Miami

Sintha malink
Coordinates: 25°46′31″N 80°12′31″W / 25.775163°N 80.208615°W / 25.775163; -80.208615
Kufuma Wikipedia
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the city in Florida. For other uses, see Miami (disambiguation).

Miami
City
Downtown Miami panorama
Vizcaya Museum and Gardens
Freedom Tower
Kaseya Center
PortMiami
Flag of Miami
Flag
Official seal of Miami
Seal
Official logo of Miami
Logo
Nicknames: 
The 305, Magic City, Gateway to the Americas, Gateway to Latin America, Capital of Latin America[1] and Vice City
Map
Interactive map outlining Miami
Miami is located in Florida
Miami
Miami
Location within the state of Florida
Miami is located in the United States
Miami
Miami
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 25°46′31″N 80°12′31″W / 25.775163°N 80.208615°W / 25.775163; -80.208615[2]
CountryUnited States
StateFlorida
CountyMiami-Dade
SettledAfter 1858[lower-alpha 1]
IncorporatedJuly 28, 1896
Founded byJulia Tuttle
Named forMiami River, ultimately derived from Mayaimi
Government
 • TypeMayor–Commission
 • MayorFrancis Suarez (R)
Area
[5]
 • Total56.07 sq mi (145.23 km2)
 • Land36.00 sq mi (93.23 km2)
 • Water20.08 sq mi (52.00 km2)
 • Metro
6,137 sq mi (15,890 km2)
Elevation
6 ft (1.8 m)
Highest elevation
42 ft (12.8 m)
Population
 (2020)[6]
 • Total442,241
 • Estimate 
(2022)[7]
449,514
 • Rank44th in the United States
2nd in Florida
 • Density12,284.47/sq mi (4,743.55/km2)
 • Urban
[8]
6,077,522 (US: 4th)
 • Urban density4,884.8/sq mi (1,886.0/km2)
 • Metro
[9]
6,091,747 (US: 9th)
DemonymMiamian
Time zoneUTC– 05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC– 04:00
ZIP Codes
33101-33102, 33106, 33109, 33111-33112, 33114, 33116, 33119, 33122, 33124-33138, 33140-33147, 33149-33158, 33160-33170, 33172-33199, 33206, 33222, 33231, 33233-33234, 33238-33239, 33242-33243, 33245, 33247, 33255-33257, 33261, 33265-33266, 33269, 33280, 33283, 33296, 33299
Area code(s)305, 786
FIPS code12-45000
GNIS feature ID277593, 2411786
GDP (City, 2019)$151 billion[10] (14th)
GMP (Metro, 2020)$377.5 billion[11][12] (12th)
Websitemiamigov.com

Miami (Mayami) mwalamulo City of Miami, ni msumba m'mphepete mwa nyanja na malo gha Miami-Dade County ku South Florida, United States of America. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 442,241 pa census ya 2020,[6] ni msumba waciŵiri uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Florida, pamanyuma pa Jacksonville. Ni msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na ŵanthu 6.14 miliyoni, ndipo ni msumba ukuru wacitatu pa misumba yinandi ya ku Southeast kweniso wacinayi pa misumba yinandi mu United States. Msumba uwu uli na nyumba zakudikanya zakujumpha 300, ndipo 58 mwa nyumba izi ni zakudikanya mamita 150.[13]

Miami ni msumba ukuru wa vya ndalama, malonda, mitheto, na malonda gha pa caru cose.[14][15] Chigaŵa cha Miami ndicho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene mu Florida, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu charu ichi ni madola 344.9 biliyoni mu 2017.[16] Kuyana na kafukufuku wa UBS wa 2018 wa misumba 77 ya pa caru cose, Miami ni msumba wacitatu wakuzirwa comene mu U.S. na wacitatu wakuzirwa comene pa caru cose pa nkhani ya nkhongono zakugulira. Miami ni msumba wa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Hispanic na Latino ŵalipo 310,472, panji 70.2 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu msumba uwu.

Msumba wa Miami uli na mabanki ghanandi comene mu U.S. ndipo muli makampani ghanandi ghakurughakuru.[17]Chigaŵa cha Umoyo chili na vipatala vikuruvikuru na maofesi gha vyaumoyo agho ghakukolerana na Yunivesite ya Miami, kusazgapo Jackson Memorial Hospital, chipatala chikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami's academic medical center and teaching hospital, and others engaged in health-related care and research. Ku PortMiami, uko kuli dowoko la msumba uwu, ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwendako pa charu chose. Ku Miami ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Nyengo zinyake msumba wa Miami ukuchemeka "Mulyango wa ku Latin America" cifukwa ca malonda na mitheto iyo yikukolerana na caru ici.[18]

Mu 2022, msumba wa Miami ukaŵa wa nambara 7 mu United States pa nkhani ya bizinesi, ndalama za ŵanthu, kusinthana na ŵanthu, kusangwa na vinthu vyakuthupi, na ndyali. Ni msumba waciŵiri uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwungana mu U.S. pamanyuma pa New York City na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni.[19][20]

Mazina gha malo[lemba | kulemba source]

Zina la msumba uwu lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti Mayaimi, ilo likung'anamura Nyanja ya Okeechobee, na zina la ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Nyanja iyi. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakuchema Miami kuti The 305, Magic City, Gateway to Americas, Gateway to Latin America, Capital of Latin America na Vice City.[1]

Mbili[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: History of Miami
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Miami.
Wonaniso: National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami
In 1896, approximately 400 men gathered in the building pictured to the left and voted to incorporate Miami.
The mouth of Miami River at Brickell Key, February 2010

Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tequesta ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Miami kwa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 pambere ŵandafike ku Europe. Mu muzi uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo ukaŵa wa m'ma 500-600 B.C.E. Ukaŵa pa mlomo wa mlonga wa Miami. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti fuko lose ili likaluta ku Cuba m'ma 1700.[21]

Settlement[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu 1566, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Florida, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, wakati malo agha nga Spain. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵakazenga ofesi yinyake ya ku Spain. Spain na Britain ŵakalutilira kulamulira Florida m'paka mu 1821, apo Spain yikapeleka charu ichi ku United States. Mu 1836, boma la United States likazenga Fort Dallas mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Miami, kuti likhazikiske chigaŵa cha Florida, kweniso kuti likanizge na kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Seminole. Ici cikapangiska kuti ku Miami kuŵe nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Seminole.

Founding[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu msumba wa Miami ndimo muli waka msumba ukuru wa ku United States uwo uli kuzengeka na mwanakazi. Julia Tuttle, uyo wakaŵa mulimi wa vipasi ndipo wakaŵa musambazi wa ku Cleveland, ndiyo wakaŵa mweneko wa malo agha. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, malo agha ghakachemekanga kuti "Biscayne Bay Country". Mu nyengo ya kuzizima kukuru kwa mu 1894 na 1895, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene mu msumba wa Miami. Pamanyuma, Julia Tuttle wakakhorweska Henry Flagler kuti wakhozge Florida East Coast Railway. Miami yikalembeka kuŵa msumba pa Julayi 28, 1896, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 300.[22]

20th century[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: Cuban migration to Miami

Kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bahamas na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma ku America ndiwo ŵakaŵa 40 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu.:25 Apo ŵeneco ŵa nyumba ŵakamba kulekera nyumba ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga Avenue J (iyo pamasinda yikazgoka NW Fifth Avenue), gulu la ŵanalume ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa na miliko ŵakenda mu cigaŵa ici na kucenjezga ŵanthu kuti ŵafumemo mu nyumba zawo panji ŵabombe.:33

Mu ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku Miami, ndipo vinthu vikenda makora chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa kumpoto ŵakasamira mu msumba uwu. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugomezga fundo za Jim Crow. Mulara wa ŵapolisi wa ku Miami, H. Leslie Quigg, wakabisanga yayi kuti iyo, nga ni ŵapolisi ŵanyake ŵazungu ŵa ku Miami, wakaŵa mu gulu la Ku Klux Klan. Nchakukondweska kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakalondezganga fundo za mu Baibolo. Mwaciyelezgero, Quigg "wakathyapura mwanalume munyake wa mtundu unyake pa wumba cifukwa ca kuyowoya na mwanakazi muzungu".[23]:53[24]

Nkhondo ya ku Florida iyo yikachitika mu 1920, chimphepo cha Miami icho chikachitika mu 1926, na suzgo likuru la vyachuma ilo likachitika mu 1930, vikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamba, msumba wa Miami ukazgoka msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States kuti ŵavikilire msumba uwu ku sitima za pasi pa nyanja za Germany. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba wa Miami ŵasazgikire; mu 1940, mu msumba uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu 172,172. Ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga mu tawuni iyi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ŵakayowoya kuti tawuni iyi yikakura chomene chaka na chaka mwakuti yikaŵa nga ni maji.[25]

Fidel Castro wakati wafika pa mazaza mu Cuba mu 1959, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasambazi ŵa ku Cuba ŵakachimbilira ku Miami. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene mu ma 1970, comenecomene mu 1972. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa maungano gha Democratic na Republican National Convention mu 1972 Presidential election. Ŵa Miami Dolphins nawo ŵakalemba mbiri na nyengo yawo yambura kuthereskeka. Mu nyengo iyi, masukulu gha ku malo agha ghakasintha chomene ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Miami nayo wakapangaso mabizinesi ghaphya na vinthu vinyake vyakukhozga umoyo wa ŵanthu mu New South mu ma 1980 na 1990. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, kumwera kwa Florida kukaŵa masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakamba chifukwa cha nkhondo ya kunjizga minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo. Nyengo zinyake pakaŵanga mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kweni mu hafu yaumaliro ya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa vyachuma, na wa mitheto. Ni msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu U.S. uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cisipanishi (panji kuti ndiwo ukujumpha El Paso, Texas), ndipo ndiwo msumba ukuru comene uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cuban-American.[26][27]

Makhalilo[lemba | kulemba source]

Mzinda wa Miami uli pakati pa mapiri gha Everglades kumanjiliro gha dazi na Biscayne Bay kumafumiro gha dazi. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa nyanja mamita 1.8 mu vigaŵa vinandi, chomenechomene mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghapacanya comene ghakusangika mumphepete mwa Miami Rock Ridge, iyo yili kusi kwa chigaŵa chikuru ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Miami. Chigaŵa chikuru cha msumba uwu chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Biscayne Bay, iyo yili na virwa vinandi vyachilengiwa na vyakupangika. Mphepo ya Gulf Stream, iyo ni nyanja yakuzizima, yikwenda mtunda wa makilomita 24 kufuma ku mtunda wa ku mpoto, ndipo nyengo ya mu msumba uwu njakuzizima chaka chose.[28]

Geology[lemba | kulemba source]

Malibwe agho ghali pasi pa malo agha ghakuchemeka Miami oolite panji miyala ya malibwe ya ku Miami. Malibwe agha ghali na dongo litali chomene ndipo ghakukwana mamita 15. Malibwe gha ku Miami ghakaŵako cifukwa ca kusintha kukuru kwa nyanja uko kukacitika mu nyengo ya ciwuvi. Vyaka 130,000 ivyo vyajumpha, maji gha mu nyanja ghakakwera mamita 8 kuluska umo ghaliri sono. Kumwera kose kwa Florida kukaŵa maji ghanandi yayi. Ku Florida kukaŵa malibwe ghanandi agho ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agho sono ni Miami na Dry Tortugas. Malo agho ghakaŵa kuseri kwa malibwe agha, ghakaŵa nyanja yikuru, ndipo malibwe gha miyala yakuchemeka Miami ghakafuma mu malo agha. Kwamba vyaka 100,000 ivyo vyajumpha, nyengo ya chiwuvi ya Wisconsin yikamba kuchepeska nyanja, ndipo pasi pa nyanja pakavumbukwa. Vyaka 15,000 ivyo vyajumpha, maji gha mu nyanja ghakaŵa kuti ghajumpha pa mamita 90 m'paka 110. Kufuma apo, nyanja yikakwera mwaluŵiro chomene, ndipo vyaka 4,000 ivyo vyajumpha, yikaŵa nga umo yiliri sono.[29]

Pasi pa dambo ili pali maji gha Biscayne Aquifer, agho ghakwenda kufuma kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Palm Beach m'paka ku Florida Bay. Likwiza kufupi comene na msumba wa Miami Springs na Hialeah. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Miami chikupokera maji kufuma ku Biscayne Aquifer. Chifukwa cha maji agha, ntchakusuzga kukumba pasi pa msumba uwu kwambura kukumana na maji. Pa cifukwa ici, misewu ya mu msumba wa Miami na yapafupi nayo njakukwezgeka.

Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu chili mumphepete mwa chigaŵa cha Everglades. Viyuni ivi vikunjira mu mizi ya ku Miami na mu misewu yikuruyikuru.[29]

Cityscape[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: List of tallest buildings in Miami and Miami Modern architecture
Downtown Miami seen from Virginia Key, 2014
Northern Downtown Miami overlooking Interstate 95, 2014
Downtown as seen from PortMiami, 2009

Neighborhoods[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Neighborhoods in Miami
View from one of the higher points in Miami, west of Downtown Miami. The highest natural point in the city of Miami is in Coconut Grove, near Biscayne Bay along the Miami Rock Ridge at 24 feet (7.3 m) above sea level.[30]
The historic district of Downtown Miami is one of the city's oldest with buildings constructed as far back as 1896.
Map of Miami neighborhoods

Miami yili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, kumwera, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Downtown. Msumba uwu uli na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Downtown Miami, icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu. Msumba wa Miami ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene wa boma la Florida, ndipo uli na mabanki ghanandi, makhoti, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vya ndalama, malo ghakusangulukira, masukulu, mapaki, na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu Brickell Avenue ndimo muli mabanki ghanandi gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu United States. Kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Downtown kuli chigaŵa cha Health District, icho chili pakati pa chipatala cha Miami, maofesi gha kafukufuku na biotechnology, pamoza na vipatala nga ni Jackson Memorial Hospital, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, na University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.[31]

Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Miami kuli mizi ya Coral Way, The Roads, na Coconut Grove. Ku Coral Way kuli malo ghakukhalako agho ghakazengeka mu 1922 pakati pa Downtown na Coral Gables. Coconut Grove, yikazengeka mu 1825, ndipo yikaŵa malo ghakusangwa na mizi. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Miami pa Dinner Key, Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, na Coconut Grove Convention Center. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vyakusanguluska, malo ghakurya, na mashopu. Coconut Grove yikumanyikwa na mapaki na minda yinandi, nga ni Vizcaya Museum, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, na nyumba zinyake zinandi.

Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Miami kuli vigaŵa vya Little Havana, West Flagler, na Flagami. Nangauli nyengo yinyake chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa cha Ŵayuda, kweni mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Central America na Cuba ndiwo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha Miami.

Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Miami kuli Midtown, chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa cha Edgewater mu Midtown chili na nyumba zikuruzikuru ndipo kuli Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. Wynwood ni cigaŵa ca luso ico cili na magalasi 10 mu malo ghakusungiramo vinthu ghakale, kweniso vili na vithuzithuzi vikuru vyakutowa. Ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵa ku Miami ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Design District na Upper Eastside, uko kuli nyumba zinandi za m'ma 1920 kweniso viyelezgero vya nyumba za miziyamu za ku Miami mu chigaŵa cha MiMo Historic District. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Miami kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vya Africa na Caribbean, kusazgapo Little Haiti, Overtown (uko kuli Lyric Theater), na Liberty City.[31]

Nyengo[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Miami
Summer afternoon thunderstorm rolling into Miami from the Everglades, July 2006

Miami wali na mphepo ya mphepo ya tropical monsoon (Köppen climate classification Am) na chihanya chamoto na chakumera na nyengo yakuzizima.[32][33]

Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa nyanja, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja, uli pachanya pa Tropic of Cancer, ndipo uli pafupi na Gulf Stream. Nyengo yakuzizima, kufuma mu Disembala m'paka mu Malichi, kukuzizima chomene. Mwezi wa Janyuwale ndiwo ngwakuzizima chomene, ndipo zuŵa lililose ŵakuzizima chomene. Kuzizima kwa nyengo ya chiwuvi kukuchepera 10 °C kwa maora ghatatu panji ghanayi.

Ku Miami kuli nyengo ziŵiri, nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala, kweniso nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima kufuma mu Novembala m'paka Epulero. Mu nyengo yakuzizima na ya chivula, zuŵa lililose kukuwa ŵaleza. Nyengo ya vula ku Miami yikulongosoreka kuti ni nyengo iyo chiwuvi chikuŵa pachanya pa 21 °C. Nyengo ya vula yikwamba pa zuŵa lakwamba, panji para pajumpha mazuŵa ghachoko waka. Mwakuyana waka, vula yikuchepa chomene ku Miami para vula ya muhanya yose yafika pa 21°C panji kusi. Kufuma mu 1956 m'paka mu 1997, nyengo ya chihanya yikambanga pa Epulero 16 m'paka Juni 3. Mu vyaka ivi, nyengo ya chihanya yikamaranga pa Seputembala 24 m'paka Novembala 1. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, matenthedwe ghakukhala pakati pa 80s mpaka 90s ° F (29-35 ° C) ndipo ghakukolerana na chithukivu chikuru, nangauli nyengo zinandi muhanya, chithukivu chikuchepeskeka na ŵaleza panji mphepo ya mu nyanja iyo yikufuma ku Atlantic Ocean. Mu nyengo iyi, mu charu ichi mukulokwa maji ghanandi. Mu myezi yakuzizima, jumi likwenda kufuma pa 22°C mu Juni kufika pa 23°C mu Ogasiti.

Pa Febuluwale 3, 1917, kukafika pa 27 ° F (−2.8 ° C) m'paka pa 38 ° C pa Julayi 21, 1942. Nangauli ku Miami kulije malo agho kulipo chiwuvi kufuma apo ŵakalembako, kweni mu malo ghanyake mu msumba uwu mukawa chiwuvi pa Janyuwale 19, 1977. Nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikaŵako mu United States mu Disembala 1989 yikaŵa ya 45 °F (7 °C). Nyengo zinyake, mu usiku umoza, maji ghakututuka chomene ghakaŵanga madigiri 29. Kuŵapo kwa nyengo ya chihanya yikulongora kuti nyengo ya chihanya yikwenda makora.

Nyengo ya chimphepo yikwamba pa Juni 1 m'paka pa Novembala 30, nangauli nyengo iyi yingajumpha. Nyengo yiwemi comene yakuti cimphepo ici cikhwaske msumba wa Miami ni apo nyengo ya ku Cape Verde yili paheni comene, pakati pa Ogasiti na kuumaliro wa Seputembala. Nangauli mu chigaŵa ichi vikusuzga chomene kuwona chimphepo chikuru, kweni chimoza chikachitika mu 1925 ndipo chinyake mu 1997. Pafupifupi 40% ya nyumba za ku Miami zili kuzengeka pa malo agho kuli maji ghanandi ndipo ni malo agho ghangabwangasuka.

Miami wali pasi pa chigaŵa cha 10b/11a cha dipatimenti ya vyakurya.

Miami njimoza mwa misumba yikuru ya mumphepete mwa nyanja ndiposo misumba yikuru-yikuru mu United States iyo yizamukhuŵara comene na kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuyana na lipoti la 2020 la bungwe la Resources for the Future, tawuni iyi njimoza mwa misumba iyo yili pangozi chomene. Mu 2070 maji gha mu nyanja ghazamukwera kufika pa masentimita 53 m'paka 100 mu Miami, ndipo ivi vizamupangiska kuti kuŵe chimphepo chikuru, kututuka kwa maji, kweniso kuti maji gha mu tawuni ghaleke kwenda makora.[34][35][36] Vinthu vinyake ivyo vingachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ni mphepo zinonono chomene na ŵaleza ŵakofya, ivyo vingapangiska chivula cha malibwe panji chimphepo chikuru. Ŵakuchitapo kanthu kuti ŵavikilire malo agha, kusazgapo kunozga malo ghakuzingilizga nyanja na kuŵikapo vigongwe, kuzengaso nyumba na misewu iyo njakukhora, na kunozga malo ghakukhalako nga ni malo ghakututuka. Mzinda wa Miami Beach waŵika ndalama zakukwana madola 500 miliyoni kuti uvikilire misewu, nyumba, na maji. Mtengo wa katundu mu msumba wa Miami ukuyana waka na mtengo wa katundu uyo wakusangika pa malo ghapacanya mu msumba uwu.[37]

Climate data for Miami International Airport, 1991−2020 normals,[lower-alpha 2] extremes 1895−present[lower-alpha 3]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 88
(31) 		89
(32) 		93
(34) 		97
(36) 		98
(37) 		98
(37) 		100
(38) 		98
(37) 		97
(36) 		95
(35) 		91
(33) 		89
(32) 		100
(38)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 84.4
(29.1) 		85.8
(29.9) 		89.0
(31.7) 		90.7
(32.6) 		92.8
(33.8) 		94.2
(34.6) 		94.7
(34.8) 		94.5
(34.7) 		93.2
(34.0) 		90.9
(32.7) 		87.0
(30.6) 		84.9
(29.4) 		95.8
(35.4)
Average high °F (°C) 76.2
(24.6) 		78.2
(25.7) 		80.6
(27.0) 		83.6
(28.7) 		86.7
(30.4) 		89.3
(31.8) 		90.6
(32.6) 		90.7
(32.6) 		89.0
(31.7) 		85.9
(29.9) 		81.3
(27.4) 		78.2
(25.7) 		84.2
(29.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 68.6
(20.3) 		70.7
(21.5) 		73.1
(22.8) 		76.7
(24.8) 		80.1
(26.7) 		82.8
(28.2) 		84.1
(28.9) 		84.2
(29.0) 		83.0
(28.3) 		80.1
(26.7) 		74.8
(23.8) 		71.2
(21.8) 		77.4
(25.2)
Average low °F (°C) 61.0
(16.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		65.6
(18.7) 		69.8
(21.0) 		73.4
(23.0) 		76.3
(24.6) 		77.5
(25.3) 		77.7
(25.4) 		76.9
(24.9) 		74.2
(23.4) 		68.3
(20.2) 		64.3
(17.9) 		70.7
(21.5)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 45.1
(7.3) 		48.5
(9.2) 		52.3
(11.3) 		59.6
(15.3) 		66.7
(19.3) 		71.5
(21.9) 		72.5
(22.5) 		72.8
(22.7) 		72.7
(22.6) 		65.0
(18.3) 		55.7
(13.2) 		49.7
(9.8) 		42.5
(5.8)
Record low °F (°C) 28
(−2) 		27
(−3) 		32
(0) 		39
(4) 		50
(10) 		60
(16) 		66
(19) 		67
(19) 		62
(17) 		45
(7) 		36
(2) 		30
(−1) 		27
(−3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.83
(46) 		2.15
(55) 		2.46
(62) 		3.36
(85) 		6.32
(161) 		10.51
(267) 		7.36
(187) 		9.58
(243) 		10.22
(260) 		7.65
(194) 		3.53
(90) 		2.44
(62) 		67.41
(1,712)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.7 6.5 6.3 6.9 10.8 17.6 17.3 19.4 18.1 13.8 8.6 8.0 141.0
Average relative humidity (%) 72.7 70.9 69.5 67.3 71.6 76.2 74.8 76.2 77.8 74.9 73.8 72.5 73.2
Average dew point °F (°C) 57.6
(14.2) 		57.6
(14.2) 		60.4
(15.8) 		62.6
(17.0) 		67.6
(19.8) 		72.0
(22.2) 		73.0
(22.8) 		73.8
(23.2) 		73.2
(22.9) 		68.7
(20.4) 		63.9
(17.7) 		59.2
(15.1) 		65.8
(18.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 219.8 216.9 277.2 293.8 301.3 288.7 308.7 288.3 262.2 260.2 220.8 216.1 3,154
Percent possible sunshine 66 69 75 77 72 70 73 71 71 73 68 66 71
Average ultraviolet index 5.1 6.7 8.6 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.5 9.3 7.1 5.3 4.5 8.2
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990),[38][39][40] The Weather Channel[41]
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[42]


Ŵanthu[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Miami
Wonani vinandi: Cuban migration to Miami
Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale
CensusPop.Note%±
19001,681—
19105,471225.5%
192029,571440.5%
1930110,637274.1%
1940172,17255.6%
1950249,27644.8%
1960291,68817.0%
1970334,85914.8%
1980346,8653.6%
1990358,6483.4%
2000362,4701.1%
2010399,45710.2%
2020442,24110.7%
2022 (est.)449,5141.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[44]
1900–1970[45] 1980[46] 1990[47]
2000[48] 2010[49] 2020[6] 2022[7]

Miami ni msumba ukuru comene mu South Florida, msumba waciŵiri ukuru comene mu Florida, ndipo ni msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6 miliyoni. Nangauli mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 14 pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi, kweni ni tawuni yichoko chomene pakuyaniska na misumba yinyake iyo yili pafupi na tawuni iyi. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska mu chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade, icho ntchikuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi.

Msumba uwu ukakura mwaluŵiro mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ndipo unandi wa ŵanthu ukakura kufuma pa 1,681 pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 1900 kufika pa 249,276 pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 1950. Ichi chikapangiska kuti msumba uwu uŵe ukuru chomene mu Florida, ndipo ukalutilira kuŵa msumba ukuru m'paka apo msumba wa Jacksonville ukazomerezgekera kuti uŵe msumba umoza. Kufuma nyengo yira, msumba wa Miami ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu Florida.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ndipo mu ma 1950 na 1960, ukakura mwaluŵiro chomene. Msumba uwu ukakura na 34.3% mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, apo ŵanthu ŵakakwana 334,859 pa kalembera wa mu 1970. Ndipouli, mu vyaka 30 vyakulondezgapo, msumba uwu ukakura waka na 8.2%, ndipo pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 362,470.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami ŵakamba kukura chomene chifukwa cha kuzenga nyumba zakudikanya mu Downtown Miami, Edgewater, na Brickell. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni (kufuma ku Brickell kumpoto m'paka ku Midtown Miami) ŵakakura pafupifupi 40% pakati pa 2010 na 2018. Kufuma mu 2000 kufika mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakakura na 10.2% ndipo ŵakafika 399,457 mu 2010. Mu ma 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu tawuni iyi chikakwana 400,000, ndipo pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2020, chikakura na 10.7%, kufika pa ŵanthu 442,241.[50][51]

Historical racial composition 2020[6] 2010[49] 2000[48] 1990[47] 1980[46]
White (non-Hispanic) 14.0% 11.9% 11.8% 12.2% 19.4%
Hispanic or Latino 70.2% 70.0% 65.8% 62.5% 55.9%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 11.9% 16.3% 19.9% 24.6% 23.7%
Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) 1.3% 0.9% 0.6% 0.5% 1.0%
Native American (non-Hispanic) 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Other Race (non-Hispanic) 0.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%
Two or more races (non-Hispanic) 2.0% 0.7% 1.7% N/A N/A
Population 442,241 399,457 362,470 358,548 346,865

Mu 1970, wupu wa Census Bureau ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami ŵakaŵa 45.3% ŵa mtundu wa Hispanic, 32.9% ŵa mtundu unyake, ndipo 22.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wakuda. Kukura kwa ŵanthu mu Miami kukapangika cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira mu msumba uwu kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya caru, m'paka mu ma 1960. Kwambira mu 1970 m'paka mu 2000, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu msumba uwu chikakhalilira waka, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵambura kufuma ku Spain awo ŵakakhalanga ku Miami ŵakafumako ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza kufuma ku Latin America, chomenechomene ku Cuba. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakakhazikika mu msumba uwu, ndipo mu 1985, msumba uwu ukasora meya wakwamba wa ku Cuba, Xavier Suarez.

Mu 1990, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Miami ŵakaŵa 90,000. Kweni kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵakwamba kuchepa. Pa nyengo ya kalembera uyo wakachitika mu 2020, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 52,447, ndipo ŵalipo 11.7% pera. Vinyake ivyo vikupangiska ni ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu malo nga ni Liberty City na Little Haiti.[53][54]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu yayi ŵakamba kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, apo ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati pa Miami awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kusamira ku chigaŵa cha Downtown (kufuma ku Latin America pera yayi, kweniso ku United States). Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambura kuzunura chiyowoyero cha Spain ŵakwere kufuma pa 11.8% pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2000 kufika pa 11.9% pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2010. Pamanyuma pa ivi, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu yayi ŵakakura mwaluŵiro chomene kuluska msumba wose mu ma 2010, ndipo pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2020, ŵanthu Ŵachizungu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu yayi ŵakaŵa 14.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ndipo ŵakaŵapo 61,829, nambara iyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene kwambira mu ma 1980. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Miami awo mba Hispanic yayi ŵakaluska ŵa ku America awo mba Black.

Demographic characteristics 2020[55][56][57] 2010[58][59][60] 2000[61][62][63] 1990[47] 1980[46]
Households 212,146 183,994 148,388 130,252 134,046
Persons per household 2.08 2.17 2.44 2.69 2.59
Sex Ratio 97.8 99.2 98.9 93.5 88.0
Ages 0–17 16.5% 18.4% 21.7% 23.0% 21.4%
Ages 18–64 69.0% 65.6% 61.3% 60.4% 61.6%
Ages 65 + 14.5% 16.0% 17.0% 16.6% 17.0%
Median age 39.7 38.8 37.7 35.9 38.2
Population 442,241 399,457 362,470 358,548 346,865
Economic indicators
2017–21 American Community Survey Miami Miami-Dade County Florida
Median income[64] $31,472 $32,513 $34,367
Median household income[65] $47,860 $57,815 $61,777
Poverty Rate[66] 20.9% 15.7% 13.1%
High school diploma[67] 79.2% 82.5% 89.0%
Bachelor's degree[67] 33.1% 31.7% 31.5%
Advanced degree[67] 13.2% 11.9% 11.7%
Language spoken at home[lower-alpha 4] 2015[lower-alpha 5] 2010[lower-alpha 6] 2000[70] 1990[71] 1980[72]
English 23.0% 22.6% 24.7% 26.7% 36.0%
Spanish or Spanish Creole 70.0% 69.9% 66.6% 64.0% 57.5%
French or Haitian Creole 4.5% 4.9% 6.0% 7.7% 2.6%
Other Languages 2.5% 2.6% 2.7% 1.6% 3.9%
Nativity 2015[lower-alpha 7] 2010[lower-alpha 8] 2000[77][78] 1990[79][71] 1980[72]
% population native-born 42.0% 41.9% 40.5% 40.3% 46.3%
... born in the United States 39.3% 39.3% 37.9% 37.3% 43.4%
... born in Puerto Rico or Island Areas 1.8% 1.7% 1.9% 2.2% 2.9%
... born to American parents abroad 0.9% 0.9% 0.6% 0.7%
% population foreign-born[lower-alpha 9] 58.0% 58.1% 59.5% 59.7% 53.7%
... born in Cuba 27.6% 27.5% 30.3% 32.1% 35.9%
... born in Nicaragua 5.4% 5.7% 7.2% 7.3% N/A[lower-alpha 10]
... born in Honduras 5.0% 5.4% 4.5% 1.9% N/A[lower-alpha 10]
... born in Haiti 2.8% 3.2% 3.9% 5.0% N/A[lower-alpha 10]
... born in Colombia 2.8% 2.4% 1.9% 1.2% N/A[lower-alpha 10]
... born in Venezuela 1.8% 1.4% 0.6% 0.4% N/A[lower-alpha 10]
... born in the Dominican Republic 1.7% 1.9% 2.0% 1.2% 0.6%
... born in Peru 1.1% 1.0% 0.9% 0.6% N/A[lower-alpha 10]
... born in Argentina 1.0% 1.1% 0.6% 0.2% N/A[lower-alpha 10]
... born in Mexico 0.9% 1.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.1%
... born in other countries 7.9% 7.4% 7.0% 9.4% 17.1%

Mu 2010, ŵanthu 34.4% ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Cuba, 15.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Central America (7.2% ŵa ku Nicaragua, 5.8% ŵa ku Honduras, 1.2% ŵa ku El Salvador, na 1.0% ŵa ku Guatemala), 8.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku South America (3.2% ŵa ku Colombia, 1.4% ŵa ku Venezuela, 1.2% ŵa ku Peru, 1.2% ŵa ku Argentina, 1.0% ŵa ku Chile na 0.7% ŵa ku Ecuador), 4.0% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America (0.5% ŵa ku Spain), 3.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Puerto Rico, 2.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Dominican, ndipo 1.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Mexico.

Mu 2010, ŵanthu 5.6% ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku West Indian panji Afro-Caribbean American (4.4% ŵa ku Haiti, 0.4% ŵa ku Jamaica, 0.4% ŵa ku Bahamas, 0.1% ŵa ku British West Indian, na 0.1% ŵa ku Trinidad na Tobago, 0.1% ŵa ku West Indian), 3.0% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Black Hispanics, ndipo 0.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa.

Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (ŵambura kufuma ku Spain) ŵakaŵa 11.9% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, 1.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Germany, 1.6% ŵa ku Italy, 1.4% ŵa ku Ireland, 1.0% ŵa ku England, 0.8% ŵa ku France, 0.6% ŵa ku Russia, na 0.5% ŵa ku Poland.

Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia ndiwo ŵakaŵa 1.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, 0.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India/Indo-Caribbean (1,206), 0.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku China/Chinese Caribbean (1,804), 0.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Philippines (647), 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia (433), 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Japan (245), 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Korea (213), ndipo 0.0% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Vietnam (125).

Mu 2010, ŵanthu 1.9% ŵakajiwonanga kuti mbakufuma ku America pera (kwali mba fuko wuli), apo 0.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Arabia.[80]

Religion in the Miami Metro Area (2014)[81] ██ Protestantism (39%)██ Catholicism (27%)██ Mormonism (0.5%)██ Eastern Orthodoxy (0.5%)██ Jehovah's Witnesses (1%)██ Other Christian (1%)██ No religion (21%)██ Judaism (9%)██ Other religion (1%)

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2014 na Pew Research Center, Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga mu Miami (68%), ndipo 39% ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa mu matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana agho ghangaŵa gha Chiprotesitanti, ndipo 27% ŵakuti Mbakatolika.[82][83]Kufuma apo pali Chiyuda (9%); Chislamu, Chibuda, Chihindu, na visopa vinyake vinandi vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko; ŵanthu 21% ŵakugomezga yayi kuti kuli Chiuta panji ŵali mu chisopa chilichose.

Mu Miami mukaŵa tchalitchi la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Norway kwamba mu ma 1980. Mu Novembala 2011, Mfumukazi Mette-Marit ya ku Norway yikajulira tchalitchi ili. Tchalitchi ili likazengeka kuti ŵanthu 10,000 ŵa ku Scandinavia awo ŵakukhala mu Florida ŵakhalengemo. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵanthu 4,000 mba ku Norway. Kweniso tchalitchi ili ndakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu 150 ŵa ku Norway awo ŵakugwira nchito ku Walt Disney World ku Central Florida.[84]

Kuyana na ndondomeko ya ŵanthu awo ŵalije pakukhala mu 2022, mu chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade mukaŵa ŵanthu 3,440 ŵambura pakukhala, ndipo 970 ŵakaŵa mu misewu. Mu msumba wa Miami, mukaŵa ŵanthu 591 ŵambura pakukhala mu misewu, kufuma pa 555 mu 2021.[85]

Chuma[lemba | kulemba source]

Downtown Miami is a national hub for finance, commerce, and international business. Brickell Avenue in Downtown Miami has the largest concentration of international banks in the nation.
As seen in 2006, the high-rise construction in Miami has inspired popular opinion of "Miami's Manhattanization".
Brickell Avenue in Downtown Miami's Brickell Financial District, February 2010

Miami ni msumba ukuru wa vyamalonda na vya ndalama ndipo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchita malonda. Kuyana na 2020 ranking of world cities undertaken by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) based on the level of presence of global corporate service organizations, Miami yikuwoneka kuti ni Beta + level world city, pamoza na Atlanta, Dallas, na Houston, kweni kuyana na census ya US pakati pa 2015 ∼ 2019, Miami yikusoŵa mu nkhani ya nyumba zakukhalamo, kompyuta na intaneti, masambiro ghakukhwaskana na digiri ya bachelor panji kujumpha, median household income, per capita income, uku yikufikapo pa chiŵelengero chikuru cha ŵanthu mu ukavu. Miami wali na Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) ya $257 billion, ndipo wali pa malo 11 mu United States na 20 pa caru cose.[86][87]

Makampani ghanandi ghakuru ghali na ofesi yawo mu Miami, kusazgapo Akerman LLP, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Brightstar Corporation, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Duany Plater-Zyberk, Greenberg Traurig, Inktel Direct, Lennar Corporation, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, OPKO Health, Parkjockey, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean International, Sitel, Southern Wine & Spirits, Telemundo, Vector Group, Watsco na World Fuel Services. Makampani ghakujumpha 1,400 gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana ghali mu Miami, ndipo mabungwe ghanandi ghakuru gha pa caru cose ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Latin America (panji maofesi gha mu vigaŵa) mu msumba uwu kusazgapo Walmart. Kweniso, makampani agho ghali mu misumba yapafupi panji mu vigaŵa vyambura kukolerana na boma vya Miami-Dade County ni Benihana, Burger King, Carnival Cruise Line, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Perry Ellis International, Ryder, Sedano's, UniMás, na U.S. Banki ya Century.

Mzinda wa Miami ndiwo ukwendeskeka chomene pa nkhani za TV, ndipo ndiwo msumba wakuzirwa chomene ku United States. Telemundo na UniMás ŵali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Miami. Ma studio gha Univisión na Telemundo ghakupanga mapulogiramu ghanandi gha pa TV, nga ni telenovelas, nkhani, maseŵero, na ma talk show. Mu 2011, 85% ya mapulogiramu gha Telemundo ghakaŵa gha ku Miami. Miami nayo ni msumba wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya kwimba sumu. Msumba uwu ukuŵaso na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo gha sumu na mafilimu.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, msumba uwu ukaŵa na katundu munandi chomene kufuma apo charu cha Florida chikambira mu 1920, ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na nyumba zakukwana 100. Kweni ŵakazenga 50 pera. Kuzenga nyumba zinandi mwaluŵiro kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhalenge mu mizi ya Miami, ndipo Downtown, Brickell, na Edgewater, ndiwo ghakaŵa malo agho ghakakura luŵiro chomene mu msumba uwu. Msumba uwu uli na nyumba zakudikanya zakukwana 7 zakudikanya chomene mu Florida.

Mu 2007, ku malo agha kukaŵa suzgo likuru chifukwa cha kunangika kwa nyumba. Nga ni vigaŵa vinyake vya ku United States, vigeŵenga vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu 2016, webusayiti ya 24/7 Wall Street yikalemba kuti msumba wa Miami ndiwo nguheni chomene ku United States, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba iyi.[88]

Malo gha ndege gha Miami International Airport (MIA) na PortMiami ghali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu ichi, chomenechomene awo ŵakunjira mu vyaru vya South America na Caribbean. PortMiami ni dowoko la vyakurya vinandi comene pa caru, ndipo MIA ni dowoko la vyakurya vinandi comene ku Florida ndiposo ni cipata cikuru comene pakati pa United States na Latin America. Chifukwa cha nkhongono zake mu bizinesi ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndalama na malonda, msumba uwu uli na mabanki ghanandi chomene gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu charu ichi, chomenechomene mu Brickell Avenue mu chigaŵa cha ndalama cha Brickell, Miami. Mu 2003, msumba wa Miami ndiwo ukachitiska ungano wa vyaru vya ku America.

Ku Miami ndiko kuli National Hurricane Center na likuru la United States Southern Command. Kweniso msumba wa Miami ni msumba wa mafakitale, comenecomene wa malibwe na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu. Makampani agha ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu kufupi na Doral na Hialeah.

Kuyana na U.S. Mu 2012, msumba wa Miami ndiwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene pa misumba yikuruyikuru ya ku United States. Kweniso msumba wa Miami ngumoza mwa misumba yichoko chomene mu U.S. umo boma la mu msumba uwu likaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2001.

Mu chigaŵa ichi muli nyerere zina lake Wasmannia auropunctata.[89]

PortMiami[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: PortMiami
PortMiami is the world's largest cruise ship port, and is the headquarters of many of the world's largest cruise companies.
Photo of PortMiami from a boat's view.

Ku Miami kuli dowoko likuru comene la ku United States. Ni dowoko likuru comene pa caru, ndipo kanandi likucemeka "Cruise Capital of the World" na "Cargo Gateway of the Americas". Kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 10, msumba uwu ukuŵa na ngalaŵa zikuruzikuru na maboti ghakurughakuru. Mu 2017, dowoko ili likawovwira ŵanthu 5,340,559. Kweniso, dowoko ili ni limoza mwa dowoko la vinthu ivyo vikwenda chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo mu 2017 likapeleka matani 9,162,340. Pa vyaru vya ku North America, ni malo ghaciŵiri kufuma ku New Orleans' Port of South Louisiana pa nkhani ya katundu uyo wakunjira mu vyaru vya Latin America. Mlonga uwu uli na malo ghakukwana maekala 2 ndipo uli na malo ghakukwelerako ŵanthu 7. Charu cha China ndicho chikuguliska katundu munandi chomene mu dowoko ili. Mu Miami muli malo ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose agho muli maofesi gha Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, na Royal Caribbean International. Mu 2014, Port of Miami Tunnel yikajulika, ndipo yikayaniska MacArthur Causeway na PortMiami.[90]

Tourism and conventions[lemba | kulemba source]

The Royal Caribbean International headquarters at PortMiami

Kukopa ŵalendo ni mwa makampani ghakuru comene gha Miami, ndipo uli na nchito zakujumpha 144,800 mu Miami-Dade County.[91] Chifukwa chakuti tawuni iyi yikuzunulika kanandi waka mu sumu, mafilimu, na vinyake, yikumanyikwa pa charu chose. Mu 2016, msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa na ŵalendo ŵanandi chomene kuluska msumba unyake uliwose wa ku United States, pamanyuma pa New York City. Mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.9 miliyoni ŵakiza ku Miami, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakasanga zikaŵa madola mabiliyoni 26.1.[92] Chifukwa cha mahotelo ghanandi na malo ghakusoperapo gha ku Miami Beach Convention Center, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku maungano gha chigaŵa.

Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta ku Miami ni South Beach, Lincoln Road, Bayside Marketplace, Downtown Miami, na Brickell City Centre. Chigaŵa cha Art Deco ku Miami Beach chikucemeka kuti ni cimoza mwa vigaŵa vyakutowa comene pa caru cose cifukwa ca malo gha maseŵero ghausiku, milyango ya nyanja, nyumba zakale, na mashopu. Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika chaka na chaka nga ni Miami Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Beach Wine and Food Festival, na Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami vikukopa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku msumba uwu.

Mwambo[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: LGBT culture in Miami, List of films and television shows set in Miami, and Music of Miami

Mu msumba wa Miami muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Miami wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Magic City" cifukwa ca kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi cifukwa ca ucoko wake ndiposo kukura kwake. Msumba uwu ngwakucemeka comene cifukwa ca nkhondo ya vyandyali iyo yikacitika mu ma 1980 ndiposo cifukwa ca kawonekero kake. Likumanyikwaso na zina lakuti "Mzinda wa ku Latin America" cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi.[93][94]

Miami yikaŵa malo gha mafilimu ghanandi na ma TV, kusazgapo Miami Vice, Cocaine Cowboys, Burn Notice, Jane the Virgin, Scarface, The Birdcage, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Golden Girls, 2 Fast 2 Furious, na Dexter. Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo ghanandi, kusazgapo Hotline Miami, maseŵero gha pa galimoto gha Gameloft gha Asphalt Overdrive, Scarface: The World Is Yours, na Vice City mu maseŵero ghanandi gha pa vidiyo gha Grand Theft Auto, chomenechomene Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, ghakujintha pa Miami.[95]

Entertainment and performing arts[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Music of Miami
Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, malo ghaciŵiri ghakurughakuru mu United States

Padera pa viphikiro ivyo vikuchitika chaka chilichose nga ni Calle Ocho Festival, ku Miami kuli malo ghanandi gha vyakusanguluska, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, na malo ghanyake ghakuchitirako vyakusanguluska. Malo ghaphya agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Miami ni Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, uko kuli Florida Grand Opera, ndipo ni malo ghaciŵiri ghakuru comene ku United States pamanyuma pa Lincoln Center mu msumba wa New York. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakuchitako maseŵero ghanandi gha opera, ballet, makonsati, na maseŵero ghanyake ghakufuma mu vyaru vinandi. Malo ghanyake ghakusanguluskira mu Miami ni Olympia Theater, Wertheim Performing Arts Center, Fair Expo Center, Tower Theater, na Bayfront Park Amphitheater.

Chiphikiro chinyake chakuzirwa ni Chiphikiro cha Mafilimu ku Miami, icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose kwa mazuŵa 10 mu sabata yakwamba ya Malichi. Mu Miami muli mafilimu ghakujumpha 6.[96][97]

Mu msumba wa Miami muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwimba, ŵakwimba, ŵakwimba, na ŵakwimba. Mu tawuni iyi muli mawupu ghanandi gha vyakwimba, ma symphony, na ma conservatory. Pa malo agha pali Florida Grand Opera, FIU School of Music, Frost School of Music, na New World School of the Arts.

Miami ni msumba ukuru wa mafashoni, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kujitozga na mawupu ghanyake ghakutozga. Mu msumba uwu mukuchitika viphikiro vinandi vya mafashoni, kusazgapo chiphikiro cha Miami Fashion Week na Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami.

Miami yizamuŵa na sinema yakwamba pa Sabata, Julayi 25, 2020.[98]

Museums and visual arts[lemba | kulemba source]

Lowe Art Museum pa sukulu ya University of Miami

Muziyamu yinyake ya ku Miami muli Frost Art Museum, Frost Museum of Science, HistoryMiami, Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami Children's Museum, Pérez Art Museum, Lowe Art Museum, na Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, National Historic Landmark iyo yili pa malo ghakujumpha 28 acre ku Coconut Grove.

Cuisine[lemba | kulemba source]

Vyakurya vya ku Miami vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala, ndipo vyakurya vya ku Caribbean na Latin America vikukhwaska chomene. Pakusazga vyakurya viŵiri ivi na vyakurya vya ku America, ŵanthu ŵa ku South Florida ŵakamba kuphika vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Chiŵiya ichi chili palipose mu Miami na South Florida ndipo mungachisanga mu malo ghakurya nga ni Pollo Tropical.

Ŵalendo ŵa ku Cuba awo ŵakaluta ku Miami mu ma 1960, ndiwo ŵakambiska cakurya ici. Ŵakiza na cakurya ca usiku, ca Cuban espresso, ca Bistec de palomilla, na ca croquetas. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito makuni agha ndipo ŵakughawona mu mawindo gha mashopu gha mu tawuni, chomenechomene kuwaro kwa mashopu na malo ghakurya.[99][100] Vinyake mwa malo agha, nga ni malo ghakurya gha Versailles mu Little Havana, ni malo ghakurya gha ku Miami. Mzinda wa Miami uli pa Nyanja ya Atlantic, ndipo uli na mbiri yakale ya kuzenga nyanja. Kweniso mu msumba uwu ndimo muli malo ghakurughakuru gha vyakurya nga ni Burger King na Benihana.

Chiyowoyero[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Miami accent

Mu chigaŵa cha Miami muli chiyowoyero chinyake chapadera icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Chiyowoyero ichi chikamba kumanyikwa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain awo ŵali kubabika mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 2000, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Cuba awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi.[101] Chiyowoyero ichi chikukolerana na chiyowoyero cha ku America, kweni chili na vinyake ivyo vikusintha. Mwakupambana na viyowoyero vya ku Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, Northeast American, na Florida Cracker, "Miami accent" ni rhotic; kweniso yili na sumu na umo yikuyowoyekera.

Ichi ni chiyowoyelo cha Chingelezi, ndipo ni chiyowoyelo cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira Chingelezi yayi; ntchakukwaniska kupambaniska chiyowoyelo ichi na chiyowoyelo cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chachiŵiri chifukwa chakuti "Miami accent" yikuŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana: palije chiyowoyelo cha /ɛ/ panthazi pa chiyowoyelo cha /s/, ŵanthu ŵakuteta yayi /dʒ/ na /j/, (nga ni Yale na jail), ndipo /r/ na /rr/ vikuyowoyeka nga ni alveolar approximant [ɹ] m'malo mwa alveolar tap [ɾ] panji alveolar trill [r] mu Cisipanishi.[102][103][104][105]

Maseŵera[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Sports in Miami
Wonaniso: Florida Panthers, Inter Miami CF, Miami Dolphins, Miami Heat, Miami Hurricanes, and Miami Marlins
Hard Rock Stadium is the home field for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Hurricanes football team of the University of Miami, and College Football Playoff's Orange Bowl game held annually each January.
LoanDepot Park, home of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball

Magulu gha maseŵero ghanayi gha Miami ni Inter Miami CF ya Major League Soccer (MLS), Miami Dolphins ya National Football League (NFL), Miami Heat ya National Basketball Association (NBA), Miami Marlins ya Major League Baseball (MLB), na Florida Panthers ya National Hockey League (NHL). Miami Open, chiphalizgano cha tenesi chaka chilichose, chikachitikanga ku Key Biscayne pambere chindasamukire ku Hard Rock Stadium pamanyuma pakuti chiphalizgano ichi chikagulika na mwenecho wa Miami Dolphins Stephen Ross mu 2019. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako ŵanthu, malo ghakusoperapo, na malo ghakusoperapo gofu. Kale mu misewu ya msumba uwu mukaŵanga masitima gha magalimoto, chomenechomene Grand Prix of Miami, Grand Prix of Miami, na Grand Prix of Formula One.[106] Ku Homestead-Miami Speedway Oval ndiko kukuchitikira maseŵero gha NASCAR.

The Heat na Marlins ŵakuseŵera mu msumba wa Miami, ku Miami-Dade Arena mu Downtown na LoanDepot Park mu Little Havana, mwakulondezgana. Marlins Park yikazengeka pa malo agho pakaŵa sitediyamu yakale ya Miami Orange Bowl.

Miami Dolphins yikuseŵera pa Hard Rock Stadium mu chigaŵa cha Miami Gardens, apo Florida Panthers yikuseŵera kufupi na Sunrise pa FLA Live Arena. Inter Miami CF yikuseŵera pa DRV PNK Stadium ku Fort Lauderdale, kwa nyengo yitali mpaka apo chiŵanja cha maseŵero chikapangikenge ku Miami. Miami FC ndi timu ina ya mpira yomwe imasewera mu USL Championship yachiwiri ya mpira wa US Professional. Mpingo uwu ukuchitiska maseŵero gha kwawo pa Riccardo Silva Stadium pa campus ya Florida International University (FIU) ku Miami.

Orange Bowl, yimoza mwa maseŵero ghakuru gha mu NCAA College Football Playoff, yikuseŵereka pa Hard Rock Stadium nyengo yiliyose ya cihanya. Sitediyamu iyi yikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Super Bowl. Mu chigaŵa cha Miami, maseŵero agha ghakachitikapo maulendo 10.

Ku Miami nako kuli magulu ghanandi gha maseŵero gha ku koleji. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vya University of Miami Hurricanes, ivyo vili pa Hard Rock Stadium, na Florida International University Panthers, ivyo vili pa Ricardo Silva Stadium. Gulu la Hurricanes likuchita mpikisano mu Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), apo gulu la Panthers likuchita mpikisano mu Conference USA ya National Collegiate Athletic Association.[107][108]

Ku Miami nako kuli mahachi gha Paso Fino, ndipo pa malo agha pakachitikanga viphalizgano vya mahachi.

Miami ndi umoza mwa misumba 11 ya ku US iyo yizamuchitiska FIFA World Cup ya 2026.

Ivi ni vyalo vikuruvikuru vya maseŵero mu chigaŵa cha Miami:

Miami major league professional sports teams
Club Sport Miami Area since League Venue League Championships
Miami Dolphins American football 1965 National Football League Hard Rock Stadium 1972 (VII), 1973 (VIII)
Florida Panthers Ice hockey 1993 National Hockey League FLA Live Arena
Miami Heat Basketball 1988 National Basketball Association Miami-Dade Arena 2006,[109] 2012,[110] 2013[111]
Miami Marlins Baseball 1993 Major League Baseball LoanDepot Park 1997, 2003
Inter Miami CF Soccer 2018 Major League Soccer DRV PNK Stadium

Malo ghachisangalalo na mu mphepete mwa nyanja[lemba | kulemba source]

Bayfront Park on Biscayne Bay, February 2017

Msumba wa Miami uli na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakwendeskeka na National Park Service, Florida Division of Recreation and Parks, na City of Miami Department of Parks and Recreation.

Nyengo ya ku Miami njakuthukira comene, ndipo yikovwira kuti munthu wacitenge vyakusanguluska vya kuwaro cilimika cose. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakuyezgera boti, milonga, mabayi, na nyanja ya Atlantic. Mu Biscayne Bay muli malibwe ghanandi agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakondwenge na kusambira. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghakujumpha 80 ghakusungirako vyakurya.[112] Malo ghakurughakuru na ghakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Bayfront Park na Museum Park (ghakuŵa mu msumba wa Downtown, uko kuli Miami-Dade Arena na Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Virginia Key, na Watson Island.

Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta ku malo ghakusangwa na vyakurya ghakaŵa Zoo Miami, Jungle Island, Miami Seaquarium, Monkey Jungle, Coral Castle, Charles Deering Estate, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, na Key Biscayne.

Mu 2020 ParkScore ranking yake, The Trust for Public Land yikati malo gha paki mu msumba wa Miami ghakaŵa malo gha 64 pa malo gha mapaki ghawemi chomene mu misumba 100 ya ku US, kufuma pa malo gha 48 mu 2017. Msumba wa Miami ukawonekanga kuti uli na malo ghakukwana 2.6 acres, malo ghakukwana 6.5%, 87% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu ŵakwenda maminiti 10 kufuma ku malo agha, ndipo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana $48.39 pa malo agha.[113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121]

Dango na boma[lemba | kulemba source]

Miami City Hall, located at Dinner Key in Coconut Grove, is home to Miami's primary administrative offices.
Nkhani ikulu: Government of the City of Miami
Wonaniso: List of mayors of Miami
Wonani vinandi: Youth Crime Watch of America

Boma la msumba wa Miami likugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya meya na mwimiliri. Komiti ya tawuni iyi yili na ŵanthu ŵankhondi awo ŵakusankhika kufuma mu vigaŵa ivyo vili na munthu yumoza. Komiti ya msumba ni wupu wakulongozga uwo uli na mazaza ghakufumiska malango, na kuchita milimo yose iyo yili kulembekera msumba. Mulara wa msumba wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose ndipo wakusora mulongozgi wa msumba. Msumba wa Miami ukwendeskeka na meya Francis Suarez na makomiti 5 agho ghakulaŵilira vigaŵa vinkhondi vya msumba uwu.[122] Maungano gha komiti iyi ghakuchitikira ku Miami City Hall, ku 3500 Pan American Drive pa Dinner Key mu chigaŵa cha Coconut Grove. Mu Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga ya United States, boma la Miami likwimira ŵa Republican Maria Elvira Salazar na Mario Diaz-Balart, pamoza na Democrat Frederica Wilson.

City Commission[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: List of mayors of Miami
  1. Francis Suarez – Mayor of the City of Miami
Allapattah and Grapeland Heights
  • Sabina Covo – Miami Commissioner, District 2
Arts & Entertainment District, Brickell, Coconut Grove, Coral Way, Downtown Miami, Edgewater, Midtown Miami, Park West and the South part Upper Eastside
Coral Way, Little Havana and The Roads
  • Manolo Reyes – Miami Commissioner, District 4
Coral Way, Flagami and West Flagler
  • Christine King – Miami Commissioner, District 5
Buena Vista, Design District, Liberty City, Little Haiti, Little River, Lummus Park, Overtown, Spring Garden and Wynwood and northern part of the Upper Eastside
  • Arthur Noriega – City Manager
  • Victoria Méndez – City Attorney
  • Todd B. Hannon – City Clerk

Masambilo[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: Miami-Dade Public Library System

Colleges and universities[lemba | kulemba source]

Florida International University, with its main campus in nearby University Park, is the largest university in South Florida and the fourth largest university by enrollment in the U.S. It is also one of Florida's primary research universities.
Founded in 1925, the University of Miami in nearby Coral Gables is Florida's top ranked private institution of higher education.

Chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade chili na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 200,000 awo ŵali kulembeska ku makoleji na maunivesite gha mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 2010, makoleji na maunivesite ghanayi ghakurughakuru mu msumba uwu, Miami Dade College, Florida International University, University of Miami, na Barry University, ghakafumiska ŵana ŵa sukulu 28,000.

Mu msumba wa Miami muli mawupu ghanandi agho ghakusambizga ŵanthu ntchito za mawoko kweniso ghanyake ghakovwira ŵanthu. Mwaciyelezgero, Per Scholas ni wupu uwo ukupeleka masambiro ghaulere ghakovwira kuti munthu waŵe na mwaŵi wa kufiska viyezgelero vya CompTIA A+ na Network+ kuti wasange nchito na kuzenga nchito.[123] [124][125]

Masukulu gha ku koleji na mayunivesite mu Miami na vigaŵa vyapafupi:

Primary and secondary schools[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Miami-Dade County Public Schools
Miami Senior High School, founded in 1903, is Miami's first high school.

Sukulu za boma ku Miami zikulongozgeka na Miami-Dade County Public Schools, iyo ni sukulu yikuru comene mu Florida ndiposo yacinayi mu United States. Mu Seputembala 2008, sukulu iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu 385,655 kweniso masukulu na malo ghakujumpha 392. Chigaŵa ichi ndicho chili na masukulu ghakurughakuru chomene gha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu 60 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mtundu wa Hispanic, 28 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mtundu wa Black panji West Indian, 10 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mtundu wa White (ŵambura kufuma ku Spain) ndipo 2 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mitundu yinyake.

Ku Miami kuli masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya gha mu charu ichi, nga ni Design and Architecture High School, masukulu ghapachanya chomene mu charu ichi, MAST Academy, Coral Reef High School, masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya ghapachanya ghapachanya gha 20 mu U.S., Miami Palmetto High School, na New World School of the Arts.[126] M-DCPS nayo njimoza mwa masukulu gha boma ghachoko waka mu United States agho ghakusambizga mu viyowoyero viŵiri.

Mu msumba wa Miami muli masukulu ghanandi gha Katolika, Chiyuda, na ghanyake. Mu tawuni iyi muli masukulu gha Katolika. Hugh Catholic School, St. Sukulu ya Agatha Catholic, St. Sukulu ya Theresa, Immaculata-Lasalle High School, Monsignor Edward Pace High School, Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School, St. Sukulu ya Brendan High, pamoza na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha Katolika.

Masukulu ghakusambizgira gha Katolika agho ghakulongozgeka na ŵaliska ŵa visopa ni Belen Jesuit Preparatory School na Christopher Columbus High School gha ŵanyamata na Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart na Our Lady of Lourdes Academy ya ŵasungwana.

Masukulu ghapadera gha ku Miami agho ghakusopa yayi ni Ransom Everglades, Gulliver Preparatory School, na Miami Country Day School. Masukulu ghanyake mu cigaŵa ici ni Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School, Dade Christian School, Palmer Trinity School, Westminster Christian School, na Riviera Schools.

Supplementary education[lemba | kulemba source]

Hoshuko wa ku Miami, ni sukulu ya ku Japan ya nyengo yichoko waka ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan na ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan. Pakwamba, malo agha ghakaŵa ku Virginia Key, ku Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. Pasono sukulu iyi yikucita masambiro mu Westchester ndipo yili na maofesi mu Doral.[127][128]

Wayilesi[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Media in Miami
Wonaniso: Film in Miami, List of newspapers in Florida, List of radio stations in Florida, and List of television stations in Florida
The former headquarters of The Miami Herald on Biscayne Bay

Mu msumba wa Miami ndimo muli misika yikuru ya TV mu charu ichi, ndipo ndiyo yikuru chomene mu Florida. Mu msumba wa Miami muli manyuzipepara ghanandi ghakuru. El Nuevo Herald ni nyuzipepara yikuru comene ya Cisipanishi. Nyuzipepara ya Miami Herald na El Nuevo Herald ni nyuzipepara zikuru comene za ku Miami na South Florida. Manyuzipepara agha ghakafumako ku nyumba yawo ya ku Downtown Miami mu 2013. Maofesi gha nyuzipepara agha sono ghali mu nyumba iyo kale yikaŵa ya U.S. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Southern Command ŵali mu Doral.[129][130]

Manyuzipepara ghanyake ghakuru ni Miami Today, ku Brickell, Miami New Times, ku Midtown, Miami SunPost, South Florida Business Journal, na The Miami Times. Kweniso nyuzipepara yinyake ya Cisipanishi yakucemeka Diario Las Americas yikupharazga mu msumba wa Miami. Manyuzipepara gha ŵana ŵa sukulu gha ku maunivesite gha ku malo agha ghakaŵa The Miami Hurricane, Florida International University's The Beacon, Miami-Dade College's The Metropolis, na Barry University's The Buccaneer.

Magazini ghanandi ghakusindikizgika mu chigaŵa chose cha Miami, kusazgapo Miami Monthly, tawuni yimoza pera ya kumwera kwa Florida, na Ocean Drive.

Miami ni malo ghakusungirako ma TV ghakurughakuru gha pa caru cose, makampani ghakusungirako ma CD, makampani ghakupharazga, na maofesi gha kupanga, nga ni Telemundo, Univision, Univision Communications, Mega TV, Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV International na Sunbeam Television. Mu 2009, Univision yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kuzenga studio yiphya ku Miami, yakucemeka Univision Studios. Pa nyengo yasono, ofesi yikuru ya Univision Studios yili ku Miami, ndipo yikupanga mapulogiramu ghose gha pa wayilesi ya Univision Communications.

Miami ni msika ukuru comene wa mawayilesi wa nambara 12 na wa TV wa nambara 17 mu United States. Malo gha TV agho ghakupharazga mu chigaŵa cha Miami ni WAMI (UniMás O&O), WBFS (Independent), WSFL (The CW), WFOR (CBS O&O), WHFT (TBN), WLTV (Univision O&O), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (Ion), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (Fox), WTVJ (NBC O&O), WPBT (PBS), na WLRN (PBS).[131][132][133]

Transportation[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Transportation in South Florida
Wonaniso: Brightline and Tri-Rail

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika ku America mu 2016, ŵanthu 72.3% awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Miami ŵakendanga paŵekha, 8.7% ŵakendanga paŵekha, 9% ŵakendanga pa galimoto, ndipo 3.7% ŵakendanga pasi. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 1.8% ndiwo ŵakendanga pa galimoto, njinga yamoto, na njinga. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Miami, 4.5% ŵakagwiranga nchito ku nyumba. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 19.9% mu msumba wa Miami ŵakaŵavya galimoto, ndipo mu 2016 ŵakakhalapo 18.6%. Pa caru cose, ciŵelengero ici cikaŵa 8.7 peresenti mu 2016. Ku Miami, mu 2016, nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na magalimoto pafupifupi 1.24 pakuyaniska na nyumba yiliyose ya 1.8 pa charu chose.[134]

Expressways and roads[lemba | kulemba source]

Venetian Causeway (left) and MacArthur Causeway (right) connect Downtown and South Beach.
State Road 886, also known as Port Boulevard, connects Downtown Miami and PortMiami over Biscayne Bay.

Misewu ya Miami yikwenda mu mizere ya mizere ya Miami uko Flagler Street ndiyo yili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Miami Avenue ndiyo yili kumpoto na kumwera. Khonde la Flagler Street na Miami Avenue lili pakatikati pa Downtown panthazi pa Downtown Macy's (kale likuru la Burdine). Chigaŵa cha Miami chili na manambara mwakuti maadiresi ghose gha misewu kumpoto kwa Flagler Street na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Miami Avenue ghali na "NW". Pakuti malo ghake ghali ku Downtown, kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja, vigaŵa vya "NW" na "SW" ni vikuru comene kuluska vya "SE" na "NE". Misewu yinandi, comenecomene misewu yikuru, nayo yikucemeka mazina (nga ni Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), nangauli mwapadera, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazina agha.

Mu chigaŵa ichi, misewu ya kumpoto na kumwera yikuchemeka makhoti misewu yikuru yikwenda mtunda wa kilomita yimoza. Mu misewu ya kumpoto na kumwera muli mabwalo 16, ndipo misewu ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi yili na mabwalo 10. Misewu yikuru ya kumpoto na kumwera yikumalira pa "7" nga ni 17th, 27th, 37th/Douglas Aves., 57th/Red Rd., 67th/Ludlam, 87th/Galloway, na vinyake. (Chinthu chinyake chakuzirwa chomene ni 42nd Avenue, LeJeune Road, iyo yili pa malo gha hafu ya mtunda.) Misewu yikuru ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kumwera kwa Downtown njakupambanapambana na 16, nangauli malo ghakwamba gha ndondomeko iyi ni SW 8th St, hafu ya mtunda kumwera kwa Flagler ("zeroth") Street. Ntheura misewu yikuru yili pa 8th St., 24th St. / Coral Way, 40th St. /Bird, 56th/Miller, 72nd/ Sunset, 88th/N. Kendall, 104th (pakwamba S. Kendall), 120th/Montgomery, 136th/Howard, 152nd/Coral Reef, 168th/Richmond, 184th/Eureka, 200th/Quail Roost, 216th/Hainlin Mill, 232nd/Silver Palm, 248th/Coconut Palm, etc., mu vyaka vya m'ma 300. Mu gridi iyi, maadiresi gha viŵelengero vyambura kwenelera ghali kumpoto panji kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo gha viŵelengero vyambura kwenelera ghali kumwera panji kumanjiliro gha dazi.

Misewu na misewu yose mu chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade yikulondezga mizere ya Miami, kupaturako vichoko waka, chomenechomene mu Coral Gables, Hialeah, Coconut Grove na Miami Beach. Malo ghanyake ghakuchemeka The Roads, cifukwa misewu yake yikufumako ku mizere ya ku Miami, ndipo yili na makona 45.

Chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade chili na misewu yinayi ya Interstate Highways (I-75, I-95, I-195, I-395) na misewu yinandi ya U.S. Misewu yikuruyikuru, kusazgapo misewu ya ku United States Msewu wa 1, U.S. Msewu wa 27, U.S. Msewu wa 41, na U.S. Msewu wa 441.

Miami Causeways
Name Termini Year built
Rickenbacker Causeway Brickell and Key Biscayne 1947
Venetian Causeway Downtown and South Beach 1912–1925
MacArthur Causeway Downtown and South Beach 1920
Julia Tuttle Causeway Wynwood/Edgewater and Miami Beach 1959
79th Street Causeway Upper East Side and North Beach 1929
Broad Causeway North Miami and Bal Harbour 1951

Some of the major Florida State Roads (and their common names) serving Miami are:

Miami yili na misewu yikuru yinkhondi na umoza iyo yikwenda pa Biscayne Bay, ndipo yikukolerana na chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu, na virwa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Msewu wa Rickenbacker Causeway ndiwo uli kumwera chomene ndipo ukukumana na Brickell na Virginia Key na Key Biscayne. Msewu wa Venetian Causeway na MacArthur Causeway ukukumana na msumba wa Downtown na South Beach. Msewu wakuchemeka Julia Tuttle Causeway, uwo ukukolerana na Midtown na Miami Beach. Msewu wa 79th Street Causeway ukuyaniska Upper East Side na North Beach. Msewu wa Broad Causeway, ndiwo ni ucoko comene pa misewu yinkhondi na yimoza ya ku Miami ndipo ukukumana na North Miami na Bay Harbor Islands na Bal Harbour.

Mu 2007, boma la Miami ndilo likaŵa na ŵadokotala ŵankhaza comene mu United States. Kweniso msumba wa Miami ukucemeka kuti ni msumba wakofya comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pasi mu United States.[135][136]

Public transportation[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: Metrobus (Miami-Dade County), Metromover, and Miami-Dade Transit
Miami's Metrorail is the city's rapid transit system and connects Miami with its outlying suburbs.
Tri-Rail ni njanji ya ku Miami iyo yikwenda kumpoto na kumwera kufuma ku West Palm Beach mpaka ku Miami International Airport.

Mtengatenga wa ŵanthu mu Miami ukwendeskeka na Miami-Dade Transit na SFRTA, ndipo yikusazgapo njanji za ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku malo ghanyake (Tri-Rail), njanji zinonono zakwendeskeka mwaluŵiro (Metrorail), njinga ya ŵanthu (Metromover), na mabasi (Metrobus). Mu msumba wa Miami muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto chifukwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 17% ŵakwenda pa galimoto zuŵa lililose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda maminiti 90 pa sabata, ndipo 39% ŵa awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto ŵakwenda maora ghakujumpha ghaŵiri pa zuŵa. Pafupifupi munthu waliyose wakulindilira maminiti 18 pa malo ghakugwilira ntchito ya mendero. Mtunda wa ulendo umoza na magalimoto ghakurughakuru ni makilomita 12.46, ndipo ŵanthu 38% ŵakwenda mtunda wa makilomita 13.8.[137]

Msewu wa Metro wa ku Miami uli na mizere yiŵiri na masiteshoni 23. Metrorail yikukolerana na vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Hialeah, Medley, na mukati mwa tawuni ya Miami na vigaŵa vya The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami, na Kendall mu tawuni kwizira mu vigaŵa vya bizinesi vya Miami International Airport, Health District, na Downtown. Metromover, yeneiyo yikwenda pa malo ghapachanya, yikugwira nchito na masiteshoni 21 pa mizere yitatu yakupambanapambana mu msumba wa Downtown Miami, ndipo pali masiteshoni ghaŵiri pa nyumba yiliyose pakati pa Downtown na Brickell. Ntchito zakupharazga zinandi zikovwirika na msonkho wa msonkho uwo ukupelekeka mu chigaŵa chose cha Miami-Dade.

Tri-Rail, njanji iyo yikwendeskeka na South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA), yikwenda kufuma ku Miami International Airport kumpoto kuya ku West Palm Beach, ndipo yikumalira pa malo 18.

Miami Intermodal Center ni malo ghakurughakuru ghakusungirako ŵanthu, ndipo ghakusungirako magalimoto gha Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, ma taxi, magalimoto ghakuchita renti, MIA Mover, magalimoto ghaŵene, njinga na ŵanthu ŵakwenda pasi. Chipatala cha Miami Intermodal Center chikamara kuzengeka mu 2010, ndipo chikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 150,000 awo ŵakwenda mu chigaŵa cha Miami. Chigawo choyamba cha MiamiCentral Station chinamalizidwa mu 2012, ndipo gawo la Tri-Rail la Phase II linamalizidwa mu 2015, koma kumanga gawo la Amtrak kukuchedwabe.

Ŵapharazgi ŵaŵiri ŵaphya, Baylink na Miami Streetcar, ŵali kunozgekera. BayLink ndiyo yikeneranga kukolerana na South Beach, ndipo Miami Streetcar yikeneranga kukolerana na Midtown.

Miami ni malo gha kumwera uko Amtrak wakumalira maulendo ghake gha ku Atlantic Coast, ndipo pali mizere yiŵiri, Silver Meteor na Silver Star. Siteshoni ya Amtrak ya Miami yili mu chigaŵa cha Hialeah kufupi na Siteshoni ya Tri-Rail/Metrorail pa NW 79 St na NW 38 Ave. Ntchito yakunozga siteshoni ya Miami Central Station yizamwendeska maofesi ghose gha Amtrak kufuma ku malo agho ghalipo sono kuya ku malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malo agha ghakeneranga kuzengeka mu 2012, kweni ghakachedweskeka nyengo yitali.[138]

Airports[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: Miami International Airport, Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, and Palm Beach International Airport
Miami International Airport is the nation's 10th largest airport.

Malo gha ndege gha ku Miami International Airport ndigho ni malo gha ndege gha ku Greater Miami Area. Chifukwa cha malo ghake ghakutowa, ndege iyi njimoza mwa ma eyapoti ghakurughakuru pa charu chose ndipo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 45 miliyoni pa chaka. Malo agha ndigho ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ndege za American Airlines. Miami International ni ciŵanja caŵiri cakudura comene ca ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege mu Florida, ndipo ni ciŵanja cacitatu cikuru comene ca ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege mu United States. Malo gha ndege gha Kennedy na Los Angeles. Malo ghakwendera ndege agha ghali na maulendo ghambura kuleka kuluta ku misumba yakujumpha 70 ku North na South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, na Middle East.

Kweniso, ku Fort Lauderdale na ku Hollywood International Airport na ku Palm Beach International Airport nako kuli magalimoto ghanandi agho ghakwenda mu chigaŵa cha Miami. Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport mu Opa-locka na Miami Executive Airport mu chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa Miami, ndipo yikwendeska ndege mu chigaŵa cha Miami.[139][140]

Cycling and walking[lemba | kulemba source]

Boma la tawuni iyi, ilo mukaŵa meya wakale Manny Diaz, likakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵakwendeska njinga mu Miami. Mu 2010, magazini ya Bicycling Magazine yikalemba kuti msumba wa Miami ndiwo uli pa nambara 44 pa misumba yose ya ku United States iyo yikutemwa kwenda pa njinga.

Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2011, wakavumbura kuti msumba wa Miami ndiwo uli pa nambara 8 pa misumba yikuruyikuru 50 ya ku United States.[141][142][143]

Public safety[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Miami Fire-Rescue Department and Miami Police Department

Ubale na vyaru vinyake[lemba | kulemba source]

Wonaniso: List of sister cities in Florida

Sister cities[lemba | kulemba source]

Cooperation agreements[lemba | kulemba source]

Notable people[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: List of people from Miami

Vyakulemba[lemba | kulemba source]

  1. ↑ Bahamians were farming along the Miami River before 1830. Richard Fitzpatrick established a plantation there in 1830, but abandoned it when the Second Seminole War (1835–1843) began. The U.S. Army established Fort Dallas there in 1836, but left the fort in 1841. William English reopened Fitzpatrick's plantation after the war and sold city lots, but left the area at the end of the 1840s. The Army returned to the fort in 1849–1851, and again for the Third Seminole War (1855–1858).[3][4]
  2. ↑ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ↑ Official records for Miami were kept at the Lemon City from September 1895 to November 1900, the Miami COOP from December 1900 to May 1911, the Weather Bureau Office from June 1911 to February 1937, at various locations in and around the city from March 1937 to July 1942, and at Miami Int'l since August 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx.
  4. ↑ Language spoken at home among residents at least five years old; only languages (or language groups) which at least 2% of residents have spoken at any time since 1980 are mentioned
  5. ↑ Refers to 2013–2017 American Community Survey data;[68] the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the 2000 census
  6. ↑ Refers to 2008–2012 American Community Survey data;[69] the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the 2000 census
  7. ↑ Refers to 2013–2017 American Community Survey data;[73][74] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census
  8. ↑ Refers to 2008–2012 American Community Survey data;[75][76] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census
  9. ↑ Only countries of birth which at least 1% of residents were born in at any time since 1980 were born in are mentioned
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Not counted separately; aggregated into "Other" category

Ukaboni[lemba | kulemba source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Miami: the Capital of Latin America". Time. Disembala 2, 1993. Archived from the original on Disembala 24, 2007.
  2. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2020". United States Census Bureau. Malichi 25, 2021. Retrieved Malichi 25, 2021.
  3. ↑ George, Paul S. (1996). "Miami: Three Hundred Years of History". HistoryMiami. Archived from the original on Julayi 28, 2021. Retrieved Meyi 28, 2021.
  4. ↑ Shappee, Nathan D. (1961). "Fort Dallas and the Naval Depot on Key Biscayne, 1836–1926" (PDF). Tequesta. 21: 13–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on Ogasiti 26, 2021. Retrieved Meyi 28, 2021 – via Florida International University Digital Collections.
  5. ↑ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Okutobala 31, 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT ... - Census Bureau Table". P2 | HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Malichi 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Florida: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". Florida. U.S. Census Bureau. Meyi 2023. Retrieved Meyi 27, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ↑ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Janyuwale 8, 2023.
  9. ↑ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Ogasiti 22, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product by County, 2019" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Disembala 9, 2020. Retrieved Disembala 9, 2020.
  11. ↑ "GDP and Personal Income". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2021.
  12. ↑ "U.S. metro areas – ranked by Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) 2020". Statista.
  13. ↑ "The Skyscraper Center: Buildings in Miami". skyscrapercenter.com. CTBUH. Retrieved Juni 18, 2019.
  14. ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. Retrieved Malichi 3, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Inventory of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Archived from the original on Okutobala 14, 2013. Retrieved Disembala 1, 2007.
  16. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area, 2017" (PDF). Bea.gov. Retrieved Okutobala 23, 2018.
  17. ↑ Beyer, Scott. "Welcome To Brickell, Miami's "Wall Street South"". Forbes. Retrieved Juni 18, 2019.
  18. ↑ "Florida: Gateway to Latin America and the Caribbean" (PDF). Sekutembala 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on Julayi 7, 2021. Retrieved Novembala 29, 2021.
  19. ↑ "America's 10 most visited cities", World Atlas, September 23, 2021
  20. ↑ "2019 Global Cities Report". ATKearney.
  21. ↑ Smith, Matt (Febuluwale 4, 2014). "Questions of preservation after ancient village found in downtown Miami". CNN. Retrieved Febuluwale 4, 2014.
  22. ↑ Williams, Linda K. & George, Paul S. "South Florida: A Brief History". Historical Museum of South Florida. Archived from the original on Epulelo 29, 2010. Retrieved Ogasiti 24, 2009.
  23. ↑ Connolly, Nathan (2014). A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida. University of Chicago Press.
  24. ↑ "Miami Police chief is jailed for murder joins 5 other officers". The New York Times. Malichi 24, 1928.
  25. ↑ "Miami-Dade County – Information Center". Miami-Dade County. Archived from the original on Febuluwale 25, 2008. Retrieved Epulelo 18, 2008.
  26. ↑ Reed, Roy (Malichi 3, 1976). "Wallace Pressing the Abortion Issue". The New York Times.
  27. ↑ U.S. Census, 2010 (Ethnicity) and Census American Community Survey 2008 (language).
  28. ↑ "Miami, Florida metropolitan area as seen from STS-62". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on Disembala 1, 2007. Retrieved Ogasiti 19, 2007.
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  30. ↑ Whitman, Dean (Sekutembala 1997). "Notes on the geology and Water Resources of South Florida". Notes on Florida Geology. Florida International University. Retrieved Janyuwale 11, 2011.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Neighborhoods in Miami". miami-americabeach.com. Archived from the original on Malichi 14, 2017. Retrieved Epulelo 1, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Weather: Miami, Florida". Weatherbase. Retrieved Malichi 30, 2015.
  33. ↑ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification" (PDF).
  34. ↑ "Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida" (PDF). www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org. Retrieved Febuluwale 11, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Miami-Dade County – Environment – Impact on South Florida". www.miamidade.gov. Retrieved Novembala 14, 2020.
  36. ↑ Luscombe, Richard (Epulelo 21, 2020). "Will Florida be lost forever to the climate crisis?". The Guardian (in British English). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved Novembala 14, 2020.
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  39. ↑ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved Meyi 9, 2021.
  40. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Miami, FL 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved Julayi 18, 2020.
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  43. ↑ "Number Days with Thunder". UNdata. Retrieved Juni 19, 2023.
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  68. ↑ "C16001: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR ... - Census Bureau Table". C16001 | LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Malichi 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  73. ↑ "B05001: NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP ... - Census Bureau Table". B05001 | NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Malichi 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  74. ↑ "B05006: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE ... - Census Bureau Table". B05006 | PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Malichi 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  75. ↑ "B05001: NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP ... - Census Bureau Table". B05001 | NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved Malichi 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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Vinandi[lemba | kulemba source]

  • Elizabeth M. Aranda, Sallie Hughes, and Elena Sabogal, Making a Life in Multiethnic Miami: Immigration and the Rise of a Global City. Boulder, Colorado: Renner, 2014.

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