, manioc, mphoza na mphoza, kweniso mu chigaŵa cha Lake Nyasa (lero ni Lake Malawi). Vipambi ivi vikalutilira kuŵa vyakurya vikuruvikuru mu nyengo yose iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, nangauli vikaŵa na mphoza zichoko na chimanga. Ŵanthu ŵakaliskanga chomene hona na makuni ghanyake gha makuni.[3]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuskanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakudumura makuni na kughawotcha. Malo agha ŵakaghagwiliskiranga nchito kwa vilimika vicoko waka pamanyuma pakuti ŵakamazga malo ghanyake. Pakuyaniska na vyaru vya ku Europe, North America, na Asia, vyaru vinandi vya ku sub-Saharan Africa ni vyambura vyakurya vinandi. Nthowa yiwemi chomene yakulimira dongo ili ni vyaka 10 m'paka 15 ivyo munthu wakulimira pa malo ghambura kupambika vipasi. Mu vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, dipatimenti ya vyakurya yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghaheni pa nkhani ya vyakurya vya ku Africa. Nangauli mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikalimanga vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikapangikanga kuti vipelekeke ku vyaru vinyake, kweni m'ma 1940, vyakurya vinandi (makamaka hona) vikapangikanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa..[4]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nyasaland ŵakaŵa ŵalimi awo ŵakalimanga phura, mphoza, na vyakurya vinyake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi, kweni pambere chaka cha 1907 chindafike, vyakurya vya malonda vikaŵa kuti vindambe kukura. Mu nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa pambere caru cindambe kuwusa, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga waka vinthu vya mu nkhorongo na vyakumera. Cakurya cakwamba ico ŵanthu ŵakamwanga cikaŵa khofi, ndipo ŵakamba kulima comene kufuma mu 1895, kweni cifukwa ca mpikisano wa ku Brazil uwo ukafika pa caru cose mu 1905, ndipo kukawa chilangalanga, khofi wakakhira na kwamba kulima hona na thonje. Vipambi vyose viŵiri ivi vikaŵanga vichoko chomene, kweni chifukwa chakuti khofi wakukwera chomene, ŵalimi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito hona mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands na katoni mu chigaŵa cha Shire Valley. Mu 1905, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima tiyi mu malo gha Shire Highlands, kweni ŵakamba kulima hona na tiyi mu 1908.

Mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikalimanga vyakurya vinandi, kweni m'ma 1930, vyakurya vinandi, chomenechomene hona na katoni, vikapangikanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Cakurya cakwamba ico ŵanthu ŵakamwanga cikaŵa khofi, ndipo ŵakamba kulima comene kwamba mu 1895, kweni cifukwa ca kususkana na vyakurya vya ku Brazil mu 1905, khofi wakakhira na kwamba kulima hona na thonje. Vipambi vyose viŵiri ivi vikaŵanga vichoko chomene, kweni chifukwa chakuti khofi wakukwera chomene, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima hona mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands na katoni mu chigaŵa cha Shire River Valley. Mu 1905, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima tiyi mu malo gha Shire Highlands, kweni ŵakamba kulima hona na tiyi mu 1908. Mu nyengo ya muwuso uwu, hona, tiyi, na katoni vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵakaguliskiranga ku vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikatondeska kuti vyakurya vyakwambukira ku vyaru vinyake ni ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliranga kufuma ku Nyasaland kuluta ku mtunda, vipasi vya vyakurya vinandi, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kulimbikira kulima katoni panji hona.[5]

TChigaŵa cha hona icho ŵalimi ŵa ku Europe ŵakalimanga mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands chikakwera kufuma pa mahekita 1,800 kufika pa mahekita 5,700 pakati pa 1911 na 1920. Pambere chaka cha 1920 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga hona wakuŵaŵa. Kweni mu 1924, ŵakaguliskanga hona wakukwana 14 peresenti. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikawovwira kuti hona wakure comene, kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵa ku United States ku Virginia ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland. Hona uyo wakapangikanga mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe wakaŵa wambura kukwana, ndipo mu ma 1920, hona uyo wakapangikanga na flue-cured wakachepa chomene. Mu 1924, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakapanga 86% ya hona wa ku Malawi, 57% mu 1927, 28% mu 1933, kweni 16% pera mu 1936. Nangauli vyakurya ivi vikakhira, kweni pakati pa 1921 na 1932, hona ndiyo wakapanganga vyakurya vinandi. Mu 1926, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku India likamba kupanga hona. Kuzakafika mu 1935, 70% ya vyakurya vya hona vikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Central, uko boma likaŵa na ŵalimi pafupifupi 30,000. Pakwamba, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima minda ya Ufumu (iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Native Trust Land), kweni pamanyuma, ŵakamba kugwiraso nchito ya kulima minda ya viŵeto. Ŵalimi ŵa hona ŵakasazgikira comene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ntheura mu 1950 pakaŵa ŵalimi ŵakujumpha 104,500 awo ŵakapanda makuni gha hona pa malo ghakukwana mahekita 53,000 na kunozga matani 10,000. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi ŵakaŵa ŵalimi ŵachoko, awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakupumulirako. Pamanyuma, unandi wawo ukakhira, kweni mu 1965 ŵakaŵa 70,000, ndipo ŵakapanga matani 12,000.[6]

Mu 1903, ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha katoni gha ku Eguputo. Kuzakafika mu 1905, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima makuni gha katoni mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands. Makampani gha The British Central Africa Company Ltd na African Lakes Corporation ghakakoperanga makuni agha m'paka mu 1912 apo boma likakhazikiska misika ya makuni agha. Pamanyuma pa kulima mwambura kughanaghanirapo pa malo ghambura kwenelera, kukhozga malo ghakupwanthirapo kufika pa mahekitala 4,000 (10,000 acres) na kusazgirako makhaliro ghakupambanapambana ghakawovwira kuti vyakurya vya katoni vifike pa 44% mu 1917. Chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa ŵantchito, vyakurya vikamba kuchepa mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ndipo vikamara yayi m'paka mu 1924, kweni mu 1932 vikakwana matani 2,700 ndipo mu 1935 vikaguliskika matani 4,000. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakagwiranga ntchito iyi mu chipalamba cha Shire, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakagwiranga yayi. Cakuzirwa ca katundu wakuguliska wa thonje cikakhira kufuma pa 16% mu 1922 kufika pa 5% mu 1932, ndipo mu 1941 cikafika pa 10%, ndipo mu 1951 cikafika pa 7%. .[7][8]

Tiyi wakwamba kutumizgika kufuma ku Nyasaland mu 1904 pamanyuma pakuti minda ya tiyi yakhazikiskika mu vigaŵa vya Mlanje District, ivyo pamasinda vikazgoka Cholo District. Pakwamba, tiyi yikakuranga comene, ndipo kufuma mu 1934, yikakura kufuma pa 6% mu 1932 kufika pa 20% mu 1935. Mu vyaka vitatu ivi, mu 1955, 1957, na 1960, mtengo wa tiyi uwo ŵakaguliskanga ukaluska wa hona. Ndipo m'paka pakati pa m'ma 1960, charu cha Nyasaland ndicho chikaŵa na malo ghakuru chomene gha tiyi mu Africa. Nangauli tiyi iyi yikaŵa yakuzirwa comene ku boma la Britain, kweni suzgo likuru pa caru cose likaŵa lakuti yikaŵanga yaucoko.

Vyakumera ivi vikaŵa vichoko chomene pambere chaka cha 1951 chindafike apo vikafika matani 316, kweni boma likakhozga kulima na kupeleka mitengo yiwemi. Pa nyengo iyo charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha, vyakurya ivyo vikafumanga mu vyaru vinyake vikakwana matani 25,000 pa chaka. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakuliska makuni agha kuti ŵarye. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, charu cha Nyasaland chikamba kupanga mafuta gha Tung, ndipo malo ghakujumpha 8,000 (makilomita 20,000) mu malo gha Shire Highlands ghakaŵa na makuni gha Tung. Ndipouli, mu 1953, mitengo ya mafuta pa caru cose yikakhira ndipo vyakurya vikamba kuchepa cifukwa mafuta gha Tung ghakaŵa ghakudura. M'paka apo kukaŵa njara mu 1949, mbuto iyi ŵakayitumanga ku vyaru vinyake yayi, kweni boma likakhozga chomene vyakurya ivi. Pa nyengo iyi, vyakurya vya mu vyaru vinyake vikaŵa vyambura kukhumbikwa.[9]

Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kulima m'malo mwa kulipira renti ya malo agho ŵakalerangamo vyakurya. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito kwa myezi yiŵiri pa caka, mwezi umoza pa renti, ndipo unyake pa msonkho. Ndipouli, pa malo ghanyake, ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba iyi ŵakeneranga kugwira nchito zinandi. Mu ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhumba chomene ŵantchito ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo kampani ya British Central Africa Company ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kusintha thangata. Kampani iyi yikapelekanga mbuto ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku Africa kuti ŵalimenge katoni panji hona, na kuguliska vipasi vyawo ku kampani iyi pa mtengo wapasi. Dango ilo likapelekeka mu 1928, likapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵeneko ŵa nyumba kuti ŵapokerenge ndalama zakugulira nyumba, mbuto zakukwana, panji ntchito. Lizgu lakuti thangata likang'anamulikanga ku renti, iyo yikaŵa yakumanyikwa pa minda ya hona na katoni, kweniso ku thangata, mtundu wakale wa ntchito, uwo ukaŵa pa minda ya tiyi.

Kuzakafika mu 1946, makampani agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu nyumba, ghakadandawura kuti ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu nyumba za ŵantchito ŵakagwiranga yayi ntchito iyi. Mu 1953, boma likakhumbanga kusazgirako renti, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kulimbana na boma. Mu Ogasiti 1953, ŵanthu 11 ŵakafwa ndipo 72 ŵakapwetekeka. Pamanyuma pa vivulupi ivi, Kazembe Colby wakaciska kuti malo gha mu malo agha ghagulike mwakujipeleka, ndipo boma likagura mahekitala 142,000 mu 1954. Apo charu chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha mu 1964, pakaŵa waka mahekitala 171,000 gha malo agho ghakaŵako, ndipo ghanandi ghakaŵa gha tiyi.[10][11]

Pamasinda pa ufulu

Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Malawi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha mu 1964, malo agho ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na ulimi ghakaŵa mahekitala pafupifupi 3.42 miliyoni. Malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kulima vyakurya ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi pa nyengo iyo ŵakafwatukira. Kwambira mu 1950 m'paka m'ma 1980, Malawi wakatumanga vyakurya vinandi chomene. Pakwamba, ici cikacitika cifukwa ca kusintha kwa ndondomeko ya vyakurya, kufuma pa njara ya mu 1949, ndipo mbuto iyi yikamba kuŵa ya ndalama zinandi, kweni yikalutilira nangauli pamanyuma pake pakaŵa suzgo lakuti ŵambeko kulima vyakurya ivi. Ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku malo agha vikukura kufuma pa matani 0.6 pa hektara mu ma 1950 kufika pa matani 0.8 pa hektara mu ma 1960, ndipo vikakwera kufika pa matani 1.2 pa hektara (1,8 para ŵabisa manoni) mu ma 1980. Kufika pakatikati pa ma 1980, Malaŵi ndiyo yikaguliskanga vyakurya.[12]

Kufuma mu 1950 m'paka mu 1980, mu Malawi mukaŵa vula zinandi. Mu nyengo iyi, cakurya cikawoneka kuŵa cakukhorweska, ndipo cakurya cikaŵa cinandi comene kuluska ico ŵakapanganga mu vilimika vinkhondi pera. Ivi vikakhozga ndondomeko ya vyakurya viŵiri, iyo Hastings Banda wakacita kwamba mu 1961, pakwamba pakuŵa nduna ya vyakurya, ndipo pamasinda pakuŵa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, paumaliro wa m'ma 1970, ndondomeko iyi yikamara. Banda wakalutilira kulamulira vyaru nga ni Prime Minister mu 1964 na President kufuma mu 1966 mpaka 1994, ntheura kupambana panji kutondeka kwake kukaŵa kwa iyo. Banda wakamanya kuti Malawi walije vinthu vinandi padera pa ulimi. Pakwamba wakatemwanga comene kulima viŵeto vya ŵanthu ŵacoko waka, cifukwa ŵakaŵa na malo ghacoko waka gha ku Europe. Ndipouli, mu 1968, ŵakamba kulima hona mu malo agha. Hona wa Burley ngwakudura yayi ndipo wakupangika na mphepo. Mu 1966, Pulezidenti Banda wakayowoya kuti malo agho ŵanthu ŵakughaŵika ghakaŵa ghambura kukhazikika ndipo ghakaŵa ghakukanizga ndalama. Dango lakuyowoya za malo ghakupambanapambana la mu 1967 likazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵapange malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakurya vyaka 99. Ŵanandi mu chigaŵa cha Central ŵakakhumbanga kulima hona wa Burley ndipo ŵakendeskekanga na Banda mweneco, panji ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵandyali.[13][14]

Mu 1970, ku Europe kukaŵa minda 229 ya mahekitala 79,000, kweni mu 1989 yikaŵa na mahekitala 14,355 pa mahekitala 759,000 ndipo yikajumpha mahekitala miliyoni. Pa malo agha, pafupifupi 25% ghakaŵa gha vyakurya vya hona. Vinthu vinandi vikaleka kugwira ntchito nangauli ŵakaŵanga na ngongoli zakukwana yayi. Para malo ghazengeka, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kupoka malo ndipo ŵakafumangamo panji ŵakamba kugwira ntchito mu malo agha. Mu 1968, ŵanthu 51,000 ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya vyakurya (kanandi mu minda ya tiyi). Mu 1990, ŵanthu 675,000 awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakusangirapo ŵanthu ŵakalembeka ndipo ŵanthu 580,000 ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakusangirapo ŵanthu. Ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakakuranga cakurya cawo cose kweni ŵakathembanga pa vyakurya ivyo ŵakapika. Vipambi vya hona vikaŵa vyambura kukhumbikwa, ntheura vyakurya vikasoŵa.

Chifukwa cha kulimbikira ulimi, nyengo iyo vyakumera vikukhalira mu malo agha yikakhira. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu minda yinandi ya ku Malawi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti dongo liŵe na nthamba zinandi. Vipambi vikamba kuchepa mu minda iyi. Kuzakafika mu 1992, vyakurya ivi vikaŵa kuti vyafika mu mapiri na mu chipalamba cha Rift Valley. Vyaru ivyo ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵakulimira mbuto za mbuto za mbuto zikakura na 20% pakati pa 1968 na 2000 cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito malo ghacoko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, minda yinandi ya ku mizi yikaŵa na malo ghambura kukwana mahekita ghaŵiri.[15][16]

Mu virimika vinandi vya m'ma 1900, vyakurya vikuru comene vya ku Malawi vikaŵa vyamuminda ndipo kuumaliro wa m'ma 1900, vyamuminda 90 pa 100 vikaŵa vyamuminda, ivyo vikaŵa na vyakurya 56 pa 100 vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaryanga. Malaŵi ndiyo yikaŵa caru ico cikathembanga chomene vyakurya vya mbuto pa caru cose, kupaturako Zambia. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa nyengo iyi vikaŵa maniyu ku Lake Shore na mbatata ku Shire. Malo ghakulera mbuto ghakakwera kufuma pa 1,3 miliyoni mu 1980 kufika pa 1,6 miliyoni mu 2000. Ndipouli, vuna ya mbuto yikamba kusintha comene, kufuma pa mtunda wa matani 1.5 miliyoni mu 1989 na matani 1.3 miliyoni mu 1990 kufika pa mtunda wa matani 0.6 miliyoni mu 1994 na matani 0.8 miliyoni mu 1992. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa vyakurya, kufuma mu ma 1990, vyakurya vya mbatata na cassava vikovwira kuti vyakurya ivyo vikutonda chilangalanga vikure makora.

Kuyana na kafukufuku, malo ghakupandamo manija ghakura kufuma pa mahekitala 72,000 mu 1990 kufika pa mahekitala ghakujumpha 200,000 mu 2001. Vikuwoneka kuti chigaŵa icho ŵalima mbuto za batata chikakwera kufuma pa mahekitala 43,000 kufika pa mahekitala 192,000 pakati pa 1990 na 2001, apo vyakurya ivyo ŵakapanda vikakwera kufuma pa matani 177,000 kufika pa matani 3.4 miliyoni mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana comene pa nkhani ya unandi wa vyakurya ivi, kweni ŵakuyowoya kuti mbuto ya mbuto iyi njakuzirwa comene yayi, nangauli yikupanga 60% ya vyakurya.[17]

Nangauli mitengo ya hona yikakhira comene mu 1979, kweni Banki ya Caru Cose yikaghanaghananga kuti kulima hona wa Burley na ŵalimi ŵachoko kukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukavuka. Kwambira mu 1987, ŵaliska ŵachoko ŵakazomerezgeka kulima burley, ndipo ŵakaguliska mu 1996173. Awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi comene pa ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi kufuma ku Burley pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa malango. Vipambi vya Burley vya ku Malawi vikakwera kufuma pa matani 45,600 mu 1988 kufika pa matani 142,200 mu 2000. Mu 1992, burley iyi yikakura na 10% ya burley yose, kweni msika ukayamba kuchepa ndipo mtengo wa burley ya ku Malawi ukakhira pakati pa 1988 na 2000. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mu 2000, ŵanthu 10 pa ŵanthu 10 awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ya ku Malawi ŵakaliskanga hona. Mu vilimika vinayi ivi, Burley wakazenga malo ghakukwana mahekitala 300,000 agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kulima mbuto za mbuto za mbuto. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghakukwana, ŵantchito, vyakurya, na hona ŵakasanganga ndalama zichoko waka, kweni ŵakaŵanga na suzgo la kusintha kwa mitengo ya vinthu kweniso nyengo yiheni. Burley ndiyo wakamazga masuzgo gha ku Malawi yayi.

Mazuŵa ghano, Malawi wali na njara ya vyakurya iyo yikukwana matani 500,000 m'paka 600,000 pa chaka. Ŵanthu ŵayezgayezga kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili na vyakurya vinyake, kweni nthowa ziŵiri izo ŵamazgira suzgo ili ni kunozga mbuto zinandi panji kulima mbuto zinandi. Kulipira vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake kukuchepeska ndalama izo Malawi wali nazo mu vyaru vinyake ndipo kukupangiska ngongoli yikuru.[18]

Kuguliska vyakurya

Nyengo ya Chikoloni

Malango gha ku Malawi ghakukhwaskana na vyakurya vyakuthupi ghakaŵa ghakovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vinandi na kuŵa viwemi kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalutilire kusanga ndalama zinandi. Ndipouli, m'malo mwa kukhozga ŵanthu, ŵakakanizga unandi wa ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵa mu Africa na vyakurya ivyo ŵakapanganga mwa kuŵika ndondomeko za kulembeska, kuŵika mitengo ya vyakurya, kupeleka malayisensi ku ŵakugura na ŵamalonda, na kukhazikiska mabungwe gha vyakurya, agho kanandi ghakaŵa na mulimo wa kupanga na kuguliska vyakurya. Vinthu ivi vikaŵanga vyambura kukhumbikwa pa ulimi na malonda gha vyakurya ivyo vikakulika mu minda ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Boma la Nyasaland likasazgirako ndalama izo likasanganga chifukwa cha kulondezga ndondomeko ya malonda. Pakupeleka mitengo yakupambana na ya pa msika wa caru cose ku ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko, boma la ŵazga likakhomeskanga misonkho pa ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko, ndipo likapokeranga ndalama zinandi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵamalonda ŵakamba kulamulira vyakurya, ndipo pakati pa ma 1950, maboma gha vyakurya ghakaŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha vyakurya vinandi vya mu Africa.[19]

Mu 1926, boma likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na hona, ndipo mu 1934 likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na katoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalimi awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya hona na makuni gha katoni ŵagwirenge ntchito iyi chifukwa cha kopa kuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama zinandi ŵangaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Wupu wa Native Tobacco Board ukakhozga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu Central Region, kweni awo ŵakalembeskeka ŵakalipira ndalama zinandi. Pakwamba, komiti iyi yikakhomanga msonkho wa ndalama zakukwana 30 pence pa makilogiramu 100 gha hona. Mu 1930, ndalama izi zikakwera kufika pa cigaŵa cacitatu ca mtengo uwo ŵakapelekanga kuti ŵasangirepo ndalama zinandi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose na pamanyuma pake, Board yikasanga ndalama izo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito na kulima vipasi, ndipo yikasunga pakati pa 25% na 35% ya mtengo uwo yikaguliskiranga.

Mu 1947, pakaŵa wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya. Iyo wakeneranga kuvikilira vyakurya vya mu Malawi na kuvikilira ŵalimi pa mtengo wapasi, kweni wakasuzgika cifukwa ca kupeleŵera ndalama. Pakukhumba kuvikilira ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa charu chose, komiti iyi yikakhazikiska mtengo wapasi chomene ndipo yikaguliskanga mbuto pa mtengo wakukwana kaŵiri. Makora agha ghakatondeskanga ŵalimi kulima mbuto, ndipo ghakatondeskanga misika ya vyakurya. Vyakurya ivyo vikaŵa pa msika wa mu vyaru vyawo vikakhira comene cifukwa ca njara yikuru ya mu 1949. Pamanyuma pa njara ya mu 1949, MCB yikakhozga vyakurya vya mbuto, kweni apo mitengo ya vyakurya pa caru cose yikakhira mu ma 1950, yikamazga malonda gha vyakurya na vyakurya, ndipo boma la Nyasaland likakanizga vyakurya vya mbuto mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kukwana.[20][21]

Mu 1952, African Produce and Marketing Board (panji kuti Agricultural Production and Marketing Board) yikapangika na kulamulira malonda gha vyakurya vya ku Africa kusazgapo chiŵiya, nyungu, mphoza, tirigu, mphonje, mpunga, sorghum millet, cassava na mbuto za katoni. Mu 1956, milimo, mazaza, na milimo ya makhoti gha ku Africa ghakuwona vya mbuto, hona, na katoni ghakasamukira ku komiti yakuwona vya ulimi. Wakapika mazaza gha kugura vyakurya ivyo ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵakaŵanga navyo, kweni mitengo yake yikaŵa yakususkana na ya ŵalimi ndipo yikawonekanga yayi kuti yikukwera.

Apo Dr. Hastings Banda wakaŵa nduna ya vyakurya mu 1961, fundo izi zikasintha viŵi yayi. Mu 1962, Komiti ya Vyakumera na Kupharazga yikasinthika na Komiti ya Kupharazga ya Ŵalimi (FMB). Wupu wa Vyakuguliska Vyamuminda ukapika mazaza ghakupambanapambana gha kugura, kuguliska na kunozga vyakurya, kukhozga kukhazikika kwa mitengo, na kupeleka wovwiri ku mbuto na vyakurya vyakuguliska.[22]

Pamasinda pa ufulu

Mu vyaka vyakwambilira kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964, Banda na chipani cha Malawi Congress Party ŵakakhozga chomene ulimi wa viŵeto vichoko waka. Banda wakamanya kuti Malawi walije vinthu vinandi padera pa ulimi. Wakaŵa wakunjilirapo, ndipo wupu wa Farmers Marketing Board ukazgoka wakuguliska vinthu vya ŵalimi ŵachoko. Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti ŵalimi ŵacoko ŵakakhuŵara na vyakurya vya Burley, boma likasintha malo agha. Ntchito ya FMB yikasazgikira kuti yikovwirepo pa bizinesi na kusanga ndalama zakugwilira nchito.[23]

Mu 1971, FMB yikasinthika na Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). Wupu wa ADMARC ukapika mazaza gha kovwira wupu uliwose wa boma panji wa ŵanthu ŵekha na ndalama, ngongoli, panji vinthu vinyake pa mulimo uliwose wakukhwaskana na vyachuma mu Malawi. Chilato chake chikaŵa kusazgirako unandi wa vyakurya vyakuthupi ivyo vingapelekeka ku vyaru vinyake na kusazgirako mikhaliro ya vyakurya ivi, kukhozga vyakurya vya ku Malawi kuti vilutilire kugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake, na kovwira ŵalimi ŵacoko. Wakapoka mazaza gha FMB pa vyakurya nga ni mbuto, hona, na katoni, ndiposo mazaza ghake gha kuŵika mitengo, kwendeska misika na kupeleka ngongoli. Ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakakhozgeranga ndalama zinandi izo ADMARC yikagwiliskiranga nchito ndipo ndalama zinandi izo yikapokeranga zikafumanga ku malipiro ghacoko. Kupeleka ndalama ku boma kufuma ku ŵantchito ŵachoko kukapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi na kusuzga ŵanyawo. ADMARC yikapelekanga wovwiri ku malo gha hona na vyamalonda vinyake, ndipo m'ma 1980, yikagwiliskiranga nchito malo agha kuti yisangirepo ndalama zinandi. Awo ŵakasanga candulo cikuru comene na ndondomeko iyi ŵakaŵa ŵamazaza awo ŵakalongozganga vyakurya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya hona ndiposo ŵantchito ŵa ADMARC. Mu 1979, apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira, yikasoŵa ndalama zakukwana, ndipo mu 1985, yikaŵa kuti yindamalizge nchito.[24][25]

Kwambira mu 1971, gulu la ADMARC likapelekanga vyakurya ku ŵalimi wose, kweni vyakurya vya hona ndivyo vikapokeranga comene. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasanganga ngongoli izo zikaŵawovwiranga kuti ŵagure vyakurya. Boma la Malawi likazomera kuti liŵike vinthu vinyake mu mawoko gha ŵeneco kuti lipeleke ngongoli ku Banki ya Caru Cose. Kuwuskako wovwiri wose kukapangiska kuti 75% ya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵaleke kugura vyakurya mu 1988/89, ntheura wovwiri wakanyengo ukaŵapo mpaka mu 1994/95. Chifukwa cha kugaŵa vinthu vinyake, ADMARC yikaŵa na ndalama zichoko waka zakugulira vyakurya na mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵachoko. Mu 1988, mitengo ya vyakurya yikati yakwera, ŵalimi awo kale ŵakaliskanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kupokera wovwiri. Kupeleŵera kwa ADMARC kukapangiska kuti mtengo wa vyakurya ukwere, ndipo mu 1991-92 kukaŵa suzgo la vyakurya.[26]

Pamasinda pakuti Banki ya Caru Cose yaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵanjireso mu vyaru vinyake mu 1987, gulu la ADMARC likasoŵa ndalama zakuti lipelekere mauteŵeti ghake. Nangauli msika ukaŵa wakuzomerezgeka, kweni ŵamalonda ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakamba kuguliska, ndipo misika ya vyakurya yikakhwaskika ndipo Malawi yikamba kuthemba chomene vyakurya vyakuthupi. Banki ya Caru Cose yikadandawura comene cifukwa ca kutayika kwa vyakurya ivyo yikaguliskanga, ndipo mu 1996, yikati pakhazikike wupu uwo ungazomerezgekanga yayi na boma. Gulu la ADMARC likalutilira kulamulira vyakurya vya mu caru ici ndipo likamba kuguliska vyakurya ivi kuti lifiske ngongoli zake. Gulu la ADMARC likalutilira kuguliska vyakurya mu 2000, kweniso mu 2001 nangauli likavuna viŵi yayi. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa na njara kweniso matenda ghanyake, comenecomene mu 2002, cifukwa ca kutondeka kulekeska njara.

Banki ya Caru Cose yikakondwa yayi kuti ADMARC yikulongozgeka na ŵandyali ndipo yikayowoya kuti yikhalenge waka na malonda gha vyakurya na kupeleka waka malonda mu vigaŵa vyakutali comene vya caru ico muli mpikisano wa ŵekha: ndondomeko iyi yikamba kufiskika mu 2006. Boma lakunjilira likasoŵa nkhongono zakupelekera malonda. Likatondeka kusunga vyakurya vyakukwana mu nyengo ya njara, likakhumba yayi kugura phura ku ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa ku mizi yakutali, kweniso likasoŵa nkhongono zakugulira phura lakukwana mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa suzgo la vyakurya. Pakuti misika ya vyakurya ya ku Malawi yikendanga makora yayi, boma likakhumbikwiranga kunjilirapo kwizira mu gulu la ADMARC. Pa nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora comene mu 2002-03, mu ADMARC mukaŵa waka malo ghakusungiramo vinthu ghakujumpha 180. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha misika iyo yikwendeskeka na ADMARC chikakwera kufika pa 788, ndipo mu 2010, chikafika pa 904. Gulu ili likulutilira kulamulirika na ŵandyali, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti lili na vimbundi kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti gulu ili likuteŵetera yayi ŵanthu awo likukhumba kuŵawovwira. Gulu la ADMARC likakura mu vyaka 10 kufuma mu 2002 ndipo licalipo cifukwa cakuti ndondomeko ya ŵamalonda ŵakuguliska vyakurya yikatondeka kupanga ndondomeko yiwemi ya malonda.[27]

Wupu wakuwona vya ndalama pa caru cose (IMF), wupu wakuwona vya malonda pa caru cose (WTO), na wupu unyake (G8) wose ŵakakhumba comene nkhani ya Malawi. Kuti ŵaŵe na cuma cakukhora ndiposo boma ilo caru cakwamba cingagwirako nchito na IMF, ŵakacita nchito ya SAP (Structural Adjustment Policies) kuti ŵanozge caru. Ivyo mabungwe ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghakuyowoya vikulongora kuti nyengo ya pakati pa 1990 na 2012 yikaŵa nyengo ya kugaluka. Vinthu ivi vikulondezga ulongozgi na vilato vya vyaru vinyake. Malaŵi wakulongora "usambazi wa ufumu". Vinthu ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito mu ma SAP vikusintha kuti viŵe vyakuthemba pa vyaru vinyake na kupambaniska pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Malango agho boma likapeleka ku Malaŵi ghakatondeska ŵanthu ŵa cigaŵa capakati kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Kufuma waka apo ufumu wa Africa ukamalira, palije munthu uyo wali na mazaza pa charu chose. Gulu la Colonialism Reparations likuyowoya chomene za muwuso wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Ni gulu ilo likukura comene pa caru cose.

Kusoŵa kwa chakulya

Vyaka vyakwambilira pambere charu chindambe kulamulira

Njara yikaŵanga nyengo zose pambere charu chindambe kulamulira, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe nthowa zinandi zakumazgira njara izi, nga ni kulima vyakurya vinyake nga ni mphoza panji mbatata para vyakurya vya mbuto vyathina, kuwunjika vyakurya vyamuthengere panji kugomezga ŵabali panji ŵabwezi. Mu vyaru ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵa viŵeto pera, ŵalimi ŵakulima vyakurya kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa na mbumba zawo. Kanandi ŵakuguliska panji kusunga vyakurya vichoko waka ivyo vyakhalako, ndipo ŵalije ndalama zinandi zakugulira vyakurya para vyasoŵa. Pakaŵavya misika yikuru, cifukwa vyakurya vyose ivyo vikaŵanga vyambura kusungika ŵakaguliskiranga viŵeto panji kupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakathembanga. Usange chilangalanga chikuchitika pamoza na nkhondo, njara yingatipweteka comene, nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo ya njara yikuru ya mu 1861-63 kumwera kwa Malawi, apo ŵanthu 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu mizi yinyake ŵakafwa na njara panji matenda, panji nkhondo. Ndipouli, nyengo zinandi kukaŵanga njara ndipo nyengo zinyake kukaŵanga chilangalanga.[28] Boma ili likapangiska kuti pa malo agha paŵe njara. Mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kukaŵa njara yikuru, kusazgapo njara iyo yikachitika mu chigaŵa cha Shire River mu 1903. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 na 1918, 1920 na 1922, kukawa chilangalanga chikuru kumwera na pakati pa charu ichi. Mu 1924-25 kukaŵa suzgo ku mpoto kufupi na Kasungu na kuzingilizga Mzimba mu 1938, ndipo mu ma 1930, pa mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi pakaŵanga njara ya vyakurya pafupifupi chaka chilichose. Ndipouli, mu vilimika 50 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wa ŵasilikari, malo ghanandi mu caru ici ghakaŵa makora kuluska vigaŵa vyamwera vya Tanganyika, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Northern Rhodesia panji Mozambique, uko kukaŵa njara. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakapelekaso vyakurya ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara. Mu 1863, njara yikati yamara, kukaŵavya "njara iyo yikukoma" m'paka mu 1949.[29][30]

Mu nyengo ya makoloni, mu Malaŵi mukaŵa misika iyo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskiranga vyakurya. Vingachitika kuti para ŵanthu ŵamba kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa msika, mbwenu vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi, ndipo paumaliro ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya chakukwana ŵakamba kuŵa na suzgo ili. Kweni m'ma 1950, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zinyake kuti ŵamarane na suzgo ili, nga nkhulima vyakurya vinyake nga ni mphoza panji mbatata para vyakurya vya mbuto vyathina. Njira zakale zikasazgikiranga na kugwiliskira nchito ndarama zakukwana kuti munthu wasange cakurya cakukwana, kwali wakasanganga mwakudunjika, kwali wakuluta na ŵabali ŵake awo ŵakugwira nchito ku caru cinyake panji wakubwereka. Mbumba zinandi zikalyeranga vyakurya vyakukwana kuti zikhalenge makora. Mbumba zinyake za ku mizi zikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakavu. Ŵanthu aŵa ni ŵacekuru, ŵakupendera, vyokoro, kweniso mbumba zinyake izo zikulongozgeka na ŵanakazi. Ndipouli, mbumba za ŵanakazi ŵakavu zikasazgikiranga cifukwa ca mbumba za ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵavya ndalama izo ŵakaŵatumiranga. Mbumba izo zikulipira renti yayi panji awo ŵakulima viŵeto ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti ŵalimenge vyakurya vyawo, ŵangaŵavya malo ghakuti ŵalimire, ŵangasuzgika chifukwa cha kulipira renti na misonkho, panji ŵangapokera ndalama zichoko chomene pa ivyo ŵakupanga. Vingachitika kuti vinthu vikasintha mwaluŵiro chomene mu Central na East Africa mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasanga mwaŵi wa kusazgirako usambazi wawo na udindo wawo, kweni ŵanyake (makamaka ŵanakazi) ŵakataya mwaŵi wawo ndipo ŵakakhala kutali na ŵanyawo.[31]

Njara ya mu 1949 yikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands na mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Njara yikuru iyo yikachitika mu chigaŵa ichi yikaŵa mu 1926. Mu Disembala na Malichi, kukawa yayi vula. Vipambi vya mbuto vya mbuto iyi vikaŵa waka 65 mpaka 70% ya vyakurya vya mu 1950 na 1951, ndipo vikaŵa na vipasi viŵiri ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵaleke kuŵa na vyakurya vinandi. Ŵantchito ŵa boma na ŵamishonale, ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa mu matawuni, na ŵanyakeso awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵakapokeranga chakurya kwawanangwa panji ndalama zakukwana. Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵa ku mizi ya ku Nyasaland ŵakaryanga pamoza na ŵazengezgani ŵawo na ŵabali ŵawo ŵakutali. Ndipouli, apo nyengo yikendanga makora, cakurya cikagaŵikanga na ŵabali ŵithu pera, yayi na ŵabali ŵithu ŵakutali, ndipo ŵacekuru, ŵawukirano, vyokoro, ŵawoli awo ŵaleka ŵanyawo, panji ŵawoli ŵa ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kugaŵana cakurya. Pakwamba lizgu lakuti "ganyu" likang'anamuranga chakurya panji moŵa uwo ŵakapelekanga ku ŵazengezgani ŵawo kuti ŵaŵawongere. Ndipouli, lizgu ili likung'anamura ntchito iyo munthu mukavu wakuchita kuti wasange chakurya panji ndalama izo ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵasambazi ŵakupeleka. Mu 1949 na 1950, ŵanthu ŵakagura vyakurya matani 25,000 kuti ŵamarane na njara iyi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwanga na njara mu 1949 na 1950.[32][33] Ŵakati ŵasanda chomene vya njara iyi, ŵakasanga kuti malo ghakuru agho ghakaŵa pa malo gha ŵanthu ŵambura kulima ghakaŵa ghambura kulima. Kuŵapo kwa Komiti ya Kulaŵilira Vyakumera, iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1947, nako kukapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi. Nangauli likapangika kuti lipelekenge ndalama zakukwana pa vyakurya, nanga ni mu nyengo iyo vyakurya vikusangika vinandi, ndipo likapelekanga ndalama zakuyana waka ku vigaŵa vyakutali na ku vigaŵa vinyake. Ndipouli, pakwamba, mbumba zinandi za ku Malawi zikalimanga vyakurya vyawo. Ici, pamoza na ndondomeko ya wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya ya ku Britain (Maize Control Board) yakuti mitengo ya vyakurya yileke kukwera cifukwa ca kufipa mtima na vyakurya ivyo vikapangika mwakutalulira, vikapangiska kuti misika ya vyakurya vileke kukura. Mu 1947 na 1948, yikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi yayi, ndipo mu vyaka ivi yikagura vyakurya vichoko waka pa hafu ya ivyo yikakhumbikwiranga. Pamanyuma pa njara iyi, vyakurya vya hona vikakhira mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na njara iyi ndipo mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera. Wupu wa Kulaŵilira Mbuto ukagura matani ghakujumpha 7,000 gha mbuto mu 1948: awo ŵakamulondezga ŵakagura matani 30,000 mu 1964 na 128,000 mu 1979, kulongora kuti malonda gha mbuto gha ku Malawi ghakaŵa ghambura kukura mu 1949.[34][35][36]

Pamasinda pa ufulu

Pakati pajumpha vilimika 40, kukaŵavya njara. Kufuma mu 1950 m'paka 1980, Malawi, nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, yikaŵa na vula zinandi. Vikawonekanga nga kuti vyakurya vili na njara: mu 1963, 1970, 1975, 1976, na 1980, umoza pera umo vyakurya vikaŵira vinandi kuluska umo vikaŵiranga mu 1949, panji apo vikaŵanga viŵi yayi. Mu 1961, apo boma likapokera wanangwa, maboma gha vyamalonda agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya kukoloniya ghakasinthika na maboma gha vyamalonda gha ŵalimi (Farmers Marketing Board) agho ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakurughakuru gha kugura, kuguliska, na kunozga vyakurya, kukhozga kukhazikika kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, na kupeleka wovwiri ku mitengo ya mbuto na vyakurya. Pambere chaka cha 1969 chindafikepo, boma ili likasanganga phindu yayi pa ivyo likaguliskanga. Kweni pamanyuma, boma la Farmers Marketing Board na la Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC), ilo likapangika mu 1971, likasangaso phindu likuru. Ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakeneranga kulipira ndalama zinandi izo ADMARC yikagwiliskiranga nchito. ADMARC yikagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama zinandi comene mu minda ya ŵanthu ŵachoko, kweni yikapelekanga wovwiri ku minda ya hona, mwakuti m'ma 1980, yikagwiliskiranga nchito minda ya hona. Kufikira mu 1979, wakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana: apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira, ukavu wake ukaŵa pangozi ku ŵakukongozga ŵake ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Malawi..[37][38] Kwamba mu 1980, vula yikamba kulokwa pachoko mu Malawi. Apo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakuranga, vyakurya ivyo ŵakapanganga vikajumpha ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito mu 1993 pera, ndipo cakurya ca chaka na chaka ca mbuto ico ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito cikakhira kufuma pa 240 kg mu ma 1960 kufika pa 160 kg mu ma 1990. Kweni pakaŵa mphambano yakuti: Vyakurya ivyo Malawi wakatumanga ku vyaru vinyake vikalongora kuti vyakurya vikukwana, kweni vyakurya vyambura kukwana vikaŵa vinandi yayi.

Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵakaleka kulima hona na kwamba kulima mbuto. Kuti munthu wakure mbuto iyi, wakwenera kuŵa na mtengo wakwenelera, ndalama zichoko chomene (makamaka za vyakurya) kweniso ŵalimi ŵakwenera kuŵa na ndalama zinandi. Pa 1976 ndalama izo ŵalimi ŵakasanganga zikakhira, ndipo kufuma mu 1981 mpaka 1986, mtengo wa Malawi uwo ŵakaguliranga mpunga ukakhira kufika pa 40 panji 60 peresenti ya mtengo wa vyakurya vya mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Central na East Africa. Nangauli mtengo wa vyakurya ukaŵa wapasi, kweni kulima mphangwe kukaŵa kwakusuzga. Kwambira mu 1971, ADMARC yikawovwiranga mulimi waliyose pa mtengo wa vyakurya. Vinthu vikendanga makora comene ku minda, cifukwa hona wakukhumbikwira manoni ghanandi kuluska mbuto, ndipo ŵalimi ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakaguranga manoni, nangauli ŵakapelekanga wovwiri. Pamanyuma pa 1985, kukhira kwa mtengo wa hona pa caru cose ndiposo wovwiri wa maboma ghakupangiska kuti ADMARC yileke kugwira nchito. Boma la Malawi likazomera kuti liŵike vinthu vinyake mu mawoko gha ŵeneco kuti lipeleke ngongoli ku Banki ya Caru Cose. Vyakovwira ivi vikakhira kufuma pa 30.5% mu 1983-84 kuya pa zero mu 1988-89, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵaleke kugura vyakurya. Pakati pa 1989-1990 na 1994-1995, wovwiri uwu ukawelerapo kaŵiri na kuwuskikapo kaŵiri. Cifukwa ca kupanikizgika kwa vinthu vya boma, ADMARC yikaŵavya ndalama zakukwana kuti yigeziske ŵantchito ŵacokoŵacoko vyakurya na mbuto. Vinthu vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe njara ya vyakurya ndipo boma na ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵakaŵavya nkhongono zakuzizipizgira. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la ADMARC laŵikapo ndalama zake, likakhumbikwiranga kovwira ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵa ku Mozambique, awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu 1988, kweni likakwaniska yayi kuwezgerapo ndalama izo likasanganga chifukwa cha masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo m'ma 1980. Viŵanda ivyo vikupuluska vyakumera ivi vikaŵa vichoko chomene pambere chaka cha 1987 chindafike. Pakakhumbikwanga waka kuti vula yichepeko comene kuti paŵe suzgo.[39]

Ku Malawi, mu 1989-90 na 1990-91 kukawa vula zinandi yayi. Vyakurya ivyo ŵalimi ŵacoko ŵakasunganga vikamara pambere suzgo yikuru iyi yindambe mu 1991-92. Mu 1991, vula yikalokwa viŵi yayi pambere munda undaseŵeke. Mu 1992, mbuto 40% pera za mbuto za mbuto za mbuto izo zikaseŵeka. Njara izo zikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 zikulongora kuti vyakurya vikusoŵa comene mu nyengo iyo njara yikukura. Nangauli mu 1991 na 1992 kukaŵa vula zinandi, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa njara. Ici nchifukwa cakuti Pulezidenti Banda wakalekeska kudumbiskana za kusoŵa cakurya ndiposo nkhani zakukhwaskana na njara. Wakati walekeskeka, mu 1993-94 kukaŵa chilangalanga. J Milner, (2004). Agriculture and Rural Development in Malawi: the Role of Policies and Policy Processes, p 42. Mu 1992, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa na njara. Padera pa njara iyo yikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, vinthu vinyake ivyo vikambiska njara ni boma ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa vyakurya, kusinthiska vinthu mu vyakurya na kuleka kovwira ŵalimi ŵachoko awo ŵakupanda vyakurya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Malaŵi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu chomene ŵaleke kusanga nthowa zinyake zakusangira vyakurya. Nangauli kukanizgika kwa ndalama zakupelekera vyakurya vyakukolerana na ulimi kukasazgirako suzgo la vyakurya, kweni boma likambiska suzgo ili kwamba mu 1968 panji kumasinda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakavu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakagomezganga vyakurya kuti ŵagwirenge nchito panji ŵagwirenge nchito zinyake pa malo agha kuti ŵasange cakurya cakukwana.[40]

Ku Malawi, mu 1989-90 na 1990-91 kukawa vula zinandi yayi. Vyakurya ivyo ŵalimi ŵacoko ŵakasunganga vikamara pambere suzgo yikuru iyi yindambe mu 1991-92. Mu 1991, vula yikalokwa viŵi yayi pambere munda undaseŵeke. Mu 1992, mbuto 40% pera za mbuto za mbuto za mbuto izo zikaseŵeka. Njara izo zikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 zikulongora kuti vyakurya vikusoŵa comene mu nyengo iyo njara yikukura. Nangauli mu 1991 na 1992 kukaŵa vula zinandi, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa njara. Ici nchifukwa cakuti Pulezidenti Banda wakalekeska kudumbiskana za kusoŵa cakurya ndiposo nkhani zakukhwaskana na njara. Wakati walekeskeka, mu 1993-94 kukaŵa chilangalanga. J Milner, (2004). Agriculture and Rural Development in Malawi: the Role of Policies and Policy Processes, p 42. Mu 1992, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa na njara. Padera pa njara iyo yikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, vinthu vinyake ivyo vikambiska njara ni boma ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa vyakurya, kusinthiska vinthu mu vyakurya na kuleka kovwira ŵalimi ŵachoko awo ŵakupanda vyakurya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Malaŵi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu chomene ŵaleke kusanga nthowa zinyake zakusangira vyakurya. Nangauli kukanizgika kwa ndalama zakupelekera vyakurya vyakukolerana na ulimi kukasazgirako suzgo la vyakurya, kweni boma likambiska suzgo ili kwamba mu 1968 panji kumasinda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakavu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakagomezganga vyakurya kuti ŵagwirenge nchito panji ŵagwirenge nchito zinyake pa malo agha kuti ŵasange cakurya cakukwana.[41][42]

Mbumba zakusuzgika ni izo zikaŵa na malo ghambura kukwana hektara limoza, panji izo zikaryanga vyakurya vyambura kukwana makilogiramu 200 pa chaka. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 20% ŵakaŵa ŵa mu mbumba izo zikaŵa na malo ghambura kukwana hafu ya hekita, panji ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakaryanga vyakurya vyambura kukwana makilogiramu 133. Kuzakafika mu 2003, ŵanthu 72% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu, ndipo 41% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu chomene. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵantchito panji ŵakugwilira nchito mu nyumba za ŵanakazi. Ŵanandi ŵakaryanga vyakurya vyambura kwenelera, ndipo ŵakaryanga waka ma calories 1,818 pa zuŵa (ma calories 1,165 ku ŵakavu). Mabanja agho ghakaŵa na malo ghakukwana hafu ya hekita panji kuchepera apa ghakaŵa na ntchito ya kuzenga (kanandi ghakaŵanga na vyakurya vyakugulira ntchito, panji kuti "ganyu") ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukwana ghakaŵanga na malo ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu 65% ŵakavu ŵakaŵa na mahekitala 0.2 pera. Cifukwa cakuti caru cose cakukwana 95 peresenti, ndiposo malo ghanyake ghambura kukwana, ghakaŵa kuti ghalimo kale vyakurya. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito na vyakurya vyakugwilira nchito, mbumba zakusuzgika zikakanizgika kulima hona. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, kulekeska malonda kukaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kukhuŵara na wovwiri. Apo mtengo wa vyakurya ukakuranga, mu vyaka vya ukavu, ŵaliska ŵachoko ŵakaŵanga na ndalama zinandi zakukwana yayi zakugulira vyakurya. Ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵa hona ŵakasunga waka mahekitala 0.3 m'paka 0.5 kuti ŵalime vyakurya.[43]

Pamanyuma pa njara ya mu 1992, wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake ukakhumbikwiranga kuti ŵanthu ŵambeso kuchita vinthu mwawanangwa. Wupu wa ADMARC uwo ukaŵa wa boma, ukapokera ndalama zinandi yayi kuti uŵike vyakurya vyakukwana matani 180,000 kuti viŵe vyakwenelera ku ŵalimi na ŵamalonda. Kufuma mu 1997, pamanyuma pakuti Banki ya Caru Cose yikadandawura kuti ADMARC yikupokera wovwiri wa ndarama izo zikunjira mu caru, ADMARC yikathera pa udindo uwu, ndipo yikulaŵilira vyakurya vya mu caru pera. Boma la Malawi likakhumbanga kuti ŵagulire vyakurya vya mu charu ichi pa mtengo wakukwana kuti ŵalutilire kulima.

Nangauli mu 1995 boma la Malawi likalekeska kupeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu wose, kweni mu 1998 na 1999, likanozga vyakuti ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko 2.86 miliyoni ŵapokere vyakurya vyaulere. Mu thumba lililose mukaŵa mbuto na vyakurya vyakukwana kuti munthu wapande pa malo ghakukwana 0.1 ha. Kweni cacitima nchakuti vuna ya 1999 na 2000 yikaŵa yiwemi, ndipo awo ŵakovwira vyaru vinyake ŵakasuska ndondomeko iyi, iyo nangauli yikasazgirako matani 499,000 na matani 354,000 ku vyakurya viŵiri ivi, kweni yikaŵa ya ŵacekuru pera yayi. Mu 2001 na 2002, ŵanthu ŵakavu chomene ndiwo ŵakapika pulogiramu ya kupokera mbuto za mbuto za mbuto na manyowa ghachoko waka, kweni chaka chilichose pakapangika mabokosi 1.5 miliyoni gha mbuto izi. Nangauli viŵiya vyakwamba vya vyakurya vikafumiskika pambere vyaka viŵiri ivi vindajumphe, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti vyakurya vikasoŵa.[44][45]

Kweni mu 2000, ADMARC yikamba kuguliska vyakurya vya mu charu ichi, kweni yikalutilira kuguliska mu 2001. Kuleka kukanizga njara na matenda ghanyake, kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca njara, ndipo pali maukaboni ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵakufwa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa na njara mu 1992, kweni ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene pakuyaniska na awo ŵakafwa mu 2002. Wupu wa vya ndalama wa IMF ukati pali vigaŵa vinayi vyakuzirwa ivyo vingawovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vyakukhora. Ndipouli, suzgo likuru comene pa nkhani ya vyakurya likaŵa lakuti Malawi wakuthemba chomene chiŵeto cha chimanga.

Mu 2005, ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 pa ŵanthu 13 miliyoni ŵa ku Malawi ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa vyakurya. Bingu wa Mutharika, pulezidenti wa ku Malawi uyo wakasankhika, wakasankha kupeleka wovwiri ku vyakurya nga ni vyakununkhira.

Mtundu unyake wa sorghum wa ku Malawi

Caru ca Malawi na vyaru vinyake vya mu caru ici vili na dongo linonono comene. Ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira vyakurya pa mtengo uwo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga. Bingu wa Mutharika wakayowoya kuti wakasankhika yayi kuti walongozge mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵakupempheska. Wakati watondeka kukhuŵilizga Banki ya Charu Chose na ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵawovwirepo pakupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu vya green revolution, pulezidenti wakadumura kuti wapeleke ndalama zakukwana $58 million kufuma ku ndalama izo Malawi wali nazo kuti wapeleke mbuto na vyakurya ku ŵalimi ŵakavu. Paumaliro, Banki ya Caru Cose yikazomerezga ndondomeko yakuti mbumba zakukwana 1.3 miliyoni izo zikukhala mu vyaru vikavu comene zigure makilogiramu ghatatu gha mbuto zakusazgikana na mathumba ghaŵiri gha vyakurya vyakukwana makilogiramu 50 pa mtengo umoza pa ghatatu.[46]Pamanyuma pa kuvuna chomene mu 2007, Malawi wakaguliska chomene chimanga ku WFP kuluska charu chilichose cha kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo wakatumizga matani ghanandi gha chimanga ku Zimbabwe. Cifukwa cakuti wovwiri uwu ukaŵa wakovwira, boma likaghanaghanirapo comene pa mulimo wa ulimi wa kovwira ŵanthu ŵakavu mu Africa, kweniso likaghanaghanirangaso vya ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira nchito pa ulimi, nga ni vyakurya vyakunozga, mbuto zakunozgeka, kusambizga ŵalimi, ngongoli, na kafukufuku wa vyakurya. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, wupu wa UN Food and Agriculture Agency ukalemba kuti mu nyengo ya 2010-12, ŵanthu 23.1% ŵakaŵa na njara.

Nangauli ku Malawi kukawa vula zinandi kukwambilira kwa 2011 ndipo pakapambika vyakurya vinandi, kweni mu Janyuwale na Febuluwale 2012 kukaŵa chilangalanga chikuru icho chikapangiska kuti vyakurya vichepe mu vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati na kumwera kwa Malawi. Vyakurya ivi vikakhumbikwiranga kuti boma lifumiske matani 47,600 gha chiŵiya cha mbuto.[47]

Wonaniso

Maukaboni

  1. ↑ UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO): FAOSTAT https://web.archive.org/web/20130401115157/http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#DOWNLOAD Archived 2013-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press, pp. 173, 176-8, 183.
  3. ↑ P. T. Terry (1961) African Agriculture in Nyasaland 1858 to 1894, The Nyasaland Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 27-9.
  4. ↑ M Vaughan, (1987). The Story of an African Famine: Gender and Famine in Twentieth-Century Malawi, Cambridge University Press pp 60-1, 64-9.
  5. ↑ E Mandala, (2006). Feeding and Fleecing the Native: How the Nyasaland Transport System Distorted a New Food Market, 1890s-1920s Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 522-4.
  6. ↑ J McCracken, (1985). Share-Cropping in Malawi: The Visiting Tenant System in the Central Province c. 1920-1968, in Malawi: An Alternative Pattern of Development, University of Edinburgh, pp 37-8.
  7. ↑ C. A. Baker (1962) Nyasaland, The History of its Export Trade, The Nyasaland Journal, Vol. 15, No.1, pp. 16, 20, 25.
  8. ↑ P. T. Terry (1962). The Rise of the African Cotton Industry on Nyasaland, p 67.
  9. ↑ J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 194-5, 198-9
  10. ↑ C Ng’ong’ola, (1990) The State, Settlers and Indigines in the Evolution of Land Law in Colonial Malawi, The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 23 No. 1, pp 37, 41-2.
  11. ↑ B Pachai,(1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, The Journal of African History Vol. 14, No. 4, pp 136-7.
  12. ↑ M Smale and P W Heisey, (1997) Maize Technology and Productivity in Malawi. p. 74, in D Byerlee and C K Eicher (eds), Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution, Boulder (Co), Lynne Rienner.
  13. ↑ G S Kamchedzera, (1992). Land Tenure Relations in Law and Development in Malawi, in G C Mhone (editor) Malawi at the Crossroads: The Post-colonial Political Economy, Harare Sapes Books p 192.
  14. ↑ R M Mkandawire, (1992). The Land Question and Agrarian Change, in Malawi at the Crossroads, pp 174-5.
  15. ↑ F L Pryor, (1988) Income Distribution and the Economic Development of Malawi: Some Historical Statistics Washington (DC), World Bank Discussion Paper No. 9, p. 5.
  16. ↑ T Benson, A C Conroy R Gilbert and others, (1998) Soil Fertility in Malawi: Issues and Options, Ithaca (NY), Cornell University, pp 10-11.
  17. ↑ FAO Country Report at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4632E/y4632e0n.htm#fn85
  18. ↑ S Levy (2005),Financing and Macro-economic Impact, in S Levy (editor), Starter Packs: A Strategy to Fight Hunger in Developing Countries? Lessons from the Malawi Experience 1998-2003, pp. 203-8. CABI Publishing. ISBN 1-845-93087-8
  19. ↑ E Green, (2007). Modern Agricultural History in Malawi: Perspectives on Policy-Choice Explanations, African Studies Review, Vol. 50, No. 3, p. 121.
  20. ↑ T S Jayne, S Jones and Others, (1997). Maize Marketing and Pricing Policy in Eastern and Southern Africa, in D Byerlee and C K Eicher (editors), Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution, Lynne Rienner, p. 217.
  21. ↑ M Vaughan, (1987). The Story of an African Famine: Gender and Famine in Twentieth-Century Malawi, Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-3, 95-7.
  22. ↑ E C Mandala, (2005).The End of Chidyerano: A History of Food and Everyday Life in Malawi, 1860-2004, Heinemann, p. 104. ISBN 978-0-32507-021-6.
  23. ↑ C Ng'ong'ola, (1986), Malawi's Agricultural Economy and the Evolution of Legislation on the Production and Marketing of Peasant Economic Crops, pp. 254-5.
  24. ↑ J Harrigan, (2001). From Dictatorship to Democracy: Economic Policy in Malawi 1964-2000, Ashgate, pp 29-31, 35. ISBN 978-0-75461-252-0.
  25. ↑ J Milner, (2004). Agricultural and Rural Development in Malawi, in T Takane (editor) Agricultural and Rural Development in Malawi: Macro and Micro Perspectives, Chiba Institute of Developing Economies, pp. 49 –50.
  26. ↑ R E Christiansen and L A Stackhouse, (1989). The Privatisation of Agricultural Trading in Malawi, World Development Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 731, 733.
  27. ↑ B Chinsinga, (2011). Agro-dealers, Subsidies and Rural Market Development in Malawi: A Political Economy Enquiry, Future Agricultures Working Paper 031, p. 17.
  28. ↑ J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, Woodbridge, James Currey pp. 7, 10, 34-5. ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6.
  29. ↑ J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 75, 189.
  30. ↑ A DeWaal, (2005) Famine that Kills Darfur, Sudan 1984-85, Oxford, Clarendon Press pp 36, 72-4,
  31. ↑ M Chanock, (1982) . Making Customary Law: Men, Women and Courts in Colonial Northern Rhodesia” in M J Hay and M Wright (editors), African Women and the Law, Boston University pp 56-7, 64-5.
  32. ↑ C Baker, (1994), Development Governor: A Biography of Sir Geoffrey Colby, London, British Academic Press, pp. 181, 194, 205.
  33. ↑ M. Vaughan, (1985). Famine Analysis and Family Relations: 1949 in Nyasaland, Past & Present, No. 108, pp. 180, 183, 190-2
  34. ↑ N Ngwira, (1988) Organisation and Management of Agricultural Services for Small Farmers in Malawi, Zomba , University of Malawi p. 7.
  35. ↑ J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 251.
  36. ↑ A DeWaal, (2005) Famine that Kills, pp. 36, 72-4,
  37. ↑ W R Chilowa, (1998). The Impact of Agricultural Liberalisation on Food Security in Malawi, Food Policy Vol. 23 No. 6 pp 556-7.
  38. ↑ A Dorward and J Kydd, (2004). The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge, The Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 42 No, 3, pp. 351-2.
  39. ↑ M J Blackie and A C Conroy, (2006). The Collapse of Agriculture, pp. 96-7.
  40. ↑ L A H Msukwa, (1994) Food Policy and Production, pp. 25-6.
  41. ↑ A Dorward and J Kydd, (2004). The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis, p. 343.
  42. ↑ L Arrehag, N de Vylder and others, (2006). The impact of HIV/AIDS on Livelihoods, Poverty and the Economy of Malawi, Stockholm, Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency. pp 22-3, 105-6.
  43. ↑ T Takane, (2006). Risky Business: Smallholder Tobacco Production and Rural livelihoods in Malawi, pp. 153, 171-2.
  44. ↑ S Levy, and C Barahona, (2002). 2001-02 TIP, Main Report of the Evaluation Programme, Reading, Statistical Services Centre, Reading University pp. 9-10, 17.
  45. ↑ Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Food Programme, (2005). Special Report - Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Malawi, Rome, FAO p. 9.
  46. ↑ http://www.gaiacap.ch/press/NatGeo_food_crisis_June09.pdf[permanent dead link]
  47. ↑ USAID Food Security Outlook Update http://www.moafsmw.org/ocean/docs/Recent%20Reports/Malawi_FSOU_12_2012_Final.pdf[permanent dead link]

Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in Malawi.
Kufuma ku "https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulimi_mu_Malaŵi&oldid=110234"