Minda ya A. L. Bruce

Munda wa A. L. Bruce wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru mu charu cha Nyasaland. Mu 1893, Alexander Low Bruce, mukweni wa David Livingstone, wakasanga malo ghakuru ku Magomero ku Shire Highlands ku Nyasaland pamoza na ghanyake ghaŵiri. Wakati wafwa, malo agha ghakaŵa nga ni malo ghakupwelelera Ŵakhristu na malonda ku Central Africa. Kweni pamanyuma, ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri ŵakapanga kampani ya malonda iyo yikagura malo agha. Kampani iyi yikamanyikwanga kuti yikagwiliskiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵankhaza na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti mu 1915, John Chilembwe wakambiske ciwukirano ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu kampani iyi ŵafwe. Kampani iyi yikati yaleka kupanga makuni gha katoni na hona, yikapangiska ŵaganyu ŵake kuti ŵalimenge hona m'malo mwa chakurya pa malo ghawo. Pakati pajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 30, malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito, kweni pakati pa 1949 na 1952, kampani iyi yikaguliska malo agha na phindu chifukwa boma likakhumbikwiranga malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakachimbizgika mu malo agha. Kampani iyi yikamara mu 1959.

Kupangika

Alexander Low Bruce

Manda gha Alexander Low Bruce (1839-1893), Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh

Alexander Low Bruce wakababikira mu msumba wa Edinburgh mu 1839, mwana wa Robert Bruce na Ann Low. Wakati wamalizga sukulu, wakamba kugwira ntchito ku kampani ya William Younger and Company apo wakaŵa na vyaka 19. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika vya m'ma 20, Bruce wakagwiranga nchito mu ofesi ya kampani iyi ku London na kukhozga milimo ya kampani iyi mu North America. Mu 1876, wakazgoka mubwezi na mulongozgi munyakeso wa nyumba yikuru yakupangira moŵa ya ku Edinburgh. Mu 1887, Alexander Low Bruce wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Younger, ndipo wakaŵa na vyakukhumba vinyake vya ndalama. Bruce wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵa mu chipani cha Liberal Party mpaka apo suzgo ya Irish Home Rule mu 1886 yikapangiska kuti chipani ichi chipatukane ndipo wakazgoka yumoza wa ŵa mu chipani cha Liberal Unionist Party.

Bruce wakatora kaŵiri; na muwoli wake wakwamba wakaŵa na ŵana ŵatatu, Agnes (b. 1865), Robert (wakababika mu 1867) na Daniel (wakababika mu 1869), wose ŵakababika apo wakakhalanga ku Islington, Middlesex. Mu 1875, Alexander Low Bruce wakatora mwanakazi munyake zina lake Agnes (1847-1912), mwana wa David Livingstone na muwoli wake Mary. Mbumba iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi, David Livingstone Bruce (1877-1915), Mary Livingstone Bruce (1879-1883), Alexander Livingstone Bruce (1881-1954), na Annie Livingstone Bruce (1883-1954), awo ŵakatora Thomas Russell mu 1909. Alexander Low Bruce wakazomerezgana na fundo za Livingstone za umo malonda gha ŵazga ghakwendera mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa ndipo wakati watora Agnes Livingstone, Bruce wakamba kovwira mabungwe gha vya malonda na umishonale mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na pakati pa Africa. Mu 1888, wakaluta ku Kuruman uko Robert Moffat wakambiska upharazgi wake. Wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Royal Scottish Geographical Society ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa African Lakes Company, iyo yikaŵa na vyakukhumba mu malo agho sono ni Malawi, kweniso wa Imperial British East Africa Company, iyo yikaŵa na vyakukhumba mu Kenya.

Magomero

Bruce wakalutapo yayi ku Nyasaland, kweni wakasanga malo ghakukwana maekala 170,000, ghanandi ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Zomba kwizira mu kampani ya African Lakes Company na John Buchanan. Wakathya malo agha zina lakuti Magomero, cifukwa ca mulimo wa umishonale uwo Livingstone wakacitapo pambere wandafike. Wakati wafwa mu 1893, apo wakaŵa na vilimika 54, katundu wake wa ku Africa wakasamira ku A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust, iyo ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri ndiwo ŵakasangangapo chandulo.

Pambere wandafwe mu Novembala 1893, Bruce wakasora ŵantchito ŵaŵiri kuti ŵalaŵilirenge malo ghake mu Nyasaland. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa William Jervis Livingstone, uyo wakatora malo gha Magomero (Chigaŵa cha Chiradzulu) na D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Ritchie ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga malo gha Likulezi ku Mlanje. Pakwamba, Agnes ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga ofesi ya A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust m'paka apo ŵahaliri ŵa Bruce, David na Alexander, ŵakafikira pa msinkhu wakwenelera, apo ŵakamba kuwulongozga, ndipo mwanakazi uyu wakalutilira kuŵa mulaŵiliri wawo m'paka apo wakafwira. Ŵadada ŵawo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵachitenge vinthu nga mbalara ŵa nyumba zawo.

"... mu cilindizga cakuti ŵaŵenge ŵakunweka na kujura kwa Africa ku Cikristu na Malonda mwakuyana na fundo izo zikayowoyeka na sekuru wawo David Livingstone".

Ndipouli, amama ŵawo ŵakati ŵafwa mu 1912, ndipo malo gha Magomero ghati ghawoneka kuti ghali na nkhongono, David Livingstone Bruce na Alexander Livingstone Bruce ŵakagura katundu wa A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust mu 1913, wakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha mapaundi 41,000 pa malo agha. Kufuma apo, ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd mu 1913 na capital capital ya £54,000, comene-comene ŵakaŵa na iwo na mudumbu wawo Annie Russell.

Ivyo Vikachitika vyakwambilila

Pa nyengo iyo Magomero wakaguliskikira, malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura ŵanthu ndipo ghakaŵa kuti ghandalereskekepo, ntheura pakakhumbikwanga kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera na ŵantchito. Pakati pa 1895 na 1925, kampani iyi yikayezga kulima khofi, katoni, na hona. Mu malo mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ku Magomero ŵakaŵa "Anguru", lizgu ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kuti ŵalongosore ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Lomwe. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵapokeleranga makora ku Magomero, ndipo pakwamba ŵakeneranga yayi kugwira nchito m'malo mwa kulipira renti. Para nyengo iyi yajumphapo, ŵakeneranga kugwira nchito kwa mwezi umoza pera pa caka. Kuzakafika mu 1915, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lomwe ndiwo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu 4,926 awo ŵakakhalanga ku Magomero.

Khofi wa arabica ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kulima mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Shire Highlands, ndipo wakaseŵeka chomene mu ma 1890, m'paka apo mtengo wa khofi ukadukira pa charu chose mu 1903. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 1895, ku Magomero kukaŵa makuni gha khofi ghakukwana mahekita 200 m'paka 300. Kweni mu 1898 na 1899, pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ŵalara ŵa malo agha ŵakamba kupenja chakurya chiwemi. Pamanyuma pakuti mitengo ya khofi yikakhira, mu 1903, malo gha Shire Highlands ghakamba kugwiliskira ntchito makuni gha katoni. Mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kulima makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha ku Eguputo, chifukwa ghakaŵa ghakwenelera ku chigaŵa cha Shire Valley. Ndipouli, kwambira mu 1906, W. J. Wakayama Mu 1908, Livingstone wakambiska mtundu unyake wa katoni wakuchemeka Nyasaland Upland. Makuni agha ghakakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵagwirenge nchito nyengo yitali, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaganyu ŵagwirenge nchito zinandi.

Pa malo gha Lukulesi gha maekala 7,449, A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust ndiyo wakambiska vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Kofi nayo wakaŵa wakwenelera yayi mu vigaŵa vya Mulanje ivyo vikaŵa vyakubinkha, kweni ŵakamba kupandamo tiyi. Mu nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi umo ŵanganozgera tiyi.

Thangata

Kuti ŵagwirenge nchito ŵanthu 3,000 panji 5,000 mu nyengo ya kulima ya myezi yinkhondi na umoza panji yinkhondi na umoza, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba za ŵantchito. Lizgu lakuti "thangata" likang'anamuranga milimo iyi. Pakwamba lizgu ili likang'anamuranga wovwiri, nga umo vikuŵira para ŵazengezgani ŵawovwirana, kweni likang'anamuraso ntchito iyo munthu uyo wakukhala mu malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe wakuchita. Kweniso pakakhumbikwanga ŵantchito ŵanyake m'malo mwa msonkho uwo mweneko wa malo wakalipanga.

Ŵanthu ŵakuti Alexander Livingstone Bruce ndiyo wakambiska thangata. J. Wakayama Livingstone, wakacitanga makora comene apo malo gha Magomero ghakamba kulima katoni. Nangauli W. J. Wakayama Livingstone wakaŵa manejara, ndipo Alexander Livingstone Bruce wakakhalanga mu Nyasaland ndipo ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga vinthu vyose. Pa malo gha Bruce, ndalama izo ŵakeneranga kulipira zikakwana myezi yinayi panji yinkhondi pa chaka, ndipo zinandi zikeneranga kulima mu nyengo ya kulima. Ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa na vyokoro awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba, ŵakeneranga kugwiranga nchito, nangauli pakwamba ŵakakanizgikanga. Ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba za ŵeneko ŵa nyumba izo ŵakaguliskanga, ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba za ŵene ŵa nyumba izo ŵakagwiranga yayi.

W. J. Wakayama Livingstone wakakomeka mu 1915, apo John Chilembwe wakalongozganga ŵanthu kugaluka. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka, boma likapeleka dango mu 1917, ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama za renti. Ndipouli, Alexander Livingstone Bruce, uyo wakaŵa mu Wupu Wakulongozga wa Kazembe, wakalongozga awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghakusungiramo ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵachimbizge mu malo agha usange ivi vichitikenge. Nanga ni apo Livingstone wakakomeka, mulimo wa kuzenga ukaŵa kuti wandaleke. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates wakakhalako myezi yinkhondi na umoza cifukwa ca msonkho wa thangata na Hut. Ndipouli, pakuti malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazura kale, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafuma ku Mozambique. Apo nchito ya kuzenga yikakhira mu ma 1920, ŵeneco ŵa nyumba ŵakayowoya kuti ŵalije nchito yakukwana yakuti ŵeneko ŵa nyumba ŵafiske milimo yawo panji kulipira renti. Iwo ŵakatenge ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mwakufuntha kwambura kulipira renti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵachichizga kuti ŵaguliske vyakurya ivyo ŵangaguliska. Nangauli kufuma mu 1925, kampani iyi yikamba kugwiliskira nchito hona panji ndalama m'malo mwa ŵantchito, kweni dango la thangata likamara apo A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd. wakaguliska Magamero ndipo ŵakukhalamo ŵakafwatuka ku ivyo ŵakaviwonanga nga ni wuzga.

John Chilembwe

John Chilembwe wakababikira ku Nyasaland kumwera mu 1870 panji 1871. Wakasambira sukulu ya ŵamishonale, ndipo mu 1892 wakamba kuteŵetera mu nyumba ya Joseph Booth, uyo wakaŵa mishonale. Chilembwe wakamanya maghanoghano gha Booth ghakukhwaskana na cisopa kweniso wanangwa wa ŵanthu ndipo mu 1897, wakaluta ku United States uko wakasambirako ku koleji ya cisopa ya Negro Baptist Theological College.

Mu 1899, wakimikika kuŵa muliska wa mpingo wa Baptist ndipo wakawelera ku Nyasaland mu 1900. Na wovwiri wa ndalama wa National Baptist Convention of America, Chilembwe wakambiska ntchito ya Providence Industrial Mission mu chigaŵa cha Chiradzulu. Mu vyaka 10 vyakwambilira, ntchito iyi yikalutilira, nangauli yikacitikanga mwakucepa, cifukwa ca wovwiri wa ku America. Wakayowoyanga vya kulimbikira ntchito, kujikuzga na kujiwovwira yekha, ndipo wakasuskanga umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakakhalira. Pakwamba wakakananga kususka boma. Kweniso Chilembwe wakachezga na matchalitchi gha mu Africa agho ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha.

Ndipouli, mu 1912 panji 1913, Chilembwe wakaŵa kuti wamba kulimbikira chomene ndyali ndipo wakasuskanga chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands, comenecomene awo ŵakakhalanga ku A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates. Ofesi ya Providence Industrial Mission yikaŵa mu cigaŵa ico mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kugaluka ŵakati ŵawuka, ŵakacemekanga "Anguru", ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu tchalitchi la Chilembwe. Chilembwe na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambira chomene, awo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo ya 1915, nawo ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa chakuti boma na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakana kuzomera kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mbakuzirwa. Kwambira mu 1910, wakasangana na masuzgo ghanandi pa uteŵeti wake kweniso pa umoyo wake, kusazgapo ngongoli, kutayika kwa ndalama kufuma ku America, nyifwa ya mwana wake mwanakazi, nthenda ya mphumu, na suzgo la maso. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikamupangiska kuti waŵe na citima comene. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, wakaleka kuyowoya vyakususka, ndipo wakamba kughanaghana vyakucita vinthu ivyo wakagomezganga kuti ndivyo vizamumucitikira.

Kuwukira kwa Chilembwe

Nkhani ikulu: Kuwukira kwa Chilembwe

Nkhondo ya ku Karonga iyo yikacitika mu Seputembala 1914 yikapangiska Chilembwe kuti wasuske nkhondo, wakati ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu caru cake "ŵali kuthiska kale ndopa zawo", ŵanyake "ŵali kupwetekeka umoyo wawo wose" ndipo "ŵali kupempheka kuti ŵafwire cifukwa ca cifukwa cinyake". Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, wakawunganya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa na masambiro ghapacanya. Cigaŵa cakwamba ca ndondomeko iyi cikaŵa ca kuwukira maofesi gha boma mu usiku wa pa 23 m'paka pa 24 Janyuwale 1915 kuti ŵasange vilwero na vilwero, ndipo caciŵiri cikaŵa ca kuwukira malo gha ku Europe nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanalume ŵake 200 ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Providence Industrial Missions ku Chiradzulu na Mlanje, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakondwa yayi nawo ŵanganjira. Chigaŵa chakwamba cha pulani iyi chikamara yayi, chifukwa ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakaleka kuwukira, ntheura ŵakaŵavya vilwero vinandi.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuwukira malo gha Bruce. J. Wakayama Livingstone, (uyo ŵanthu ŵakamutinkhanga comene) wakakomeka na kudumulika mutu. Ŵalwani ŵakakoma ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵaŵiri na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵatatu. Pa Zuŵa la Sabata pa 24 Janyuwale, Chilembwe wakacitiska maungano mu tchalitchi la Providence Industrial Mission pafupi na mzati uwo ukaŵa na mutu wa Livingstone, kweni pa 26 Janyuwale, wakamanya kuti kuwukira kukatondeka. Pamanyuma pa kuyezga kucimbira ku Mozambique, wakasangika na kukomeka pa 3 February. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga na ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakakomeka pamanyuma pakuti ŵeruzgi ŵaŵikika pasi pa dango la nkhondo.

Kulima hona

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulima hona wa ku Virginia. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa na malo ghakukwana maekali 4,507 mu 1911, ndipo mu 1913 vikaŵa na maekali 10,489, ndipo mu 1920 vikaŵa na maekali 14,218. Pambere chaka cha 1920 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito hona, kweni mu 1923, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito hona wakubisika. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kupanga makuni gha virginia, kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la United States la Virginia likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Britain ŵasangirepo chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza vya msonkho uwo ŵakakhomanga ku vyaru vinyake. Hona uyo wakapangikanga mu vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku vyaru vichoko, ukaŵa wambura kuzirwa ndipo kanandi ukaguliskikanga yayi. Mu 1921, matani 1,500 pera gha tirigu wa matani 3,500 ghakaŵa kuti ghangaguliskika mwaluŵiro. Mu 1924, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakapanga 86% ya hona wa ku Nyasaland, kweni mu 1927 ŵakapanga 57% pera ndipo mu 1933 ŵakapanga 28%.

Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Major Sanderson wakazgoka W. J. Wakayama Munthu uyo wakazakaŵa mulondezgi wa Livingstone pakuŵa manejara ndipo ndiyo wakamba kulima hona ku Magomero. Mu 1914, Magomero wakaŵa na munda wa makilomita 5,000, kweni mu 1918 ukamba kuŵa wambura phindu, cifukwa ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo gha Native Trust Land, ŵakapanganga makuni gha makuni gha makuni agha mwakudura. Nanga ni para Livingstone wakomeka, dango la thangata pa A. L. Wakayama Malo gha Bruce ghakasinthika pachoko waka, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakagwiranga nchito myezi 6 pa caka. Ndipouli, pakuti malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazura kale, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakakhumbanga yayi kukhala mwenemumo. A. L. Wakayama Nkhani ya Bruce Estates Ltd yikalongora kuti yikaŵa na suzgo mu 1920, ndipo Sanderson wakayezga kukanizga kuti ŵaleke kusama, wakati palije ntchito yakukwana yakuti ŵaganyu ŵafiske milimo yawo. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti mu 1920, munda wa Magomero wa maekala 15,000 pera pa maekala 162,000, ndiwo ukalimikanga na mweneko panji awo ŵakagwiranga lumoza. Sanderson wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kwambura kulipira lenti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵachichizga kuti ŵaguliske vyakurya ivyo ŵangaguliska. Ndipouli, ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa ŵakasanganga candulo comene na kulima hona wakuŵala pa malo gha Ufumu. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi.

Natives on Private Estates Ordinance

Kampani iyi yikamba kunangika cifukwa ca dango la mu 1928 ilo likayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakwenera kulipira renti mu ndalama panji mu nthowa yinyake. Sanderson wakati wafwa, wakatora malo ghake Kaputeni Kincaid-Smith, uyo wakaŵa manejara mu 1931. Kincaid-Smith wakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kugura hona munandi comene, cifukwa pakakhumbikwanga makilogiramu 70 kuti wagulire renti ya chaka na chaka. Kweniso wakaguranga ndalama zinandi kuluska za renti, ndipo wakapelekeranga m'paka apo wakaguliskira hona. Mtengo wa hona uyu ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska renti ya ndalama, ndipo mu fundo, ŵakuguliska ŵakaguliskanga ku Bruce Estates pera, kweni hona munyake ŵakamuguliskanga pa mtengo uwemi kunyake mwa kuyowoya kuti wakupangika na ŵalimi ŵachoko. Pakakhumbikwanga nkhuni zinandi kuti munthu wapange hona, ndipo mu 1945 nkhorongo yikamara.

Mu m'ma 1930, boma lakwamba likaghanaghananga kuti A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd kuti waŵe mweneko wa nyumba wa njuŵi yiwemi, uyo wakwendeska makora malo ghake m'malo mwa kupenja ndalama zakugulira nyumba, ndipo wakuyezga yayi kufumiskapo ŵanthu para waguliska malo. Pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1940 vindakwane, charu ichi chikaguliskanga panji kupeleka malo ghachoko waka ku ŵalimi ŵachoko. Ici cikacitika cifukwa ca kujikuzga kwa Alexander Livingstone Bruce, na kukana kwake kuwona vinthu mwakwenelera. A. Wakutemweka wane. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi, kweni wakakana kuguliska malo ghanyake kuti wasange ndalama zinyake. Chifukwa chakuti Bruce wakalutilira kulimbana na ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo gha Ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga makora ntchito chifukwa cha ndalama zichoko, vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa kampani iyi na awo ŵakagwiranga. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakakhumbanga kulima mbuto za mbuto panji za maniyu kuti ŵaguliske mu misika. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd. pa mtengo wapasi, na malipiro ghakusunkhunyika. Kincaid-Smith, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵantchito, wakalangura kuti vyakurya vyasezgeke, kweni boma likamususka comene. Mu Disembala 1939, Kazembe wakacicizga Kincaid-Smith kuti wafumeko ku Nyasaland cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita.

Vyaka vaumalilo

Kincaid-Smith wakati wafumapo, kampani iyi yikaleka kwendeska malo ghake, ndipo mu 1948 malo agha ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga vyakurya. Magomero wakapanganga hona wakukwana makilogiramu 500,000 m'paka 700,000 pa chaka, kweni kampani iyi yikalipira ndalama zinandi chomene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwanga kulima mbuto kuti ŵaguliske mu misika. Mu 1945, A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kuguliska Magomero. Boma likati lafufuza malo agha, likasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito uheni malo agha, ŵakagwerapo nkhorongo, kweniso ŵakachitiranga nkhaza dongo na utheka. Ndipouli, Kazembe wakawona kuti nchiwemi kugura malo agha mwa kudumbiskana na kampani, mwakuphalira munthu kuti wagure yayi. Bruce Estates wakakhumbanga ndalama izo zikamazga masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo kwambira mu 1925, kweni ŵakaghanaghana kuti zikaŵa zinandi chomene, ndipo mu 1947, kampani iyi yikazomera kuguliska Magomero kwa munthu payekha pa mtengo wa mapaundi 80,000. Kweni ŵakaguliska yayi.

A. Wakutemweka wane. L. Wakayama Mu 1948 na 1949, Bruce Estates Ltd yikaŵa na masuzgo ghanyake, ndipo yikaŵa pafupifupi yakutondeka. Ndipouli, boma likakhumbikwiranga malo ghakuti likakhalengemo ŵanthu ŵaphya pamanyuma pa njara iyo yikachitika mu 1949. Chigaŵa chinyake cha malo agha chikaguliskika ku ŵanthu ŵanyake, kweni mu 1952, boma likagura malo ghakukwana maekala 75,000. Vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵaguliske malo agho ghakaŵapo kale, ndipo pamanyuma pa mphindano pakati pa awo ŵakaŵa na masheya, kampani iyi yikamara mu 1959. Alexander Livingstone Bruce wakafwa mu 1954, kweni wakakhala wamoyo m'paka apo nyumba iyo adada ŵake ŵakagura yikamara kuguliskika.

Vyakulemba vyamu mabuku

• J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, Woodbridge, James Currey. ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6.
• L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32182-4
• L. White, (1984). 'Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising, African Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 333.
• G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915, Edinburgh University Press.
• R. Tangri, (1971). Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915, African Historical Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2.
• R. I. Rotberg, (1970). Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered, in R I. Rotberg and A. A. Mazrui, eds., Protest and Power in Black Africa, New York, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-500093-1
• R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press.
• F A Stinson, (1956). Tobacco Farming in Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1889-1956, Salisbury, the Tobacco Research Board of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
• R Palmer,(1985). White Farmers in Malawi: Before and After the Depression, African Affairs Vol. 84 No.335.
• B Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, The Journal of African History Vol. 14.