Ufumu wa Zanzibar

Sultanate of Zanzibar سلطنة زنجبار (Arabic) Usultani wa Zanzibar (Swahili)
Mbendela Emblem
Nyimbo: National Anthem of Zanzibar (Until 1890) National March for the Sultan of Zanzibar (1911–1964)
Sultanate of Zanzibar in pink Sultanate of Zanzibar in pink
Pasono		Protectorate
Msumba Waboma		Stone Town
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu		{{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo		Islam
Mtundu wa Boma		Absolute monarchy (1856–1963) Constitutional monarchy (1963–1964)
Ndalama		Zanzibari ryal (1882–1908) Zanzibari rupee (1908–1935) East African shilling (1935–1964) Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler also circulated

Ufumu wa Zanzibar (Chiswahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: سلطنة زنجبار, romanized: Sulṭanat Zanjībār), uwo ukumanyikwaso kuti Ufumu wa Zanzibar, ukaŵa boma la Chisilamu ilo likawusikanga na Fumu ya Zanzibar, pakati pa 1856 na 1964. Chigaŵa cha ufumu uwu chikapambananga nyengo na nyengo, ndipo pamanyuma pa nyengo ya kuchepa, boma likaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Zanzibar Archipelago pera na chigaŵa cha makilomita 16 kufupi na m'mphepete mwa Kenyan coast.

Pa Okutobala 8, 1963, themba la Zanzibar likapangana kuti lileke kulamulira chigaŵa icho chikakhalako. Pa Janyuwale 12, 1964, Jamshid bin Abdullah, sultan waumaliro, wakathereskeka na kutaya mazaza pa ufumu wake waumaliro, wa Zanzibar.

Mbiri

Wonaniso: Mbiri ya Zanzibar

Founding

Mu 1698, Zanzibar yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Oman pamanyuma pakuti Saif bin Sultan, Imam wa Oman, wathereska Ŵapwitikizi ku Mombasa, uko sono ni Kenya. Mu 1832 panji 1840, Sayid bin Sultan uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Oman wakasamuska nyumba yake kufuma ku Muscat kuya ku Stone Town pa cirwa ca Unguja (Zanzibar Island). Wakakhozga ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia kuti ŵambe kulima viŵaya, na kugwiliskira ntchito ŵazga ŵa pa chirwa ichi. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ndiwo ŵakamba kuguliska vinthu mu Zanzibar, ndipo Said wakaŵachiska kuti ŵakhalenge pa chirwa ichi. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake mu 1856, ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri, Majid bin Said na Thuwaini bin Said, ŵakakwesana pa nkhani ya kuwusa, ntheura Zanzibar na Oman vikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Thuwaini wakazgoka Sultan wa Muscat na Oman apo Majid wakazgoka Sultan wakwamba wa Zanzibar, kweni wakeneranga kupeleka msonkho wa chaka na chaka ku khoti la Oman ku Muscat. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake wa vilimika 14, Majid wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha ŵazga. Barghash bin Said, uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake, wakawovwira kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kuguliskika mu Zanzibar. Khalifa bin Said, uyo wakaŵa fumu yacitatu, nayo wakacitiska kuti caru ici cileke kuŵa na ŵazga.

Munthu munyake uyo wakalembako mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, zina lake Leo Africanus, wakati Zanzibar (Zanguebar) ni zina ilo Ŵaarabu na Ŵaperesiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuyowoya za kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, kufuma ku Kenya m'paka ku Mozambique. Africanus wakayowoyaso kuti wose ŵakaŵa na mapangano gha kugomezgeka na vyaru vikuruvikuru vya ku Central Africa, kusazgapo Ufumu wa Mutapa.

Ivyo vikulongora kuti Sultani wakaleka kuwusa

Ufumu wa Zanzibar c. 1875

M'paka mu 1884, mafumu gha ku Zanzibar ghakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, icho chikachemekanga Zanj, kweniso pa nthowa zakwendakwenda izo zikendanga m'paka ku Kindu pa Mlonga wa Congo. Ndipouli, mu caka ici, wupu wa German Colonization Society ukacicizga ŵalongozgi ŵa cigaŵa ici kuti ŵavomerezgenge kuvikilirika na ŵa German. Mu 1885 pakaŵaso kampani yinyake ya ku Germany yakuchemeka German East Africa Company, iyo yikaŵa na mulimo wa kuzenga malo agha.

Mu 1886, ŵa ku Britain na Germany ŵakakumana mwakubisilizga na kudumbiskana za ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kucita kuti ŵasazgireko mazaza ghawo mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Maufumu ghose ghaŵiri ghakachita lenti malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma ku Zanzibar na kuzenga malo ghakwendeskera malonda. Mu vilimika vicoko waka vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vyose vya ku Zanzibar vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ufumu wa Europe, kwamba mu 1888 apo British East Africa Company yikamba kuwusa msumba wa Mombasa.

Mu chaka chenechichi, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Germany. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵambe kuwukira boma la Abushiri, ilo likadumulika na ŵasilikari ŵa Kaiserliche Marine.

Chirwa cha Unguja na charu cha Africa

Kukhazikiska Charu cha Zanzibar

Mu 1890, Ufumu wa Britain na Ufumu wa Germany ukati wasazga phangano la Heligoland-Zanzibar, Zanzibar yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain. Mu Ogasiti 1896, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini, Britain na Zanzibar ŵakarwa nkhondo ya maminiti 38, iyo yikaŵa yifupi comene kuluska yose. Ŵakalimbana kuti ŵatore ufumu apo mubali wa Sultani uyu, Khalid bin Barghash, wakatora mazaza. Ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti Hamoud bin Mohammed waŵe Sultan, cifukwa ŵakagomezganga kuti nchipusu kugwira nayo nchito. Ŵa Britain ŵakapeleka ora limoza kwa Khalid kuti wafumemo mu nyumba ya fumu ya ku Stone Town. Kweni Khalid wakatondeka kucita nthena, ndipo wakawunganya ŵasilikari 2,800 kuti ŵarwe na Ŵacigiriki. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuwukira nyumba ya ufumu na malo ghanyake agho ghakazingilizga msumba uwu. Pamanyuma pake Hamoud wakimikika kuŵa Sultan.

Kuti "Zanzibar" pa vilato ivi yikasazgapo mtunda wa makilomita 16 (10 mi) wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja wa Kenya uwo pamanyuma ukazgoka Protectorate of Kenya ukaŵa nkhani iyo yikalembeka mu ma parliamentary debates pa nyengo iyo.

Kukhazikiskika kwa Charu cha East Africa

The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar (p.234), London Missionary Society

Mu 1886, boma la Britain likakhozga William Mackinnon, uyo wakaŵa kuti wali kale na phangano na Sultan ndipo kampani yake yikaguliskanga katundu mu nyanja zikuru za ku Africa. Wakambiska bungwe la British East Africa Association, ilo likapangiska kuti mu 1888, kampani ya Imperial British East Africa Company yiŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira chigaŵa ichi. Chikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 240 (150 mi) kufuma ku Mlonga wa Jubba kujumpha ku Mombasa m'paka ku German East Africa. Mu 1885, pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, Britain yikazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Mu nyengo iyi, msumba wa Mombasa ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru.

Ndipouli, kampani iyi yikamba kunangika, ndipo pa Julayi 1, 1895, boma la Britain likapharazga kuti charu ichi ni boma lakuvikilirika ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1902, boma likasinthaso ku ofesi ya Colonial Office ndipo chigaŵa cha Uganda chikaŵaso chigaŵa cha boma. Mu 1897, Fumu Delamere, uyo ndiyo wakambiska vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakakhalanga, wakafika ku malo gha mapiri gha Kenya, agho ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha Protectorate. Mu 1902, vigaŵa vya chigaŵa ichi vikaŵa na chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda. Fumu Delamere yikamba kulima chomene, ndipo mu 1905, apo ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Britain na South Africa, boma la Britain likasinthika kufuma ku ofesi ya vyaru vinyake kuya ku ofesi ya Colonial Office. Mu 1906, boma na wupu wakulongozga vinthu vikapangika. Mulara J. Hayes Sadler wakaŵa kazembe wakwamba ndiposo mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Nyengo zinyake pakaŵanga masuzgo na mafuko ghanyake, kweni boma la ku Europe likawuskapo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi.

Kutaya mazaza pa Kenya

Pa Julayi 23, 1920, vigaŵa vya mukati mwa East Africa Protectorate vikaŵa vya Britain. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Kenya, ndipo kufuma nyengo yira, themba la Zanzibar likalutilira yayi kulamulira charu ichi. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya makilomita 16 (10 mi) (kupatula Witu) yikalutilira kuŵa chivikiliro pasi pa phangano na Sultan wa Zanzibar. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi, yikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa themba la Zanzibar, ndipo mu 1920 yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Kenya.

Charu cha Kenya chikaŵa chigaŵa cha charu cha Kenya chifukwa cha phangano ilo likaŵa pakati pa Britain na Sultan pa Disembala 14, 1895. "Protectorate of Kenya" yikaŵa mtunda wa makilomita 16 (10 mi) pamoza na virwa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Sultan wa Zanzibar mpaka apo Kenya yikapokera wanangwa.

Pa Disembala 12, 1963, ufumu wa Kenya na wa Kenya ukaleka kugwira ntchito. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukaleka kulamulira charu cha Kenya ndipo pakukolerana pa Okutobala 8, 1963, themba likazomerezga kuti para charu cha Kenya chafwatuka, lileke kulamulira charu cha Kenya. Pakati pajumpha myezi 12, pa Disembala 12, 1964, charu cha Kenya chikazgoka charu cha "Republic of Kenya".

End of the Zanzibar Protectorate and deposition of the Sultan

Sitampu ya kujiyimira pawekha iyo yili na mazgu ghakuti "Republic"

Pa Disembala 10, 1963, boma la United Kingdom likamazga muwuso uwo ukaŵa pa Zanzibar kwambira mu 1890. Boma la United Kingdom likazomerezga yayi kuti Zanzibar yiŵe na wanangwa uwu cifukwa likakhumba yayi kuwusa. Mu malo mwake, na Dango la Zanzibar Act 1963 la United Kingdom, UK yikamazga boma la Protectorate ndipo yikapeleka boma lakujiyimira palokha ku Zanzibar nga ni chalo cakujiyimira paŵekha mukati mwa Commonwealth. Pakumazga muwuso uwu, Zanzibar yikazgoka boma lachifumu. Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah wakathereskeka pamanyuma pa mwezi umoza mu nyengo ya Zanzibar Revolution. Jamshid wakacimbilira ku caru cinyake, ndipo ufumu wa Sultanate ukasinthika na Republic of Zanzibar. Mu Epulero 1964, caru ici cikamara apo cikakolerana na Tanganyika na kupanga caru ca United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, ico pamanyuma pa myezi 6 cikacemeka Tanzania.

Ŵanthu

Kuzakafika mu 1964, caru ici cikaŵa na muwuso wa muwuso wa ŵeneco mukati mwa Commonwealth uyo wakawusikanga na Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. Mu Zanzibar mukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 230,000, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakatenge mbakufuma ku Peresiya. Kweniso mu charu ichi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, Ŵarabu 50,000 na ŵanthu ŵa ku South Asia 20,000. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakasazgikana, ndipo pakaŵavya mphambano pakati pawo. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko wakati chifukwa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakakhozgeranga Sultan Jamshid chikaŵa chifukwa chakuti mbumba yake yikaŵa yakupambana mitundu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici, ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi comene kuluska ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha.

Wonaniso

• List of sultans of Zanzibar

Mabuku

• Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis Jr., eds. (1999), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, New York: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-00071-1, OCLC 41649745
• Ingrams, William H. (1967), Zanzibar: Its History and Its People, Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-1102-6, OCLC 186237036
• Ayany, Samuel G. (1970), A History of Zanzibar: A Study in Constitutional Development, 1934–1964, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, OCLC 201465
• Michler, Ian (2007), Zanzibar: The Insider's Guide (2nd ed.), Cape Town: Struik Publishers, ISBN 978-1-77007-014-1, OCLC 165410708
• Parsons, Timothy (2003), The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-325-07068-7.
• Shillington, Kevin (2005), Encyclopedia of African History, CRC Press, ISBN 1-57958-245-1.
• Speller, Ian (2007), "An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964.", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 35 (2): 1–35, doi:10.1080/03086530701337666, S2CID 159656717.
• United States Department of State (1975), Countries of the World and Their Leaders (2nd ed.), Detroit: Gale Research Company, OCLC 1492755

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

• Official website of the Zanzibar Royal Family
• "Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa" . Encyclopædia Britannica (in English) (11th ed.). 1911.