Kuwukira kwa Maji Maji

Kuwukira kwa Maji Maji
	Part of Kugawana Afilika
	; Nkhondo ya ku Mahenge, yakulembeka na Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert, 1908.
Date	July 1905 – August 1907
Location	German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania)
Result	German victory
Belligerents
Germany German East Africa;	Qadiriyya Brotherhood Matumbi Ngindo, Ngoni, Yao tribes other Tanganyikans
Commanders and leaders
Gustav von Götzen; Friedrich Wilhelm von Lindeiner-Wildau	Kinjekitile Ngwale † Nasr Khalfan Hemedi Muhammad
Strength
c. 2,000	~90,000
Casualties and losses
15 Germans and 389 Askari	Unknown
	75,000–300,000 total dead by famine, disease, and violence

Kuwukira kwa Maji Maji (German: Maji-Maji-Aufstand, Swahili: Vita vya Maji Maji), nkhondo iyi yikacitika pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakalondezganga visambizgo vya cisopa ca Ciisilamu na vyakusanguluska. Nkhondo iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ndyali za ku Germany izo zikakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵambe kulima makuni gha katoni. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1905 m'paka 1907, ndipo ŵanthu pakati pa 75,000 na 300,000 ŵakafwa na njara.^[4]

Pakati pajumpha vyaka vya m'ma 1880, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa German East Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, na vigaŵa vinyake vya Mozambique), German Southwest Africa (sono ni Namibia), Cameroon, na Togo (sono Ghana na Togo). Ŵasilikari ŵa German ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghacoko comene pa vyaru vya German East Africa. Ndipouli, ŵakasungilira vigongwe vinandi mukati mwa caru cawo. Pakuti ŵakakhozga yayi ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, ŵakamba kuŵasuzga. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ŵakugaluka nga ni Susiye Baoka ŵadangilire nkhondo za ŵasilikari, comenecomene ŵakalongozgekanga na ndondomeko ya bolasuka. Ndondomeko ya Bolasuka yikapambika makora.^[5]

Mu 1898, boma la Germany likapeleka msonkho pa munthu waliyose ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito mwakucicizgika pakuzenga misewu na milimo yinyake. Mu 1902, Von Götzen wakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi kuti ŵalimenge katoni. Msumba uliwose ukapika mulimo wa kupanga thonje. Ŵalongozgi ŵa muzi ndiwo ŵakalongozganga mulimo wa kupanga vyakurya.

Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo Ŵajamani ŵakachitanga, cifukwa vikawovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵakasintha mwaluŵiro. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakasinthanga maudindo ghawo kuti ŵakolerane na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhumba. Pakuti ŵanalume ŵakafumanga mu nyumba zawo na kuluta ku ntchito, ŵanakazi nawo ŵakachitanga milimo yinyake ya ŵanalume. Kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵakaŵa kutali, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵaleke kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Mu 1905, mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa chilangalanga. Vyose ivi, pamoza na kukana fundo za boma zakukhwaskana na vyakurya na ntchito, vikapangiska kuti mu Julayi, ŵanthu ŵakagalukire Ŵachijeremani.

Ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira nchito masalamusi kuti ŵacimbizge Ŵaciroma. Munthu munyake wakuchemeka Kinjikitile Ngwale, uyo wakasopanga chisopa cha Ciisilamu, wakati wali na mzimu wa njoka wakucemeka Hongo. Ngwale wakamba kujicema Bokero ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku German East Africa ŵakacemeka kuti ŵaparane na Ŵajeremani. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Germany ŵakalemba kuti wakapeleka munkhwala ku ŵalondezgi ŵake uwo ukazgoranga maji ku futi za ku Germany. "Mankhwala agha" ghakaŵa maji (maji mu Ciswahili) agho ŵakasazgako mafuta gha castor na njere za mphoza.^[6] Ŵalondezgi ŵa Bokero ŵakamba kugaluka chifukwa cha maji agha.

Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, kukaŵa njara yikuru (ukame).

Kuwukira

Awo ŵakalondezganga Bokero ŵakaŵa na vilwero viheni chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakaŵanga na poyizoni. Ndipouli, ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵangapwetekeka yayi cifukwa vilwero vya Ŵajeremani vingazgoka maji. Ŵakafumanga mu vikaya vyawo uku ŵavwara mphonje za mphoza pa visko vyawo. Pakwamba, ŵakawukira malo ghacoko na kunanga makuni gha katoni. Pa Julayi 31, 1905, ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Matumbi ŵakiza ku Samanga na kuparanya munda wa katoni kweniso malo ghakuguliskirako. Kinjikitile ŵakamukora na kumupayika pa khuni chifukwa cha upusikizgi. Pambere wandakomeke, wakayowoya kuti wapharazga munkhwala wa kugaluka mu chigaŵa chose. Pa Ogasiti 14, 1905, ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko la Ngindo ŵakawukira ŵamishonale awo ŵakendanga pa safari. Ŵanayi wose, kusazgapo Bishop Spiss (bishopu wa Katolika wa ku Dar es Salaam) ŵakakomeka na mkondo.^[6]

Mwaluŵiro, mafuko gha Yao ghakamba kuchitako nkhondo iyi ndipo mu Ogasiti, ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakafumako ku Matumbi Hills, kumwera kwa Tanzania, ndipo ŵakamba kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa Germany. Pa Ogasiti 16, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakawukira msumba wa Ifakara, ndipo ŵakaparanya ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Germany. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa kumwera ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene (pakaŵa ŵasilikari 458 ŵa ku Europe na 588 ŵa ku malo agha), kweni ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyamahara. Ku Mahenge, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Maji Maji (awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bokero yayi) ŵakaluta ku malo gha Ŵachijeremani, agho ŵakalweranga na Luteinanti Theodor von Hassel pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 60, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghaciŵiri, na futi ziŵiri. Mafuko ghaŵiri agha ghakakolerana yayi pa nyengo iyo ghakeneranga kuwukira ndipo ghakatondeka kukolerana. Ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko ili ŵakimilira kwa maminiti pafupifupi 15, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakafumapo. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwakwamba, gulu laciŵiri la ŵanalume 1,200 likafuma kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵawukira ŵakendapo makilomita ghacoko waka kufuma apo ŵakakomekera.^[6]

Ŵabali ŵa Qadiriyya ŵakapharazga kuti ŵakurwa nkhondo ya Jihad kwimikana na Ŵachijeremani.

Apo ivi vikacitikanga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni ŵakamba kuwukira pamoza na ŵasilikari 5,000. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Gwangara Ngoni awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafika sonosono mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵakafuma ku mtundu wa Ndwandwe uwo ukathereskeka na Ŵazulu mu 1818. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany, awo ŵakaŵa na futi, ŵakafumako ku Mahenge na kuluta ku msasa wa Ngoni, uko ŵakawukira pa Okutobala 21. Ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakafumapo, ŵakataya viŵiya vyawo vya munkhwala wa nkhondo na kuchemerezga kuti, "Maji ni utesi!" Nkhondo yikati yamba, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen, kazembe wa German East Africa, wakapempha boma la Germany kuti limovwire. Mwaluŵiro Kaiser Wilhelm wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake ŵaŵiri na ngaraŵa za nkhondo ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵabali ŵakwiza kufuma kutali chomene nga ni ku New Guinea. Mu Okutobala, apo ŵasilikari 1,000 ŵa ku Germany ŵakiza, Götzen wakawona kuti wangambiska nkhondo na kuwezgerapo bata kumwera.

Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Germany ŵakakoma ŵanthu wose awo ŵakagaluka. Ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵakanjira mu caru ca kumwera. Ŵakawotcha mizi, minda, na vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakugaluka ŵakaryanga. Ŵakagwiliskira nchito makora nkhongono zawo kuti ŵathereske ŵakugaluka. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa boma ili, ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa boma ili. Kuzakafika mu Epulero 1906, kumwera kwa caru ici kukaŵa bata. Kweni ku malo ghanyake, nkhondo yikaŵa yankhongono comene. Munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa pasi pa Lt. Gustav von Blumenthal (1879~1913, wakasungika ku Lindi) pamoza na munthu munyake wa ku Europe na Askari 46 ŵakakoleka apo ŵakendanga kufuma ku Songea kuya ku Mahenge. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵajinthe misasa yawo ku Kitanda, uko Major Johannes, Lt. von Blumenthal, na Lt. von Lindeiner-Wildau ŵakakumana. Kufuma apo, Von Blumenthal ŵakamutuma ku mlonga wa Luwegu. Nkhondo ya kumafumiro gha dazi yikazgoka nkhondo ya ŵasilikari iyo yikalongozgera ku njara yikuru.

Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakacitiska njara yikuru cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu. Von Götzen wakaŵa wakunozgeka kugowokera ŵasilikari wose awo ŵakaleka vilwero vyawo, ŵalongozgi ŵawo, na awo ŵakachizganga ŵalwari. Ndipouli, wakeneranga kucimbizga ŵakugaluka awo ŵakakhalako, ntheura wakasankha njara. Mu 1905, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Germany, Kaputeni Wangenheim, wakalembera von Götzen kuti: "Njara na kusoŵerwa pera ndivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵathereskeke. Nkhondo pera ndiyo yiŵenge nga ni maji mu nyanja".

Mu Ogasiti 1907 pera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukira boma. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu 15 ŵa ku Germany na ŵasilikari 389 ŵakakomeka.^[7]^[8]

Ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma na ng'anamuro lake

Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakuwona kuti chigaluka cha Abushiri cha mu 1888-1889 na cha Wahehe cha mu 1891-1898 ndivyo vikambiska chigaluka cha Maji Maji. Ŵanthu ŵa Maji Maji ŵakasuzgika chomene mu kumwera kwa Tanzania. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa panji kusama. Nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la ku mpoto likasintha vinthu vinyake, ndipo apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambanga, Tanganyika yikaŵa pakati pa vyaru vya ku Europe ivyo vikaŵa makora kulamulirika. Kugaluka uku kukaŵa kwapadera comene mu mbiri ya cigaŵa ici. Mulembi munyake wa nyuzipepara, John Gunther, wakayowoya mu 1953 kuti: "Nanga ni sono nthena, chigaŵa cha Tanganyika, icho chikachemekanga 'Cinderella Province,' nchicoko comene kuti cimazge wofi uwo ukaŵapo pakati pa Ŵayuda na Ŵayuda. Vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa nkhani ya ndalama".^[9] Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakagwiliskira ntchito chiphikiro ichi kuti ŵalongore umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakachitiranga pakwamba.

Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakususka fundo iyi ndipo ŵakuti kugaluka uku kukaŵa kwa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Ciungoni awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵabapatizike. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu cigaŵa ici ŵakawonanga kuti cigaluka ici cikaŵa cimoza mwa nkhondo izo zikacitika kale comene pambere Ŵaciroma ŵandambe kuwukira cigaŵa ici. Ŵakuyowoya kuti magulu ghanyake ghakolerana na Ŵachijeremani kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo.

Wonaniso

Ukaboni

↑ “Islam in Africa” p.221
↑ Genocidios Coloniales de Alemania (1904 a 1907)
↑ Walter Nuhn: Flammen über Deutsch-Ostafrika. Der Maji-Maji-Aufstand 1905/06. Die erste gemeinsame Erhebung schwarzafrikanischer Völker gegen weiße Kolonialherrschaft. ("Flames over German East Africa: The Maji Maji Uprising of 1905/06, the first uprising of African people against white colonial rule") Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kolonialgeschichte ("A contribution to German colonial history"). Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 1998, ISBN 3-7637-5969-7.
↑ John Iliffe, "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion" The Journal of African History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1967), pp. 495–512 (p. 495). JSTOR 179833.
↑ Natermann, Diana Miryong (2018). Pursuing whiteness in the colonies : private memories from the Congo Free State and German East Africa (1884-1914). Münster: Waxmann Verlag. p. 59. ISBN 978-3-8309-3690-9. OCLC 1037008514.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912. HarperCollins. pp. 616–621. ISBN 0380719991.
↑ Gellately, Robert; Ben Kiernan (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Published by Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-521-52750-3.
↑ Hull, Isabel V. (2004). Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 157.
↑ Gunther, John (1955). Inside Africa. Harper & Brothers. p. 411. ISBN 0836981979.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Maji Maji Bibliography Project
News report^{[dead link]} (in German)

[1] “Islam in Africa” p.221

[remilitari.com-2] Genocidios Coloniales de Alemania (1904 a 1907)

[3] Walter Nuhn: Flammen über Deutsch-Ostafrika. Der Maji-Maji-Aufstand 1905/06. Die erste gemeinsame Erhebung schwarzafrikanischer Völker gegen weiße Kolonialherrschaft. ("Flames over German East Africa: The Maji Maji Uprising of 1905/06, the first uprising of African people against white colonial rule") Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kolonialgeschichte ("A contribution to German colonial history"). Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 1998, ISBN 3-7637-5969-7.

[4] John Iliffe, "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion" The Journal of African History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1967), pp. 495–512 (p. 495). JSTOR 179833.

[5] Natermann, Diana Miryong (2018). Pursuing whiteness in the colonies : private memories from the Congo Free State and German East Africa (1884-1914). Münster: Waxmann Verlag. p. 59. ISBN 978-3-8309-3690-9. OCLC 1037008514.

[Scramble-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912. HarperCollins. pp. 616–621. ISBN 0380719991.

[7] Gellately, Robert; Ben Kiernan (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Published by Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-521-52750-3.

[8] Hull, Isabel V. (2004). Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 157.

[Gunter-9] Gunther, John (1955). Inside Africa. Harper & Brothers. p. 411. ISBN 0836981979.

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