Robert Mugabe

"Mugabe" redirects here. For other uses, see Mugabe (disambiguation).

Robert Mugabe
Mugabe mu 1979
2nd President of Zimbabwe
Nyengo: 31 December 1987 – 21 November 2017
Prime Minister	Morgan Tsvangirai (2009–2013)
First Vice-president	Simon Muzenda Joice Mujuru Emmerson Mnangagwa
Second Vice-president	Joshua Nkomo Joseph Msika John Nkomo Phelekezela Mphoko
Kupokela	Canaan Banana
Kuwiska na	Emmerson Mnangagwa
1st Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
Nyengo: 18 April 1980 – 31 December 1987
Mlongozgi charu	Canaan Banana
Deputy	Simon Muzenda
Kupokela	Abel Muzorewa (Zimbabwe Rhodesia)
Kuwiska na	Morgan Tsvangirai (2009)
Leader and First Secretary of ZANU–PF ZANU (1975–1987)
Nyengo: 18 March 1975 – 19 November 2017
Chairman	Joseph Msika John Nkomo Oppah Muchinguri Simon Khaya Moyo
Second Secretary	Joseph Msika John Nkomo Joice Mujuru Emmerson Mnangagwa
Kupokela	Herbert Chitepo
Kuwiska na	Emmerson Mnangagwa
13th Chairperson of the African Union
Nyengo: 30 January 2015 – 30 January 2016
Leader	Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
Kupokela	Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Kuwiska na	Idriss Déby
10th Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement
Nyengo: 6 September 1986 – 7 September 1989
Kupokela	Zail Singh
Kuwiska na	Janez Drnovšek
Umoyo wamunthu
Kubabika	Robert Gabriel Mugabe (1924-02-21)21 February 1924 Kutama, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)
Kufwa	6 September 2019(2019-09-06) (vyaka vikaŵa 95) Gleneagles, Singapore
Malo ghakuŵikika	Kutama, Zimbabwe
Chipani	ANCYL (1949–1952) NDP (1960–1961) ZAPU (1961–1963) ZANU (1963–1987) ZANU–PF (1987–2017)
Nthengwa	Sally Hayfron ​ ​ (m. 1961; died 1992)​ Grace Marufu ​ ​ (m. 1996)​
Ŵana	4, including Bona and Robert Jr
Sukulu	University of Fort Hare University of South Africa University of London International Programmes
Chikhwekhwelele

Robert Gabriel Mugabe ( Shona: [muɡaɓe];21 February 1924 - 6 September 2019) wakaŵa munthu wakuwukira chalo cha Zimbabwe ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya chalo ichi kufuma mu 1980 mpaka 1987 ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa purezidenti kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 2017. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) kwambira 1975 mpaka 1980 ndipo wakalongozga chipani chakulondezgapo, ZANU                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kuyana na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, wakajiwonanga kuti ni Marxist-Leninist, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 wakaŵa Socialist.

Mugabe wakababika mu mbumba ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ku Kutama, Southern Rhodesia. Wakasambira pa sukulu ya Kutama College na University of Fort Hare, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga sukulu ku Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, na Ghana. Cifukwa ca kukwiya cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵazungu mu caru cake ico cikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain, Mugabe wakazomera visambizgo vya Marx ndipo wakajibatika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaciskanga kuti paŵe boma lakujiyimira palekha ilo likulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵafipa. Wakati wayowoya mazgu ghakwimikana na boma, ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kuwukira boma ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele kwambira mu 1964 m'paka 1974. Wakati wafumiskika, wakachimbilira ku Mozambique, wakambiska gulu la ZANU, ndipo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wake mu Nkhondo ya Rhodesian Bush, kulimbana na boma la Ian Smith. Wakakhumba yayi kunjilirapo pa nkhani za mtende mu United Kingdom izo zikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la Lancaster House, ilo likamazga nkhondo. Mu 1980 pa mavoti gha wose, Mugabe wakalongozga ZANU-PF ku chigonjetso, ndipo wakazgoka nduna yikuru apo chalo ichi, ico sono cikucemeka Zimbabwe, cikapokera wanangwa wa caru cose mu chaka ceneci. Boma la Mugabe likasazgirako wovwiri wa vyaumoyo na masambiro ndipo nangauli likayowoya kuti likukhumba kuti paŵe wupu wa socialist, kweni likalutilira kulondezga fundo za boma.

Mubali Mugabe wakatondeka kumazga suzgo la ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo ubwezi wake na chipani cha Joshua Nkomo cha Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) nawo ukatimbanizgika. Mu nkhondo ya Gukurahundi ya 1982-1987, Gulu la Cinkhondi la Mugabe likathereska ŵakususka ŵa ZAPU mu Matabeleland mu kampeni iyo yikakoma ŵanthu 20,000, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele. Pa charu chose, wakatuma ŵasilikari ku Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Congo ndipo wakadangilira gulu la wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement (1986-89), Organisation of African Unity (1997-98), na African Union (2015-16). Pakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhala mu vyaru vinyake, Mugabe wakadidimizgapo comene pa kugaŵa malo agho ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ku ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵavya malo. Wakakhuŵara cifukwa ca kucepa kwa kugaŵa vyakurya, ndipo kwamba mu 2000, wakaciska ŵanthu ŵacibara ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵatore minda ya ŵazungu. Vyakurya vikakhwaskika comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe njara, kusuzgika kwa cuma, ndiposo kuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵambiske vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kumususka chomene Mugabe, kweni wakasankhikaso mu 2002, 2008, na 2013 chifukwa cha vivulupi, upusikizgi, na kutemwera ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya ku Shona. Mu 2017, mamembala a chipani chake adamuchotsa pampando, ndikumuyika m'malo mwa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale Emmerson Mnangagwa.

Pakuti Mugabe wakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali mu Zimbabwe kwa vyaka pafupifupi 40, ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga comene. Ŵanthu ŵakamulumba kuti ni munthu uyo wakawovwira kuti Zimbabwe yifume mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ŵamazaza, na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Awo ŵakususka boma la Mugabe ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti ni munthu wankhaza uyo wakwendeska makora yayi vinthu vyachuma kweniso wakuchitiska vimbundi na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu.

Umoyo wakwambilila

Umwana: 1924–1945

Robert Gabriel Mugabe wakababika pa 21 February 1924 mu muzi wa Kutama Mission mu chigaŵa cha Zvimba ku Southern Rhodesia. Awiske, a Gabriel Matibiri, ŵakaŵa kalipentala ndipo amama ŵawo a Bona ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa vyautesi. Ŵakaŵa kuti ŵasambizgika nchito iyi na ŵa Jesuit, gulu la cisopa la Katolika ilo likambiska nchito iyi. Bona na Gabriel ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza: Miteri (Michael), Raphael, Robert, Dhonandhe (Donald), Sabina, na Bridgette. Ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Zezuru, limoza mwa mafuko ghacoko comene gha fuko la Shona. Sekuru wa Mugabe wakaŵa Chief Constantine Karigamombe, wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Matibiri", munthu wankhongono uyo wakateŵeteranga Themba Lobengula mu virimika vya m'ma 1800. Kwizira mwa adada ŵake, wakakhumbanga kuŵa mu mbumba ya ŵalongozgi awo ŵakulongozga kwa miwiro yinandi.

Ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopo ca Jesuit ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamovwira kuti wajikore, kweniso wakaŵa Mukatolika wakugomezgeka. Mubali Mugabe wakacitanga makora comene pa sukulu, cifukwa wakaŵa mwana wakujibisa ndipo wakatemwanga kuŵazga m'malo mwa maseŵero panji kucezga na ŵana ŵanyake. Ŵana ŵanyake ŵakamusekanga cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa mwanalume wacitima.

Pafupifupi mu 1930, Gabriel wakasuskana na yumoza wa ŵa Jesuit, ndipo cifukwa ca ici, mulongozgi wawo wa ku France, Dada Jean-Baptiste Loubière, wakacimbizga mbumba ya Mugabe mu muzi wa ŵamishonale. Mbumba iyi yikakhala mu muzi uwo ukaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 11. Ŵana ŵakazomerezgekanga kukhala ku sukulu ya pulayimale, ŵakakhalanga na ŵabali ŵawo ku Kutama pa nyengo ya masambiro na kuwelera ku nyumba ya ŵapapi ŵawo pa Sabata. Pa nyengo yeneyira, mukuru wa Robert, Raphael, wakafwa na nthenda ya kusulura. Kukwambilira kwa 1934, mukuru wa Robert, Michael, nayo wakafwa cifukwa ca kurya mpholozi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, Gabriel wakafumapo pa nyumba yake na kuluta ku Bulawayo kukapenja nchito. Pamanyuma pake wakaleka Bona na ŵana ŵake ŵankhondi na yumoza na kutolera mwanakazi munyake, ndipo wakababa ŵana ŵanyake ŵatatu.

Loubière wakafwa nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo wakaloŵeskeka mu malo na Father Jerome O'Hea wa ku Ireland, uyo wakazomera kuti mbumba ya Mugabe yiwelere ku Kutama. Mwakupambana na kusankhana mitundu uko kukaŵa mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Rhodesia, pa nyengo iyo O'Hea wakalongozganga, Gulu la Kutama likapharazganga kuti ŵanthu wose mbakuyana waka. O'Hea ndiyo wakasambizganga Mugabe; pambere wandafwe mu 1970, wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa na "mtima na maghanoghano ghapadera". O'Hea wakamovwira kuti wasambire vya Chikhristu, kweniso wakamuphalira vya Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira paŵekha ya ku Ireland. Wakati wasambira vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza, mu 1941 Mugabe wakapika malo pa sukulu ya kusambizga ŵasambizgi ku Kutama College. Amama ŵa Mugabe ŵakatondekanga kulipira ndalama za masambiro, izo zikapelekekanga na abuya ŵake kweniso O'Hea. Pakuŵa cigaŵa ca masambiro agha, Mugabe wakamba kusambizga pa sukulu yake yakale, ndipo wakapokeranga mapaundi ghaŵiri pa mwezi. Mu 1944, Gabriel wakawelera ku Kutama pamoza na ŵana ŵake ŵatatu, kweni wakafwa nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo Robert ndiyo wakaŵa na udindo wa kupwelelera mbumba yake. Having attained a teaching diploma, Mugabe left Kutama in 1945.

Masambiro gha pa yunivesite na uteŵeti wa kusambizga: 1945-1960

Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, Mugabe wakasambizganga mu masukulu ghakupambanapambana gha ku Southern Rhodesia, kusazgapo sukulu ya Dadaya Mission ku Shabani. Palije ukaboni wakuti pa nyengo iyo, Mugabe wakacitangako vinthu vya ndyali, ndipo wakacitako yayi viwawa ivyo vikacitika mu 1948. Mu 1949, wakapokera mwaŵi wakusambira pa yunivesite ya Fort Hare ku Eastern Cape, South Africa. Apo wakaŵa ku South Africa, wakanjira gulu la ŵawukirano la African National Congress (ANCYL) ndipo wakaluta ku maungano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa uko wakakumana na Ŵayuda ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakamovwira kumanya fundo za Marx. Pamanyuma, wakayowoya kuti nangauli wakasambira vya Marx, kweni ivyo wakachita pakukhumba kujithemba vikamovwira chomene. Mu 1952, wakafumapo pa yunivesite iyi na digiri ya Bachelor of Arts mu mbiri na mabuku gha Chingelezi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika, wakati nyengo iyo wakakhala ku Fort Hare ndiyo yikaŵa "nyengo yakupambanapambana" mu umoyo wake.

Mubali Mugabe wakaciskika na ciyelezgero ca Kwame Nkrumah wa ku Ghana.

Mu 1952, Mugabe wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakati wakaŵa "wakususka comene muwuso wa [ŵakoloni]". Apa, nchito yake yakwamba yikaŵa ya kusambizga pa sukulu ya Driefontein Roman Catholic Mission School kufupi na Umvuma. Mu 1953 wakasamukira ku Highfield Government School ku Harari mu tawuni ya Salisbury ndipo mu 1954 wakasamukira ku Mambo Township Government School ku Gwelo. Nyengo yeneyiyo, wakasanga digiri ya Bachelor of Education kufuma ku University of South Africa, ndipo wakalangura mabuku ghanandi gha Marxist - pakati pa agha pakaŵa Karl Marx's Capital na Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England - kufuma ku kampani ya ku London. Nangauli wakatemwanga chomene ndyali, kweni wakachitangako yayi ndyali. Wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, nga ni Capricorn Africa Society, uko wakasangananga na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Guy Clutton-Brock, uyo wakamumanyanga makora Mugabe kwizira mu gulu ili, pamasinda wakati wakaŵa "msepuka wakuzizwiska" uyo nyengo zinyake "wakakhalanga waka chete" kweni "wakayowoyanga vya Elvis Presley panji Bing Crosby mwakufwatuka nga umo wakuyowoyera vya ndyali".

Kufuma mu 1955 mpaka 1958, Mugabe wakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia uko wakagwiranga nchito ku Chalimbana Teacher Training College ku Lusaka. Wakalutizga masambiro ghake apo wakasambiranga digiri yaciŵiri, pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na digiri ya Bachelor of Administration kufuma ku University of London International Programmes. Ku Northern Rhodesia, wakatoleka kwa nyengo yicoko waka na mbumba ya Emmerson Mnangagwa, mweneuyo Mugabe wakamuciskanga kuti wanjire mu gulu la wanangwa ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zimbabwe. Mu 1958, Mugabe wakasamukira ku Ghana kukagwira ntchito ku St Mary's Teacher Training College ku Takoradi. Wakasambizganga ku Apowa Secondary School, kweniso ku Takoradi, wati wapokera satifiketi yake ku Achimota College (1958-1960), uko wakakumana na muwoli wake wakwamba, Sally Hayfron. Mubali Mugabe wakati: "Nkhaluta [ku Ghana] nga ni munthu uyo wakutemwa vyakusanguluska. Nkhakhumbanga kuwona umo vinthu vizamuŵira mu caru ca ku Africa". Ghana yikaŵa boma lakwamba mu Africa kuti liŵe lakujiyimira palokha ndipo pasi pa muwuso wa Kwame Nkrumah likachita vinthu vinandi vyakukondweska ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Mwakusazgirapo pa kusambizga, Mugabe wakasambirako ku Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute ku Winneba. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti ku Ghana ndiko wakazomera visambizgo vya Marx. Wakamba kutemwana na Hayfron uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku koleji ndipo nayo wakatemwanga ndyali.

Ntchito ya Kuwukila

Early political career: 1960–1963

Apo Mugabe wakasambizganga ku vyaru vinyake, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana nalo likambiska kuti ku Southern Rhodesia kuŵe gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Pakwamba, Joshua Nkomo ndiyo wakadangiliranga gulu la Southern Rhodesia African National Congress, ilo likakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 1957 ndipo boma likakanizga mu Febuluwale 1959. Gulu la SRANC likasinthika na chipani cha National Democratic Party (NDP), icho chikapangika mu Janyuwale 1960. Mu Meyi 1960, Mugabe wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia, wakatora Hayfron. Banja ili likaghanaghana kuti ulendo wawo uŵenge wa nyengo yicoko waka, kweni mubwezi wa Mugabe, Leopold Takawira, uyo ni munthu wa ku Africa, wakaŵachiska kuti ŵakhalepo.

Joshua Nkomo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakasuskanga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ku Southern Rhodesia.

Mu Julayi 1960, Takawira na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa NDP ŵakakakika; pakususka, Mugabe wakajibatika ku ŵanthu 7,000 awo ŵakakhumbanga kwenda kufuma ku Highfield kuya ku ofesi ya Prime Minister ku Salisbury. Ŵapolisi ŵakakanizga ungano uwu kuwaro kwa holo ya Stoddart mu tawuni ya Harare. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakakwana 40,000, ndipo pakaŵa pulatifomu iyo ŵakanozgekera kuyowoya nkhani. Pakuŵa munthu wakucindikika comene cifukwa ca nchito yake, madigiri ghake ghatatu, na maulendo ghake gha ku caru cinyake, Mugabe wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakacemeka kuti ŵayowoye ku wumba. Pamanyuma pa cakucitika ici, Mugabe wakasankha kujipeleka nyengo zose ku mulimo wa kusambizga, wakaleka nchito yake ya kusambizga mu Ghana (wakati wacita vilimika viŵiri vya phangano la kusambizga la vilimika vinayi). Wakalongozga ungano wakwamba wa NDP, uwo ukacitika mu Okutobala 1960, ndipo wakawovwirika na Chitepo pa nkhani za ndondomeko. Mubali Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi wa chipani ichi. Mugabe wakapangiska kuti chipani cha NDP chiŵe na mtima wa kusankhana mitundu mu Africa, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhozgeke. Wakawovwira kuti paŵe gulu la ŵawukirano la NDP ndipo wakachiska kuti pa maungano ghake paŵeso malurombo gha ŵasekuru, vyakuvwara vyawo, na sumu za ŵanakazi. Mu Febuluwale 1961, wakatora Hayfron mu ukwati wa Katolika ku Salisbury.

Mu 1961, boma la Britain likachita ungano wa ku Salisbury kuti liwone umo vinthu vizamuŵira ku Southern Rhodesia. Nkomo wakalongozganga wupu wa NDP, uwo ukagomezganga kuti Ŵanung'una ŵazamukhozgera boma lakujiyimira palekha ilo lizamuwusika na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Awo ŵakimiranga ŵaciŵelengero cikuru ca ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mu caru ici, awo pa nyengo iyo ŵakalongozganga boma la Southern Rhodesia, ŵakasuskanga fundo iyi. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, Nkomo wakazomera fundo iyo yikapelekanga mwaŵi ku ŵanthu ŵafipa kuti ŵaŵe na mipando 15 pa mipando 65 ya mu nyumba ya malango. Mugabe na ŵanji mu chipani cha NDP ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo Nkomo wakayowoya. Pamanyuma pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakamba kusuzgika. Mugabe wakayowoyapo pa maungano ghanandi gha NDP pambere boma lindakanizge chipani ichi mu Disembala 1961. Ŵanandi mwa mamembara agha ŵakambaso kuwungana mu Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) mazuŵa ghachoko waka pamanyuma, ndipo Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi wa vyaumoyo wa ZAPU.

Mu charu ichi mukaŵa vivulupi vinandi chomene chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu. Mubali Mugabe wakawona kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa kuti ŵathereske ufumu wa Britain. Ivi vikapambana na ivyo Nkomo wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakutemwa chomene charu chawo ŵakwenera kuŵikapo mtima pa nkhani za ndyali kuti boma la Britain liŵape ivyo ŵakukhumba. Pakati pajumpha myezi 9, boma likakanizga gulu la ZAPU, ndipo mu Seputembala 1962, Mugabe na ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa chipani ŵakakakika. Mubali Mugabe na muwoli wake ŵakaŵa na suzgo na dango; ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuyowoya mazgu ghakwambiska viwawa pa wumba. Hayfron wakeruzgika kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri, kweni wakakhalako myezi 15 cifukwa ca kuyowoya kuti Fumukazi Elizabeth II "yingaluta ku helo".

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakwenera kumanya kuti usange ŵakumanya yayi ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukhumba, mbwenu nkhondo ya mitundu yizamuŵako.

— Mugabe, early 1960s

Kuwuka kwa mtundu wa ku Africa kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵakanjirenge mu Southern Rhodesia, ndipo chipani cha Rhodesian Front chikatonda pa mavoti gha mu Disembala 1962. Boma liphya likakhumbanga kusungilira muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mwa kukhozga bata na kujikora ku boma la Britain. Mubali Mugabe wakakumana na ŵanyake ku nyumba yake mu cigaŵa ca Highbury mu Salisbury, uko wakayowoya kuti cifukwa cakuti vipharazgo vya ndyali vikaŵa vyakukanizgika, nyengo yikakwana yakuti ŵambe kucitako nkhondo. Iyo pamoza na ŵanji ŵakakana fundo ya Nkomo yakuti ŵaŵike boma lakucimbira mu Dar es Salaam. Iyo na Hayfron ŵakajivikilira yayi kuti ŵalute ku ungano wa ZAPU ku Tanganyikan. Kwenekura, ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ŵakakumana na pulezidenti wa Tanganyika, Julius Nyerere, uyo nayo wakakanaso fundo ya boma lakunjilira mu caru cinyake ndipo wakaciska ZAPU kuti ŵanozge nkani yawo yakwimikana na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵaŵituŵa mu Southern Rhodesia.

Mu Ogasiti, Hayfron wakababa mwana mwanalume wa Mugabe, uyo ŵakamuthya Nhamodzenyika, lizgu la Chishona ilo likung'anamura "charu icho chikusuzgika". Mubali Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti muwoli wake wawelere ku Ghana, kweni iyo wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia. Kwenekura, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasuskanga Nkomo ŵakambiska chipani chiphya, Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), mu Ogasiti; Ndabaningi Sithole wakazgoka pulezidenti wa gulu ili, apo wakasankha Mugabe kuŵa mulembi mukuru wa gulu ili kwambura iyo. Nkomo wakazgora mwa kupanga gulu lake, la People's Caretaker Council, ilo likamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "ZAPU". ZAPU na ZANU ŵakasuskananga comene ndipo mwaluŵiro pakawuka nkhondo ya vigeŵenga.

Wakajalirika mu jele: 1963-1975

Mubali Mugabe wakakakika apo wakaweleranga ku Southern Rhodesia mu Disembala 1963. Khoti likadumura mulandu wake kwamba mu Janyuwale m'paka mu Malichi 1964, ndipo wakakana kuwuskamo ivyo wakayowoya. Mu Malichi 1964, ŵakamujalira mu jele myezi 21. Muwuso wa Mugabe ukati wafika ku Wha Wha ndipo pamanyuma ku Sikombela ku Que Que. Ku jele ili, wakaŵasambizganga kuŵazga na kulemba, masamu, na Cingelezi. Ŵalinda ŵaciganga awo ŵakaŵa ŵalusungu ŵakaswanga mauthenga kufuma kwa Mugabe na mamembala ghanyake gha wupu wa ZANU ku ŵanthu awo ŵakacitanga vinthu vinyake kuwaro kwa jele. Pakulongozgeka na boma, Herbert Chitepo, uyo wakaŵa wakuvikilira ZANU, wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari ku Lusaka. Mu Epulero 1966, gulu ili likayezga kunanga mizati ya magesi mu msumba wa Sinoia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likapoka munda unyake wa ŵazungu kufupi na msumba wa Hartley. Boma likazgora mwa kuwezgera mamembala gha ZANU, kusazgapo Mugabe, ku jele la Salisbury mu 1966. Mu jele ili, ŵakayidi 40 ŵakagaŵika mu maselo ghanayi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagonanga pasi chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Wakakhalako vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi, ndipo wakatangwanika comene na kuŵazga na kusambira. Wakakhalako vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi, ndipo wakatangwanika comene na kuŵazga na kusambira. Mu nyengo iyi wakasanga madigiri ghanyake pa Yunivesite ya London: digiri ya masters mu vya cuma, digiri ya bachelor mu vya boma, na madigiri ghaŵiri gha malango.

Apo Mugabe wakaŵa mu jere, Ian Smith wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Rhodesia.

Apo wakaŵa mu jere, Mugabe wakapulika kuti mwana wake wafwa na nthenda ya mu wongo apo wakaŵa na vilimika vitatu. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa na citima comene ndipo wakapempha kuti wafumeko pa nyumba kuti wakacezge na muwoli wake ku Ghana. Wakaŵagowokera yayi ŵalara ŵa jele cifukwa ca kukana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakamumanyanga nyengo yira ŵakayowoyanga kuti apo wakaŵa mu jele, ŵakamuyuzganga. Dada Emmanuel Ribeiro, uyo wakaŵa wasembe wa Mugabe apo wakaŵa mu jele, wakati: "Chifukwa chimoza nchakuti wakaŵa wakukhora mwauzimu".

Apo Mugabe wakaŵa mu jere, mu Ogasiti 1964, boma la Rhodesian Front - ilo sono likulongozgeka na Ian Smith - likakanizga ZANU na ZAPU na kukora ŵalongozgi wose ŵa gulu la African nationalist mu caru ici. Boma la Smith likapharazga kuti lijiyimire palekha kufuma ku Britain mu Novembala 1965, ndipo likasintha zina la Southern Rhodesia kuŵa Rhodesia.

Mu 1972, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na boma la Smith. Ŵalwani ŵa boma ŵakachemanga kuti Chimurenga wachiŵiri. Magulu gha ŵasilikari ghakaŵa mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Tanzania na Zambia. Ŵasilikari ŵawo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyakukwana yayi. Gulu la nkhondo la ZANU, Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Shona. Gulu ili likaŵa ku Mozambique, ndipo likapokera ndalama kufuma ku China. Gulu la nkhondo la ZAPU, la Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), likagwiliskirika nchito na boma la Soviet Union.

Mugabe na mamembala ghanyake gha ZANU ŵakaŵa na kukayika pa umo Sithole wakwendeskera, ndipo ŵakamuwonanga kuti wakukwiya comene ndiposo wakucita vinthu mwambura kwenelera. Mu Okutobala 1968, Sithole wakayezga kunjizga uthenga kufuma mu jele uwo ukalangura ŵanthu ŵa ZANU kuti ŵakome Smith. Ŵakamanya ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita ndipo ŵakamupeleka ku khoti mu Janyuwale 1969. Mugabe wakachenya Sithole chifukwa cha "kusesa" pakukana ivyo ZANU yikakhumbanga, ndipo boma likamuwuskapo pa udindo wake pakuvota kuti waleke kugomezgeka. Mu Novembala 1974, wupu wa ZANU ukazomerezga kuti Sithole waleke kuŵa mu wupu uwu.

Pakopa kuti nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yingathandazgikira kumwera, boma la South Africa likapangiska kuti Rhodesia yambe kukolerana na maboma gha ŵazungu gha Zambia na Tanzania. Pakucita viyezgo ivi, boma la Smith likazomera kufwatura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵa mu jele. Mu Novembala 1974, pamanyuma pa kukhala mu jele vyaka pafupifupi 11, Mugabe wakafumiskika. Wakasamira ku nyumba ya mudumbu wake Sabina ku Highfield. Wakakhumbanga kunjira mu gulu la ZANU na kurwa nkhondo ya chipani, pakumanya kuti kuti waŵe na mazaza pa ZANU, wakeneranga kuwusa ZANLA. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusuzga cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitikanga mu gulu la ŵasilikari, comenecomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Manyika na Karange.

Nkhondo ya chiona wona: 1975–1979

Mbendera ya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)

Mu Malichi 1975, Mugabe wakafumako ku Rhodesia kuya ku Mozambique, wakakhumbanga kuwusa gulu la ZANU. Munyake, Maurice Nyagumbo, wakati wakoleka, wakafipanga mtima kuti nayo ndimo vicitirenge. Ribeiro na sisiteri munyake ŵakamovwira iyo na Edgar Tekere kuti ŵanjire mwakubisilizga mu Mozambique. Mubali Mugabe wakakhala mu caru ici vyaka viŵiri. Pulezidenti wa Mozambique, Samora Machel, wakaŵa wakukayikira za maluso gha Mugabe ndipo wakamanya yayi usange wangamuwona nga ni mulongozgi wa ZANU. Machel wakamupa nyumba mu Quelimane ndipo wakamuŵika mu jele, ndipo Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuzomerezgeka kwenda. Pakatora pafupifupi chaka kuti Machel wazomerezge kuti Mugabe ndiyo walongozge ZANU.

Mugabe wakaluta ku misasa yakupambanapambana ya ZANLA mu Mozambique kuti wakhozge ŵasilikari ŵake. Pakati pa chaka cha 1976, wakaŵa kuti wasanga wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ZANLA ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wakumanyikwa comene wa gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwanga na muwuso wa Smith. Mu Ogasiti 1977, wakapharazgika kuti ni purezidenti wa ZANU pa ungano wa komiti yikuru ya chipani uwo ukacitikira ku Chimoio. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, Mugabe wakalutilira kukayikira ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ZANLA ndipo wakakaka ŵanandi ŵa iwo. Mu 1977, wakakaka mulara wake munyake, Wilfred Mhanda, cifukwa cakuti ŵakamuyowoyera kuti ngwakugomezgeka yayi. Josiah Tongogara wakati wafwa pa ngozi ya galimoto mu 1979, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakwenera kuti wakacitako.

Mugabe wakakhara kutali na milimo ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya ZANLA, iyo wakapeleka kwa Tongogara. Mu Janyuwale 1976, ZANLA yikamba kunjira mu charu ichi kufuma ku Mozambique, ndipo ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1,000 ŵakambuka mphaka kuti ŵakawukire minda na mashopu gha ŵatuŵa. Pakuzgora, boma la Smith likalemba ŵanalume wose ŵa vyaka vyakukwana 35 kuti ŵanjire usilikari. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda yawo chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa ZANLA. Ŵachikuda ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito ŵakamba kugwira nchito na ZANLA. Kuzakafika mu 1979, ZANLA yikaŵa kuti yaluta ku misumba yinandi ya ku Rhodesia. Pa nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu 30,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakafwa comene, ndipo kuumaliro wa vyaka ivi, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kutonda.

Mugabe pa ungano na mulongozgi wa cikomyunizimu wa ku Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu mu 1976

Mubali Mugabe wakadodoliskanga comene pa nkhondo yakupharazga, ndipo nyengo zose wakayowoyanga pa wayilesi. Mu mabuku agha, wakajiwonanga nga ni Marxist-Leninist, ndipo wakayowoya makora chomene vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu nga ni Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, na Fidel Castro. Nangauli wakaŵa na vigomezgo vya Marx, kweni maungano gha Mugabe na ŵimiliri ŵa Soviet ghakaŵavya candulo, cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga kuti Nkomo ndiyo walongozgenge nkhondo. Ubwezi wake na China ukaŵa wakukhora comene, cifukwa boma la China likapeleka vilwero ku ZANLA kwambura vinthu vinyake. Kweniso wakapenja wovwiri ku vyaru vya ku Western, wakaluta ku ma ambassy gha ku Western ku Mozambique, ndipo wakaluta ku vyaru vya ku Western nga ni Italy na Switzerland na vyaru vya Marxist nga ni Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Vietnam, na Cuba.

Mubali Mugabe wakacema kuti boma la Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵazungu likomeke, Smith na gulu lake la vigeŵenga ŵakomeke, caru ca ŵanthu ŵazungu cikanjire mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵazungu, ndipo Rhodesia yisinthe kuŵa boma la chipani cimoza. Kanandi waka wakaciskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia kuti ŵacitire nkhaza ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa mu caru ici, ndipo wakaŵachemanga kuti "ŵakusuzga ŵanthu", "ŵakukoma ŵanthu", ndiposo "ŵakusankhana mitundu". Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1978, mu upharazgi wa pa wayilesi, Mugabe wakati: "Tiyeni tiŵathereske [Ŵazungu]. Tiyeni tiparanye msumba wake. Tileke kumupa nyengo yakuti wapumure. Tiyeni timupenje mu ngodya yiliyose. Tiyeni tiwuskemo ciŵanda ici mu nyumba yithu". Kwa Mugabe, kulimbana na ŵasilikari kukaŵa kwakuzirwa comene pakukhazikiska boma liphya. Mwakupambana na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Nkomo, Mugabe wakasuskanga fundo yakuti boma la Smith limare kukolerana. Mu Okutobala 1976 ZANU yikakhazikiska gulu limoza na ZAPU lakucemeka Patriotic Front. Mu Seputembala 1978, Mugabe wakakumana na Nkomo ku Lusaka. Wakakwiya cifukwa ca kuyezga kwa Smith kuti wadumbiskane na mulongozgi wa Cikomyunizimu Nicolae Ceaușescu mu 1976.

Phangano la Nyumba ya Lancaster: 1979

Mubali Smith wakamba kuwona kuti vinthu vyamba kwenda makora apo B. J. Wakayama Vorster wakamanya kuti muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ukaŵa wambura kovwira mu caru ico mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵabuluu ŵanandi kuluska ŵatuŵa. Smith wakazomera kuti muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ungalutilira yayi kwamuyirayira. Wakalongozga pa mavoti gha 1979 agho ghakapangiska kuti Abel Muzorewa, bishopu wakufipa mtima, wasankhike kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Wupu wa ZANU na ZAPU wose ŵakakananga mavoti agha, kweni charu chose chikapokelera yayi. Pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma wa mu 1979, uwo ukacitikira ku Lusaka, Margaret Thatcher, nduna yikuru ya Britain, wakazizika ŵapositole apo wakapharazga kuti caru ca Britain cizamumanya kuti nchakujiyimira pawekha usange cizamunjira mu boma la ŵanthu ŵanandi.

Nyumba ya Lancaster mu cigaŵa ca St. James mu London

Maungano agha ghakacitikira mu nyumba ya Lancaster House mu msumba wa London, ndipo wakadangiliranga ni Peter Carington wa mu chipani cha Conservative. Mubali Mugabe wakakana kuluta ku maungano agha, chifukwa wakatinkhanga fundo yakuti nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia yimalenge pa mtende. Machel wakadandawura kuti wakwenera kucita nthena, ndipo wakawofya kuti walekeskenge wovwiri wa Mozambique ku ZANU-PF usange waleka kucita nthena. Mu September 1979, Mugabe wakafika ku London. Kwenekura, iyo na Nkomo ŵakajiphara nga ni gulu la "Patriotic Front" kweni ŵakakhazikiska ofesi yawo mu msumba uwu. Pa ungano uwu ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambana; Nkomo wakakhumbanga kujilongora nga ni munthu wakujiyuyura apo Mugabe wakayezga kujilongora nga ni munthu wakugaluka wa Marxist, ndipo Carington wakagwiliskira nchito kugaŵikana uku. Mu nyengo yose iyo ŵakadumbiskananga, Mugabe wakagomezganga Ŵanung'una yayi ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ŵakwendeska vinthu kuti ŵasangepo candulo.

Phangano la Lancaster House likati wose awo ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia ŵavomerezgane kuti paŵe mtende, ndipo kazembe wa ku Britain, Christopher Soames, wakiza ku Rhodesia kuzakawona ivyo vikachitika. Likayowoya kuti charu cha Rhodesia chichemekengeso Zimbabwe, zina ilo lili kufuma ku malo ghakuchemeka Great Zimbabwe. Phangano ili likawoneseskaso kuti ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu caru ici ŵasungilire wanangwa wawo wa vya cuma na ndyali. Pakuyowoya kuti boma la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose likwenera kuŵa la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, Carington wakaciska Mugabe kuti wacitepo kanthu pa nkhani yinyake yikuru ya ungano uwu, ya malo. Mugabe wakazomera kuvikilira katundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa pa fundo yakuti maboma gha Britain na United States ghaŵawovwire ndalama mwakuti boma la Zimbabwe ligure malo ghanandi kuti ghagaŵike ku ŵanthu ŵafipa. Mugabe wakasuska fundo yakuti paŵe mtende, kweni Machel wakamuchichizga kuti wazomere. Mugabe wakalemba phangano ili, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti wapusikika, ndipo wakakhuŵara cifukwa cakuti wakatondeka kutonda ŵasilikari ŵa Rhodesia.

Kamupeni wa chisankho: 1980

Apo wakaweleranga ku Salisbury mu Janyuwale 1980, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamupokelera. Wakakhalanga mu nyumba yinyake ku Mount Pleasant, mu tawuni iyo mukaŵa ŵazungu ŵanandi. Machel wakachenjezga Mugabe kuti waleke kutinkha ŵazungu ŵa ku Rhodesia, kumucenjezga kuti para ŵazungu ŵafumako ku caru cawo para pajumpha mavoti, vingananga cuma nga umo vikaŵira ku Mozambique. Ntheura, pa nyengo ya kampeni yake ya kuvota, Mugabe wakaleka kuyowoya mazgu gha Marx na gha chipani. Mugabe wakadikhira kuti pa chisankho, ZANU yizamwimilira nga chipani chakupambana na ZAPU, ndipo wakakana pempho la Nkomo la ungano. Wakapangiska chipani cha ZANU, icho chikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANUPF). Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyerathu kuti ZANU-PF ndiyo yizamutonda pa vipani ivyo vikupambana mitundu. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Shona, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 70 pa 100 wose mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Britain ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivi vichitikenge cifukwa ca vigomezgo vya Mugabe vya Marx na mazgu ghake ghakwimikana na ŵanthu ŵazungu.

Mu nyengo ya kampeni, Mugabe wakapona ku ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhumbanga kumukoma. Mu nyengo yakwamba, iyo yikacitika pa Febuluwale 6, bomba likaponyeka pa nyumba yake ya Mount Pleasant, apo likaphulika pa cimati ca munda. Pa 10 February, bomba la mumphepete mwa msewu likaphulika pafupi na galimoto yake apo wakafumanga ku Fort Victoria. Mubali Mugabe nayo wakapwetekeka yayi. Mubali Mugabe wakati ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ndiwo ŵakapangiska vinthu ivi. Kuti ŵaleke kughanaghana kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵachitenge vimbundi, Mugabe wakakumana na Peter Walls, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia, ndipo wakamupempha kuti wakhalilire pa udindo wake usange ZANU-PF yingatonda. Pa nyengo iyo, Viliŵa vikakana.

Nkhondo iyi yikakhwaskika na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachitiranga wofi ŵanthu awo ŵakavotanga, awo ŵakaŵa ZAPU ya Nkomo, United African National Council (UANC) ya Abel Muzorewa, na ZANU-PF ya Mugabe. Pakulongosora za milimo ya ZANU-PF ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia, Nkomo wakadandawura kuti "mazgu ghakuti kutenthemeska ngapusu. Ŵanthu ŵakopa ŵanthu. Ni wofi". Pakuwona kuti ZANU-PF yikopa ŵanthu, Mugabe wakachemeka ku nyumba ya boma. Mugabe wakawona kuti ungano uwu ukaŵa wa ku Britain kuti watimbanizge kampeni yake. Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kudumbiskana, Soames wakaŵa na mazaza gha kulekeska chipani cilicose ico cikopa ŵanthu. Wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Rhodesia, Nkomo, Muzorewa, na ŵanyake awo ŵakamupa ulongozgi wose ŵakapempha Soames kuti waleke kunjizga ZANU-PF. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, Soames wakazomera yayi, wakugomezga kuti ZANU-PF yikwenera kutonda pa chisankho ndipo kuti kuŵatondeska kungapangiska kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mwaŵi wa kusintha mazaza.

Pa mavoti gha mu February, ZANU-PF yikasanga mavoti 63% pa mavoti gha mu chalo chose, ndipo yikasanga vithuzithuzi 57 pa vithuzithuzi 80 ivyo vikaŵa vya maboma gha ŵanthu ŵaŵisi. ZAPU yikasanga vithuzithuzi 20, ndipo UANC yikasanga vithuzithuzi vitatu. Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mp ku chigaŵa cha Salisbury ku Highfield. Pakuyezga kukhozga wofi na kukanizga ŵanthu ŵazungu kuti ŵaleke kucimbira, Mugabe wakawonekera pa wayilesi na kucemera kuti paŵe umoza wa caru cose, kukhazikika, na dango na ndondomeko.

Nduna Yakwamba ya Zimbabwe: 1980-1987

Vithuzithuzi vya pa dindi la msilikari wambura kumanyikwa ku Heroes' Acre; cikumbusko ici cikapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea awo ŵakaphaliranga Mugabe.

Charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa April 18, 1980. Mubali Mugabe wakalapa kuŵa nduna yikuru ya caru ciphya ici pakati pa usiku.Wakayowoya pa Rufaro Stadium ku Salisbury, ndipo wakapharazga kuti charu cha Rhodesia chichemekenge "Zimbabwe". Soames wakawovwira Mugabe kuti wasinthe makora mazaza; ndipo Mugabe wakalutilira kumuwonga. Mugabe wakakhumba yayi kuti Soames wakhale mu Zimbabwe kwa virimika vinandi, ndipo wakatondeka kukhuŵilizga Britain kuti waŵe na "mulimo wakulongozga" wa vyaka viŵiri mu boma lake cifukwa ŵa ZANU-PF ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵambura kumanya vinandi vya muwuso. Pakuti ZANU-PF yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwusa yekha, kweni Mugabe wakambiska boma la umoza mwa kuchemera ŵanthu ŵa ku vipani vinyake kuti ŵanjire mu nduna zake. Mubali Mugabe wakasamira ku nyumba ya nduna yikuru ya boma ku Salisbury, iyo wakayizingilizga mwakuyana waka na umo Smith wakayizingilizgira.

Mugabe na pulezidenti wa ku United States Ronald Reagan mu 1983

Mu caru cose, ŵakawuskamo vikozgo vya Cecil Rhodes, ndipo malo na misewu ivyo vikacemekanga na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu nyengo ya makoloni vikacemeka na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1982, msumba wa Salisbury ukacemeka Harare. Mubali Mugabe wakagwiliska nchito ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea kuti ŵanozge nyumba ya Heroes' Acre, cikumbusko na malo ghakukondwelera ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵachoko. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikapokeraso wovwiri ukuru kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Boma la United States likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 25 miliyoni ku Zimbabwe kwa vilimika vitatu. Boma la United Kingdom likapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera ndondomeko ya kunozga malo, ndipo likapeleka ulongozgi wa ŵasilikari kuti ŵawovwire kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵanjire mu gulu liphya la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ZANLA na ZIPRA ŵakakanjira usilikari, kweni pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Pakuŵa Nduna Yikuru, Mugabe wakasunga Walls kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.

Boma la Mugabe likalutilira kuyowoyapo za kusintha Zimbabwe kuŵa wupu wa socialist, kweni likachitapo kanthu yayi. Mwakupambana na umo Mugabe wakayowoyeranga vya socialism, ndondomeko za boma lake za bajeti zikaŵa zakusungilira vinthu, zikagwiranga nchito mu ndondomeko ya capitalist ndipo zikayowoyanga comene za kukhumbikwa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Apo wakaŵa pa udindo wake, Mugabe wakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu pachokopachoko kuti vileke kuŵa nga umo vikaŵira pakwamba. Kufuma mu 1980 m'paka mu 1990, chuma cha caru ici cikakura na 2.7% pa caka, kweni cikakura cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga zikakhira. Unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakwera, ndipo mu 1990 ukafika pa 26%. Boma likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama pa ciŵelengero ca 10% ca GDP. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mugabe, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa masambiro na vya cipatala zikakura comene. Mu 1980, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa masukulu gha sekondare 177 pera. Pa nyengo iyi, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 62% kufika pa 82%. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakakoleka munkhwala wa HIV kufuma pa 25% kufika pa 92%.

Ŵakapanga gulu liphya la ŵalongozgi, ndipo kanandi ŵakagulanga nyumba zikuruzikuru na magalimoto ghakudura, ŵakatumanga ŵana ŵawo ku masukulu ghapadera, kweniso ŵakachitanga bizinesi. Kuti ŵaleke kuchita vinthu mwakutalulira, mu 1984 Mugabe wakalemba "ndondomeko ya ŵalongozgi" iyo yikakanizganga ŵanthu ŵalara-lara kupokera malipiro ghakujumpha limoza panji kuŵa na malo ghakujumpha maekali 50. Pakaŵaso vinyake ivyo vikachitika, ndipo Mugabe wakazomerezga Jenerale Solomon Mujuru kusazgirako bizinesi yake, ndipo wakazgoka munthu musambazi comene mu Zimbabwe. Vimbundi ivyo vikachitikanga pakati pa ŵanthu ŵamazaza vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kugomezgeka.

Mugabe departing Andrews Air Force Base after a state visit to the United States in 1983

ZANU-PF nayo yikamba kupanga bizinesi yake, yikayambiska M&S Syndicate mu 1980 na Zidoo Holdings mu 1981. Kufika mu 1992, chipani ichi chikaŵa na katundu na bizinesi yakujumpha madola 500 miliyoni (US$75 miliyoni). Mu 1980, ZANU-PF yikagwiliskira nchito ndarama za ku Nigeria kuti yikhazikiske wupu wa Mass Media Trust, uwo ukagura kampani ya ku South Africa iyo yikaŵa na manyuzipepara ghanandi gha ku Zimbabwe. Ŵazungu awo ŵakang'anamuliranga manyuzipepara agha ŵakaŵafumiskanga mu maofesi ghawo ndipo ŵakaŵikamo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakimikika na boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, manyuzipepara agha ghakazgoka malo ghakupharazgira vya chipani.

Apo charu cha Zimbabwe chikapokera wanangwa wake, vyaru 39% vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵambura kutchuka awo ŵakaŵa na minda yikuruyikuru ya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa pafupifupi 6,000, apo 4% vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵachiswesi awo ŵakaŵa na minda yichokoyikuru, ndipo 41% vikaŵa vyaru vya ŵanthu wose. Phangano la Lancaster House likati m'paka mu 1990, malo ghakuguliskika ghangaŵa waka "ghakunozgeka kuguliskika". Kweni ŵakazomerezganga yayi usange malo agha "ghakugwiliskirika nchito mwambura kwenelera" panji ghakukhumbikwa pa mulimo unyake. Ici cikang'anamuranga kuti boma la Mugabe likaguliskanga waka malo ghambura kwenelera. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti mu vyaka vitatu, mbumba za ŵanthu ŵabuluu 18,000 zizakakhale pa malo gha mahekita 2.5 miliyoni gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Ivi vikeneranga kukhumba ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 30 miliyoni (US$60 million), ndipo hafu ya ndalama izi boma la United Kingdom likeneranga kupeleka kuyana na ivyo vikaŵa mu phangano la Lancaster House.

Mu 1986, Mugabe wakazgoka mulongozgi wa gulu la Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), udindo uwo wakasunga mpaka mu 1989. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa boma la Front Line States, ilo lili pafupi na charu cha South Africa icho chikaŵa pasi pa apartheid, wakaŵa wakugomezgeka comene mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid.

Umo ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu

Sono tikwenera kugowokera na kuluwa zakwananga izo tikacita kumanyuma. Usange tikughanaghanira ivyo vikacitika kumasinda, tiyeni ticitenge nthena cifukwa ca sambiro ilo tili kusambira, lakuti kusuzgika na kusankhana mitundu ni vinthu vyambura kwenelera ivyo vingazomerezgeka yayi kuti viŵeko mu ndyali na mu umoyo withu. Cingaŵa cifukwa ciwemi yayi kuyowoya kuti cifukwa cakuti ŵatuŵa ŵakatisuzga apo ŵakaŵa na mazaza, ŵafipa ŵakwenera kuŵasuzga lero cifukwa cakuti ŵali na mazaza. Uheni ukulutilira kuŵa uheni, kwali ni mzungu uyo wakulimbana na muzungu panji muzungu uyo wakulimbana na muzungu.

— Mugabe's speech after his 1980 victory

Pakwamba, Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵambeso kukolerana, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuŵa paubwezi uwemi na ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Wakakhumbanga kuti ŵazungu ŵaleke kufumamo mu charu chawo, ndipo wakawoneseskanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kopa kuti waŵasuzgenge kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo. Wakimika ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵatuŵa - David Smith na Denis Norman - mu boma lake, wakakumana na ŵalongozgi ŵatuŵa mu vyakurya, makampani, migodi, na malonda, ndipo wakakondweska ŵalara ŵa boma nga ni Smith na Ken Flower na mtima wake wose. Nkhondo yikati yamara, mafuta ghakaŵa ghacilendo, ndipo vinthu vikamba kwenda makora ku Zimbabwe. Mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikendanga makora mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, awo ŵakaŵa na katundu munandi ndiposo ŵakendeskanga malonda, mafakitale, na mabanki, ndiwo ŵakatumbikika comene.

Ndipouli, Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakadandawura kuti ŵakaŵasankhiranga. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakakwenyelera cifukwa ca kukhala mu boma la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo ŵakafipanga mtima kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵasangenge nchito yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku South Africa, ndipo mu 1980, ŵazungu pafupifupi 17,000 (pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza pa viŵelengero 10 vya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Zimbabwe) ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Boma la Mugabe likalayizga kuti lizamovwira African National Congress na ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid mu South Africa, kweni likaŵazomerezga yayi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito Zimbabwe pakuchita nkhondo. Pakulimbana na nkhaza za katangale na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mu South Africa, boma la Mugabe likakanizga Zimbabwe kuti yileke kuchitako maseŵero gha ku South Africa. Kweniso caru ca South Africa cikayezga kutimbanizga Zimbabwe mwa kujara nthowa za malonda na kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakususka Mugabe.

Mugabe ku Netherlands, 1982

Mu Disembala 1981, bomba likaphulika pa ofesi yikuru ya ZANU-PF, ndipo ŵanthu 7 ŵakafwa ndipo 124 ŵakapwetekeka. Mugabe wakapa mulandu ŵasilikari ŵazungu awo ŵakovwirika na South Africa. Wakasuska "ŵanthu ŵakususka na awo ŵakususka kusintha kwa vinthu" mu muzi wa ŵazungu, ndipo wakati nangauli ŵakasuskika yayi cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakacita kumanyuma, kweni ŵakukana kuwezgerapo mtende pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo "ŵakucita vinthu mwakukolerana na ŵa ku South Africa kuti ŵatipweteke, kutimbanizge umoza withu, kutimbanizga chuma cithu, na kuwuskapo boma ilo ine nkhulongozga". Wakasuskanga ŵasilikari pera yayi kweni ŵazungu wose cifukwa ca kuŵa na mazaza pa "nkhongono za cuma za Zimbabwe". Ndimo ŵaminisitala ŵanandi ŵa boma na ŵapharazgi ŵa nkhani ŵakawoneranga. Yumoza wa ŵaliska aŵa, Tekere, wakacitako cinthu cinyake apo iyo pamoza na ŵanalume ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero ŵakanjira mu famu iyo yikaŵa ya ŵazungu, ndipo ŵakakoma mulimi munyake mucekuru. Tekere ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kukoma munthu, kweni Mugabe wakamufumiska mu ofesi yake.

Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkhana. Mu Disembala 1981, Wally Stuttaford, mulara wa ku mphala ya malango ya ku South Africa, ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuŵa muzga wa South Africa, ŵakamukora na kumusuzga, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakwiyike. Mu Julayi 1982, ŵasilikari ŵazungu awo ŵakakhozgekanga na South Africa ŵakaparanya ndege 13 pa Thornhill. Ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakakakika na kutambuzgika. Ŵakaŵeruzga, kweni ŵeruzgi ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵalije mulandu. Nkhani yawo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵayowoyepo viheni, kweni Mugabe wakati nkhani iyi yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi cifukwa cakuti ŵakayidi ŵakaŵa ŵazungu. Kuvikilira kwake nthambuzgo na kuyuyura ndondomeko za malango vikapweteka mbiri yake pa caru cose. Ŵazungu ŵakalutilira kucimbilira ku caru cinyake, ndipo mu vilimika vitatu kufuma apo Mugabe wakambira kuwusa, hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Mu 1985 pa mavoti, chipani cha Smith cha Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe chikapokera vithuzithuzi 15 pa vithuzithuzi 20 ivyo vikapelekeka ku ŵazungu. Mugabe wakakwiya chomene na ivyo vikachitika, ndipo wakachenya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku Zimbabwe cifukwa ca kuleka kupera "mu nthowa yiliyose" apo ŵakalutilira kovwira Smith na ŵandyali ŵanyake ŵatuŵa awo ŵakacita "vinthu vyakofya ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe".

Ubale na ZAPU na Gukurahundi

Nkhani ikulu: Gukurahundi

Mbendera ya ZAPU, iyo yikamara na ZANU-PF mu chigaŵa cha Gukurahundi

Kuyana na dango liphya la charu ichi, udindo wa pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa wa pa mwambo pera. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa kuti wapeleka uteŵeti uwu kwa Nkomo, kweni Nkomo wakakana. Apo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza, pakaŵa ukali pakati pa Mugabe na Nkomo. Mugabe wakapeleka mipando yinayi ku ZAPU, kweni Nkomo wakapempha zinandi. Mwakupambana na ivi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ZANU-PF ŵakayowoya kuti ZAPU yikwenera yayi kuŵa na mipando mu boma, ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti Zimbabwe yiŵe boma la chipani chimoza. Tekere na Enos Nkala ŵakaŵa ŵakusimikizga kuti palije suzgo na ZAPU. Pamanyuma pakuti Nkala wacemerezga kuti ZAPU yikomeke mwankhaza pa ungano wa ŵanthu ku Entumbane, ku malo agha kukawuka mbembe.

Mu Janyuwale 1981, Mugabe wakawuskapo Nkomo pa udindo wake mu nduna zake; iyo wakachenjezga kuti ichi chikukwiyiska awo ŵakakolerana na ZAPU. Mu February, nkhaza pakati pa ŵakukhozgera ZAPU na ZANU-PF zikawuka pakati pa gulu ilo likaŵa ku Ntabazinduna. Kufuma apo, ŵakasanga vilwero vinandi ivyo vikaŵa na mabomba na mabomba ghakwimikana na ndege pa famu ya Ascot, iyo Nkomo wakaŵa nayo. Mugabe wakayowoya kuti uwu ukaŵa ukaboni wakuti ZAPU yikunozgekera kuti yikome boma, kweni Nkomo wakakana. Pakuyaniska Nkomo na "njoka ya mu nyumba", Mugabe wakamulekeska nchito mu boma, ndipo mabizinesi, minda, na katundu wa ZAPU vikatoleka.

Ŵanalume ŵa ZANLA na ZIPRA ŵakaleka milimo yawo na kwamba kunjilirapo pa vigeŵenga. Ku Matabeleland, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira gulu la ZIPRA awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵakupambana maghanoghano" ŵakachitanga unkhungu, kwiba mabasi, na kuwukira nyumba za ŵalimi. Ŵalwani aŵa ŵakapokera wovwiri kufuma ku South Africa kwizira mu gulu la ku Africa lakucemeka Operation Mute, ilo likagomezganga kuti lingapangiska kuti caru ca Zimbabwe cileke kukhazikika. Boma kanandi likayaniskanga ZIPRA na awo ŵakususka, nangauli Nkomo wakasuskanga awo ŵakususka na awo ŵakuŵawovwira. Mubali Mugabe wakazomerezga ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari kuti ŵakome ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na boma ku Matabeleland. Mu 1982 wakambiska Gulu la Cinkhondi, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likasambizgika na ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea. Mu Janyuwale 1983, ŵasilikari ŵa Fifth Brigade ŵakatumika ku chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakalongozga ntchito ya kutimbana, kotcha ŵanthu, kukoma ŵanthu pa wumba, na kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakatenge ŵakukolerana na ŵakususka. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yikuru comene kuluska iyo yikacitika mu caru ca Rhodesia. Ŵakazenga malo ghakuponerako ŵanthu. Mubali Mugabe wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵazamusuzgika cifukwa ca vivulupi ivi, wakati "tingamanya yayi uyo ni wakususka panji yayi". Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikamanyikwa kuti "Gukurahundi", lizgu la Cishona ilo likung'anamura "mphepo iyo yikuseŵa duru pambere vula yindize".

Gukurahundi yikachitikira mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, ku Matabeleland.

Mu 1984, Gukurahundi wakambukira ku Matabeleland South, malo agho ghakaŵa na chilangalanga kwa vyaka vitatu. Gulu la Cinkhondi likajara mashopu ghose, likakanizga kupeleka vinthu, ndipo likakanizga ŵanthu kwenda, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na njara kwa myezi yiŵiri. Bishopu wa Bulawayo wakamunena Mugabe kuti wakulongozga ndondomeko ya njara. Apo ŵimiliri ŵa Katolika ŵakapeleka kwa Mugabe buku ilo likulongosora uheni uwo gulu la Fifth Brigade likacita, Mugabe wakakana ivyo likayowoya ndipo wakati ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakuleka kugomezgeka ku Zimbabwe. Wakacitiska kuti wupu wa Katolika wakuwona vya urunji na mtende mu Zimbabwe uleke kugwira nchito. Mu 1985, lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International lakukhwaskana na Gukurahundi likakanika na Mugabe kuti ni "utesi". Mu vilimika vinayi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakatimbika na kutambuzgika. Genocide Watch yikalongosora kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 ŵakakomeka.

Boma la Britain la Margaret Thatcher likamanyanga za kukoma ŵanthu kweni likakhala chete pa nkhani iyi, kuti lileke kukwiyiska Mugabe na kutimbanizga umoyo wa ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Kweniso boma la United States likakana yayi, ndipo mu Seputembala 1983, pulezidenti Ronald Reagan wakapokelera Mugabe ku White House. Mu Okutobala 1983, Mugabe wakaluta ku ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma la Commonwealth ku New Delhi, uko kukaŵavya boma ilo likayowoyapo vya Gukurahundi. Mu 2000, Mugabe wakazomera kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndipo wakati "ni ucindere... ukaŵa uheni ndipo vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikaŵa na mulandu". Martin Meredith, uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Mugabe, wakati Mugabe na ZANU-PF ndiwo ŵekha ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mbiri ya Mugabe ŵakuwona kuti Gukurahundi wakaŵa chiyezgo cha kulekeska ZAPU na ŵanthu awo ŵakamovwiranga.

Pakaŵaso nkhaza zinandi pambere mavoti gha 1985 ghandambe, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na ZAPU ŵakasuzgikanga na magulu gha ZANU-PF Youth League. Nangauli ŵakamuwofyanga, kweni ZAPU yikapokera vithuzithuzi vyose 15 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Matabeleland. Kufuma apo, Mugabe wakasora Enos Nkala kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵapolisi. Pamanyuma pake, Nkala wakakaka ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 100 ŵa ZAPU, kusazgapo mamembala ghankhondi na meya wa Bulawayo, wakakanizga chipani ici kucita maungano, kujara maofesi ghawo ghose, na kusisita maboma ghose agho ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza ghawo. Kuti ŵaleke kwambaso vivulupi, mu Disembala 1987 Nkomo wakalembeska phangano la umoza umo ZAPU yikaparanyikira ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakanjira mu ZANU-PF. Kuphatikizika kwa zipani ziŵiri izi kukasilira ZANU-PF na vithuzi 99 pa vithuzi 100 mu pharalamende, ndipo vikapangiska Zimbabwe kuŵa boma la chipani chimoza.

Pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe

Kusintha kwa malango na vya cuma: 1987-1995

Kuumaliro wa 1987, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikasintha malango gha boma. Pa Disembala 30, boma likati Mugabe ndiyo ni pulezidenti wa boma, udindo uphya uwo ukasazga maudindo gha mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa boma, na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Wakaŵa na mazaza ghakupatura nyumba ya malango, kuŵika dango la nkhondo, na kwimilira mu mavoti nyengo yitali. Kuyana na Meredith, sono Mugabe wakaŵa "na mazaza pa boma ndipo wakaŵa na mwaŵi wakuwovwira ŵanthu". Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵakafumiskapo mipando 20 iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa.

Mu nyengo ya mavoti gha 1990, maparamende ghakawovwira kuti paŵe maparamendi 120. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti viŵe vyakusuzga kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakususka Mugabe ŵasange mazaza mu nyumba ya malango.Chipani chikuru cha opposition mu chisankho ichi chikaŵa Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), icho chikambiska mu April 1989 na Tekere; nangauli wakaŵa mubwezi wa nyengo yitali wa Mugabe, Tekere wakamususka kuti wakwendera mphiska chipani cha Zimbabwe na kukhazikiska muwuso wa ukali. Ŵanthu ŵa ZANU-PF ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ŵaŵe ku ZUM. Cinyake nchakuti tivotere ZUM. Lekani kujikoma, vota ZANU-PF ndipo ukhale wamoyo". Mu mavoti agha, Mugabe wakasankhikaso kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti pafupifupi 80%, apo ZANU-PF yikapokera vithuzithuzi 116 pa vithuzithuzi 119 ivyo vikaŵapo.

Mubali Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chiŵe na chipani chimoza, kweni mu 1990, wakaleka nadi ivyo wakakhumbanga chifukwa cha kusintha kwa Mozambique na vyaru vinyake vya ku Eastern Bloc. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la Marxist-Leninist likatimbanizgika mu Soviet Union na Eastern Bloc, mu 1991 ZANU-PF yikawuskamo mazgu ghakuti "Marxism-Leninism" na "scientific socialism" mu mabuku ghake. Mu chaka chenechicho, Mugabe wakajipeleka kuti wacitenge vinthu mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya msika ndipo wakazomera ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu ya International Monetary Fund (IMF). Boma la Zimbabwe likakhumbanga kuti vinthu vya boma viŵe vya boma na kuchepeskako misonkho. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska ŵantchito kuchepeska malipiro ghawo, ndipo ŵakamba kususkika na wupu wa Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions.

Kuzakafika mu 1990, mbumba za ŵanthu ŵafipa 52,000 zikaŵa kuti zakhazikika pa malo ghakukwana mahekita 6.5 miliyoni. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukwana yayi kuti ŵamazge suzgo la ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ŵafipa. Mu caka ici, nyumba ya malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikapokelera dango ilo likazomerezganga boma kupoka malo pa mtengo wakukwana uku likuleka kupeleka wanangwa ku awo ŵali na malo. Boma likagomezganga kuti para licitenge nthena, lizamukhazikiska mbumba 110,000 za ŵanthu ŵafipa pa malo ghakukwana maekala 13 miliyoni. Wupu wa Commercial Farmers Union wa ku Zimbabwe ukati ndondomeko iyi yingananga cuma ca caru ici, ndipo ukaciska boma kuti lizakakhazikiske ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵalije caru pa malo ghakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ya mahekita agho ghakaŵa ghambura kupambika panji ghakaŵa gha boma.

Boma la United Kingdom, la United States, na la Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (Khomishoni ya Katolika ya Urunji na Mtende) likadandawura na ivyo likayowoya. Boma la United States, United Kingdom, International Monetary Fund, na World Bank ŵakawofya kuti usange Zimbabwe yingafiska dango ili, mbwenu yizamuleka kupeleka wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Pakususka fundo iyi, boma likawuskamo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupempha ku khoti. Mu vilimika vicoko waka vyakulondezgapo, malo ghanandi gha ŵazungu ghakapokeka. Mu Epulero 1994, nyuzipepara yinyake yikati yasanda vinthu ivi, yikasanga kuti vyose ivi vikapelekeka yayi ku ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura malo. Pakuzgora mulandu uwu, mu 1994 boma la United Kingdom, ilo likapeleka ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 44 miliyoni kuti lipeleke malo, likakanizga kupeleka ndalama.

Mu Janyuwale 1992, muwoli wa Mugabe wakafwa. Mu Epulero 1995, magazini ya Horizon yikavumbura kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na chibwezi na mulembi wake Grace Marufu kwambira mu 1987 ndipo wakababa mwana mwanalume na mwanakazi. Ŵanthu 12,000 ŵakacemeka ku ukwati uwu mu Ogasiti 1996, uwo ukacitikira ku Kutama ndipo ukacitikanga na Patrick Chakaipa, uyo wakaŵa mutu wa bishopu mulara wa Katolika ku Harare. Ciphikiro ici cikaŵa cakukwesana comene pakati pa Ŵakatolika cifukwa ca uleŵi wa Mugabe na Marufu. Kuti mbumba yake yikhalenge makora, Mugabe wakazenga nyumba yikuru ku Borrowdale. Pa mavoti gha 1995 agho ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ZANU-PF yikasanga vithuzithuzi 147. Pambuyo pa chisankho, Mugabe wakasazgirako nduna zake kufuma pa 29 kufika pa 42 apo boma likakhozga malipiro gha mamembala gha Nyumba ya Malamulo na 133%.

Kuchepa kwa chuma: 1995~2000

Kuzakafika pakati pa ma 1990, Mugabe wakaŵa kuti wazgoka munthu wankhaza na wankhaza, wakususka yayi ŵanthu, wakuyuyura dango na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakuzingilizgika na ŵaliska ŵambura kwenelera ndipo wakuŵikako mahara yayi ku ukazuzi na vimbundi ivyo vikaŵa pafupi nayo. Wakaŵa na nkharo yiheni comene pa nkhani ya ndalama. Iyo wakatondeka kufiska ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga pa nkhani ya masambiro, umoyo, malo, na ntchito. Ndipo wakawuskapo ŵanthu wose ŵatuŵa. Kweni nyengo yose iyi, Mugabe wakalutilira kugomezga ukuru wake. Wakaŵa kutali na ŵanthu wose, wakaŵavya ŵabwezi, kweniso wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghaheni. Iyo wakati masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo ghakaŵa gha ŵalwani ŵake ŵakale, Britain, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na ŵa Rhodesia.

— Mugabe biographer Martin Meredith

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, chuma cha Zimbabwe chikalutilira kunangika. Kuzakafika mu 2000, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira comene kuluska umo ukaŵira mu 1980; umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira, malipiro ghakaŵa ghacoko, ndipo unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ukakwera comene. Kuzakafika mu 1998, unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukaŵa pafupifupi 50%. Kuzakafika mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakujumpha 3 panji 4 miliyoni, awo ŵakaŵa na maluso ghanandi, ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Mu 1997, ŵanthu awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma ŵakamba kukhumba ndalama za penshoni, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1997, Mugabe wakanozga ndondomeko ya ndalama za penshoni izo zikeneranga kukwana madola 4.2 biliyoni. Kuti ŵapeleke ndalama za penshoni iyi, boma la Mugabe likapeleka misonkho yiphya, kweni mu Disembala 1997 ŵakacita sitiroko yikuru; pamasinda pa nkani ya ZANU-PF, boma la Mugabe likamazga misonkho. Mu Janyuwale 1998, mu Harare mukawuka vivulupi cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya; ŵasilikari ŵakatumika kuti ŵawuskepo mtende, ndipo ŵanthu 10 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakapwetekeka.

Mubali Mugabe wakamba kuyowoya kuti masuzgo gha vyachuma gha mu charu ichi ghali kufuma ku vyaru vya ku Western kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakaŵa na malonda, migodi, na mafakitale. Wakacema ŵalondezgi ŵake kuti "ŵawopenge ŵazungu, awo ni ŵalwani ŵithu", ndipo wakaŵapa mulandu awo ŵakasuskanga ŵazungu. Nangauli boma likamususkanga, kweni wakalutilira kuwusa. Wakambaso kuyowoya mazgu ghacigaluka ndipo wakayezga kulongora kuti wakaŵa mulongozgi wakuzirwa wa cigaluka.

Mugabe wakalutilira kutemwa comene kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera, ndipo wakawona kuti ni "vya ku Africa yayi". Wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo "ŵali na nkharo yiheni chomene kuluska ya ŵanthu", kweniso "mbakuheni chomene kuluska ntcheŵe na nkhumba". Vingaŵa kuti maghanoghano agha ghakafumira ku fundo zake zakukhora, kweni ghakakhozga comene cifukwa cakuti ŵateŵeti ŵanandi ŵa boma la Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Mubali Mugabe wakamba kugomezga kuti pakaŵa "mafia gha ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera" ndipo wose awo ŵakamususkanga ŵakaŵa ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Awo ŵakususka boma la Zimbabwe ŵakasuskaso Mugabe kuti wakugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume ŵekhaŵekha kuti watimbanizge masuzgo gha caru. Mu Ogasiti 1995, wakeneranga kujura Zimbabwe International Book Fair ku Harare, kweni wakakana mpaka apo gulu la Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe likafumiskira malo agha.

Mu 1996, Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Southern African Development Community (SADC). Kwambura kudumbiskana na pharalamende, mu Ogasiti 1998 wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe kuti ŵanjire mu Democratic Republic of Congo kuti ŵateŵetere pamoza na President Laurent Kabila mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Congo. Pakwamba, wakaŵika ŵasilikari 3,000 pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo pamasinda ŵakakwera kufika pa 11,000. Kweniso wakaciska Angola na Namibia kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari ŵawo ku nkhondo. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikumane na masuzgo gha vyachuma. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zimbabwe ŵakutemwa yayi nkhani iyi. Ndipouli, mabungwe ghanandi gha ku Zimbabwe ghakasanga candulo, cifukwa boma la Kabila likaŵapa wanangwa wa kunozga migodi na makuni.

Mu Janyuwale 1999, ŵasilikari 23 ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kunozgekera kuwukira Mugabe. Boma likayezga kubisa fundo iyi, kweni yikalembeka na nyuzipepara yinyake. Pamanyuma ŵasilikari ŵakakaka ŵapharazgi aŵa na kuŵatambuzga. Ivi vikakwiyiska ŵamitundu yose, ndipo ŵa EU na vyaru vinyake vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikawovwirapo, ŵakalemba makalata ghakwimira. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuska ivyo boma likachita. Pakuzgora, Mugabe wakavikilira kugwiliskira nchito kukakika na kutambuzgika kwambura dango.

Nduna Yikuru ya Britain, Tony Blair, uyo Mugabe wakaŵa nayo paubwezi

Mu 1997, Tony Blair wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain pamanyuma pa vilimika 18 vya muwuso wa ŵa Conservative. Boma la Labour likayowoya kuti likukhumba yayi kuwezgerapo malipiro gha malo agho ghakalayizgika mu phangano la Lancaster House, ndipo Clare Short wakakana fundo yakuti Britain yikwenera kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera malo. Nkharo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵambe kutinkha ufumu wa Britain. Mu Okutobala 1999, Mugabe wakaluta ku Britain ndipo ku London, Peter Tatchell uyo wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakayezga kumukaka. Mugabe wakagomezganga kuti boma la Britain likanozga mwadala ivyo vikacitika kuti limukhozge soni. Ivi vikakhwaska comene ubwezi pakati pa Britain na Zimbabwe, ndipo Mugabe wakadelera ivyo wakacema kuti "Blair and company". Mu Meyi 2000, boma la United Kingdom likakanizga Zimbabwe kupeleka wovwiri. Mu Disembala 1999, wupu wa IMF ukamazga kovwira Zimbabwe pa nkhani ya ndalama chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama kweniso vimbundi.

Kuti ŵakwaniriske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga, mu Epulero 1999, boma la Mugabe likimika komiti ya ŵanthu 400 kuti yilembe dango liphya. Bungwe la National Constitutional Assembly, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kusintha malango, ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1997, likayowoya kuti komiti iyi njambura kukolerana na boma. Wupu wa NCA ukakhumbanga kuti ndondomeko ya dango likanizgike, ndipo pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose wa mu Febuluwale 2000, ŵanthu 53 pa 100 ŵakakana, 44 pa 100 ŵakakolerana. Uwu ukaŵa utesi wakwamba wa ZANU-PF mu vyaka 20. Mubali Mugabe wakakwiya comene, ndipo wakapa mulandu ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵa ku Zimbabwe cifukwa ca kucitiska kuti wathereskeke.

Kuwukira caru na kususka: 2000-2008

Nkhani ikulu: Land reform in Zimbabwe

Morgan Tsvangirai wakalongozga chipani cha MDC kuti chiŵe na chilato cha kulimbana na boma la Mugabe mu ma 2000 parliamentary election.

Pa maungano gha pa caru cose agho ghakacitika mu Juni 2000, maungano agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene mu Zimbabwe kwambira mu 1980. Maphwando 16 ghakanjilirapo, ndipo Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) yakulongozgeka na Morgan Tsvangirai wakaŵa na chilato chiwemi. Pa nyengo ya kampeni ya kuvota, ŵanthu ŵa MDC ŵakaŵasuzganga kanandi waka ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakakomekanga. Bungwe la Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum likati ŵanthu 27 ŵakakomeka, 27 ŵakakoleka, 2466 ŵakakoleka, ndipo 617 ŵakakoleka, ndipo ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakacimbizgika cifukwa ca nkhaza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikachitikanga ku Europe ŵakati maungano agha ghakaŵa ghapusu yayi. Kuvota kukapangiska kuti ZANU-PF yiŵe na viŵelengero vya 48% na viŵelengero vya 62 vya mu nyumba ya malango ndipo MDC yiŵe na viŵelengero vya 47% na viŵelengero vya 57. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ZANU-PF yileke kusanga vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya wanangwa uwo ukakhumbikwanga kuti ŵasinthenge malango. ZANU-PF yikathembanga chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ChiShona mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ndipo yikapokelera waka chigaŵa chimoza cha mu matawuni.

Mu Febuluwale 2000, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwukira minda ya ŵazungu. Boma likati ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵawukira ŵakaŵa "ŵalwani" kweni ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵawukirano ŵambura nchito. Mugabe wakayowoya kuti kuukira uku kukacitika mwangozi kwimikana na ŵeneco ŵa vyaru ŵatuŵa, nangauli boma likapeleka ndalama zakukwana Z$20 miliyoni ku gulu la Chenjerai Hunzvi's War Veterans Association kuti licitenge mulimo wa kupoka vyaru. Ŵanyake awo ŵakacitanga na Mugabe ŵakalongosora kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa cilango cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakacitiranga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuvota. Mugabe wakalongosora kuti malo agha ghakapokeka na ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Africa mu ma 1890. Wakalongosora kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa nkhondo yakwimikana na ufumu wa Britain, ndipo wakati boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuwuskapo boma lake. Mu Meyi 2000, wakafumiska dango lakuyana na Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures Act) ilo likapeleka mazaza ku boma kuti litorenge minda kwambura kulipira.

Mu Malichi 2000, Khoti Likuru la ku Zimbabwe likadumura kuti vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyambura kuzomerezgeka; kweni ŵakalutilira, ndipo Mugabe wakamba kususka ŵeruzgi ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Khoti Likuru Chomene nalo likati ladumura nthena, boma likapempha ŵeruzgi ŵake kuti ŵafumepo pa udindo wawo. Mubali Godfrey Chidyausiku, wa ZANU-PF, wakasankhika kuti wanjire mu malo ghake, ndipo ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti likuru ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa ŵankhondi kufika pa ŵankhondi na ŵatatu. Khoti Likuru Chomene likasintha ivyo likayowoya kale. Mu Novembala 2001, Mugabe wakafumiska dango ilo likazomerezga kuti minda yose iyo yikaŵa ya ŵazungu mu Zimbabwe yipokeke kwambura kulipira. Kanandi ŵakachitanga nkhaza chomene para ŵafumiska minda yawo. Mu 2006, ŵakapharazga kuti ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakukwana 60 ŵakakomeka. Ŵantchito ŵawo ŵanandi ŵakawofyeka na kutambuzgika. Mafamu ghanandi agho ghakapokeka ghakaŵa ghambula munthu, ndipo ghanandi agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵalimi ŵa fuko la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ghakatondeka kupanga vyakurya chifukwa chakuti ŵakasanganga yayi vyakurya vyakukwana.

The courts can do whatever they want, but no judicial decision will stand in our way ... My own position is that we should not even be defending our position in the courts. This country is our country and this land is our land ... They think because they are white they have a divine right to our resources. Not here. The white man is not indigenous to Africa. Africa is for Africans, Zimbabwe is for Zimbabweans.

— Mugabe on the land seizures

Kuwukira minda kukakhwaska comene ulimi. Mu 2000, mu Zimbabwe mukaŵa matani ghakujumpha 2 miliyoni gha chimanga. Kweni mu 2008, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira kufika pa 450,000. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2003, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa ŵambura cakurya cakukwana. Kuzakafika mu 2009, 75% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakathembanga wovwiri wa vyakurya, uwo ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska caru cilicose pa nyengo iyo. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikalutilira kunangika. Mu 2000, GDP ya charu ichi yikaŵa USD 7.4 biliyoni; mu 2005 yikaŵa kuti yachepa kufika pa USD 3.4 biliyoni. Kujikuzga kwa ndalama kukapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la vyachuma. Kuzakafika mu 2007, caru ca Zimbabwe cikaŵa na unandi wa ndalama pa caru cose, pa 7600%. Kuzakafika mu 2008, unandi wa ndalama ukajumpha 100,000% ndipo chingwa chimoza chikaŵa chakudura chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakathembanga ndalama izo ŵabali ŵawo ŵakuŵatumira.

Vinthu vikaŵaso makora yayi ku ŵanthu ŵanyake. Mu 2005, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% mu Zimbabwe ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito, ndipo mu 2008 ŵana 20% pera ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Pakuti maji ghakaleka kwenda makora kweniso maji ghakututuka ghakaleka kwenda makora, mu 2008 kukabuka nthenda ya kolera. Kweniso suzgo la HIV/AIDS likakura chomene mu charu ichi. Mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV/AIDS. Mu 2007, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo pa caru cose (World Health Organization) ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakukhala vyaka vyakujumpha 34. Vinthu vyakukondweska vya ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda vikamara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kupenja vinyama vyakofya. Mubali Mugabe wakasazgirako suzgo ili apo wakalangura kuti njovu 100 zikomeke kuti zipelekeke nyama pa chiphikiro cha mu Epulero 2007.

Mu Okutobala 2000, ŵa MP ŵa MDC ŵakayezga kumususka Mugabe, kweni ŵakakanizgika na Speaker wa House, Emmerson Mnangagwa wakugomezgeka kwa Mugabe. ZANU-PF yikamba kujilongora kuti njumoza wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakutemwa charu chawo. Chipani ichi chikayowoya kuti chili ku chigaŵa cha mdauko, apo MDC yikimiranga gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kutimbanizga vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo ya ZANU-PF. Mubali Mugabe wakayowoya kuti ivyo vikachitika pambere chisankho cha mu 2002 chindachitike ni "chimurenga wacitatu" ndipo viwovwirenge kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chileke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Pakulindilira mavoti, boma lasintha malango gha mavoti kuti Mugabe watonde. Dango liphya lakukhwaskana na kuvikilira ŵanthu likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kususka pulezidenti. Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Jenerale Vitalis Zvinavashe, wakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵazamumanya yayi mavoti ghanyake padera pa kupambana kwa Mugabe. Wupu wa EU ukafumiska ŵalinda ŵake mu caru ici, ndipo ukati mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Pa mavoti agha, Mugabe wakapokera 56% ya mavoti ndipo Tsvangirai wakapokera 42%. Mu nyengo ya chisankho, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti boma la Grain Marketing Board ndilo likwenera kupeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana na ZANU-PF. Mu 2005, Mugabe wakambiska ntchito ya Operation Murambatsvina ("Operation Drive Out the Rubbish"), mulimo wa kufumiska ŵanthu mu vikaya vyambura ŵanthu ŵanandi. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasankha MDC, ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti boma ndilo likapangiska kuti nyumba iyi yipankhike.

Mugabe in 2008

Ivyo Mugabe wakacita vikasuskika comene. Wupu wa Zimbabwe Council of Churches ukamupa mulandu wakuti wakunjizga caru mu "nkhondo" kuti walutilire kuwusa. Vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa vikakolerana nayo pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Harare mu Seputembala 2001. Mu 2002, Commonwealth yikachimbizga Zimbabwe kufuma mu gulu lake; Mugabe wakapa mulandu uwu pa kusankhana mitundu kwa ŵanthu ŵaŵitima, maghanoghano agho ghakayowoyeka na Pulezidenti wa South Africa Thabo Mbeki. Mbeki wakatemwanga ndondomeko ya "kuchita vinthu mwakufwasa" pakulimbana na Mugabe, ndipo wakayezga kukanizga African Union (AU) kumupa vyeruzgo. Ungano wa ku Africa na Europe uwo ukeneranga kucitika mu Lisbon mu Epulero 2003, ukasinthika kanandi waka cifukwa cakuti ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakana kwiza apo Mugabe wakakanikanga; ndipo paumaliro ukacitika mu 2007 apo Mugabe wakaŵapo. Mu 2004, EU yikakanizga Mugabe kuluta ku caru cinyake na kukanizga katundu wake. Mu 2008, boma la United States likasazgirako vyeruzgo ivi. Boma la United States na United Kingdom likapeleka fundo ku UN Security Council yakuchemera boma la Zimbabwe kuti liŵike dango lakukanizga ŵanthu kugura vilwero pamoza na kukanizga Mugabe na maboma ghanyake kwenda. Kweni boma la Russia na China likakana fundo iyi. Mu 2009, wupu wa SADC ukakhumbanga kuti vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi viwuskeko vyeruzgo ivyo vikaŵa pa Mugabe na boma lake. ZANU-PF yikayowoya kuti vyeruzgo ivi vikaŵa vyakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Carren Pindiriri wa pa Yunivesite ya Zimbabwe, wakati vyeruzgo ivi vikakhwaska yayi ntchito na ukavu mu caru ici.

Nduna yikuru ya Britain, Tony Blair, yikayowoya kuti yikakhumbanga kusintha boma ku Zimbabwe mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 apo Mugabe wakeneranga kufumapo. Mu 2007, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Charles Guthrie, wakavumbura kuti iyo na Blair ŵakadumbiskana vya kuwukira Zimbabwe. Ndipouli, Guthrie wakacenjezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵaleke kuchitapo kanthu. Mu 2013, Pulezidenti wa South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, wakati Blair nayo wakachichizga charu cha South Africa kuti chichitenge nawo "vinthu vinyake, nanga vingaŵa vya usilikari". Mbeki wakakana cifukwa wakawona kuti "Mugabe ndiyo wangawovwira pa suzgo ili". Ndipouli, muyowoyeri wa Blair wakati "wakaŵaphalirapo yayi ŵanthu kuti ŵanozgekere panji kunjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi".

Kugaŵana mazaza na chipani chakususkana na boma cha MDC:

Nkhani ikulu: 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election

Mu Malichi 2008, pakaŵa maungano gha pa caru cose na maungano gha purezidenti. Mu chigamulo chakwamba, chipani cha ZANU-PF chikapokera vithuzithuzi 97, apo cha MDC chikapokera vithuzithuzi 99, ndipo cha MDC    Ncube chikapokera vithuzithuzi 9. Mu mwezi wa Mailo, wupu wa Zimbabwe Electoral Commission ukapharazga ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti gha pulezidenti, ndipo ukati Tsvangirai wakapokera 47.9%, ndipo Mugabe wakapokera 43.2%. Pakuti palije uyo wakapokera 50%, ŵakaŵikapo ndondomeko yakuti paŵe kaumaliro. Mubali Mugabe wakawona kuti kutondeka kwake nkhukhozga soni munthu. Iyo wakawona kuti uwu ukaŵa cipambano kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Western, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain, awo ŵakamususkanga. ZANU-PF yikati chipani cha MDC chikananga mavoti..

Mugabe in 2011

Pamanyuma pa mavoti, boma la Mugabe likagwiliskira nchito "ŵankhondo awo ŵakaŵapo kale" pa nkhondo yakususkana na awo ŵakakolerana na Tsvangirai. Pakati pa Malichi na Juni 2008, ŵalondezgi ŵa MDC ŵakukwana 153 ŵakakomeka. Pakaŵa malipoti gha ŵanakazi awo ŵakakolerananga na MDC awo ŵakakoleleranga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Mugabe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakachimbira kwawo cifukwa ca vivulupi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Mugabe lidumulike pa caru cose. Secretary-General wa UN Ban Ki-Moon wakadandawura cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitika, ndipo wupu wa UN Security Council nawo ukazomera kuti ni "vyambura machitiko" kuti paŵe mavoti ghakufwatuka na ghakwenelera.

Pakuzgora nkhaza izi, Tsvangirai wakafumamo mu chigaŵa chaciŵiri. Mu chigaŵa chaciŵiri, Mugabe wakapokera mavoti 85.5% ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo wakambaso kuwusa. Wupu wa SADC ndiwo ukalongozganga ndondomeko ya kugaŵikana kwa mazaza. Kuyana na phangano ili, Mugabe wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti apo Tsvangirai wakaŵa nduna yikuru ndipo Arthur Mutambara wa MDC wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa nduna yikuru. Boma likapambana pakati pa ŵa MDC na ZANU-PF. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, ZANU-PF yikakhumba yayi kugaŵana mazaza, ndipo yikakhumbanga yayi kuti vinthu visinthe. Mu phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza, ŵakasintha vinthu vinyake. Kukwambilira kwa caka ca 2009, boma la Mugabe likati kuti kuti lilimbane na suzgo la kusinthasintha kwa ndalama, lizomerezge kuti madola gha ku America ndigho ghaŵe ndalama zakwendeskeka na boma. Ivi vikawovwira kuti mitengo yiŵe yakukhora. ZANU-PF yikakanizga vinandi ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vichitikenge ndipo ŵakalemba dango liphya mu Malichi 2013.

Vyaka vyapamasinda: 2013-2017

Mugabe and his wife in 2013

Pakulongosora kuti "wazamurwa nga ni nyama yakuŵinya" kuti waŵaso na mazaza, Mugabe wakaluta ku mavoti gha 2013 na chigomezgo kuti ghaŵenge ghaumaliro. Wakagomezganga kuti para watonda pa vipharazgo, mbwenu waŵenge wakugomezgeka, ndipo wazamutonda ŵalwani ŵake ŵa ku Western. Ŵalwani ŵakagomezganga kuti maungano agha ndigho ghangaŵawovwira kufumiska Mugabe. Ŵakamulongoranga nga ni munthu mulara uyo ŵasilikari ŵakumuphalira chakuchita. Kweni munthu munyake wakati uwu mbutesi.

Mwakupambana na mu 2008, pakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵakususkana na Mugabe mu ZANU-PF. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke kuchitako vivulupi ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya mavoti gha mu 2008 mwakuti ŵaleke kunanga cipulikano cawo, comenecomene mu maso gha SADC. Mubali Mugabe wakaciska ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nkhaza, ndipo wakacitako viphikiro vicoko comene kuluska ivyo vikacitikanga kale, cifukwa ca ucekuru wake kweniso cifukwa cakuti wakakhumbanga kuti viphikiro ivi viŵe vikuru comene. Gulu la ZANU-PF likapeleka vyawanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo vyakurya na vyakuvwara.

ZANU-PF yikapokera 61% ya mavoti gha pulezidenti na vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha viŵiri pa vithuzithuzi vitatu mu nyumba ya malango. Pa mavoti agha pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga kuti ni ŵanangwa kweniso ŵarunji. Pa nyengo ya kampeni iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na MDC ŵakakhala waka chete chifukwa cha kopa kuti ŵabendezgekenge. Chipani cha MDC chikakhwaskika chomene na nyengo iyo chikaŵa mu boma, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakatenge ntchiheni nga ni ZANU-PF. ZANU-PF yikagwiliskirangaso nchito fundo za mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, caru, na kufwatuka, apo MDC kanandi yikayananga na ŵalimi ŵatuŵa, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na vinthu vya ku mpoto nga ni wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa LGBT.

Mugabe wakukumana na nduna yikuru ya Japan Shinzo Abe mu 2016

Mu February 2014, Mugabe wakachita opareshoni ya katarakiti ku Singapore; pa kuwerako wakakondwelera zuŵa lake lakubabikira la makumi ghankhondi na ghatatu ku chiŵanja cha mpira cha Marondera. Mu Disembala 2014, Mugabe wakachimbizga wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wake, Joice Mujuru, kumususka kuti wakakhumbanga kumuponya pasi. Mu Janyuwale 2015, Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa Chairperson wa African Union (AU). Mu Novembala 2015, wakapharazga khumbo lake lakuti wazakasankhikeso kuŵa purezidenti wa Zimbabwe mu 2018, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 94, ndipo wakazomerezgeka kuŵa mulongozgi wa ZANU-PF. Mu Febuluwale 2016, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti walije pulani ya kufumapo ndipo waŵenge pa udindo "mpaka Ciuta wayowoye kuti 'wize.'" Mu Febuluwale 2017, pamanyuma pa zuŵa lake lakubabikira la 93, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti wafumengepo yayi panji kusora munthu wakunjira mu malo ghake, nangauli wakayowoya kuti wazomerezgenge chipani chake kusora munthu wakunjira mu malo ghake usange chawona kuti nchakwenelera. Mu Meyi 2017, Mugabe wakaluta ku Cancún, Mexico, kwa sabata yimoza kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa mazuŵa ghatatu wakukhwaskana na kuchepeska suzgo la masoka gha chilengiwa. Wakacita maulendo ghatatu gha ku Singapore mu 2017, ndipo Grace Mugabe wakamuchema kuti wasankhe munthu wakumuteŵetera.

Mu Okutobala 2017, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo pa charu chose (WHO) ukasora Mugabe kuŵa nthumi ya chilato chiwemi; ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakususkana na maboma gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana chifukwa cha suzgo la umoyo ku Zimbabwe. Pakuzgora, WHO yikawuskapo mulimo wa Mugabe zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Pakuzgora, nduna ya vyaru vyakuwaro Walter Mzembi yikati ndondomeko ya United Nations yikwenera kusintha.

Kuwukira boma na kufumapo: 2017

Nkhani ikulu: 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état

Pa Novembala 6, 2017, Mugabe wakachimbizga wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wake, Emmerson Mnangagwa. Ici cikapangiska ŵanthu kughanaghana kuti Grace ndiyo wazamunjira mu malo ghake. Grace wakatemwekanga yayi na gulu lakale la ZANU-PF. Pa 15 Novembala 2017, Gulu la Nkhondo la Zimbabwe likaŵika Mugabe mu jele ku nyumba yake ya Blue Roof nga ntchigaŵa cha ivyo likati ni vyakuchita pa "vigeŵenga" mu gulu la Mugabe.

Pa Novembala 19, wakachimbizgika pakuŵa mulongozgi wa ZANU-PF, ndipo Mnangagwa wakasankhika mu malo ghake. Kweniso chipani ichi chikaphalira Mugabe kuti walekerethu ntchito yake pa zuŵa lakulondezgapo, panji ŵamuphalire kuti walekerethu. Mu nkhani iyo wakayowoya pa wayilesi usiku wenewura, Mugabe wakakana kuti walekenge ntchito. Pakuzgora, ma MP gha ZANU-PF ghakatumizga chikalata cha impeachment pa 21 November 2017, icho chikawovwirika na MDCT. Ndondomeko iyi yikati para munthu wakukhumba kufumiska pulezidenti mu maofesi, wakwenera kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango na ya Senate. Kweni chifukwa chakuti magulu ghose ghaŵiri ghakakolerana na fundo iyi ndipo ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi viŵiri pera mu nyumba zose za boma (viŵiri pera mu nyumba zakuwaro na vinayi pera mu nyumba zakuwaro), vikawonekanga kuti Mugabe wazamususkika.

Kuyana na dango la boma, nyumba zose ziŵiri zikawungana pamoza kuti zikadumbiskane fundo iyi. Pakati pajumpha maora ghacoko waka kufuma apo nkhani yikambira, Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango wakaŵazga kalata yakufuma kwa Mugabe, iyo yikati wafumengepo. Muwoli wa Mugabe na mfumu wake ŵakakolerana pambere wandafumeko, kuti iyo na ŵabali ŵake ŵaleke kweruzgika, malonda ghake ghaleke kunangika, ndipo wapokere ndalama zakukwana 10 miliyoni.Mu Julayi 2018, khoti likuru ku Zimbabwe likati Mugabe wakaleka ntchito yake mwakujipeleka, nangauli pulezidenti wakale wakayowoyapo vinandi.

Nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti

Kuumaliro kwa Disembala 2017, kuyana na kalata ya boma, Mugabe wakapika udindo wa udumura na ndalama za boma, nyumba ya vipinda vinkhondi, ŵantchito ŵakukwana 23, na magalimoto. Kweniso wakazomerezgeka kusunga malonda na usambazi unyake uwo wakasanga apo wakaŵa pa mazaza, ndipo wakapokera ndalama zakukwana madola pafupifupi 10 miliyoni.

Pa 15 March 2018, mu nkhani yake yakwamba kufuma apo wakafumiskikira pa udindo, Mugabe wakadindika kuti wakawuskika mu "puts d'état" iyo yikwenera kulekeka. Wakayowoya kuti wazamugwira nchito na Mnangagwa yayi ndipo wakati muwuso wa Mnangagwa "nkhususkana na dango". Mu mulandu uwo ukaŵikika na magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali, Liberal Democrats na Revolutionary Freedom Fighters, na ghanyake, khoti likasanga kuti kufumako kukaŵa kwalamulo, ndipo Mnangagwa, pakuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, wakatora udindo wa pulezidenti.

Ŵapharazgi ŵa boma ŵakalemba kuti Mugabe wakawovwira National Political Front, iyo yikapangika na Ambrose Mutinhiri, wandale wakuzirwa wa ZANU-PF uyo wakafumapo pakususkana na kuwuskika kwa Mugabe. Gulu la NPF likalemba chithuzi cha Mutinhiri wakujambura na Mugabe ndipo likapharazga kuti pulezidenti wakale wakawonga ivyo wakacita.

Pa 29 July 2018 pa chisankho cha president, chaka chakwamba mu vyaka 38, apo wakaleka kunjilirapo, Mugabe wakachita ungano wa ŵapharazgi, apo wakayowoya kuti wazamusankhira yayi pulezidenti Mnangagwa na ZANU-PF, chipani icho wakambiska. M'malo mwake, wakakhumbanga kuvota Nelson Chamisa, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wake wa nyengo yitali, MDC.

Ulwari, kufwa na mwambo wa nyifwa: 2019

Mu Novembala 2018, Emmerson Mnangagwa wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakatondekanga kwenda, ndipo wakalerekanga ku Singapore kwa myezi yiŵiri. Wakaloŵeskeka mu chipatala mu Epulero 2019, ndipo wakaŵa waumaliro pa maulendo ghanandi agho wakaluta ku charu ichi kuti wakapike wovwiri wa munkhwala, nga umo wakacitira mu nyengo yaumaliro ya umulaŵiliri wake ndiposo pamanyuma pa kufumapo kwake. Wakafwira ku chipatala cha Gleneagles pa 6 September 2019 pa 10h40 m'mawa, wali na vyaka 95 (Singapore Standard Time), kuyana na mulongozgi wa Zimbabwe. Nangauli ico cikapangiska kuti wafwe cikavumbukwa yayi, kweni Mnangagwa, uyo wakamusankhira mu malo ghake, wakaphalira ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na ZANU-PF mu msumba wa New York kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na kansa ndipo munkhwala wake wa chemotherapy ukaleka kugwira nchito.

Pa 11 September 2019, thupi lake likatolekera ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Harare ku Zimbabwe, uko ŵanthu 1,000 ŵakawungana kulindilira thupi na kutegherezga nkhani ya Mnangagwa. Thupi la Mugabe likatolekera ku nyumba ya mbumba yake ku Borrowdale kuti ŵakamupeleke kwayekha ku ŵabwezi na mbumba yake, kweni Mnangagwa yayi. Wupu wa Associated Press ukati pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakawungana pa nthowa, kweni ŵanthu 500 ŵakawungana ku malo agho wakababikira. Pa 13 Seputembala 2019, vikapharazgika kuti banja la Mugabe likapokelera pempho la boma la Mnangagwa lakuti Mugabe wasungike pa Heroes Acre Cemetery na kuti wasungike kwa mazuŵa 30. Mbumba ya Mugabe pakudanga yikakana ndondomeko ya boma ya kusungika kwake ndipo yikakhumbanga kuti wasungike ku Zvimba pa 16 panji 17 Seputembala, zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pa ivyo boma likakhumbanga.

Pa 14 Seputembala 2019, nyifwa ya Mugabe, iyo yikaŵa yakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanthu wose, yikachitikira ku National Sports Stadium, ndipo chithuzithuzi cha mu mlengalenga chikulongora kuti sitediyamu ya ŵanthu 60,000 yikazura. Pa nyifwa iyi pakaŵapo ŵalongozgi na ŵalongozgi ŵa kale ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, pakati pawo pakaŵa Mnangagwa, Kenneth Kaunda wa ku Zambia, Olusegun Obasanjo wa ku Nigeria, Sam Nujoma, Hifikepunye Pohamba na Hage Geingob wa ku Namibia, Joseph Kabila wa ku DR Congo, Uhuru Kenyatta wa ku Kenya na Cyril Ramaphosa wa ku South Africa.

Pa 26 Seputembala 2019, Nick Mangwana wakati Mugabe wazamusungika mu tawuni yake ya Kutama "kuchindika makhumbiro gha mbumba za vinkhara ivyo vyafwa". Ŵakamusunga pa 28 Seputembala mu luŵaza lwa nyumba yake.

Maghanoghano

Mugabeism as a form of populist reason is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring a multi-pronged approach to decipher its various meanings. At one level it represents pan-African memory and patriotism and at another level it manifests itself as a form of radical left-nationalism dedicated to resolving intractable national and agrarian questions. Yet, to others, it is nothing but a symbol of crisis, chaos and tyranny emanating from the exhaustion of nationalism.

— Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, Mugabe wakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni wakalongosora kuti "Mugabeism" ni gulu la ŵanthu awo "ŵali na maghanoghano ghapusu, ghawakawaka, ghambura kupulikikwa makora, kweniso ŵali na magulu ghanandi". Wakayowoyaso kuti ukaŵa mtundu wa "kutemwa caru", uwo nyengo zose ukasuskanga ufumu na ufumu. Wakayowoyaso kuti uwu ukaŵa mtundu unyake wa kusankhana mitundu, uwo ukaŵa na "chisopa cha kusankhana mitundu". Wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga fundo za Marx, nga ni Stalinism na Maoism, kweniso fundo za African nationalist nga ni Nkrumaism, Ujamaa, Garveyism, Négritude, Pan-Africanism, na African neo-traditionalism. Mugabeism wakakhumbanga kumazga suzgo la kusankhana mitundu kwa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mwa kunjilirapo mu projekiti ya kusankhana mitundu iyo yikakhumbanga kukanizga ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuŵa ŵenekaya mwa kuŵachema kuti "amabhunu/Boers", ntheura ŵakaŵacimbizga mu caru cawo.

ZANU-PF yikati yikakhwaskika na Marxism-Leninism; Onslow na Redding ŵakayowoya kuti mwakupambana na umo Marxists ŵakagomezgeleranga kuti proletariat wa mu matawuni ndiyo ni nkhongono yikuru ya kusintha kwa umoyo wa ŵanthu, chipani cha Mugabe chikapeleka udindo uwu ku ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi. Iwo ŵakati chifukwa cha maghanoghano agha, Mugabe na ZANU-PF ŵakamba kutinkha ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba. Claire Palley, uyo wakaŵa wasayansi wa ku England, wakakumana na Mugabe mu 1962, ndipo pamasinda wakati "wakawoneka kuti ni munthu wa nkharo ya Marx yayi kweni wakaŵa wa fuko la ku Africa". Carington wakalemba kuti nangauli Mugabe wakagwiliskiranga ntchito mazgu gha Marxist pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana na ŵa Lancaster House, "nadi, wakacitanga yayi ivyo wakapharazganga, asi nthena? Wati waŵa na mazaza, wakazgoka munthu wa ndalama". Mugabe wakayowoya kuti "chisopa chautesi chikwenera kuŵa cha Chikhristu kuluska cha ŵantchito". Nkhwantha ya ku Zimbabwe, George Shire, yikati fundo za Mugabe zikaŵa za "democracy".

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, Mugabe wakalongora kuti wakukhumba kusintha charu cha Zimbabwe kufuma ku chipani chimoza kuya ku chipani chimoza. Mu 1984 wakayowoya kuti "mboma ya chipani cimoza yikukolerana comene na mitheto ya ku Africa. Ici cikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Likovwira kuti maghanoghano ghose gha ŵanthu ghaŵe ghamoza". Msayansi wa vya ndyali, Sue Onslow na Sean Redding, ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu Zimbabwe, kweni "mbanthu awo ŵakaŵanga na maghanoghano ghakupambana". Mubali Mugabe wakachindikanga comene Nicolae Ceaușescu wa ku Romania, ndipo wakamulumba pambere wandathereskeke mu Disembala 1989.

Ndlovu-Gatsheni wakati kwamba m'ma 1990, mazgu gha Mugabe ghakamba kulongozgeka na fundo zitatu zikuruzikuru: kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chiweleremo mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu nkhani zake, wakazunuranga chomene Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia. Abiodun Alao, nkhwantha ya vya ku Africa, wakati Mugabe wakaŵikapo mtima kuti "wagwiliskirenge nchito vinthu ivyo vikacitika kumanyuma kuti wawovwire kuti caru ciŵe pa mtende".

David Blair wakati "malemba agho Mugabe wakalemba ghakaŵa gha Marxism waka, ghakalembeka mu Chingelezi cha sukulu ya umishonale". Blair wakati ivyo Mugabe wakalemba vikayowoyanga vya "ndondomeko ya vyachuma iyo yikukolerana na vyaru ivyo vikususkana na boma", ndipo wakazomerezganga "maghanoghano agho ŵalongozgi wose ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa nagho". Mubali Mugabe wakati ŵati ŵathereska maboma gha ku Europe, vyaru vya ku Western vikalutilira kusuzga vyaru vya ku Africa cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga kuti viŵe na vinthu vinandi vya mu caru ici.

Umoyo wa munthu

Mugabe meeting Russian president Vladimir Putin in 2015

Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa na msinkhu wa mamita 1.70 ndipo wakawonanga vinthu ivyo David Blair, uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wake, wakati ni "vyakuchita vyakukondweska". Mugabe wakacitanga mwakupwelelera comene na kawonekero kake, ndipo kanandi wakavwaranga malaya ghatatu, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu nduna yake ŵavwarenge vyakuvwara vyakuyana waka. Apo Mugabe wakamba kuwusa mu 1980, wakavwara magalasi ghakurughakuru ndipo wakamanyikwanga na mwembe wake. Mwakupambana na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa, Mugabe wakakhumbanga yayi kuti ubonda wake uŵe nthano. Wakaleka kukhweŵa hona na kumwa moŵa, ndipo kuyana na awo ŵakamulembera umoyo wake, David Smith na Colin Simpson, "wakatemwanga comene ŵana". Apo wakaŵa muchoko, wakachita opareshoni pa viŵaro vyake vyakubisika ivyo vikapangiska ŵanthu kuyowoya kuti wakaŵa na chiŵaro chimoza pera panji hafu ya mwendo wake. Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakamuyowoyeranga viheni.

Mubali Mugabe wakayowoyanga makora Cingelezi na mazgu gha Cingelezi para wakuyowoya mazgu ghanyake. Kweniso wakatemwanga comene maseŵero gha Cingelezi gha cricket, ndipo wakati "cricket yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵawemi". David Blair wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuŵa na mikhaliro iyi, ndipo ichi chikulongora kuti Mugabe wakachindikanga Britain ndipo panyake wakachindikanga. Heidi Holland wakayowoya kuti mikhaliro iyi yikamba kuwoneka mu umoyo wa mwana, apo Mugabe, uyo wakaŵa kuti wakumanya kale kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, "wakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku England ndiwo ŵangaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kujitinkha".

Blessing-Miles Tendi, uyo ni nkhwantha ya vya sayansi, wakati Mugabe "wakaŵa munthu wamahara chomene, ndipo vikamusuzga kumumanya makora". David Blair nayo wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa munthu "wakuzirwa comene". Smith na Simpson ŵakayowoya kuti mulongozgi wa Zimbabwe wakaŵa "mwanalume muwemi comene, wakutemwa kukhala yekha, wakulimbikira nchito, wakutemwa kuŵazga comene, ndipo wakacitanga vyose ivyo wangafiska. Blair wakayowoya kuti "kujikora kwa Mugabe, umanyi wake, na kukhumba kugwira nchito zinonono vikaŵa vyakuzizwiska", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti "makhaliro ghake ghakuru" ghakaŵa "kusuzga na kuzizipizga". Blair wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na mikhaliro yakuyana na ya Ian Smith, ndipo wose ŵakaŵa "ŵakujikuzga, ŵakujiyuyura, ŵakugaluka, ŵankhongono, kweniso ŵakughanaghana viheni".

Pakuwona umo wakasambilira makora yayi apo wakaŵa mwana, Mugabe wakawonanga kuti para ŵanthu ŵakumuyowoyera viheni wakuŵa na suzgo. Munthu uyu wakulekelera yayi mphindano. Cifukwa cakuti wakujiwona mwambura kwenelera, wakujiwona kuti ngwapacanya kuluska ŵanji. Ŵanthu ŵali nayo panji ŵali kumususka. Kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambana kukupangiska kuti Mugabe wasuzgike, ndipo wangaghanaghana kuti para wazomera vinthu vinyake, wakujiyuyura.

— Heidi Holland

Meredith wakalongosora kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na "nthowa yakuyowoya mwakuzika,... vinjeru vikuru, na... kuyowoya makora", vyose ivi vikavumburanga kuti wakaŵa na "mtima wakukhora". Ndlovu-Gatsheni wakamuchema kuti "mumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵali na nkhongono". Jonathan Moyo, uyo wakateŵeteranga nyengo yicoko waka nga ni nduna ya vya makani ya Mugabe pambere wandapindane nayo, wakati pulezidenti "wakumanya kujilongosora makora, ndipo uwu ndiwo nkhongono zake zikuru". Tendi wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakaŵa wavinjeru, kweni kanandi wakabisanga fundo iyi "panyuma pa kawonekero kake kawemi na kakutowa ndiposo kutemwa maluso na maluso". Heidi Holland wakayowoya kuti cifukwa ca umo wakakulira, Mugabe wakaŵa na "mtima wambura kujikora". Mwanakazi uyu wakati, Mugabe wakaŵa na "mtima wambura kukhwima", kweniso wakatinkhanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake.

Kuyana na Meredith, Mugabe wakajiwonanga kuti ni "munthu wakuyowoya makora, wakughanaghana makora, ndiposo wakukolerana na ŵanji" wakati watonda pa vyaru vinyake mu 1980. Blair wakati mu nyengo iyi, Mugabe wakalongora "mtima wa kuwonga ndiposo cikanga" nangauli wakaŵa na "vifukwa vyakukhora vyakukhuŵara na kutinkhira" ŵanthu ŵa mu boma lakale. Michael Pallister, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ofesi ya Britain yakuwona vya vyaru vinyake, wakati wawona umo wakacitira na Mugabe mu 1979, wakati: "Munthu uyu wakaŵa wankhaza comene, nyengo zinyake wakacitanga nkhaza, kweniso wakaŵa wankhaza". Peter Longworth, uyo ni muyimiliri wa boma la Britain, wakayowoya kuti paŵekha, Mugabe wakaŵa "wakutemweka comene, kweniso wakuyowoya makora. Ntchakusuzga comene kupambaniska pakati pa munthu uyo mukukumana nayo na uyo wakuyowoya viheni pa TV". Norman wakati: "Nyengo zose nkhawona kuti wakaŵa munthu muwemi kweniso wakuchindikika. Kweniso wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi iyo nyengo zinyake nkhawonanga makora".

Colin Legum, mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya The Observer, wakati Mugabe wakaŵa na "munthu wakusuzgika maghanoghano", nangauli wakasuzgikanga yayi, kweni wakachitanga vinthu mwakutalulira para wali pasi pa suzgo. Andrew Norman, uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Mugabe, wakayowoya kuti wakwenera kuti wakasuzgikanga na suzgo la kutinkhana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mbiri ya Mugabe ŵakayowoya kuti wakajighanaghaniranga waka kuti waŵe na mazaza. Kuyana na Meredith, "mphamvu ya Mugabe yikaŵa nthowa yakufiskira cilato yayi, kweni cilato ico". Mwakupambana, Onslow na Redding ŵakayowoya kuti khumbo la Mugabe lakuti waŵe na mazaza likafuma ku "vifukwa vya mu maghanoghano na vya iyomwene" ndiposo kugomezga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakumususkana nayo ŵalije mazaza. Denis Norman, wandale wakuyera uyo wakateŵeterapo mu nduna ya Mugabe kwa virimika vinandi, wakati "Mugabe ni munthu wakuwoneka makora yayi uyo wakwendeskeka na usambazi kweni wakukondwa na mazaza. Ivi ndivyo vikamupangiska kuti wacite nthena".

Nthengwa na ŵana

Mugabe's first wife, Sally Hayfron, in 1983

Wonaniso: Mugabe family

Kuyana na Holland, muwoli wakwamba wa Mugabe, Sally Hayfron, wakaŵa "mubwezi waunenesko wa Mugabe", ndipo wakaŵa "mumoza wa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakasuskanga maghanoghano gha Mugabe kwambura kumukwiyiska". Mwana wawo yumoza pera, Michael Nhamodzenyika Mugabe, wakababika pa 27 September 1963, wakafwa pa 26 December 1966 na maleriya ku Ghana uko Sally wakagwiranga nchito apo Mugabe wakaŵa mu jere. Sally Mugabe wakaŵa msambizgi uyo wakasambizganga makora ndipo wakalimbikiranga kuti waŵe wakujiyimira payekha.

Mubali Mugabe wakaphalira ŵapharazgi kuti ŵamuchemenge muwoli wake kuti "Amai" ("Amama ŵa Charu"), nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zimbabwe ŵakakwiya chifukwa chakuti wakaŵa mulendo. Wakimikika kuŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵanakazi la ZANU-PF, ndipo wakakhwaskika na milimo yinandi ya wovwiri, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamuwonanga kuti ngwakwananga. Pa nyengo iyo Mugabe wakaŵa nduna yikuru, wakasuzgika na nthenda ya mphuzi, ndipo pakwamba wakeneranga kuluta ku Britain kuti ŵakamuchizgire nthenda ya dialysis.

Apo wakaŵa wakutora Hayfron, mu 1987 Mugabe wakamba kutemwana na mulembi wake, Grace Marufu; wakaŵa muchoko kwa iyo na vyaka 41 ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakatengwa kwa Stanley Goreraza. Mu 1988 wakababa mwana mwanakazi zina lake Bona, ndipo mu 1990 wakababa mwana mwanalume zina lake Robert. Ubwezi uwu ukaŵa wachisisi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe, ndipo Hayfron wakamanyanga. Kuyana na muzukuru wake Patricia Bekele, uyo wakaŵa pafupi comene na iyo, Hayfron wakakondwa yayi kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na chibwezi na Marufu kweni "wakacita ivyo wakaniphaliranga kuti nicite: 'Yowoyani na mutu winu usange muli na masuzgo mu nthengwa yinu. Lekani kuyuyura mfumu winu.' Wakayowoyanga mwantchindi". Hayfron wakafwa mu 1992 cifukwa ca nthenda ya munthumbo.

Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Hayfron mu 1992, Mugabe na Marufu ŵakatorana mu ukwati ukuru wa Katolika mu Ogasiti 1996. Pakuŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Zimbabwe, Grace wakamanyikwanga kuti wakatemwanga chomene vinthu vyapachanya, chomenechomene mashopu, vyakuvwara, na majuda. Cifukwa ca kugura vinthu vinandi, ŵakamuthya kuti "Gucci Grace". Nayo wakaŵa na lumbiri luwemi lwa vimbundi. Mu 1997, Grace Mugabe wakababa mwana wacitatu, Chatunga Bellarmine. Robert Mugabe Jr. na munung'una wake, Chatunga, ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kutandazga umoyo wawo wakudura pa social media, ivyo vyapangiska kuti Tendai Biti uyo ni ndyali wa chipani chakususka, waŵasuske kuti ŵakumazga ndalama za ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe.

Kawonekero ka wumba na chiharo

The story of Robert Mugabe is a microcosm of what bedevils African democracy and economic recovery at the beginning of the 21st century. It is a classic case of a genuine hero—the guerrilla idol who conquered the country's former leader and his white supremacist regime—turning into a peevish autocrat whose standard response to those suggesting he steps down is to tell them to get lost. It is also the story of activists who try to make a better society but bear the indelible scars of the old system. Mugabe's political education came from the autocrat Ian Smith, who had learnt his formative lessons from imperious British colonisers.

— Heidi Holland

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Mugabe wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakwesananga chomene. Kuyana na magazini ya The Black Scholar, "mwakuyana na uyo mukumupulikizga... Mugabe ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵankhaza comene pa caru cose, panji ni munthu wambura wofi uyo wakukwiyiska ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi". Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumuyowoya kuti ni "munthu wankhaza", "wakuwukira", ndiposo "wakupweteka", kweniso ni yumoza wa ŵalongozgi "ŵakofya comene" mu Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wakalutilira kuwoneka nga ni munthu wankhongono mu vyaru vinandi vya caru cacitatu ndipo wakapokelereka makora comene apo wakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Southern Africa ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni "munthu mulara" uyo wakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵafwatuke.

Kuyana na Ndlovu-Gatsheni, mukati mwa ZANU-PF, Mugabe wakawonekanga nga ni "chiuta" uyo ŵanthu ŵakamopanga ndipo kanandi waka wakususkika. Mu gulu la ZANU, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusopa Mugabe pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Bush ndipo ŵakakhozga gulu ili mu 1980. Mu Zimbabwe, Mugabe wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga, ndipo David Blair wakayowoya kuti "ni uheni kuyowoya kuti wakaŵa wambura kutemweka" mu charu ichi. Holland wakagomezganga kuti "ŵanandi" ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakamukhozganga "na mtima wose" mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wake. Malo ghake ghakukhozga ghakaŵa ku Mashonaland, Manicaland, na Masvingo uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵa Ŵashona, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabeleland na Bulawayo awo ŵakaŵa Ŵashona yayi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakamutemwanga yayi.

Pa nyengo iyo wakawovwilirapo pa vyaru vinyake mu 1980, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumuchindika chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu. David Blair wakayowoya kuti nangauli Mugabe wakalongora "mtende" pakati pa Malichi 1980 na Febuluwale 1982, boma lake "likalongozgekanga na kukhumba kuswa ŵalwani ŵake na kulutilira kuŵa pa udindo wake". Mu 2011, nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Blessing-Miles Tendi yikati: "Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti Mugabe ni mulongozgi wa ŵanthu wose uyo wakachita viheni chomene. Tendi wakayowoya kuti uwu ukaŵa upusikizgi cifukwa Mugabe wakalongora nkharo ya kukanizga ŵanthu kufuma waka apo wakaŵa pa udindo wake, comenecomene apo wakakananga ZAPU mu Matabeleland. Abiodun Alao wakakolerana nayo, ndipo wakayowoya kuti kaghanaghaniro ka Mugabe kakasintha yayi pa nyengo yose iyo wakaŵira mulongozgi wa caru, kweni waka kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamba kughanaghanira comene nkhani iyi mu vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Mugabe wakavumbura kuti vyaru vya ku Western vikuchita vinthu mwakupambanako. Vyaru ivi vikazerezga ivyo vikacitikira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20,000 ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ku Gukarakundi, kweni vikasuska comene boma la Zimbabwe apo ŵalimi ŵacoko waka ŵakafwa pa nyengo iyo ŵakajikoranga malo ghawo.

Example of foreign criticism: a demonstration against Mugabe's regime next to the Zimbabwe embassy in London (mid-2006)

Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya vigeŵenga, Ian Smith wakacemanga Mugabe kuti "mpositole wa Satana". George Shire wakalongosora kuti mu Zimbabwe mukaŵa "ŵanthu ŵakususkana chomene" na Mugabe, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakaŵikako mahara yayi. Mubali Mugabe nayo ŵakamupa mulandu wa kusankhana mitundu; John Sentamu, bishopu mulara wa ku York, ku United Kingdom, wakati Mubali Mugabe ni "munthu wankhaza comene", cifukwa cakuti "wakasuzganga ŵazungu cifukwa ca usambazi wawo". Desmond Tutu wakayowoya kuti Mugabe "wakamba kujiwona kuti ngwambura kuvikilirika, ndipo wakaleka. Munthu wakukhumba waka kulira. Ici nchakucitiska citima comene". Pulezidenti wa ku South Africa, Nelson Mandela, nayo wakasuska Mugabe, wakati ni munthu uyo "wakunyoza ŵanthu awo ŵakamuŵika pa mazaza ndipo wakuwona kuti ni mwaŵi ukuru kuŵa pa mazaza kwamuyirayira".

Rhoda E., wakulemba nkhani mu magazini ya Human Rights Quarterly Howard-Hassmann wakati pakaŵa "ukaboni wakukwana wakuti Mugabe wakaŵa na mulandu wa kwananga ŵanthu". Mu 2009, Gregory Stanton, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa International Association of Genocide Scholars, na Helen Fein, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulara wa Institute for the Study of Genocide, ŵakalemba kalata mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, iyo yikati pakaŵa ukaboni wakukwana wakuti Mugabe wakachitiska vigeŵenga. Australia na New Zealand vikaŵachiska kale mu 2005, ndipo mawupu ghanyake gha ku Zimbabwe ghakaŵachiska mu 2006.

Nkhani yinyake ya mu nyuzipepara ya New American ya mu 2005 ya mutu wakuti "Democide in Zimbabwe" yikati mu vyaka vicoko waka, Mugabe wakakhoma ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi mu Zimbabwe.

Mu 1994, Mugabe wakapokera ulemu kufuma ku boma la Britain. Kweni boma la UK likamuwuskapo ulemu uwu mu 2008. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa na madigiri ghanandi na madokotala kufuma ku mayunivesite gha pa caru cose, agho wakapokera mu ma 1980s; kweni madokotala ghatatu ghafumiskikapo. Mu Juni 2007, wakazgoka munthu wakwamba wa pa caru cose kulekeskeka digiri ya ku yunivesite ya ku Britain, apo Yunivesite ya Edinburgh yikaleka kumupa digiri iyo wakapokera mu 1984.Pa 12 June 2008, University of Massachusetts Amherst Board of Trustees ŵakavota kuti ŵawuskeko digiri ya vyamalango iyo Mugabe wakapika mu 1986, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti digiri yinyake ya ku malumbo yikwimikike. Mu mwezi umoza pamanyuma pa kufumiskika pa udindo wake, kweni pambere wandafwe, mazina gha misewu ghanandi agho ghakuyowoya za Mugabe ghakafumiskika mu malo gha ŵanthu wose.

Wonaniso

• Mugabe and the White African (2009 documentary)
• Mugabe's Zimbabwe (2010 documentary)
• The Interpreter (2005 film featuring a fictional African president based on Mugabe)

Ukaboni

Mabuku

• Alao, Abiodun (2012). Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4044-6.
• Blair, David (2002). Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe. London and New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-5974-9.
• Chigora, Percyslage; Guzura, Tobias (2011). "The Politics of the Government of National Unity (GNU) and Power Sharing in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Prospects for Democracy". African Journal of History and Culture. 3 (2): 20–26.
• Gallagher, Julia (2015). "The Battle for Zimbabwe in 2013: From Polarisation to Ambivalence" (PDF). Journal of Modern African Studies. 53 (1): 27–49. doi:10.1017/S0022278X14000640. S2CID 154398977.
• Holland, Heidi (2008). Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-104079-0.
• Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (2010). "Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect". Human Rights Quarterly. 32 (4): 898–920. doi:10.1353/hrq.2010.0030. S2CID 143046672.
• Meredith, Martin (2002). Our Votes, Our Guns: Robert Mugabe and the Tragedy of Zimbabwe. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-186-5.
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009). "Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: 'So Blair, keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe'". Third World Quarterly. 30 (6): 1139–1158. doi:10.1080/01436590903037424. S2CID 143775424.
•  ———  (2015). "Introduction: Mugabeism and Entanglements of History, Politics, and Power in the Making of Zimbabwe". In Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni (ed.). Mugabeism? History, Politics, and Power in Zimbabwe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-1-137-54344-8.
• Norman, Andrew (2008). Mugabe: Teacher, Revolutionary, Tyrant. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-86227-491-4.
• Onslow, Sue; Redding, Sean (2009). "Wasted Riches: Robert Mugabe and the Desolation of Zimbabwe". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 10 (1): 63–72. JSTOR 43134191.
• Shire, George (2007). "The Case for Robert Mugabe: Sinner or Sinned Against?". The Black Scholar. 37 (1): 32–35. doi:10.1080/00064246.2007.11413379. JSTOR 41069872. S2CID 147587061.
• Sithole, Masipula (2001). "Fighting Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe". Journal of Democracy. 2 (1): 160–169. doi:10.1353/jod.2001.0015. S2CID 144918292.
• Smith, David; Simpson, Colin (1981). Mugabe. London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-7221-7868-3.
• Tendi, Blessing-Miles (2011). "Robert Mugabe and Toxicity: History and Context Matter". Representation. 47 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1080/00344893.2011.596439. S2CID 154541752.
•  ———  (2013). "Robert Mugabe's 2013 Presidential Election Campaign". Journal of Southern African Studies. 39 (4): 963–970. doi:10.1080/03057070.2013.858537. S2CID 145432632.

Wonani vinandi

• Bourne, Richard (2011). Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe?. Zed. ISBN 978-1-84813-521-5.
• Chan, Stephen (2002). Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-873-1.
• Godwin, Peter (2011). The Fear: The Last Days of Robert Mugabe. London: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-50777-6.
• Moyo; Yeros, P (2007). "The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe's Interrupted Revolution". Review of African Political Economy. 34 (111): 103–121. doi:10.1080/03056240701340431. JSTOR 20406365. S2CID 153894802.
• Raftopoulos, Brian (2006). "The Zimbabwean crisis and the challenges of the Left". Journal of Southern African Studies. 32 (2): 203–219. Bibcode:2006JSAfS..32..203R. doi:10.1080/03057070600655988. JSTOR 25065088. S2CID 59371826.