Nkhondo ya Zanzibar

Coordinates: 06°09′36″S 39°11′26″E / 6.16000°S 39.19056°E / -6.16000; 39.19056
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Nkhondo ya Zanzibar
Part of the Cold War

Unguja na Pemba, virwa vikuru viŵiri vya Zanzibar
Date12 January 1964
Location
Zanzibar
06°09′36″S 39°11′26″E / 6.16000°S 39.19056°E / -6.16000; 39.19056
Result

Revolutionary victory

Belligerents

Zanzibar Revolutionaries

Zanzibar Zanzibar Sultanate
Commanders and leaders
Zanzibar John Okello Zanzibar Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah
Zanzibar Muhammad Shamte Hamadi
Strength
600–800 men[1][2] Zanzibar Police Force
Casualties and losses
Nkhondo ya Zanzibar

At least 80 killed and 200 injured during revolution (the majority were Arabs)[3]

2,000–4,000 (up to 20,000) civilians killed in the aftermath[4][5]
Nkhondo ya Zanzibar is located in Tanzania
Nkhondo ya Zanzibar
Nkhondo ya Zanzibar
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Location within Tanzania

Nkhondo ya Zanzibar panji kuti Revolution ya Zanzibar (ChiArabic: ثورة زنجبار, romanized: Thawrat Zanjibār) ni nkhondo iyo yikachitika mu Janyuwale 1964 ndipo yikapangiska kuti Sultan wa Zanzibar na boma lake la ma Arab ŵathereskeke na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa.

Zanzibar yikaŵa charu cha ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Mu 1963, charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha ndipo chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvikilira charu chake na vyaru vinyake. Mu maungano gha pa caru cose agho ghakacitika pambere vinthu ivi vindasinthe, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakasungilira mazaza agho ŵakapokera ku Zanzibar.

Pakukwenyelera cifukwa ca kuleka kwimikika makora mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, nangauli ŵakatora mavoti 54 peresenti pa mavoti gha mu Julayi 1963, African Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) mulenjilenji pa Janyuwale 12, 1964, yakulongozgeka na John Okello, mulongozgi wa ŵawukirano wa munthavi wa Pemba (ASP), yikawunganya ŵanalume pafupifupi 600-800 pa cirwa cikuru ca Unguja (Zanzibar Island). Ŵakati ŵathereska ŵapolisi na kutora vilwero vyawo, ŵakaluta ku tawuni ya Zanzibar, uko ŵakathereska Sultan na boma lake. Ŵakamba kwiba katundu na malonda gha Ŵaarabu na ŵa ku South Asia ndipo pamasinda ŵakagwiranga nkhaza panji kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na India pa cirwa ici. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa unandi wa awo ŵakafwa, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakafwa pakati pa ŵanthu mahandiredi ghanandi na 20,000. Mulongozgi wa ASP Abeid Karume ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici.

Boma liphya ili likaŵa na maghanoghano gha Chikomyunizimu. Pakuti Zanzibar wakaŵa pasi pa Britain, boma la Britain likanozga vyakuti liŵawovwire. Ndipouli, boma la Chikomyunizimu likamara yayi kuwusa, ndipo cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na America ŵakafumiskika makora, vyose ivi vikacitika yayi. Boma la East Germany na Soviet Union, pamoza na China, likamanya kuti charu ichi ntchiwemi.

Karume wakawoneseska kuti charu cha Zanzibar chikoleranenge na cha Tanganyika na kupanga charu chiphya cha Tanzania. Nkhondo iyi yikamara vyaka 200 vya muwuso wa Ŵaarabu mu Zanzibar, ndipo chaka chilichose ŵanthu ŵakukumbukira nyifwa ya munthu uyu.

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Zanzibar Archipelago, iyo sono njimoza mwa vyaru vya ku Tanzania, ni virwa vinandi ivyo vili mu Nyanja ya India kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya Tanganyika. Charu ichi chili na cirwa cikuru ca Unguja (comwe cikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Zanzibar), cirwa cicoko comene ca Pemba, na virwa vicoko comene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1698, Zanzibar wakaŵa chigaŵa cha Oman m'paka apo wakajiyimira yekha mu 1858.[6] Mu 1890, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ali ibn Sa'id, Zanzibar yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain.

Kuzakafika mu 1964, caru ici cikaŵa na muwuso wa muwuso wa ŵeneco uwo ukawusikanga na Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. Zanzibar yikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 230,000 ŵa ku Africa, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakayowoyanga kuti mba ku Peresiya ndipo ŵakachemekanga Shirazis. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakasazgikana, ndipo pakaŵavya mphambano pakati pawo. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko wakati chifukwa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakakhozgeranga Sultan Jamshid chikaŵa chifukwa chakuti mbumba yake yikaŵa yakupambana mitundu.[7] Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi comene kuluska ŵa ku Africa. Padera pa ivi, boma la Britain likaghanaghananga kuti Zanzibar ni caru ca Ŵaarabu ndipo nyengo zose likawovwiranga Ŵaarabu kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa.[8] Ntheura, apo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakafumanga mu charu ichi, magulu ghakurughakuru gha ndyali ghakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana. ZNP yikawonanga Egupto kuŵa ciyelezgero cake, ico cikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Britain pa virwa ivi, kweni kwa virimika vinandi Zanzibar wakayendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, ndipo ofesi ya vyaru vya ŵazungu yikatondekanga kughanaghana kuti Zanzibar yingawusika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.[9]

Mu Janyuwale 1961, boma la Britain likati lafumako ku virwa ivi, likakhazikiska vigaŵa vyakusankhira ŵanthu ndipo likachita mavoti. Wupu wa ASP na wa ZNP wose ŵakatora vithuzithuzi 11 pa vithuzithuzi 22 ivyo vikaŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Zanzibar, ntheura mavoti ghanyake ghakaŵako mu Juni, ndipo vithuzithuzi ivi vikaŵa 23. Chipani cha ZNP chikapangana na chipani cha Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party (ZPPP) ndipo pa nyengo iyi chikapokera vithuzi 13, apo chipani cha ASP, nangauli chikapokera mavoti ghanandi, chikapokera vithuzi 10 pera. Wupu wa ASP ukaghanaghananga kuti paŵa upusikizgi, ndipo pakawuka vivulupi, ndipo ŵanthu 68 ŵakafwa. Kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa, boma lakwendera lumoza likakanizga magulu ghakwimikana na boma agho ghakaŵa ghakofya chomene, ndipo likalemba ŵanthu awo likasora kuti ŵateŵeterenge mu boma.[10]

Mu 1963, apo mavoti ghakaŵa 31, mavoti gha mu 1961 ghakaŵaso ghamoza. Chifukwa cha kawonekero ka vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana na ZNP, chipani cha ASP, chakulongozgeka na Abeid Amani Karume, chikapokera 54 peresenti ya mavoti kweni vithuzithuzi 13 pera, apo chipani cha ZNP/ZPPP chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinyake vyose ndipo chikamba kukhozga mazaza ghake. Gulu la Umma, ilo likaŵako mu chaka ichi, likakanizgika ndipo ŵapolisi wose ŵa ku Africa ŵakafumiskika. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵaleke kwendera ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Kweniso, boma liphya la Ŵaarabu likalongosora makora kuti pa nkhani ya ndyali, Ufumu wa Zanzibar ukukhumba kukolerana na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu, comenecomene Eguputo. Mu 1897, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka mu Zanzibar, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakalongozganga ndyali pa cirwa ici, ŵakacita cinthu cilicose yayi kuti ŵaleke kuwona ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuŵa ŵacoko. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, Minisita wa vya Ndalama Juma Aley wakazgora mafumbo gha Karume mwa kunyoza kuti wakukhumbikwira yayi kuzgora mafumbo gha "mwendeko wa boti". Aley wakalongosoraso mu kayowoyero kanyake mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti usange Ŵaarabu ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu nduna, cikaŵa cifukwa ca mtundu yayi, kweni cifukwa cakuti maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ghakaŵa ghacoko comene ndipo maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ndiyo ghakaŵa ghapacanya comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵakaŵatinkhanga chomene Ŵaarabu chifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti boma liphya ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar ndambura kuzomerezgeka. Boma likawovwira yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵalutilire kuŵikapo mtima mwa kuchepeska ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu masukulu. Bajeti ya boma na kucepeskako ndalama ku masukulu mu vigaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakawonanga kuti ni cimanyikwiro cakuti boma la ŵanthu ŵafipa likughanaghana kuti liŵakhozge.

Pa Disembala 10, 1963, apo boma la Britain likamara kulamulira, boma la Britain likamba kujiyimira palekha. Boma likapempha boma la United Kingdom kuti liŵike ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pa cirwa ici kuti ŵachitenge milimo ya kuvikilira caru. Kweni boma likakana pempho ili cifukwa likati nchambura kwenelera kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵachiteko mulimo wa kuvikilira dango na ndondomeko. Mulimose umo vikaŵira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nduna za boma, awo ŵakakhumbanga kukolerana comene na Eguputo, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Nasser, uyo wakaŵa munthu wankhongono, wakususkana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵanjire mu Zanzibar. Malipoti gha ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ghakayowoyerathu kuti mu nyengo yichoko waka, kuzamuwuka vivulupi mu charu pamoza na makomyunizimu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakakhalira pa cirwa ici, kusazgapo ŵanthu 130 ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakateŵeteranga boma la Zanzibar.

Mu 1959, John Okello wa ku Uganda wakaluta ku Pemba, uko wakagwiranga nchito ya kuzenga, ndipo mu Febuluwale 1963 wakasamira ku Zanzibar. Pakugwira nchito nga ni mulara wa bungwe la Zanzibar and Pemba Paint Workers' Union ndiposo nga ni munthu wakuwoneseska vya ASP, Okello wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga ndipo kufuma waka apo wakafikira ku Zanzibar wakambanga kunozga chipani icho wakakhumbanga kuti chichitike mwaluŵiro pamanyuma pakuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa.[11]

Kuwukira

Pa Janyuwale 12, 1964, pa nyengo ya 3 koloko mulenji, ŵanthu 600, 800 awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero viheni, comenecomene ŵa ku Africa, pamoza na ŵapolisi ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafumiskika, ŵakawukira maofesi gha ŵapolisi gha Unguja kuti ŵapoke vilwero. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa na vilwero yayi, kweni mikondo, vimayi, makuni, na vyakukolera matayala. Ŵapolisi ŵaciarabu awo ŵakaŵapo pamanyuma pake, ŵakasambirapo kanthu yayi, ndipo nangauli ŵakaŵawovwira na ŵasilikari ŵakwendakwenda, kweni ŵakathereskeka. Okello mweneco ndiyo wakalongozga kuwukira ofesi yikuru ya ŵapolisi ya Ziwani, iyo yikaŵa na vilwero vikuru comene pa cirwa ici.[12] Ŵalwani ŵanyake ŵakaŵakoma, kweni ŵapolisi ŵakaŵamanya yayi. Okello wakawukira mulinda wa ŵapolisi, wakamupoka futi na kumutimba. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakora vilwero vinandi, futi, na futi za Bren. Pafupifupi 7 koloko mulenji, Okello wakapharazga pa wayilesi kufuma ku wayilesi iyo ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakayora maora ghaŵiri kumasinda. Pa nyengo iyo, Okello wakajichemanga waka kuti "mukuru wa ŵasilikari", ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagomezge kuti munthu uyu ndiyo wakalongozganga chipani ichi.

Pakati pajumpha maora 6 kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira, ofesi ya telegraph ya mu tawuni iyi na nyumba zikuruzikuru za boma zikaŵa pasi pa ŵalwani ŵa boma. Ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Manga, ndiwo ŵakacemekanga Ŵaarabu ŵa ku mizi, ŵakakumananga na Ŵafrika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Manga ŵakaŵa na futi zakulwerapo, ndipo ŵati ŵapokera vilwero ivi ku ŵapolisi, ŵakavikoma. Mu tawuni ya Stone Town, ŵanthu ŵakasuska comene pa polisi ya Malindi, apo mulara wa ŵapolisi J. M. Wakayama Sullivan (mupolisi wa ku Britain uyo wakakhalapo m'paka munthu munyake wa mu cigaŵa ici wize), wakathereska ŵakugaluka wose, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti ŵakugaluka ŵakaweleranga para ŵapulika moto. Sullivan wakapeleka waka malo gha Melindi muhanya pakati pamasinda pamanyuma pakuti mabomba ghamara, ndipo wakaluta na ŵasilikari ŵake wose (pakaŵavya nanga njumoza uyo wakakomeka panji kupwetekeka) ku Stonetown kuti ŵakakwere maboti agho ghakaŵatolera ku sitima ya Salama kuti ŵafumemo ku Zanzibar. Mu tawuni yose ya Stone Town, mashopu na nyumba za Ŵaarabu na ŵa ku South Asia ŵakaziphanga apo ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵa ku Arab na South Asia ŵakaŵakolelera. Sultan, pamoza na Prime Minister Muhammad Shamte Hamadi na mamembala a nduna, ŵakacimbira pa cirwa ici pa boti la Seyyid Khalifa, ndipo nyumba ya mfumu na katundu munyake vikatoleka na boma la Revolutionary. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 80 ŵakakomeka ndipo 200 ŵakapwetekeka, comenecomene Ŵaarabu. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 61 ŵa ku America, kusazgapo ŵanalume 16 awo ŵakugwira nchito mu siteshoni ya NASA, ŵakapenja malo ghakubisamamo mu English Club mu tawuni ya Zanzibar, ndipo ŵapharazgi ŵanayi ŵa ku America ŵakakika na boma liphya la cirwa ici.[13][4]

Pakumanya yayi kuti Okello wakapeleka dango lakuti ŵaleke kukoma ŵazungu, Ŵaamerika awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Stone Town ŵakacimbilira ku English Club, uko ŵakeneranga kufumako. Awo ŵakendanga mu magalimoto ghakuluta ku English Club ŵakazizwa kuwona mathupi gha ŵanalume Ŵachiarabu awo ŵakaŵatimbanizga na kuŵaponya mu milomo yawo. Nga ni umo Okello wakanozgera, mu virwa vyose vya pa cirwa ici, magulu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa na vimayi, mikondo, na makuni ghakukoma ŵanthu ŵakakumananga nawo. Don Petterson, uyo wakaŵa mupayiniya wa ku America, wakalongosora umo wakajipulikira apo wakawonanga gulu la ŵanalume ŵa ku Africa ŵakuwukira nyumba ya Muarabu, kumudumura mutu pa wumba na thete. Ŵakati ŵatorapo msumba wa Stone Town pa zuŵa lakwamba, ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Manga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa malo agha kwa mazuŵa ghaŵiri. Mbumba zose za Ŵaarabu zikakomeka cifukwa cakuti nyumba zawo zikaparanyika.[14]

Kuyana na mbiri ya Zanzibari, chipani ichi chikapangika na kulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa ASP Abeid Amani Karume. Ndipouli, pa nyengo iyi Karume wakaŵa ku Africa nga ni mulongozgi wa chipani cha Umma, Abdulrahman Muhammad Babu. Okello, pakuŵa mulembi wa munthavi wa ŵawukirano wa ASP ku Pemba, wakatuma Karume ku caru cikuru kuti wawoneseskenge kuti waŵe wakuvikilirika. Okello wakafika ku Zanzibar kufuma ku Kenya mu 1959, wakati wakaŵa msilikari wa ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Kenya pa nyengo ya kuwukira kwa Mau Mau, nangauli wakaŵavya luso lwa nkhondo. Wakayowoya kuti wakapulika mazgu agho ghakamuphalira kuti, pakuŵa Mkhristu, waŵafwature ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar ku Ŵaarabu Ŵasilamu, nangauli Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo Okello ndiyo wakalongozga ŵandyali - ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito ŵa Afro Shirazi Youth League - pa 12 January.[2][15] Munthu munyake wakati panji Okello, pamoza na Youth League, ndiwo ŵakanozga vyakuti paŵe kusintha. Vikuwoneka kuti pakaŵa viŵembu vitatu vyakuponya boma pasi, ivyo vikalongozgekanga na Karume, Babu, na Okello, kweni ndondomeko ya Okello ndiyo yikaŵa yapachanya comene ndipo ndiyo wakapangiska kuti muwuso wa Sultan uparanyike. Okello wakaŵa wambura kumanyikwa chomene mu Zanzibar, ndipo boma likakhumbanga chomene kuwona umo ASP na Umma ŵakuchitira m'malo mwa munthu uyo wakamanyikwanga viŵi yayi kweniso uyo wakaŵa na nkharo yiheni. Okello wakaŵa cinthu cambura kumanyikwa pa caru cose pa nyengo ya cigaluka, ndipo MI5 yikaphalira Whitehall kuti wakaŵa wapolisi wakale uyo wakarwanga na Mau Mau mu Kenya ndipo wakasambizgika mu Cuba umo wangagwiliskira nchito nkhaza. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, Okello wakakana kuti wali kulutapo ku Cuba panji ku China, ndipo wakati ni Mkhristu ndipo fundo yake njakuti "Vinthu vyose tingasambira mu Baibolo".

Mu nyengo ya kugaluka, kukaŵa nkhaza zinandi pa ŵanthu ŵa ku South Asia na Ŵaarabu, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakakoleka na ŵalondezgi ŵa Okello. Don Petterson, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa vyaru vya ku America, wakati ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakukoma Ŵaarabu. Petterson wakalemba kuti: "Pa nyengo iyo, mazgu ghakuti genocide ghakaŵa ghakumanyikwa yayi nga umo ghakaŵira pamanyuma, kweni nchakwenelera kuyowoya kuti mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Zanzibar, kukoma Ŵaarabu kukaŵa kukoma ŵanthu". Kanandi waka Okello wakalutanga pa wayilesi kukaphalira ŵalondezgi ŵake mu ciyowoyero ca mu Cipangano Cakale kuti ŵakome Ŵaarabu ŵanandi comene. Pakuŵa munthu wakutemwa caru wa ku Africa yose uyo wakacitiskanga ŵalondezgi ŵake kwimba sumu yakuti "Chiuta watumbike Africa" para wakwenda mu misewu, Okello wakapemphanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, kweni pa nyengo yeneyiyo, pakuŵa Mkhristu uyo wakatenge wakupulika mazgu gha Ciuta mu mutu wake, Okello wakapemphanga ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ico 95 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵake ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu.[16]

Ivyo Vikachitika pamasinda pake

File:Zanzibar revolution graves2.JPG
The bodies of Arabs killed in the post-revolution violence as photographed by the Africa Addio film crew
Paper shows photos of ex-government officials defaced after the revolution

Bungwe la Revolutionary Council likakhazikiskika na chipani cha ASP na Umma kuti liŵe boma la kanyengo kachoko, ndipo Karume ndiyo wakalongozganga wupu uwu ndipo Babu ndiyo wakaŵa nduna ya vyalo vya kuwaro. Charu ichi chikacemeka kuti People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba; boma liphya likamba kuthereska Sultani na kukanizga ZNP na ZPPP. Pakukhumba kuti waleke kukolerana na Okello, Karume wakamuleka yayi pa nkhani za ndyali, nangauli wakazomerezgeka kulutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Ndipouli, mwaluŵiro ŵakugaluka ŵa Okello ŵakamba kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku Unguja awo ŵakaŵa Ŵaarabu na Ŵaciziya. Mu nkhani zake za pa wayilesi, wakayowoya kuti wakakoma panji kujalira mu jele "ŵalwani" ŵake ŵanandi, kweni kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa ŵakukwana 20,000. Manyuzipepara ghanyake gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ghakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana 2,000,4,000; kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya vinandi chifukwa cha nkhani izo Okello wakuyowoya kweniso nkhani zakusazgikira izo zikulembeka mu manyuzipepara gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na vyaru vya ku Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakopera filimu iyi, ŵakalembapo ivyo vikacitikanga apo ŵakayidi ŵa ku Arabia ŵakakomekanga na kusungika mu malaro. Ŵaarabu ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku Oman, kweni pakuti Okello wakalangura, pakaŵavya munthu wa ku Europe uyo wakapwetekeka. Nkhaza izo zikaŵako pamanyuma pa cipanduko zikathandazgikira yayi ku Pemba.

Pa Febuluwale 3, Zanzibar yikaweleraso ku umo vikaŵira kale, ndipo Karume wakazomerezgeka na ŵanthu kuŵa pulezidenti wawo. Ŵapolisi ŵakaweleraso mu misewu, mashopu agho ghakapokeka vinthu vyawo ghakajulika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagaŵanga vilwero vyambura malango. Boma likapharazga kuti ŵakayidi 500 ŵa ndyali ŵazamweruzgika na makhoti ghapadera. Okello wakambiska gulu lakucemeka Freedom Military Force (FMF), gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakamukhozganga. Nkharo ya ŵakukhozgera Okello, mazgu ghake ghaheni, mazgu gha ku Uganda, na vigomezgo vya Chikhristu vikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Zanzibari na Muslim ASP kuti ŵaleke kumupulikira. Pa 11 March Okello wakafumiskika pa udindo wake wa Field Marshal, ndipo wakakanika kunjira apo wakayezganga kuwelera ku Zanzibar kufuma ku ulendo wa ku mainland. Wakatolekera ku Tanganyika na Kenya, pamanyuma wakawelera ku Uganda.

Mu Epulero boma likapangiska People's Liberation Army (PLA) ndipo likamalizga kufumiska vilwero ku gulu la Okello la FMF. Pa 26 Epulero, Karume wakapharazga kuti ŵadumbiskane vya umoza na Tanganyika kuti ŵaŵe na caru ciphya ca Tanzania. Ŵakupharazga ŵakawonanga kuti fundo iyi yikovwira kuti Zanzibar yileke kunangika na gulu la Communist.[17][18][19] Babu wakaŵa paubwezi na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku China awo ŵakanozga vyakuti ŵatumizge vilwero ku Zanzibar kuti chipani cha Umma chiŵe na gulu la ŵasilikari. Karume na Pulezidenti Nyerere wa Tanganyika ŵakadandawura kuti Zanzibar yikamba kuŵa malo ghakofya gha nkhondo yakuzizima apo ŵadipulomatiki ŵa ku America na Britain ŵakakwesananga na ŵa Soviet, China na East Germany kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza. Ndipouli, boma likapokelera fundo zinandi za chipani cha Umma pa nkhani ya umoyo, masambiro, na wovwiri wa ŵanthu.[20]

Vyaru vinyake vyati vyapulika

Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Kenya ŵakamanyiskika vya kugaluka pa 4:45 a.m. pa Janyuwale 12, ndipo pamasinda pa pempho la Sultan ŵakaŵikika mu ndondomeko ya maminiti 15 kuti ŵacite nkhondo pa ndege ya Zanzibar. Ndipouli, Timothy Crosthwait, uyo wakaŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain ku Zanzibar, wakayowoyapo yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakhwaskika. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Kenya ŵakakhala pa malo gha maora ghanayi. Crosthwait wakazomera yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵafumemo mwaluŵiro mu charu ichi, cifukwa ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na maudindo ghapacanya mu boma.

Pakati pajumpha maora ghacoko waka kufuma apo kukacitikira cipanduko ici, nthumwi ya ku America yikapeleka wanangwa wakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵafumemo pa cirwa ici, ndipo sitima ya nkhondo yakucemeka USS Manley yikafika pa Janyuwale 13. Sitima ya Manley yikafika pa dowoko la Zanzibar Town, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku United States ŵakapemphapo yayi wanangwa wa Revolutionary Council kuti ŵafumemo. Paumaliro ŵakazomerezgeka pa Janyuwale 15, kweni Ŵabritishi ŵakawona kuti suzgo ili ndilo likapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵambe kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Western.

Maofesi gha ŵapolisi gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ghakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakachitiska viwawa ivi ŵakaŵa Ŵakomyunizimu. Kukayikira uku kukakhozgeka comene cifukwa ca kwimikika kwa Babu kuŵa nduna ya vyaru vya kuwaro na Abdullah Kassim Hanga kuŵa nduna yikuru. Britain wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa Oscar Kambona, nduna ya vyaru vinyake ya ku Tanganyika, ndiposo kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la Tanganyika Rifles ŵakateŵeteranga nawo. Ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa chipani cha Umma ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vya ŵasilikari ŵa ku Cuba na mwembe nga umo wakachitiranga Fidel Castro. Kweni ivyo vikachitikanga vikaŵa vya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu ofesi ya ZNP ku Cuba. Boma liphya la Zanzibar likati lazomera kuti charu cha German Democratic Republic (ndilo likaŵa boma lakwamba mu Africa) na North Korea, vikaŵa ukaboni wakuti Zanzibar yikakolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Communist. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghankhondi na limoza pera, nyuzipepara ya The New York Times yikati charu cha Zanzibar "chali pafupi kuzgoka Cuba wa ku Africa". Kweni pa Janyuwale 26, yikakana kuti pali kukolerana na gulu la Chikomyunizimu. Zanzibar wakalutilira kupokera wovwiri kufuma ku vyaru vya Chikomyunizimu ndipo mu Febuluwale ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵakapokeranga ulongozgi kufuma ku Soviet Union, GDR na China. Ku Cuba nako kukawovwira Che Guevara, ndipo pa Ogasiti 15 wakati "Zanzibar ni mubwezi withu ndipo tikaŵawovwira, tikaŵawovwira mwaubwezi, tikaŵawovwira apo ŵakakhumbikwiranga" kweni ŵakakana kuti ku Cuba kukaŵavya ŵasilikari. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, caru ca ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi cikamba kucepa, ndipo mu Julayi 1964, ku Zanzibari kukaŵa waka munthu yumoza wa ku Britain, uyo wakaŵa dokotala wa mino. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti David Kimche uyo wakaŵa mswiri wa vigeŵenga wa ku Israyeli, wakawovwira pa nyengo ya kugaluka pamoza na Kimche ku Zanzibar pa zuŵa la kugaluka.[21]

Themba ili likapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Kenya na Tanganyika kuti ŵawovwirepo, kweni likatondeka. Padera pa ŵasilikari ŵa Tanganyika Rifles (ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa King's African Rifles), ŵapolisi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵekha mu Tanganyika, ndipo pa Janyuwale 20, apo ŵapolisi ŵakaŵavya, ŵasilikari wose ŵakagaluka. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakondwa yayi na malipiro ghacoko ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakasinthikanga na ŵa ku Africa. Ndipouli, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Royal Marines ŵakambiska mtende mu Africa kwambura suzgo.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakaŵa na wofi kuti mu Africa muŵenge boma la chikomyunizimu. Mu Febuluwale, wupu wa British Defence and Overseas Policy Committee ukati nangauli vyandulo vya Britain mu Zanzibar vikaŵa vyacoko comene ndipo cipanduko pacakha "cikaŵa cakuzirwa cara", kweni mwaŵi wa kunjilirapo ukwenera kulutilira. Komiti iyi yikafipanga mtima kuti Zanzibar yingazgoka malo ghakukhozgerako cikomyunizimu mu Africa, nga ni umo vikaŵira na Cuba mu vyaru vya ku America. Britain, vyaru vinandi vya Commonwealth, na United States vikakana kuzomerezga muwuso uphya uwu m'paka pa Febuluwale 23. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Britain likaŵa kuti lazomerezgerathu muwuso uwu mu vyaru vinandi. Kuyana na maghanoghano gha Crosthwait, ici cikapangiska kuti Zanzibar waŵe ku cigaŵa ca Soviet Union; Crosthwait na ŵantchito ŵake ŵakacimbizgika mu caru ici pa Febuluwale 20 ndipo ŵakazomerezgeka kuwelera pekha para ŵamanya kuti caru ici cazomerezgeka.[22]

British military response

RFA Hebe

Pamanyuma pa kufumiska ŵanthu ŵake pa 13 January, boma la United States likati likuzomerezga kuti Zanzibar lili mu vigaŵa vya Britain, ndipo lizamunjilirapo yayi. Ndipouli, boma la United States likapempha Britain kuti yikolerane na vyaru vinyake vya ku Southeast Africa kuti paŵeso bata. Cingalaŵa cakwamba ca ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ico cikafika pa malo agha cikaŵa cingalaŵa ca HMS Owen, ico cikafumako ku Kenyan ndipo cikafika mise pa Janyuwale 12. Pa Janyuwale 15, Owen wakawungana na sitima ya Rhyl na Hebe. Apo Owen, uyo wakaŵa na vilwero vichoko waka, wakakumbuskanga ŵanthu vya nkhongono za ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, kweni Hebe na Rhyl ŵakaŵa nkhani zakupambana. Chifukwa cha malipoti ghambura kwenelera ghakuti vinthu vikuhenipirahenipira ku Zanzibar, Rhyl yikanyamura gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa gulu lakwamba la Staffordshire Regiment kufuma ku Kenya. Ngalaŵa ya Hebe yikaŵa kuti yamara waka kufumiska katundu mu sitima ya ku Mombasa. Nangauli wupu wa Revolutionary Council ukamanyanga yayi za katundu wa Hebe, kweni cifukwa cakuti Royal Navy yikakana kupenja ngaraŵa iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuyowoya kuti ngaraŵa iyi yikaŵa ya nkhondo.[23]

HMS Centaur

Pa 17 January, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakafumamo mu tawuni iyi, cifukwa ca vivulupi ivyo vikacitika ku Southeast Africa. Mu malo mwake, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Gordon Highlanders ŵakaluta ku Owen kuti para mphakukhumbikwa ŵachiteko kanthu. Nga ni umo vikaŵira na ndege za Centaur na Victorious, nazo zikaluta ku malo agha. Nangauli likapelekeka yayi, kweni Parthenon likaghanaghananga kuti para Okello panji ŵaliska ŵa chipani cha Umma ŵakukhumba kupoka mazaza ku ASP. Padera pa sitima ziŵiri izi, pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa ŵakuparanya ŵatatu, Owen, ma helikopita 13, ndege 21 zakwendeskera vinthu na za kuwoneseska, gulu laciŵiri la ŵasilikari ŵa Scots Guards, 45 Commando of the Royal Marines na gulu limoza la gulu laciŵiri la Parachute Regiment. Cirwa ca Unguja na ciŵanja cake ca ndege vikeneranga kupokeka na parachute na helikopita, pamanyuma pake Pemba. Parthenon ndiyo yikaŵa nkhondo yikuru comene ya ku Britain kufuma pa nyengo ya Suez Crisis.

Pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵamanya kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasambizgika na gulu la Communist, ŵakawuska gulu linyake lakucemeka Operation Boris. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Unguja wafumire ku Kenya, kweni pamasinda ŵakamuleka chifukwa cha ukavu wa boma la Kenya kweniso boma la Kenya likakana kugwiliskira ntchito malo agha. M'malo mwake, ŵakanozga vyakuti ŵagwiliskire nchito ndege yakucemeka Operation Finery, iyo yikeneranga kwambiska nkhondo na ndege ya Royal Marines yakucemeka HMS Bulwark. Pakuti Bulwark wakaŵa kutali na cigaŵa ici, Finery wakeneranga kumanyikwa kwa mazuŵa 14, ntheura usange pakakhumbikwanga kucitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro, ŵasilikari ŵakeneranga kumanyikwa kwa maora 24 kuti ŵambiske mulimo wacigaŵa cicoko kuti ŵavikilire ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain.

Pa 23 Epulero, apo boma la Tanganyika na Zanzibar likasazgikana, pakaŵa wofi kuti chipani cha Umma chichitenge chipani cha kuwukira boma. Pakakhumbikwanga ŵasilikari ŵanandi na magalimoto gha ŵapolisi kuti ŵatore malo agha na kuvikilira boma la Karume. Ndipouli, pangozi yakuti ŵasilikari ŵambenge kuwukira boma la Sweden, ŵakamalizga mwaluŵiro, ndipo pa Epulero 29, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalutanga ku Shed ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kuwukira kwa maora 24. Muhanya wenewura, ŵakanjilirapo yayi pa mulimo uwu. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kufipa mtima na ivyo vikachitikanga, ndipo pa 23 Seputembala Shed wakasintha na Plan Giralda. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa pasi, na ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Marines ŵakeneranga kuluta ku Zanzibar kuti ŵakacite nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhalanga ku Kenya panji ku Aden ŵakeneranga kuŵawovwira. Mu Disembala, Giralda ŵakamulekeska ntchito, ndipo ivi vikawuskapo ivyo Britain likakhumbanga kuchita.[24]

Chiharo

President Amani Abeid Karume participating in a military parade to mark the 40th anniversary of the revolution
A kanga celebrating ten years since the revolution (mapinduzi), with references to the ASP and TANU (museum of the House of Wonders, Stone Town)

Cimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo vikacitika cifukwa ca kugaluka uko kukacitika mu Zanzibar cikaŵa kuti ŵathereske ŵamazaza ŵa Ŵaarabu na ŵa ku Asia, awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa caru ici kwa vilimika pafupifupi 200. Nangauli charu ichi chikasazgikana na charu cha Tanganyika, kweni Zanzibar chikalutilira kuŵa na wupu wa Revolutionary Council na House of Representatives. Boma la Zanzibar likulongozgeka na pulezidenti, ndipo Karume ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba. Boma ili likagwiliskira nchito ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya kugaluka kuti licitiske kusintha vinthu mu caru cose. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikaŵa vya kuwuskako mazaza gha Ŵaarabu. Mwaciyelezgero, nchito ya boma ya ku Zanzibar yikazgoka cigaŵa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo caru cikagaŵikaso ku Ŵaarabu na ŵa ku Africa. Boma likambaso kusintha vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, nga ni wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu wose na kujura masambiro ku ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Africa (awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro gha ku sekondare 12 peresenti pera pambere nkhondo yindambe).

Boma likapempha wovwiri ku Soviet Union, German Democratic Republic (GDR) na People's Republic of China kuti liŵape ndalama zakwendeskera mapulojekiti ghanandi ndiposo ulongozgi wa vya nkhondo. Chifukwa cha kutondeka kwa mapulojekiti ghanandi agho ghakendeskeka na boma la GDR, kusazgapo la New Zanzibar Project, ilo likaŵa pulogiramu ya kuzenga tawuni mu 1968 kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵakhalenge mu nyumba ziphya. Boma la Zanzibar likati lapulikiska ivyo vikachitika, ŵakamba kumususka kuti wakuŵa na wanangwa wakwendakwenda, kweniso kuti wakutemwa ŵabali ŵake. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na boma apo Karume wakakomeka pa Epulero 7, 1972. Mu 1992, boma la Zanzibar likamba kwendera ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi, kweni likalutilira kusuzgika na milandu ya vimbundi.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar na ŵasayansi ŵakukondwa chomene na ivyo vikachitika pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo iyi, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo iyi. Ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi ndipo ŵakuyiwona nga ni nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake.

Mu Zanzibar, cipandano ni cinthu cakuzirwa comene ca cikaya, ico cikulongosora za kufwatulika kwa ŵakayidi 545 pa cilimika ca nambara 10 na ungano wa ŵasilikari pa cilimika ca nambara 40. Zuŵa la Zanzibar Revolution Day lalembeka kuti ni holide na boma la Tanzania; likukondwelereka pa 12 January chaka chilichose.

Mpira wa Mapinduzi (Revolution Cup), mpikisano wa mpira wa mpira wa mpira womwe umakonzedwa ndi Zanzibar Football Association kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Januwale pakati pa 6 ndi 13 Januware kukondwerera tsiku la chipanduko (12 Januware).[25]

Ukaboni

Ukaboni wa mazgu ghakuyowoya

  1. ↑ Parsons 2003, p. 107.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Speller 2007, p. 6.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyt14jan
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Conley, Robert (19 Janyuwale 1964). "Nationalism Is Viewed as Camouflage for Reds". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 3 Julayi 2019. Retrieved 16 Novembala 2008..
  5. ↑ Los Angeles Times (20 Janyuwale 1964). "Slaughter in Zanzibar of Asians, Arabs Told". Los Angeles Times. p. 4. Archived from the original on 16 Janyuwale 2009. Retrieved 16 Epulelo 2009.
  6. ↑ Hernon 2003, p. 397.
  7. ↑ Shillington 2005, p. 1716.
  8. ↑ Mapuri, Omar (1996). Zanzibar the 1964 Revolution: Achievements and Prospects (in English) (Revised ed.). Dar es Salaam: TEMA Publishers Company Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 9987250114.
  9. ↑ Petterson 2004, p. 11.
  10. ↑ Parsons 2003, p. 106.
  11. ↑ Petterson 2004, pp. 26–27.
  12. ↑ Petterson 2004, p. 49.
  13. ↑ Conley, Robert (13 Janyuwale 1964). "African Revolt Overturns Arab Regime in Zanzibar". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 5 Epulelo 2014. Retrieved 16 Novembala 2008..
  14. ↑ Petterson 2004, p. 76.
  15. ↑ Sheriff & Ferguson 1991, p. 239.
  16. ↑ Petterson 2004, pp. 94–95..
  17. ↑ Speller 2007, p. 15.
  18. ↑ Conley, Robert (27 Epulelo 1964). "Tanganyika gets new rule today". The New York Times. p. 11. Archived from the original on 28 Disembala 2013. Retrieved 16 Novembala 2008..
  19. ↑ Speller 2007, p. 19.
  20. ↑ Sheriff & Ferguson 1991, p. 241.
  21. ↑ Pateman, Roy, Residual Uncertainty: Trying to Avoid Intelligence and Policy Mistakes in the Modern World 2003 University Press of Kentucky, p. 161.
  22. ↑ Speller 2007, p. 13.
  23. ↑ Speller 2007, p. 9.
  24. ↑ Speller 2007, p. 26.
  25. ↑ "Simba face Tusker in Mapinduzi Cup". supersport.com (in English). Archived from the original on 16 Ogasiti 2021. Retrieved 16 Ogasiti 2021.

Wonani vinandi

Ŵazgani vinandi

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