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Rhodesia Wakumpoto

Coordinates: 14°07′S 27°38′E / 14.117°S 27.633°E / -14.117; 27.633
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Kufuma Wikipedia
(Kufumila ku Northern Rhodesia)

Rhodesia Wakumpoto[1]
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Nyimbo: "God Save the King/Queen"
Location of Northern Rhodesia
Pasono Protectorate
Msumba WabomaLivingstone (until 1935)
Lusaka (from 1935)
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu {{{ethnic_groups}}}
Mtundu wa Boma Protectorate
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 751,925 km2
Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character ",". sq mi
Ndalama Southern Rhodesian pound

Rhodesia Wakumpoto likaŵa boma la Britain ilo likalamuliranga kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo sono ni Zambia. Charu ichi chikapangika mu 1911 pakusazga vyaru viŵiri vyakwambilira vya Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia na North-Eastern Rhodesia.[2][3][4][5]Pakwamba, boma la Britain likaŵa na kampani yakuchemeka British South Africa Company (BSAC). Kwambira mu 1924, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi nga ni boma la Britain, ndipo vinthu vikaŵa nga umo vikaŵira na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikalongozgekanga na Britain.[5][6]

Nangauli boma la Britain likaŵa na malango ghakwendeskera vyaru vinyake, kweni likapika mazaza ghakulongozga vyaru vinyake. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi, kweni kufuma waka pa nyengo iyo ŵakakhazikiskikira, ŵakalimbikiranga chomene kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakakondwanga chomene na usambazi uwo ukaŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, kweni boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Nyasaland chiŵepo. Fundo iyi yikaŵa yakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland ŵaleke kusuzgika na malango gha ku Southern Rhodesia. Boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland ilo likaŵako mu 1953 likakondwanga yayi na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa. Cifukwa ca kuyuzgika uku, caru ici cikamba kujiyimira mu 1964 nga ni Zambia.

Lizgu lakuti "Rhodesia" likung'anamura chigaŵa icho sono ni Zambia na Zimbabwe.[7] Kwambira mu 1964, likang'anamuranga charu icho kale chikachemekanga Southern Rhodesia.

British South Africa Company

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Establishment of BSAC rule

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Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902)
Nkhani ikulu: British South Africa Company

Zina lakuti "Rhodesia" lili kufuma kwa Cecil John Rhodes, munthu wa ku Britain uyo wakazenga ufumu. Rhodes wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mwa kupoka mazaza gha migodi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Wakati wasanga ndalama zinandi mu migodi ya ku South Africa, wakakhumbanga kusazgirako ufumu wa Britain kumpoto, m'paka ku Cairo usange vingachitika. Rhodes wakalaŵiskanga kumwera kwa Zambezi, ku Mashonaland na vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja kumafumiro gha dazi kwake, ndipo apo usambazi uwo wakakhazganga wa Mashonaland ukaŵavya, pakaŵavya ndalama zinandi izo zikakhumbikwiranga kuti vinthu vyambe kwenda makora kumpoto kwa Zambezi. Nangauli Rhodes wakatuma ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵakakhalenge mu caru ico cikazgoka Southern Rhodesia, kweni wakacitanga waka vinthu vyakukhwaskana na kumpoto kwa Zambezi.

Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafika kale ku Nyasaland, ndipo mu 1890, boma la Britain likatuma Harry Johnston ku malo agha. Chikalata cha BSAC chikaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya kumpoto kwa kampani iyi, ndipo Rhodes wakatuma mathenga, Joseph Thomson na Alfred Sharpe kuti ŵakakoleranenge na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Nyasaland. Rhodes nayo wakawonanga kuti Barotseland yikaŵa malo ghakwenelera kuti kampani ya British South Africa Company yikwendere, kweniso yikaŵa nthowa yakunjilira ku malo gha mkuŵa gha Katanga.[8] Lewanika, fumu ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lozi ku Barotseland, wakapempha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵamuvikilire chifukwa cha vivulupi ivyo vikaŵa mukati mwa charu ichi kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ŵakakhumbanga kumutimba. Na wovwiri wa François Coillard wa ku Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, wakalemba kalata yakupempha boma la Britain kuti liŵavikilire mu 1889, kweni ofesi ya Colonial Office yikatondeka kuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro. Ndipouli, Rhodes wakatuma Frank Elliott Lochner ku Barotseland kuti wakapokere malo agha na kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera malo agha. Lochner wakaphalira Lewanika kuti BSAC yikimiranga boma la Britain, ndipo pa Juni 27, 1890, Lewanika wakazomera kupeleka malo ghakupatulika. Ici (Lochner Concession) cikapeleka wanangwa ku kampani iyi wa kugumura migodi mu cigaŵa cose ico Lewanika wakaŵa muwusi mu malo mwa wovwiri wa cilimika cilicose ndiposo layizgo la kuvikilirika na ŵa ku Britain, layizgo ilo Lochner wakaŵavya mazaza gha kupeleka. Ndipouli, BSAC yikaphalira ofesi ya vyaru vya kuwaro kuti ŵa Lozi ŵapokera civikiliro ca Britain.[9] Pa chifukwa ichi, charu cha Barotseland chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain mu 1891, nangauli mphaka yake na Angola yikamanyikwa yayi m'paka mu 1905.

Mu 1889, nangauli Britain yikazomera wanangwa wa International Association of the Congo pa vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Congo basin, ivyo vikaŵa Congo Free State pasi pa muwuso wa Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium, kweni yikazomera yayi kuti yikhalenge mu Katanga. Rhodes, uyo wakwenera kuti wakakhwaskika na Harry Johnston, wakakhumbanga kuti BSAC yiŵe na malo gha migodi mu Katanga. Wakatuma Alfred Sharpe kuti wakapemphe Msiri uyo wakaŵa fumu ya caru ici kuti wamupeko wanangwa uwu. Themba Leopold II nalo likakhumbanga kuwona charu cha Katanga ndipo Rhodes likakumana na suzgo linyake apo mu Epulero 1891, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ilo likalongozgekanga na Paul Le Marinel, likapempha Msiri kuti wazomerezge ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo Free State kunjira mu charu chake. Phangano ili likapangiska kuti ku Congo kuŵe suzgo linyake..[10]

Kuŵika mphaka

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Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikacitika pa nkhani ya kupoka vigaŵa vya mu Africa pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin, nchakuti, cakwamba, ŵakacita mapangano na mafumu gha mu caru ici, ndipo caciŵiri, ŵakacita mapangano ghaŵiri na maufumu ghanyake gha ku Europe. Mu nyengo ya 1890 na 1910, Lewanika wakazomerezga malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia, ndipo Joseph Thomson na Alfred Sharpe ŵakadumbiskana na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha mu 1890 na 1891.[11]

Pa June 11, 1891, ku Lisbon, England na Portugal ŵakasazgirako mphaka pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikateŵeteranga British South Africa Company ku North-Eastern Rhodesia na Mozambique. Likayowoya kuti Barotseland yikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain, ndipo likakhazikiska mphaka pakati pa Northern Rhodesia (iyo sono ni Zambia) iyo yikaŵa pasi pa British South Africa Company, na Angola wa ku Portugal. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya caru ca Britain ku North-Eastern Rhodesia na British Central Africa Protectorate yikakolerana mu 1890, ndipo yikaŵa mphaka yifupi comene pakati pa North-Western Rhodesia na German South-West Africa, sono ni Namibia. Mphaka pakati pa Congo Free State na Britain yikakhazikiskika na phangano mu 1894, nangauli pakaŵa vinyake ivyo vikasintha mu ma 1930.

Malire gha vigaŵa vinyake vya Britain ghakakhazikiskika na Wupu Wakulongozga. Mphaka pakati pa British Central Africa Protectorate na North-Eastern Rhodesia yikakhazikiskika mu 1891 pa malo ghakupambana pakati pa Lake Malawi na Luangwa River, ndipo pakati pa North-Western Rhodesia na Southern Rhodesia yikazgoka Zambezi River mu 1898.[12]

Kulamulira kwa BSAC

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Chigaŵa icho chikazgoka Northern Rhodesia, kusazgapo Barotseland na charu chakufika ku Nyasaland kumafumiro gha dazi na Katanga na Nyanja ya Tanganyika kumpoto, chikaŵikika pasi pa boma la BSAC na Order-in-Council ya Meyi 9, 1891, kweni pakaŵavya Mulara wa BSAC uyo wakatumika ku Barotseland m'paka 1895, ndipo Mulara wakwamba, Forbes, uyo wakakhalapo m'paka 1897, wakachita vinandi yayi pakukhazikiska boma. Pambere chaka cha 1911 chindafike, charu cha Northern Rhodesia chikaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri, Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia na North-Eastern Rhodesia. Charu ichi chikazomerezgeka kuŵa chigaŵa cha Britain na Barotseland na North-Western Rhodesia Order-in-Council ya 1899 ndipo chaumaliro na North-Eastern Rhodesia Order-in-Council ya 1900. Malango ghaŵiri agha ghakawovwira kuti ŵalaŵiliri ŵa BSAC ŵaŵe ŵakwenelera, ndipo ŵakwamba ŵakimikika mu 1895. Maungano ghaŵiri agha ghakakhozga kuti vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakulongozgeka na boma, ndipo ofesi ya Colonial Office ndiyo yikaŵa na udindo wa kupwelelera ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, nangauli boma la BSAC likaŵawusanga. Ofesi ya Colonial Office ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha, ndipo High Commissioner for South Africa ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza ghakukanizga panji kukana malango ghose gha BSAC.

Pakwamba, Harry Johnston wakaŵa mwimiliri wa ofesi ya Colonial Office na High Commissioner ku Nyasaland. Rhodes ndiyo wakawovwiranga ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Britain ku Nyasaland, ndipo wakakolerananga chomene na Johnston na Alfred Sharpe, mwakuti waŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nga ni mathenga. Rhodes na awo ŵakakhazikiskanga caru cake ŵakawonanga kuti caru ici na kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ni "vigaŵa vya mu vyaru vyamuthondo" m'malo mwa kumwera kwa Africa uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵazungu. Mu 1895, Rhodes wakapempha Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu cha America, kuti wapenje tumaji na nthowa zakwendeskera milonga. Mu 1911, boma la BSAC likasazga vigaŵa viŵiri ivi kuŵa 'Northern Rhodesia.'[13]

Chidindo cha Kamupani ya British South Africa

Pa nyengo iyo British South Africa Company yikalamuliranga charu ichi, munthu uyo wakimikika na kampani iyi wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana waka na gha kazembe wa charu cha Britain. Mulara wa boma wakenerangaso kupanga, kusintha, panji kufumiskapo malango ghakwendeskera urunji, misonkho, na ndondomeko ya boma kwambura kuyowoyapo vya Mulara wa Boma. Mu nyengo iyi, Mulara wakaŵavya wupu wakulongozga panji wa malango, nga umo vikaŵira mu vigaŵa ivyo vikawusikanga na Britain. Pakaŵa Wupu Wakulongozga, uwo ukacitanga milimo yinandi ya mawupu agha, ndipo mpaka mu 1917, ukaŵa na ŵalaraŵalara. Kampani iyi yikaŵavya dango lakuti yiŵe na wupu wakuchezga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi, kweni mu 1917, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakimikika kuti ŵimilire ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe. Pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵankhondi awo ŵakimikika: ŵanayi ŵakimiranga kumpoto kwa Rhodesia, ndipo yumoza wakimiranga kumpoto kwa Rhodesia.

Msonkho wa nyumba ukaŵikika kakwamba mu Northern-Eastern Rhodesia mu 1901 ndipo ukasazgikira mu Northern-Western Rhodesia pakati pa 1904 na 1913. Ŵakapelekanga malipiro ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ghakaŵa ghakuyana na malipiro gha myezi yiŵiri, kuti ŵakhuŵilizge panji kukaka ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵagwirenge nchito ya malipiro. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya viŵi yayi ŵakati ŵamanya kuti dango ili lalembeka. Pambere chaka cha 1920 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵakasanganga ndalama zakukwana mashilingi ghankhondi pa chaka, kweni mu 1920, msonkho wa nyumba ukaŵa wakukwera chomene, ndipo kanandi ukaŵa wakukwera kaŵiri, kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwirenge nchito mu migodi ya ku Southern Rhodesia, comenecomene ya Wankie.[14] Pa nyengo iyi, kampani iyi yikaghanaghananga kuti vyandulo vikuru ivyo vikusangika ku Northern Rhodesia ni vyakuti ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵagwirenge nchito ku Southern Rhodesia.

Dango na kuvikilira

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Dango la Britain ndilo likaŵa pakwamba kulamulira vyaru vya kumwera na kumpoto kwa Rhodesia, mwakupambana na malango gha Ŵaroma ŵa ku Netherlands agho ghakaŵa mu South Africa. Mu 1889, kampani ya British South African Company yikapika mazaza gha kukhazikiska ŵapolisi na kweruzga mu Northern Rhodesia. Para ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵiza ku khoti, kampani iyi yikaphalirika kuti yilondezgenge malango gha fuko lawo. Mu 1900, Khoti Likuru la ku North-Eastern Rhodesia likapika mazaza gha kweruzga milandu ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mu 1911, khoti ili likasazgikana na kuŵa khoti likuru la ku Northern Rhodesia.

Bungwe la British South African Company likawona kuti malo agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi ghakaŵa ghakwenelera chomene kuŵa na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Africa kuluska ŵa ku Europe. Kweni pakwamba, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ŵakendeskanga misewu kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, ku Northern Western Rhodesia, nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa ŵakudura kweniso ŵakakolekanga na matenda. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari, nangauli mu misumba mukaŵa ŵapolisi ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ku South Africa ŵakasinthika na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Barotse, awo ŵakakhazikiskika mu 1902. Mu 1911, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakasazgikana na ŵapolisi ŵa boma. Pakwamba, Harry Johnston mu British Central Africa Protectorate wakaŵa na udindo wa kumpoto kwa Rhodesia, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Central Africa kusazgapo Sikh na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskirika nchito mpaka mu 1899. M'paka mu 1903, ŵeruzgi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakalembanga ŵapolisi ŵawo, kweni mu chaka ichi ŵakapanga ŵapolisi ŵa kumpoto kwa Rhodesia. Mu 1912, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakasazgikana na kuŵa ŵapolisi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, awo ŵakaŵa 18 pera ŵa ku Europe na 775 ŵa ku Africa.[15][16]

Vinthu vya pa njanji

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Kampani ya British South Africa Company ndiyo yikazenga njanji ya ku Rhodesia mu nyengo ya kuzenga iyo yikamara mu 1911, apo msewu ukuru uwo ukajumphanga kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ukajumpha mphaka ya Congo kuti ufike ku migodi ya mkuwa ya Katanga. Pakwamba, Rhodes wakakhumbanga kupanga njanji iyo yikendenge kujumpha mu mlonga wa Zambezi m'paka ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika, kweni wakati wasanga golide mucoko comene mu Mashonaland, wakazomera kuti palije cifukwa ca ndalama cakucitira njanji iyi. Masitima agho ghakazengeka na makampani gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vinandi nga ni mafuta.[17]

Mu 1897, msewu unyake uwo ukafumanga ku Kimberley ukafika ku Bulawayo. Mu 1902, msewu uwu ukafika ku Victoria Falls. Kufuma apo, ŵakendanga kujumpha mu tawuni ya Livingstone m'paka ku Broken Hill, uko ŵakafika mu 1906. Kampani ya British South Africa Company yikaŵa na cigomezgo cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵizenge kufuma ku migodi yake ya mkuwa na mkuwa, kweni vikacitika yayi cifukwa ca masuzgo gha uko ŵakagumanga. Njanji iyi yikatondekanga kulipira ngongoli izo ŵakagulira ntchito ya kuzenga, ndipo malo ghekha agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kugwiliskira ntchito migodi kuti ŵamalizge ngongoli izi ni Katanga. Pakwamba, boma la Congo likawona kuti mkuŵa uwo ukaŵa ku Katanga ukaŵa wambura kukhumbikwa pakuzenga njanji. Kweni pakati pa 1899 na 1901, ŵanthu ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake kukawona kuti mkuŵa uwu ngwakuzirwa. Vinthu vya mkuwa ivyo vikasangika ku Northern Rhodesia pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindize vikaŵa vyambura kovwira.

Mu 1906, wupu wa Union Minière du Haut Katanga ukapangika kuti ugwiliskirenge nchito migodi ya Katanga. Themba Leopold likakhumbanga kuti njanji iyi yiŵe mu charu cha Congo, ndipo yikolerane na Mlonga wa Congo. Kweni mu 1908, likakolerana na kampani ya British South Africa Company kuti yilutilire na njanji ya ku Rhodesia m'paka ku Elizabethville na migodi. Pakati pa 1912, apo mulimo wa kupanga mkuwa ukambira, na 1928 apo msewu wa ku Congo ukamara, pafupifupi mkuwa wose wa ku Katanga ukendanga pa msewu wa ku Rhodesia. Njanji iyi yikaŵa na ndalama zinandi izo yikasanganga chifukwa cha mkuwa wa ku Katanga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, charu cha Copperbelt chikamba kukura chomene. Nthowa iyi yikaŵa yakusuzga yayi cifukwa cakuti ŵakeneranga kuzenga tumaji tuchokotuchoko waka kuti ŵakumane na msewu ukuru.[18]

Umaliro wa dango la BSAC

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Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakambira kukhala ku Northern Rhodesia, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasuskanga boma la BSAC na malonda ghake. Wupu uwu ukasuskanga ivyo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga ndipo ukaŵakanizganga kusankha ŵanthu awo ŵakateŵeterenge mu wupu uwu. Pakulondezga ivyo khoti likadumura kuti malo gha ku Southern Rhodesia ghakaŵa gha British Crown, BSAC yayi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakamba kutemwa boma ndipo mu 1923, boma likapeleka wanangwa uwu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Northern Rhodesia yiŵe mu suzgo chifukwa British South Africa Company yikagomezganga kuti yikaŵa na malo mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi. Ndipouli, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikati ivyo yikayowoya ni vyambura kususkika ndipo yikakhorweska boma la United Kingdom kuti liyambiske kudumbiskana mwakudunjika vya boma la Northern Rhodesia.

Paumaliro, pakaŵa phangano lakuti Northern Rhodesia yilutilire kuŵa chigaŵa chakulongozgeka na boma la Britain, ndipo ofesi ya Colonial Office ndiyo yikamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi. Kweniso ŵakakolerana kuti hafu ya ndalama izo zikufuma pa kuguliska malo mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia, zikwenera kuluta ku kampani iyi. Pa Epulero 1, 1924, Herbert Stanley wakasankhika kuŵa Kazembe ndipo Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka chigaŵa cha United Kingdom, ndipo likuru lake likaŵa ku Livingstone. Mu 1935, likuru la charu ichi likasamira ku Lusaka.

Mu nyengo ya British South Africa Company, Mulara wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana waka na gha kazembe wa mu vigaŵa, kweni mazaza ghanyake ghakaŵa gha mulara wa ku South Africa. Pakaŵavya Wupu Wakulongozga panji Wupu Wakulongozga, kweni pakaŵa waka Wupu Wakulongozga. Dango la Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1924, likapeleka mazaza ghose kwa Kazembe panji mazaza agho kale wakaŵa nagho Mulara panji agho wakaŵa nagho Muyimiliri Mukuru wa South Africa. Dango ili likayowoyangaso kuti paŵe wupu wa Executive Council, uwo ukaŵa na ŵalaraŵalara ŵankhondi na umoza ŵakufuma ku ofesi ya boma, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵasankhanga. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵakapanga wupu wakulongozga, uwo ukaŵa na Kazembe na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri, kweniso ŵanthu ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakasankhika na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa 4,000.[19]

Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni

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Vinthu Vyakukhwaskana na Migodi

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Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na ndalama zinandi cikaŵa mkuŵa. Ku Kansanshi (pafupi na Solwezi), Bwana Mkubwa, na Luanshya, kukaŵa malo ghakale agho ŵakaghasangapo mkuŵa. Mu 1895, Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakalongozganga na kulaŵilira ntchito ya Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co., wakamanya kuti ku Central Africa kuli mkuŵa. Pa mlonga wa Kafue, uwo ukaŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, Burnham wakawona kuti malo agha ghakupambana na malo ghanyake gha mkuwa agho wakagwirapo nchito ku United States. Pamanyuma, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikazenga matawuni mumphepete mwa mlonga uwu na kujambura njanji kuti yikwendere mkuŵa mu Mozambique.[20]

BSAC yikayowoya kuti yili na wanangwa wa kunozga vinthu mu Northern Rhodesia mose chifukwa cha vyalo ivyo vikapelekeka pakati pa 1890 na 1910 na Lewanika ivyo vikaŵa na malo ghambura kuwoneka makora mu North-Western Rhodesia panji ivyo vikadumbiskana na Joseph Thomson na Alfred Sharpe mu 1890 na 1891 na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha mu malo agho ghakaŵa na mphindano mu North-Eastern Rhodesia. Boma la Britain likazomera fundo iyi. Pamasinda pakuti chikalata ichi chamara, BSAC yikaŵa mu gulu la makampani 9 gha ku South Africa na Britain agho ghakapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera migodi ya Nchanga, kuti ŵaleke kuwusika na boma la United States. Ndipouli, ico cikaŵa cakukhumbikwa comene pa kampani iyi cikaŵa kupokera ndalama.

Nangauli mphesulu zikaŵa zinandi, kweni zikagwiranga nchito yayi m'paka apo njanji ya ku Southern Rhodesia yikathandazgikira kujumpha mu mlonga wa Zambezi na kuluta kumpoto, m'paka ku mphaka ya ku Belgian Congo, ndipo yikafika mu 1909. Pa nyengo iyi, migodi yikamba ku Katanga, uko kukaŵa migodi yinandi ya mkuwa. Ku Northern Rhodesia, malo agha ghakaŵa ghawakawaka chomene, ndipo mkuŵa ukagwiranga nchito nyengo na nyengo ku Bwana Mkubwa m'paka mu 1924 apo ŵakasanga mkuŵa usambazi comene uwo ukaŵa pasi pa maji. Pambere chaka cha 1924 chindafike, kukaŵavya vyakumera vinandi vya ku Northern Rhodesia: ku Barotseland kukaŵa viŵeto vinyake, kweni ku Northern Rhodesia kukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵatuŵa. Mwakupambana na caru ca Southern Rhodesia, ico cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga ndalama zinandi kuti ŵajisungire migodi, caru ca Northern Rhodesia cikaŵa na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵagulirenge migodi yinandi.

Mu 1924, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito migodi mu Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt. Gulu la Chester Beatty na Sir Edmund Davis la Selection Trust likaŵa kuti lili kale na chilato cha kunozga migodi yichoko ya mkuwa ya Bwana Mkubwa, iyo yikajulika mu 1901 pa malo agho pakaŵa migodi yakale kumwera kwa Copperbelt. Mkuŵa ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene cifukwa cakuti ukakhumbikwanga comene pakupanga vinthu vya magesi na vya magalimoto. Mu 1927, Beatty wakaguliska chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya Roan Antelope ku American Metal Company (AMC), iyo yikaguliskanga na kusesa visulo, ndipo mu 1928 wakambiska Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST ‡) kuti yivikilire migodi. Beatty wakaguliska katundu wake mu RST ku AMC mu 1930, ndipo wakaŵa mweneko wa masheya mu AMC. AMC yikakondwa chomene na RST ndipo yikamba kupanga vigaŵa vichokovichoko vya migodi ya Mufulira mu 1930, nangauli yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1933, cifukwa ca suzgo likuru la ndalama.[21][22]

Bungwe la Anglo American Corporation ndilo likalongozganga ntchito ya ku South Africa ya ku Copperbelt, ndipo likagura kampani ya Bwana Mkubwa mu 1924. Kweniso mu 1928, Anglo American yikagura mgodi wa Nkana ku Kitwe ndipo yikapanga Rhodesian Anglo American, iyo yikaŵa na maboma gha US na South Africa na British South Africa Company (BSAC). Apo BSAC yikasinthanga masheya ghake na gha Rhodesian Anglo American, Rhodesian Anglo American yikazgoka mulara wa masheya gha BSAC. Vinyama ivi vikamba kupangika mu 1931.

Pakwamba, ndalama zicoko comene za ku Britain zikaŵa mu Copperbelt. Ndipouli, mu 1929 vikawonekanga nga nchamacitiko kuti nchimbizgo ya mkuŵa yacinayi, Nchanga Mines, yingaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha United States: pakuti gulu la America ilo likakhumbanga kukanizga kupeleka mkuŵa kuti likwezge mtengo likayegha kale vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya mkuŵa wa pa caru cose, boma la Britain likakhozga gulu la makampani ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ku Britain kuti ligwire nchito ya kuzenga mkuŵa wa Nchanga. Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia awo ŵakakhalanga ku Anglo America, ntheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵachalipo. Mu 1931, Bwana Mkubwa na Nchanga ŵakakolerana na Rhokana Corporation, iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia. Mu 1931, kampani ya Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST) ndiyo yikaŵa na Roan Antelope na Mufulira, apo Rhokana Corporation ndiyo yikaŵa na Mufulira, Nkana, Nchanga na Bwana Mkubwa. Gulu la RST, chomenechomene la Rhokana, likaŵa lakusuzga.[23][24]

Nangauli pakwamba gulu ili likakhozgeranga ŵanthu kuti ŵasange ndalama, kweni ŵanthu ŵakapenjanga vinthu vinyake vyakudura. Phangano la pa caru cose likakanizga vyakurya. Ici cikapangiska soka ku Northern Rhodesia uko ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵakacimbizgika na kumazga cigomezgo ca ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ca kuzgora Northern Rhodesia kuŵa ufumu unyake wa ŵazungu nga ni Southern Rhodesia. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia, apo Ŵafrika ŵakawelera ku minda yawo.

Kuwelera kwa cuma

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Nangauli vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, kweni makampani ghakurughakuru ghakalutilira kusanga phindu. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ŵakafumapo, misonkho yikakwera yayi, ndipo ndalama zakugwilira nchito zikakwera comene yayi. Pa ungano wa awo ŵakapanga mkuwa uwo ukacitikira ku New York mu 1932, makampani gha ku Rhodesia ghakasuska kuti ŵalutilire kunjilirapo pa msika. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵaŵe na mazaza. Pa nyengo yeneyira, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikaguliska katundu wake ku boma la Southern Rhodesia mu 1933 ndipo yikapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera migodi yinyake. Wakapangana kuti Railways ya ku Rhodesia na makampani gha migodi ya mkuwa ghaŵe na mwaŵi wa kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1930, migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Northern Rhodesia yikakura comene.

Wupu Wakulongozga

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Nyengo ya pambere nkhondo yindambe

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Apo Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka chigaŵa cha British Empire pa 1 Epulero, 1924, Nyumba ya Malango yikakhazikiskika ndipo kazembe wa Northern Rhodesia ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma. Pakwamba, wupu uwu ukaŵanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵasankhanga. Ndipouli, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagaŵikanga pakati pa "ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na maudindo" mu boma na "ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na maudindo yayi".

Mu 1926, ŵakanozga ndondomeko ya kusora ŵanthu ndipo ŵakasora ŵanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵankhondi. Munthu wakusankha mu Northern Rhodesia wakeneranga kuŵa mwenekaya wa United Kingdom, ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵakuvikilirika na Britain ŵaleke kuŵa ŵenekaya. Kweniso, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuvota ŵakeneranga kuzuzga fomu ya fomu mu Cingelezi, ndiposo kuŵa na ndalama zakukwana £200 pa caka panji kuŵa na katundu wakukwana £250 (ŵanthu ŵa mafuko panji ŵa mu cikaya awo ŵakagwiranga nchito iyi ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi).

Mu 1929, chiŵelengero cha ŵimiliri ŵambura kuzomerezgeka chikakwera kufika pa 7. Ivi vikakhorweska yayi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga, ndipo mu 1937, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe ŵakuyana na ŵanthu 9 awo ŵakaŵa mu wupu wa Executive Council. Mu 1938, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumanya kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuvikilira maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo munthu yumoza wa ku Europe uyo wakaŵa wambura kuzomerezgeka wakalembeka.[25]Mu 1941, pakaŵaso munthu munyake uyo wakasazgikako ku ŵantchito awo ŵakasankhika na ŵantchito awo ŵakasoleka yayi.

Nkhondo ya pamanyuma

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Nyumba ya Malango pamoza na Arthur Creech Jones (kumalyero) mu 1949

Mu 1945, chiŵelengero cha ŵimiliri ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa chikakwera kufuma pa yumoza kufika pa ŵatatu. Mu 1948, wupu wa African Representative Council (ACC) ukati wupu uwu uli na mamembala ghaŵiri gha African non-official members (AFP) agho ghakwenera kusankhika na Governor.

Dango ilo likamba kugwira nchito pa Disembala 31, 1953, likati wupu uphya wa malango ukwenera kuŵa na mulongozgi wa wupu uwu, ŵantchito 8 awo ŵakusoleka, ŵantchito 12 awo ŵakusoleka na boma yayi, ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakusoleka na boma pa ulongozgi wa African Representative Council, ndiposo ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakwimira ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.[26] Ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakimikika ŵakaŵa Secretary Chief, Attorney General, Financial Secretary, Secretary for Native Affairs, na ŵanyake ŵanayi.

1959 Order-in-Council

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Mu 1959, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhika chikakwera comene. Pa nyengo iyi, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikaŵa na Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo na ŵanthu 30. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, wose ŵakeneranga kusankhika kupaturako ŵankhondi na ŵatatu. Ŵanayi awo ŵakasankhika ŵakaŵa ŵeneawo ŵakaŵaso na maudindo ghanayi, ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakasankhika kuŵa ŵantchito ŵambura kuzomerezgeka (awo ŵakaŵa na mulimo wa kunozga vinthu vya ku Africa yayi). Ŵabali ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakasankhika kuti ŵachitenge milimo yinyake ya uteŵeti para pali ŵanyawo ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhumba.

Ŵabali 22 awo ŵakasankhika ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa 8 na ŵa ku Europe 14. Awo ŵakasankhanga ŵakagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, 'General' na 'Special' ndipo awo ŵakasankhanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene kuluska awo ŵakasankhanga mu vigaŵa ivi. Mu matawuni agho mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe, mukaŵa vigaŵa 12.

Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga, kukaŵa vigaŵa vyapadera 6. Ŵanthu wose ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana na ŵa mu vyaru vinyake nawo ŵakavotanga, ndipo mavoti ghawo ghakaŵa ghakuyana, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu vigaŵa vyapadera, pakaŵa vigaŵa viŵiri vya "Vipinda Vya ku Europe" ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Pakaŵaso malo ghaŵiri gha "African Reserved Seats" mu vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya malango, nangauli mavoti ghose ghakawerengekanga.[27]

Dango

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Pambere boma la BSAC lindamare, malango gha Northern Rhodesia ghakaŵa ghakuyana na malango gha England na Wales ndipo Khoti Likuru la Northern Rhodesia likaŵa pasi pa malango gha United Kingdom. Ivi vikalutilira mu 1924; malango ghose gha United Kingdom agho ghakaŵako pa 17 Ogasiti 1911 ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ku Northern Rhodesia. Para ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakweruzgika mu makhoti, ŵakalondezganga malango na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, pekha para "yikususkana na malango gha charu".[28]

Makhoti gha Vyakusazgirapo

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Pa khoti likuru pakaŵa makhoti gha majisitirati agho ghakaŵa mu magulu ghanayi:

  1. Ŵeruzgi ŵa mu vigaŵa, ŵeruzgi ŵalara na ŵeruzgi ŵa mu vigaŵa. Pa milandu yakukhwaskana na milandu yakukhwaskana na kuswa malango, makhoti agha ghakakanizganga munthu kukhala mu jele kwa vyaka vitatu. Kweni pa milandu yakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ŵakamupanga ndalama zakukwana madola 200 gha ku Britain na ndalama zakukwana madola 144 gha ku United States.
  2. Makhoti gha mu vigaŵa. Mu milandu ya milandu, ŵangalangura munthu kuti wakhale mu jele kwa chaka chimoza kwambura kuti khoti likukolerana nayo. Ŵakaŵanga na mazaza pa milandu ya ŵanthu ŵekha pa ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 100.
  3. Makhoti gha Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa Chigaŵa.
  4. Makhoti gha Ŵasambizgi gha Sukulu

Khoti Likuru likeruzganga milandu ya upusikizgi, kukoma ŵanthu, panji kukhumba kukoma munthu. Nkhani zakukhwaskana na malango gha boma, vilato, na nthengwa zikaŵa mu khoti likuru.

Makhoti gha Ŵanthu ŵa mu Charu

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Dango la mu 1937 likapeleka wanangwa kwa Kazembe wa boma wa kupeleka dango lakuti makhoti gha mu charu ichi ghazomerezgeke. Ŵakaŵanga na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi pera, kweni ŵakaŵaso na mazaza pa milandu ya ŵanthu wose. Makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ghakazomerezgekanga yayi kupeleka cilango ca nyifwa, nesi kweruzga ŵanthu kuti ŵacitenge vyamizimu kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Pakaŵaso khoti la apilu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada, kweni para ŵandalikhazikiske, ŵakachitanga apilu kwa Commissioner wa ku Province na High Court.

Ŵeruzgi Ŵakuru ŵa kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia

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Incumbent Tenure Notes
Took office Left office
Sir Leicester Paul Beaufort 1901 1911

Chief Justices of Northern Rhodesia

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Incumbent Tenure Notes
Took office Left office
Cyril Gerard Brooke Francis[29] 1941 afterwards Chief Justice of Bermuda, 1941
Sir Herbert Charles Fahie Cox[30][31] 1945 1951 afterwards Chief Justice of Tanganyika
Sir Arthur Werner Lewey[32] 1951 1955
Sir (Edward) Peter Stubbs Bell 1955 1957 Died in office
John Bowes Griffin 1957 1957 acting Chief Justice
Sir George Paterson 1957 1961
Sir Diarmaid William Conroy 1961 1964 afterwards Chief Justice of Zambia, 1964–1965

Kulongozga ŵanthu

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Lord Passfield

Kufuma mu ma 1890 mpaka apo boma la BSAC likamalira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakalondezganga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵangalongozgeka na boma. Kweni mu Barotseland, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵapoka mazaza ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupeleka urunji, ndipo ŵakathereska awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusuzga. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1920, fundo yakuti boma likhalenge mwakudunjika, iyo Fumu Lugard yikayowoya mu buku lake lakuti "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa", yikapulikikwa chomene. Lugard wakayowoya kuti mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga yayi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza pa vyaru ivi. Ndipouli, ivyo vikacitika mu Northern Rhodesia mu 1930 vikaŵa vyakupambana comene na ivyo vikacitikanga kale. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa ndyali na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake awo ŵakimikika ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga, kweni ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka pa nkhani ya weruzgi kweniso ndalama. Padera pa Barotseland, ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵamazaza ŵa ku malo agha nga ni ŵimiliri.[33][34]

Mu Juni 1930, mulara wa boma la Labour, Lord Passfield, wakalemba buku lakuti Memorandum on Native Policy in East and Central Africa. Ivyo wakayowoya pa nkhani ya makoloni vikaŵa vyakukhozgera fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵakuzirwa chomene, iyo munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Colonial Affairs, zina lake Leo Amery, wakayezga kuchepeska mu 1927 apo wakambiska komiti ya Hilton Young. Mu Memorandum ya Passfield, pakalembeka kuti palije maboma ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa agho ghazomerezgekenge. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵa ku East Africa. Mu 1933, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu Northern Rhodesia ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵikane pamoza na Southern Rhodesia, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.

Kwambira mu 1943, ŵakapanga maofesi gha vigaŵa 6 kuti ghaŵe malo ghaciŵiri agho ghakwimira ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Maofesi agha ghakaŵa gha ulongozgi pera, ndipo wakeneranga yayi kupulikira ulongozgi wawo. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa, kweni pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku mizi. Mu 1946, pakaŵaso wupu unyake wachitatu uwo ukaŵa na wupu wa African Representative Council. Wupu wa African Representative Council nawo ukaŵa wa ulongozgi, kweni pamasinda ukapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵimikike kuŵa mamembara gha wupu wa malango.[35]

Ndondomeko za vyaru

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Ku Northern Rhodesia, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikayowoya kuti yikaŵa na malo ghose agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa njanji na kufupi na matawuni, kweni pakwamba ŵakasoŵanga malo yayi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pachoko. Mu 1913, BSAC yikanozga vyakuti ku Southern Rhodesia kuŵe malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ndipouli, mu 1928 na 1929, ŵakazenga malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Mu 1938, ŵakapharazga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuzura na ŵanthu, ndipo malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ghakaŵa ghambura ŵanthu.

Mu 1918, Komiti ya vya Malango ya Privy Council ya ku United Kingdom yikakana ivyo kampani ya British South Africa Company yikayowoya vya malo agho ghakaŵa ku Southern Rhodesia. Ndipouli, ivyo kampani iyi yikayowoya ku Northern Rhodesia vikajintha pa vinthu ivyo yikapeleka m'malo mwa kuwina, ndipo nangauli komiti ya ku Northern Rhodesia mu 1921 yikayowoya kuti ivyo yikayowoya vipelekekeso ku Privy Council, boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti paŵe mtende kuti boma la BSAC lileke kulamulira ku Northern Rhodesia. Ivi vikalongora kuti fundo ya kampani iyi njaunenesko. Kuyana na phangano ilo likachitika pa Seputembala 29, 1923, boma la Northern Rhodesia likamba kulamulira malo ghose agho ghakaŵa pasi pa BSAC kwambira pa Epulero 1, 1924, ndipo likapelekanga hafu ya ndalama za renti ku kampani iyi.[36]

Kulimbana na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵachoko

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Cakwamba, matchalitchi gha mu Africa nga ni Ethiopian Church mu Barotseland, Kitawala panji gulu la Watchtower na ghanyake ghakakanizga kuti ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe ŵaŵalongozgenge ndipo ŵakambiska visambizgo vya Cikristu ca Millenialism ivyo ŵamazaza ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni vyakupusika. Ŵakacitanga vinthu vya ndyali yayi, kweni ŵakagomezganga kuti gulu la Watchtower likacitako vivulupi ivyo vikacitika mu 1935. Caciŵiri, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambizgika na ŵamishonale panji ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora pa umoyo wawo. Ŵakapulikira yayi m'paka m'ma 1930, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga chomene kuti ŵasambizgenge makora ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ulimi. Ndipouli, mawupu ghanandi agho ghakawovwiranga ŵanthu ku Copperbelt ghakakhwaskika na vivulupi vya mu 1935.

Pa nyengo iyi, msonkho wa nyumba ukaŵanga wakwamba mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana vya ku Northern Rhodesia. Kweni mu 1909-10, gulu la Gwembe la ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga likachitiska chivulupi chambura nkhaza. Mu 1920, msonkho wa Hut ukakwera comene, ndipo mu 1935, msonkho wa Copperbelt ukakwera comene.

Mu 1935, boma la kumpoto kwa Rhodesia likapempha kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya Copperbelt ŵasazgireko msonkho wawo. Nangauli ŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakaphalirika vya kusintha uku pa Janyuwale 11, 1935, kweni pa Meyi 20 pera ndipo ŵakalemba chikalata cha kusintha msonkho. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama izi kukakwiyiska ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi, awo ŵakaŵa kale na vifukwa vyakudandawura cifukwa ca malipiro ghacoko ndiposo vinthu viheni ivyo ŵakacitanga, kweniso cifukwa ca malango agho ŵakakhazikiska mu 1927. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Copperbelt ŵambe kunjira migodi kufuma pa Meyi 22 m'paka Meyi 25 mu migodi yitatu pa migodi yinayi ya mu chigaŵa ichi, Mufulira, Nkana na Roan Antelope. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakatumika kufuma ku Southern Rhodesia kuluta ku Nkana kuti ŵakaŵakanizge. Pa Meyi 29, apo ŵapolisi ŵa ku Luanshya ŵakayezga kutimbanizga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, nkhaza zikacitika ndipo ŵanthu 6 ŵa ku Africa ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ntheura wose ŵakazizikika, ndipo ungano uwu ukamara apo pakaŵa komiti ya kafukufuku. Likati fundo yikuru yikaŵa umo ŵakayowoyera vya kukwezgeka kwa ndalama izi.[37]

Cinthu cimoza ico cikacitika cifukwa ca kunjilira mu nchito iyi cikaŵa kukhazikiska mawupu gha ŵalara ŵa mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu Copperbelt, kulondezga ndondomeko iyo yikaŵako pa migodi ya Roan Antelope. Makhoti agha ghakacitanga nga ni makhoti ghacigaŵa, ndipo nkhani zinyake zikapelekekanga kwa manejara wa migodi panji uyo wakwendeska mulimo wa ku malo agha. Makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ghakaŵanga kuwaro kwa matawuni ndipo pamanyuma ghakiza mu matawuni. Mufulira ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba, mu 1938, ndipo kuumaliro wa 1940, ŵakaŵa mu Kitwe, Luanshya, Ndola na Chingola pa Copperbelt, Lusaka na Broken Hill mu pakati pa caru, na Livingstone pa mphaka na Southern Rhodesia. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, mu matawuni ghakuru gha mu cigaŵa ca Copperbelt, mukaŵaso mawupu ghakupeleka ulongozgi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga makora yayi.

Mu Malichi 1940, kukawuka nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵantchito. Ici cikacitika cifukwa ca ciwukirano ca ŵaganyu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakacitanga maseŵero gha ku Copperbelt, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapike malipiro ghanandi, bonasi ya nkhondo, na kulekeska ŵaganyu ŵa ku Africa. Ivyo ŵaganyu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga vikapokelereka, kusazgapo phangano lakuti ŵaleke kuleka kugwira nchito. Kufuma apo, ŵakakana kusazgirako malipiro gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi. Boma likakhwimiska ŵeneco ŵa migodi kuti ŵasazgireko malipiro gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga migodi, kweni pamanyuma pa kulimbana pakati pa ŵantchito awo ŵakapokanga malipiro ghawo na awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mwakukakaŵa, likayezga kucicizga ŵanthu aŵa kuti ŵawelere ku nchito. Pa nkhaza izo zikachitika, ŵasilikari ŵakaŵawukira, ndipo ŵanthu 13 ŵakafwa nyengo yeneyiyo ndipo ŵanyake ŵanayi ŵakafwa pamanyuma. Mulara wa Vyaru wakapangiska Kazembe kuti waŵike Komiti Yakusanda, iyo yikasanga kuti vinthu vikusintha viŵi yayi pa Nkana na Mufulira kufuma mu 1935, nangauli pa Nchanga na Roan Antelope pakaŵavya kutimbana. Likayowoya kuti ŵapange malipiro ghanandi na kusintha vinthu vinyake, ivyo ŵeneco ŵa migodi ŵakazomerezgana. Fundo yaumaliro iyi yikapelekeka yayi pa nyengo yira, kweni yikamba kulondezgeka mu 1943.[38][39]

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakakolerana na Britain. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya ku East Africa, Nkhondo ya ku Madagascar na ku Burma. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, boma la Britain likapangana na maboma gha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia na Canada kuti ghapelekenge mkuŵa wose uwo ŵasilikari ŵakakhumbikwiranga. Ici cikapangiska kuti paleke kuŵa mpikisano, ntheura mitengo yikakhalanga pasi. Ndipouli, ŵakaŵa na msika wakukhorweska, ndipo mu 1943, Unduna wa Vyakupereka Vyakurya ukalipira hafu ya ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakusazgirako migodi ya Nchanga.

Mu 1941, pakaŵa mavoti; Roy Welensky, mulongozgi wa Rhodesian Railway Workers' Union, uyo wakasankhika mu 1938, wakambiska Northern Rhodesian Labour Party nga ni chipani icho chikakhumbanga kuti ŵasazgane. Ŵanthu wose ŵankhondi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakasoleka. Ivi vikamanyikwa mu London uko ŵimiliri ŵa Labour Party ŵakafipiranga mtima kuti usange boma lingazomerezga ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakukhumba, mbwenu vinthu viŵenge makora yayi. Welensky wakalongozga mu wupu wakulongozga kuti ŵakanizge wanangwa wa British South Africa Company uwo ukasanganga wovwiri wa ku Africa; kampani iyi yikakolerana mu 1949 kuti yikapeleke 20% ya ndalama zake ku boma, ndipo yikapeleka wanangwa wake wose mu 1986.

Wupu wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland

[lemba | kulemba source]
Mapu gha Rhodesia na Nyasaland
Nkhani ikulu: Wupu wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland

Kuyezgayezga kwambiska ubwezi

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu 1915, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikapeleka fundo yakuti Southern Rhodesia na Northern Rhodesia viŵikane pamoza, kweni boma la Southern Rhodesia likakana fundo iyi mu 1917. Mu 1921, ŵakakanaso fundo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakati ŵavota kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha mu 1922, ŵakagwentha, ndipo mu 1927, Leo Amery uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Colonial Affairs, wakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia kuti wakakolerana nawo pa nkhani ya kupoka vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Rhodesia.

Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene, pafupifupi 3,000 pakuyaniska na awo ŵakakhalanga ku Southern Rhodesia, kweni ŵakakwera comene pamanyuma pakuti ku Copperbelt ŵakasanga malo mu ma 1920. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha. Ndipouli, boma la Britain likati lakana fundo yakuti mu Africa muŵe maboma ghanyake gha ŵazungu, ŵakambaso kudumbiskana vya kuwungana.

Mu 1927, boma la Britain likimika komiti yakucemeka Hilton Young Commission, kuti yidumbiskane za umo vyaru vya ku East na Central Africa vingaŵira pamoza. Ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland vikwenera kukolerana na East Africa, kweni lipoti la ŵacoko waka likakolerana kuti vigaŵa viŵiri ivi vikolane na Southern Rhodesia cifukwa ca cuma. Nanga ni apo lipoti la Komiti iyi lindasindikizgike, pakaŵa kudumbiskana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia na boma la Southern Rhodesia za umo vyaru viŵiri ivi viŵirenge mu koloni limoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kunjira mu Southern Rhodesia para palije nthowa yinyake yakuwusira. Apo makampani gha migodi gha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ghakakhwaskika na suzgo yikuru mu ma 1930, ŵimiliri ŵake ŵakakhumba kuti ŵayanane mu Janyuwale 1936 ku Victoria Falls, kweni Southern Rhodesian Labour Party ndiyo yikaŵakanizga, cifukwa boma la Britain likakanizga fundo za ku Southern Rhodesia za kusungiska nchito na kupatukana.[40]

Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Copperbelt ŵakachitiranga nkhaza mu 1935, pakaŵa chisankho cha ku wupu wakulongozga, ndipo ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalindiliranga ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵaŵike pamoza vyaru vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Rhodesia. Pamanyuma pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Victoria Falls pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakusoleka na ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vya ku Southern Rhodesia mu Janyuwale 1936, ŵakadumura kuti ŵaŵikane pamoza "kuyana na dango ilo likupeleka wanangwa wa kujiwusa mwakukwana". Boma la United Kingdom likakana kukhazikiska komiti ya Royal Commission, kweni pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Europe ŵa ku Rhodesia wose ŵaŵikapo mtima, comenecomene Godfrey Huggins, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Southern Rhodesia kwambira mu 1933, boma la Britain likakolerana mu 1937 kuti likhazikiske komiti ya Bledisloe. Fundo zake izo zikuyowoya za usange kungaŵa kukolerana pakati pa Rhodesia na Nyasaland.[41]

Wupu Wakulongozga

[lemba | kulemba source]

Komiti ya Bledisloe yikalemba lipoti mu Malichi 1939, ndipo yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵangasanga candulo pa umoyo wawo na vya cuma cifukwa ca bizinesi ya ku Europe. Ndipouli, likaghanaghananga kuti pakukhumbikwira kusintha kukuru ku vigaŵa viŵiri: cakwamba, kuchepeska ndyali za ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia, ndipo caciŵiri, kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵimilire mu vyaru vyose. Khoti likaghanaghananga kuti malo ghose ghatatu ghaŵe pamoza, ndipo likaghanaghananga kuti ntchakusuzga comene kunozgekera umo vinthu viŵirenge munthazi para boma la Germany laŵa paubwezi. Likakondwa yayi na nthowa yinyake yakuti Southern Rhodesia yipokelere Copperbelt. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga kuti ŵaŵikane pamoza na Southern Rhodesia, kweni mu nyengo yakunthazi, Komiti iyi yikayowoyapo. Ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland viŵikike pamoza na vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe vyekha. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakakhuŵara comene, kweni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, vinthu vikasintha comene pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, kukolerana pakati pa vigaŵa vitatu ivi kukakura comene, ndipo mu 1941 pakaŵa wupu wakucitira vinthu pamoza, ndipo mu 1945 pakaŵa wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi wa Central African Council, uwo ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵatatu na munthu yumoza wakuzirwa wa ku Europe. Maboma gha Britain agho ghakaŵako nkhondo yikati yamara ghakakhorwa kuti ku Africa kwaŵanga na ndalama zichoko, ntheura ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵe na boma lakuzomerezgana, m'malo mwa kuwungana uko boma la Southern Rhodesia likakhumbanga. Mulembi wakwamba wa Nkhondo ya ku Africa kufuma mu 1946 m'paka 1950, Arthur Creech Jones wa Labour Party, wakakhumba yayi kudumbiskana na Godfrey Huggins, nduna yikuru ya Southern Rhodesia cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa mu chipani cake. Wakakana yayi kuti paŵe wupu wakuchemeka Federation, uwo ukayowoyeka pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Victoria Falls mu 1949 pakati pa boma la Southern Rhodesia, na ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhika panji "ŵambura kuzomerezgeka" ŵa Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Roy Welensky, kwambura ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Muwukirano wake James Griffiths, uyo wakaŵako mu 1950 m'paka 1951, ndiyo wakeneranga kwamba kudumbiskana na Huggins na Welensky, awo ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵachokoŵacoko ŵa ku Rhodesia. Pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa boma la Britain mu 1951, Oliver Lyttelton uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Colonial, wakawuskapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵafumbenge maghanoghano ghawo. Ŵakati ŵasandaso fundo izo ŵakayowoya, ŵakakolerana. Pamanyuma pa fundo yiwemi ya ku Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia yikapokelereka na Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland apo yikapangika mu 1953.[42][43]

Ŵakususka Wupu Wakulongozga

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu 1948, wupu uwu ukasintha zina lake kuŵa Northern Rhodesia Congress ndipo Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika, uyo wakaŵa wa mbumba ya Barotse, wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Mu ma 1940, mabungwe gha banthu ŵa ku Africa agho ghakalongozganga ŵantchito ŵa mu migodi ŵakasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesian African Mineworkers' Union. Mu nyengo ya Mbikusita Lewanika, bungwe la Congress likakura comene. Chikaŵa na fundo zakususka, kweni Mbikusita Lewanika wakatemwanga kuchezga na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1950 na 1951 wakatondeka kupeleka uthenga wakususkana na Federation ndipo mu 1951 Mbikusita Lewanika wakathereskeka ndipo wakasinthika na Harry Nkumbula.

Harry Nkumbula, msambizgi wa ku Kitwe, wakapika mwaŵi wa kusambira ku London, uko wakakumana na Hastings Banda. Vinthu vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga vikalembeka mu chikalata icho Nkumbula wakanozga ku Northern Rhodesia na Banda ku Nyasaland mu 1950, pambere Nkumbula wandawelere ku Northern Rhodesia. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasuskanga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵazungu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ndiwo ŵangaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Nkumbula wakawelera ku Northern Rhodesia mu 1950 kuti wakatimbane na Federation na Mbikusita Lewanika. Kuwukira kwake kukapangiska kuti ŵalongozgi ŵanyake na ŵanthu ŵakutemwera vyamalonda ŵaleke kukhozgera Congress, kweni Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, umo chipani ichi chikasinthikira zina mu 1951, yikakhorweska African Representative Council kuti yikhozgere ŵaŵiri ŵa mamembala ghake kuŵa mamembala gha African-nominated members of the Legislative Council mu 1951. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, boma likayezga kupoka mazaza pa nkhani za ku Africa kufuma ku ofesi ya Britain Colonial Office, kulongora kuti wofi wa Nkumbula na Banda ukaŵa waunenesko. Wakawovwiraso kuchepeska vinthu vinyake ivyo Britain likakhumbanga kuti vichitike mu Africa.

Northern Rhodesian African National Congress yikaŵa chipani chichoko chomene icho chikaŵa pasi pa Mbikusita Lewanika, kweni Nkumbula wakagwiliskira ntchito ŵakususka ŵa Federation kuti ŵasazgireko unandi wawo. Mu 1951, Kenneth Kaunda, uyo kale wakaŵa msambizgi, wakazgoka Secretary of Congress mu Northern Province, ndipo mu 1953 wakasamira ku Lusaka nga Secretary General of Congress, pasi pa Nkumbula. Nangauli boma likayezgayezga kuti lileke kukanizga kuti boma ili liŵepo, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakazomera. Kaunda na Nkumbula ŵakamba kukhozgera kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha, m'malo mwa kusazgirako waka mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Padera pa kukhumba kuti Federation yipatuke, Congress yikadandawura na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakadandawura navyo, nga ni "color bar", kukana ntchito zinyake panji mauteŵeti ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, kweniso malipiro ghachoko na vinthu viheni ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Kaunda wakaŵa wakumanyikwa pakunozga vyakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwungana, kweni mu 1955, iyo na Nkumbula ŵakakakika myezi yiŵiri.

Kujalirika mu jele kukapangiska kuti Kaunda waŵe na nkharo ziheni, ndipo wakalutilira kulimbana na boma. Kweni Nkumbula wakachitapo kanthu mwambura kugomezgeka pa nyengo iyo pakaŵa kutondeka kugwira ntchito mu 1953. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Nkumbula ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti wakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama za chipani kuti wasangepo candulo. Ndipouli, Kaunda wakalutilira kovwira Nkumbula nangauli mu 1956 Nkumbula wakayezga kumazga kampeni yakususkana na mtundu. Kaunda wakaleka kuchezga na Nkumbula apo wakakhala myezi yinkhondi na umoza ku Britain, wakagwira nchito na chipani cha Labour pa nkhani ya kuleka kukoloneska caru. Kweni wakamalizga waka mu Okutobala 1958 apo Nkumbula wakayezga kuti wafumiske ŵakususka ŵake mu Congress na kuŵa na mazaza pa chipani. Mu mwezi wenewura, Kaunda pamoza na ŵaciwukirano ŵanandi ŵakafumapo na kupanga Zambia African National Congress, ndipo Kaunda wakaŵa pulezidenti.[44]

Umaliro wa Wupu Wakulongozga na wanangwa

[lemba | kulemba source]

Pambuyo pa Kaunda na ma radicals, Nkumbula adaganiza kuti Northern Rhodesian African National Congress ipikisana nawo zisankho za Legislative Council zomwe zizichitika pansi pa 1959 Order-in Council mu Okutobala 1959. Kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kunjira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, wakachita phangano na ŵanthu ŵambura kujikora. Kaunda na Zambia African National Congress ŵakaghanaghana vyakuti ŵaleke kutora mavoti agha, cifukwa ŵakaghanaghana kuti mavoti gha mu 1959 ghakaŵa ghakutemwera mtundu. Ndipouli, pambere mavoti ghandambe, boma likapharazga kuti ku Nyasaland na Banda kuli suzgo likuru ndipo ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi ŵakakakika kwambura kweruzgika. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, pa 12 March 1959, kazembe wa Northern Rhodesia nayo wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru, wakakaka 45 ŵa Zambia African National Congress kusazgapo Kaunda na kukanizga chipani. Pamanyuma, Kaunda wakakakika na kuŵikika mu jele myezi 19 cifukwa ca uryarya. Kuŵikika kwa boma la vyakofya ku Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland kukalongora umaliro wa viyezgo vya vyaru vyawo vya kugwira nchito mukati mwa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, na kwamba kwa kufumiska wanangwa mwaluŵiro.

Nangauli Nkumbula na chipani chake ŵakapokera vithuzi vinandi pa mavoti gha mu Okutobala 1959, kweni ŵakagwiliskira ntchito makora yayi Kaunda ndipo ŵakamazga chigaŵa chinyake cha Northern Rhodesian African National Congress icho pamoza na ŵa Zambia African National Congress ŵakapangiska United National Independence Party mu Okutobala 1959. Kaunda wakati wafuma mu jele mu Janyuwale 1960, wakamba kulongozga gulu ili. Nkumbula na awo ŵakakhalapo mu Congress ŵakalutilira kukhozgeka kumwera kwa charu, uko nyengo zose wakaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵanandi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ila na plateau ya Tonga, kweni United National Independence Party ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza kunyake.

Sir Roy Welensky, uyo wakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma kufuma mu Novembala 1956, wakapangiska Alan Lennox-Boyd, Secretary of Colonial Affairs kufuma mu 1954 m'paka mu 1959, kuti wawovwire boma la Federation na kuzomerezga kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Africa. Ndimo boma la Britain la Harold Macmillan likaghanaghaniranga m'paka apo likapharazgira kuti kuli suzgo yikuru. Komiti ya Monckton yikati wupu uwu ungalutilira yayi kuwusa kupaturako ku boma panji kusintha chomene malango gha mtundu. Likayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vya Africa ŵaŵe mu vyaru vya Nyasaland na Northern Rhodesia ndipo vigaŵa ivi viŵe na wanangwa wa kufumamo mu wupu uwu para pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi.[45][46]

Iain Macleod wakasintha Lennox-Boyd kuŵa Secretary wa Colonial mu Okutobala 1959: wakamufumiska Banda ndipo wakadumbiskana nayo za dango la boma la Nyasaland, kuti lilandirenge mavoti mu 1961 agho ghakatenge ghapangiske kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵaŵe na wanandi mu wupu wakuzenga malango. Ndipouli, Macleod wakaŵa wakucenjera comene pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa ndyali ku Northern Rhodesia. Welensky wakasuska comene ndondomeko ya wupu wakulongozga uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa (16 ŵa ku Africa na 14 ŵa ku Europe), ndipo cifukwa ca kukakamizgika na ŵabali ŵake, Macleod wakazomera fundo ya Welensky yakuti paŵe wupu wa ŵanthu 45, 15 ŵa iwo ŵakasankhikenge na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, 15 na ŵa ku Europe, 14 na ŵa ku Asia, ndipo yumoza na ŵa ku Europe. Padera pa kukwezga comene mavoti agho ghakaŵa pa mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, mu vigaŵa 14 ivyo vikucemeka kuti "vyaru vyawo" ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuti awo ŵafika pa mavoti agha ŵapokere mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ghakukwana 10 peresenti na gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe 10 peresenti. Ndondomeko yakusuzga iyi, iyo yikakhumbikwiranga kuti munthu waŵe na ndalama zinandi, yikagwiriskirika nchito pa maungano gha mu Okutobala 1962. Pa chigamulo ichi, chipani cha United National Independence Party cha Kaunda chikapokera vithuzi 14 pera na mavoti ghakukwana 60%; chipani cha European Federal chikapokera vithuzi 16 na mavoti 17%, ndipo Congress ya Nkumbula yikapokera vithuzi 7: vithuzi 37 pera pa vithuzi 45 vikazura, nga umo vikaŵira mu vigaŵa vinandi vya "national", pakaŵavya chipani icho chikapokera vithuzi 10% vya ku Africa na Europe.

Nangauli Congress yikakolerana na chipani cha Federal kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi ŵazamuvotera awo ŵa chigaŵa chinyake mu vigaŵa vinyake vya "national", kweni Nkumbula wakazomera kugwira ntchito mu wupu uwo ukaŵa na Kaunda kuŵa nduna yikuru. Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland yikamara pa 31 December 1963, ndipo chalo chikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 October 1964, na Kaunda kuŵa President..[47][48]

Ŵanthu

[lemba | kulemba source]
Year Ŵanthu
Natives Europeans Coloured Asiatic
1911 826,000 1,497
1923 1,000,000 3,750
1925 1,140,642 4,624
1931 1,372,235 13,846
1932 1,382,705 10,553
1933 1,371,213 11,278
1935 1,366,425 10,000
1940 1,366,641 15,188
1943 – 18,745
1945 1,631,146 21,371
1946 1,634,980 21,919
1951 1,700,577 37,221 1,092 2,529
1954 2,040,000 60,000 1,400 4,600
1956 2,110,000 64,800 1,550 5,400
1960 2,340,000 76,000 2,000 8,000
1961 2,430,000 75,000 1,900 7,900
1963 3,460,000 74,000 2,300 8,900

Source: Whitaker's Almanack

Matampu gha ku Northern Rhodesia gha mu 1953 ghakukumbukira kukwaniska vyaka 100 kufuma apo Cecil Rhodes wakababikira

Mwambo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mathebulu ghapositi

[lemba | kulemba source]

Boma la Britain likafumiska mathamalindi gha ku Northern Rhodesia kwambira mu 1925 m'paka 1963. Kuti mumanye vinandi, wonani maposita gha ku Northern Rhodesia.

Northern Rhodesia Olympic Team badge
Northern Rhodesia Olympic Team badge

1964 Olympics

[lemba | kulemba source]

Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba kusintha zina lake na ndembera pakati pa viphikiro vya kujura na kujara maseŵero gha Olimpiki. Charu ichi chikanjira mu maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1964 nga Northern Rhodesia, ndipo chikafumapo pa chiphikiro chakumalizgira nga ni Zambia pa 24 Okutobala, zuŵa ilo wanangwa ukayowoyeka.

Wonaniso

[lemba | kulemba source]

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Ukaboni

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911 (although a protectorate, its official name was simply Northern Rhodesia)
  2. ↑ Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1911, S.R.O. 1911 No. 438, p. 85.
  3. ↑ Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, S.E.O. 1901 No. 567 (as amended, S.R.O. Rev. 1904, V.)
  4. ↑ North-Eastern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1900, S.R.O 1900 No. 89
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 753
  6. ↑ Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1924, S.R.O. 1924 No. 324, S.RO. & S.I. Rev VIII, 154
  7. ↑ "Merriam-Webster online dictionary".
  8. ↑ J S Galbraith, (1974) Crown and charter: The early Years of the British South Africa Company, pp. 101–3.
  9. ↑ J S Galbraith, (1974). Crown and charter: The early Years of the British South Africa Company, pp. 211–5, 217–9.
  10. ↑ David Gordon, (2000). Decentralized Despots or Contingent Chiefs: Comparing Colonial Chiefs in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo. KwaZulu-Natal History and African Studies Seminar, University of Natal, Durban.
  11. ↑ Government of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), (1964). White Paper on British South Africa Company's claims to Mineral Royalties, pp. 1135, 1138.
  12. ↑ I Brownlie, (1979). African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia, pp. 1306.
  13. ↑ Gann, L.H. (1960). "History of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1889–1953". Handbook to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Federal Information Department. pp. 62, 74.
  14. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 40–1, 45, 75–6.
  15. ↑ L H Gann, (1958). The Birth of a Plural Society: The Development of Northern Rhodesia under the British South Africa Company, 1894–1914, pp. 67, 74–5, 106–7.
  16. ↑ J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 87, 90–2.
  17. ↑ J Lunn, (1992). The Political Economy of Primary Railway Construction in the Rhodesias, 1890–1911, The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 2 pp. 239, 244.
  18. ↑ S Katzenellenbogen, (1974). Zambia and Rhodesia: Prisoners of the Past: A Note on the History of Railway Politics in Central Africa, pp. 65–6.
  19. ↑ G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 pp. 279–80.
  20. ↑ Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2 Transatlantic relations series. ABC-CLIO. p. 1157. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
  21. ↑ A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol.16, No. 2, p. 348.
  22. ↑ S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, Praeger, pp. 61, 68, 118.
  23. ↑ A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, pp. 349–50.
  24. ↑ S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, pp. 57–8, 81.
  25. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, pp. 109–10, 199.
  26. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, p. 234.
  27. ↑ Clegg, Edward (1960). Race and Politics:Partnership in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 269–270.
  28. ↑ G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, pp. 279–80.
  29. ↑ "No. 35097". The London Gazette. 7 Malichi 1941. p. 1364.
  30. ↑ "No. 37457". The London Gazette. 5 Febuluwale 1946. p. 818.
  31. ↑ "No. 39391". The London Gazette. 23 Novembala 1951. p. 6120.
  32. ↑ "No. 39417". The London Gazette. 25 Disembala 1951. p. 6707.
  33. ↑ B. Malinowski, (1929). Report of the Commission on Closer Union of the Dependencies in Eastern and Central Africa, p. 317.
  34. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 47–50.
  35. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 199, 207.
  36. ↑ G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 p. 281.
  37. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 51, 165–6.
  38. ↑ Report of the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Copperbelt, Northern Rhodesia, July 1940. Lusaka: Government Printer.
  39. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 169, 171–3, 176.
  40. ↑ C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, p. 9.
  41. ↑ C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, pp. 9–10.
  42. ↑ E Windrich, (1975). The Rhodesian Problem: A Documentary Record 1923–1973, Routledge pp. 22–5. ISBN 978-0-7100-8080-6.
  43. ↑ A Okoth, (2006). A History of Africa: African Nationalism and the de-colonisation process, [1915–1995], Volume 2 East African Publishers, p. 101. ISBN 978-9966-25-358-3
  44. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 278, 285, 289–91.
  45. ↑ R Blake, (1977). A History of Rhodesia, Knopf P.331. ISBN 0-394-48068-6.
  46. ↑ P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, Part I, Volume 9, pp.lxxiv-v, lxxx. ISBN 978-0-11-290586-8
  47. ↑ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 315–16.
  48. ↑ A Roberts, (1976).A History of Zambia, pp. 221–3.

Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

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