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Interlingua

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Kufuma Wikipedia
Interlingua
interlingua
Official Interlingua flag[1]
PronunciationTemplate:IPA-art
Created byInternational Auxiliary Language Association
Date1951
Setting and usageKulembeka kwa mazgu gha sayansi gha pa charu chose; chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose
UsersA few hundred (2007)[2]
Purpose
Malembo gha Chilatini
SourcesViyowoyelo vyakufuma ku vyakale: Chingelezi, Chifurenchi, Chitaliyana, Chipwitikizi, na Chisipanishi.
Official status
Regulated byPalije bungwe lakulamulira
Language codes
ISO 639-1ia
ISO 639-2ina
ISO 639-3ina
Glottologinte1239
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Interlingua (/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/) ni chiyowoyelo chakuwovwira cha pa charu chose (IAL) icho chikapangika pakati pa 1937 na 1951 na American International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). Ni ciyowoyero cakupangika na ŵanthu, ndipo mazgu ghake, kalembero kake, na vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu ciyowoyero ici vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Mabuku gha Interlingua ghakulongosora kuti (kulembeka) kwa Interlingua kukupulikikwa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance,[3] nangauli ni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi.

Interlingua yikapangika kuti yikolerane na viyowoyelo vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo ŵasambire viyowoyero ivi.[4][5]

Zina lakuti Interlingua likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti inter, ilo likung'anamura kuti "pakati", na lingua, ilo likung'anamura kuti "lulimi". Mazgu agha ghakuyana waka mu ciyowoyero ca Interlingua; ntheura ciyowoyero ici cikung'anamura 'pakati pa viyowoyero.'

Chidule

[lemba | kulemba source]

Interlingua yikugomezga pa mazgu agho ghakuyana agho ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vya ku Western Europe, ivyo vinandi vikafuma ku Chilatini panji vikakhwaskika chomene na chiyowoyero ichi (nga ni viyowoyero vya Romance). Awo ŵakakhazikiska Interlingua ŵali na "viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga" vinayi, ndipo mwakawiro, lizgu (panji mtundu wake) likwenera kusangika mu vitatu mwa viyowoyero ivi kuti lizomerezgeke mu Interlingua. Viyowoyero ivi ni Chingelezi, Chifurenchi, Chitaliyani, na kuphatikizika kwa Chisipanishi na Chitogorezi, ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chimoza chikuru pa ntchito za Interlingua. Kusazgapo apa, Chijeremani na Chirashiya vikachemekwa kuti "viyowoyero vyakulongozga vya chiŵiri".[6]

Nangauli mazgu ghanandi mu Interlingua ghakuyana na Neo-Latin chifukwa ghakufuma chomene ku Chilatini, mazgu gha Interlingua ghangafuma mu chiyowoyero chilichose, usange ghali kunjira mu viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga nga ni mazgu ghakupokera. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu gha mu Chiyapani nga geisha na samurai, kweniso lizgu la mu Chifini lakuti sauna, ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Western Europe, ndipo ntheura ghali mu Interlingua. Mwakuyana waka, lizgu la mu Guugu Yimithirr lakuti gangurru likugwiliskirika ntchito mu mtundu wakasintha kufuma ku Chilatini (Interlingua: kanguru, Chingelezi: kangaroo).[6]

Awo ŵakusunga na kulongozga Interlingua ŵakuyezgayezga kuti galamala ya chiyowoyero ichi yiŵe yipusu ndipo kupanga mazgu kuŵe kwakuyana, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mizi yichoko waka ya mazgu na viwangwa vya mazgu. Ichi chikukhumba kuti chiyowoyero ichi chiŵe chakusambira mwaluŵiro.[7]

Mbiri

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mwanakazi wakukhala na usambazi wa ku America, Alice Vanderbilt Morris (1874–1950), wakamba kunweka na masambiro gha viyowoyero na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, Dave Hennen Morris, ŵakakhazikiska bungwe la kusapota ŵanthu wose la International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) mu New York City. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose waŵe pa maziko ghakukhora gha sayansi. Morris wakapanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku ya IALA pamoza na Edward Sapir, William Edward Collinson, na Otto Jespersen.[8]

Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyero vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵakumanya vinandi. Morris wakakhazikiska IALA kuti yilutilire ntchito iyi.[9]

International Auxiliary Language Association

[lemba | kulemba source]

IALA likazgoka gulu likuru ilo likawovwiranga masambiro gha viyowoyero mu America. Kafukufuku munandi wakachitika na Sapir, Collinson, na Morris Swadesh mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, ndipo ndalama zake zikafuma ku IALA. Alice Morris wakawovwirapo pa kusintha kwa kafukufuku uyu ndipo wakapeleka chovwiro chikuru cha ndalama ku IALA.[9]

Mwachiyelezgero, Morris wakasintha kafukufuku wa Sapir na Morris Swadesh wa mu 1932 uyo wakayerekezganga umo viyowoyero vikupangira mazgu ghaumaliro, kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson wa mu 1937 pa nkhani ya kulongora. IALA likapokeraso chovwiro kufuma ku magulu nga ni Carnegie Corporation, Ford Foundation, Research Corporation, na Rockefeller Foundation.[10][11]

Mu vyaka vyakwamba, IALA likaghanaghananga ntchito zitatu zikuru:

Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chakumalizga ichi, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyana pa viyowoyero ivi, pamoza na kuyerekezgera na viyowoyero vya mitundu.[9]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ntchakumanyikwa yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya na kugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mwakukhazikika.[11] Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikapangika na ŵanthu (kusazgapo ivyo ni vya kupangika) padera pa Esperanto vili na ŵayowoyi ŵachoko chomene.[12] Mu kalembero ka ŵanthu ku Hungary mu 2001, ako kakafumbanga vya viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera mu charu chose cha Hungary ndiwo ŵakati ŵakuyowoya Interlingua.[13]

Ŵakukhozgera Interlingua ŵakuti chandulo chikuru cha chiyowoyero ichi ntchakuti ndicho chingamanyikwa chomene pakati pa viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose, padera pa Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I.,[14] chifukwa cha galamala na mazgu ghake agho ghakuyana na viyowoyero vya chilengedwe (mwakupambana na viyowoyero vyakulongosoreka mwadongosolo). Ichi chikovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya chiyowoyero chilichose cha mu gulu la viyowoyero vya Romance na ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya kuti ŵaŵazge na kupulikiska Interlingua kwambura kusambira dankha.[14]

Masamba gha pa intaneti gha Interlingua ghakusazgapo matembelo gha Wikipedia na Wiktionary, kweniso magazini ghanyake nga ni Panorama in Interlingua kufuma ku Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI).

Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri-viŵiri, UMI yikupanga ungano wa pa charu chose mu charu chakupambana. Mu chaka icho chili pakati pa maungano agha, mabungwe gha Interlingua gha ku Scandinavia ghakukolerana kupanga ungano ku Sweden, chifukwa pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua mu Scandinavia. Mabungwe gha mu vyaru nga ni Union Brazilian pro Interlingua nagho ghakupanga maungano nyengo zose.[15]

Interlingua yikusambizgika mu masukulu ghanyake gha sekondale na mayunivesite, nyengo zinyake nga nthowa yakovwilira ŵanthu kusambira viyowoyero vinyake mwaluŵiro, kupereka ulongozgi pa nkhani ya kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyapakati, panji kumanyiska mazgu gha pa charu chose.[15][16][17]

Mwachiyelezgero, kosi ya masabata ghaŵiri yikasambizgika ku University of Granada mu Spain mu 2007.[18]

Kalembero

[lemba | kulemba source]

Interlingua wali na kalembero iyo yikuyana chomene na umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera.

Alfabeti ya Interlingua

[lemba | kulemba source]

Interlingua yikugwiliskira ntchito malembo 26 gha alfabeti ya Chilatini ya ISO, kwambura vimanyikwiro vya malembo.[19] Alfabeti iyi, umo malembo ghakuyowoyekera mu alfabeti ya mazgu ya charu chose (IPA), kweniso mazina gha malembo mu Interlingua ni agha:

Alfabeti ya Interlingua
Nambara1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526
Malembo (malembo ghakuru)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Malembo (malembo ghachoko)abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
IPAabk, t͡s~t͡ʃdefɡh~∅iʒklmnopkrs~ztuvw~vksiz
Mazinaabecedeeefgehaijotakaelemenopecueresteuveduple veixypsilonzeta

Kalembero wakunjilirapo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Buku lakuti Grammar of Interlingua likulongosora mu chigaŵa 15 za "kalembero wakunjilirapo" (collateral orthography), uyo wakulongosora umo lizgu likwenera kulembekera mu Interlingua para likasinthika na kunjira mu chiyowoyero ichi kwambura kughanaghanira chomene uko lizgu likafumira.[20]

Mazgu gha Interlingua (Phonology)

[lemba | kulemba source]
Interlingua yakuyowoyeka

Interlingua ni chiyowoyero icho chikugwiliskirika chomene pakulemba, ndipo umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera kuti ghali wuli chikupulikikwa mwakuyana yayi pakati pa ŵayowoyi wose. Mazgu agho ghali mu mabokosi ( ) ghakugwiliskirika ntchito yayi na ŵayowoyi wose.

gha milomo gha mu zino gha kuseri kwa zino gha pakatikati gha mu mmero gha mu khosi
Mazgu gha mphuno m n
Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo pb td kɡ
Mazgu gha kusazga (ts ~ tʃ) (d)ʒ
Mazgu gha kusisita fv sz ʃ (h)
Mazgu gha kuyandikira l j w
Mazgu gha r r
lakudanga lakubwelera
Lakufupi i u
Lakati e o
Lakujuruka a

Umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu nyengo zinandi, makonsonanti mu Interlingua ghakuyowoyeka nga umo ghakuyowoyekera mu Chingelezi, apo mavawelo ghakuyana na gha mu Chisipanishi. Malembo ghaŵiri ghakuyana agho ghali pamoza ghangayowoyeka nga ni lizgu limoza mu Chingelezi panji Chifurenchi, kweni ghangayowoyekaso nga ni mu Chitaliyana kuti ghapulikikwe makora.

Interlingua wali na mazgu gha mavawelo ghaŵiri ghakukhilira, agho ni /ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/, na /oi/.[21] Kweni /ei/ na /oi/ ghakuwoneka mwachoko.

Kukanika kwa mazgu (Stress)

[lemba | kulemba source]

Dango likuru ndakuti kukankha kwa lizgu kukuŵa pa wawelo iyo yili panthazi pa konsonanti yakumalizga.

Viyelezgero:

  • lingua — "chiyowoyero"
  • esser — "kuŵa"
  • requirimento — "chakukhumbikwa"

Mu mazgu gha unandi, lizgu lakumalizga -(e)s likuleka kupulikikwa pa nkhani ya kukankha. Mwachiyelezgero, linguas likukankha malo ghamoza nga ni lingua.

Usange dango ili lingaleka kugwira ntchito, kukankha kukuŵa pa wawelo yakwamba.

Pali vyakuleka vichoko:

  • Mazgu gha zina panji chivumbuzi agho ghamalira na wawelo pamaso pa -le, -ne, panji -re ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro.
  • Mazgu agho ghamalira na -ica/-ico, -ide/-ido, na -ula/-ulo ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro.
  • Mazgu agho ghamalira na -ic ghakukankha pa silabi yachiŵiri kufuma kumaliro.

Ŵayowoyi ŵangayowoya mazgu ghose mwakugwiliskira ntchito dango likuru. Mwachiyelezgero, kilometro ntchakuzomerezgeka, nangauli kilometro ndiko kukuyowoyeka chomene.[22]

Umo mazgu ghakupangikira (Phonotactics)

[lemba | kulemba source]

Interlingua yilije malango ghakulongosoreka chomene pa umo mazgu ghakukhalira pamoza. Kweni nthowa iyo mazgu gha Interlingua ghakusankhikira, iyo yikukhumba kuti mazgu ghaŵe gha pa charu chose, yikupangiska kuti mazgu ghanyake ghaŵe ghapusu kuyowoya kwa ŵasambiri ŵanandi.

Para mazgu ghaphya ghapangika, nyengo zinyake mathero ghakuzomerezgeka yayi kusazgikapo kwambura kusintha kanthu. Chiyerezgero ntchakuti mathero gha unandi -s nyengo zose ghakwamba na wawelo kuti ghaleke kupanga gulu la makonsonanti ilo ntchakusuzga kuyowoya. Usange lizgu la umodzi likumalira pa konsonanti, -s wakumalira wakusintha kuŵa -es.

Mazgu ghakubwereka

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mazgu ghakubwereka kufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake agho ghandasintheke ghakulembeka umo ghali kulembekera mu chiyowoyero chawo chakufumirako.

Malembo ghangaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya malembo panji vimanyikwiro vya kukankha. Usange vimanyikwiro ivi vikusintha yayi umo lizgu likuyowoyekera, vikuchotskeka.[6]

Mazgu gha chiyowoyero

[lemba | kulemba source]

Awo ŵakulongozga chiyowoyero cha Interlingua ŵakusora mazgu chifukwa cha umo ghakusangikira na umo ghakugwilira ntchito mu viyowoyero ivyo vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakupima. Ivi ni Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, na English, apo German na Russian vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakusazgirapo. Mazgu gha Interlingua ghangaŵa ghakufuma ku chiyowoyero chilichose para ghali kufalikira mu viyowoyero vyakupima ivi.[7]

Spanish na Portuguese, ivyo vyose ni viyowoyero vya ku Iberia, vikupimika nga ni chigaŵa chimoza. Mazgu ghanandi gha Interlingua ghakufuma ku Latin, apo Greek na Germanic languages ndivyo vikupanga mazgu ghanandi ghakwamba na ghaŵiri. Mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma ku Slavic languages na viyowoyero ivyo ni vyakuleka ku Indo-European.[6]

Umo mazgu ghakuzomerezgeka

[lemba | kulemba source]

Lizgu, ilo ni mazgu ghenecho agho ghali na ng'anamuro, likuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu mazgu gha Interlingua para likusangika mu vinyake vitatu vya viyowoyero vinayi vyakwamba. Chiyowoyero chilichose chachiŵiri chinganjira mu malo mwa chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba. Lizgu lililose la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European ilo likusangika mu chiyowoyero chakupima lingawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke kuŵa lizgu la pa charu chose.[23]

Mu nyengo zinyake, kuŵapo kwa lizgu lakale chomene panji ilo lingawoneka kuti lingazgoka lizgu la sono kungawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke.

Lizgu lingawoneka kuti lili mu chiyowoyero para lizgu lakufuma kwa ilo lilipo, kweni lizgu leneko palije. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Chingelezi proximity likovwira pa lizgu la Interlingua proxime, ilo likung'anamura "pafupi". Ivi vikuzomerezgeka usange chiyowoyero chimoza panji vinandi vya kupima vili na lizgu lakwambilira ili, ndipo viyowoyero vya Romance vyose vili nalo.

Kweni mazgu ghakuŵikika mu Interlingua chifukwa cha kuŵa na mazgu ghakuyana mu viyowoyero vinandi pera yayi. Usange ng'anamuro la lizgu lasintha chomene mu nyengo, lizgu ilo likupimika nga ndakupambana. Kweni usange ling'anamuro limoza panji ghanandi ghakhalilira, lizgu lingazomerezgeka mu Interlingua na ng'anamuro ilo lasungika.[23]

Para nthowa iyi yileka kusanga lizgu la pa charu chose, lizgu la chinthu chinyake likatoranga kufuma ku Latin. Ichi chikachitikanga waka na mazgu ghachoko gha vya galamala.

Kapangidwe ka mazgu

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kapangidwe ka lizgu la Interlingua kakuwoneka nga ni "mazgu gha pa charu chose" ghakuyana na mazgu ghanyake. Lizgu likwenera kuŵa lakusangika mwakawiro, kwambura kuŵa na vimanyikwiro vya chiyowoyero chimoza pera. Kweniso likwenera kulongora vinandi ivyo viyowoyero vyose ivyo vikovwira vili navyo.

Ntheura, lizgu lingasintha kuŵa mitundu ya viyowoyero vinyake mwakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya chiyowoyero chilichose. Para lizgu lili na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma kwa ilo mu viyowoyero vyakwambilira, ubwezi wa kapangidwe kawo ukwenera kusungika.

Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Interlingua la "nyengo" ni tempore, osati *tempus panji *tempo, chifukwa likukolerana na mazgu ghakufuma kwa ilo nga ni temporal. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)

Vinthu vya chiyowoyero ivyo vikupangiska kupambana kwa mazgu vikukolerana na sound laws gha viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazgu agho ghapangika kanandi ghakuŵa pafupi chomene na umo mazgu ghakale ghakaŵira. Nyengo zinyake ghakuyana na Vulgar Latin, kweni nyengo zinyake ghangaŵa gha sono.[23]

Malango gha chiyowoyero

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nkhani ikulu: malango gha chiyowoyero cha Interlingua

Interlingua yikapangika mwakuleka vinthu vyose vya galamala ivyo vikusangika yayi mu chiyowoyero chilichose chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba vyakupima. Ntheura, Interlingua yilije kukolerana kwa zina na lizgu lakulongosora mwakuyana na chibabiro, mulandu, panji unandi (nga umo viliri mu Spanish na Portuguese gatas negras panji Italian gatte nere, "ŵamphaka ŵanakazi ŵakufipa"), chifukwa ichi chilije mu Chingelezi. Kweniso yilije nyengo za viliwiro vya vitenzi (nga ni mu Chingelezi I am reading), chifukwa izi zilije mu Chifurenchi.

Kweni, Interlingua yikupambaniska mazina gha umoza na unandi chifukwa viyowoyero vyose vyakupima vili na kupambaniska uku.[22] Pa nkhani ya viyowoyero vyakupima vyachiŵiri, Interlingua yili na mazgu ghakuŵika mazina (articles), mwakupambana na Russian.

Lizgu lakulongora chinthu chakumanyikwa le likusintha yayi, nga umo liliri mu Chingelezi ("the"). Mazina ghakuŵavya jenda ya galamala.[22][24] Unandi wa mazina ukupangika mwa kusazgirapo -s, panji -es para lizgu likumalira na konsonanti.[22]

Mazgu ghakuimilira ŵanthu ghali na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakuchita chinthu na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakupokera chinthu kweniso wa kujiremekezga. Mu munthu wachitatu, lizgu la kujiremekezga nyengo zose ni se.[22][24]

Vimiliri vinandi (adverbs) vikupangika mwakuzomerezgeka kufuma ku mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) mwa kusazgirapo -mente, panji -amente para lizgu likumalira na -c. Ntheura, chingapangika chivimiliri kufuma ku lizgu lililose lakulongosora.[25]

Vitenzi vili na kawonekero kamoza kwa ŵanthu wose (io vive, tu vive, illa vive, "ine nkhukhala", "iwe ukukhala", "iyo wakukhala"). Mubali wakulongora (indicative) (pare, "wakuwoneka") ukuyana waka na imperative (pare!, "woneka!"), ndipo palije mubali wa kukhumba panji kudumbiskana (subjunctive).[22]

Vitenzi vitatu vyakugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi vili na mitundu mifupi mu nyengo ya sono:

  • es kwa "ni", "ndine", "ndi";
  • ha kwa "wali na", "ŵali na";
  • va kwa "kwenda", "wakuluta".

Pali mitundu yichoko ya vitenzi vyambura kulondezga malango wose, kweni yikugwiliskirika ntchito mwakawiro yayi.[24]

Pali nyengo zinayi zifupi za vitenzi:

  • sono;
  • yakale;
  • yamunthazi;
  • yakukhumbikwa (conditional).

Kweniso pali nyengo zitatu zakupangika na kovwira:

  • yakale;
  • yamunthazi;
  • yakukhumbikwa.

Kapangidwe ka nyengo izi kakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakovwira pamoza na mtundu wakwamba wa chitenzi panji chigaŵa cha chitenzi chakale (mwachiyelezgero, Ille ha arrivate, "Iyo wafika").[22]

Nyengo zifupi na zakupangika zingasazgikana kuti zilonoske nyengo zakusuzga (mwachiyelezgero, Nos haberea morite, "Tikaŵa kuti tifikenge pa nyifwa").

Ndondomeko ya mazgu mu sentensi kanandi ni wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera chinthu, kweni para pali lizgu lakwimira chinthu panji lakujiremekezga, likwiza pambere chitenzi (io les vide, "ine nkhuŵawona").[22][24]

Mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) ghangiza pambere panji pamanyuma pa zina ilo ghakulongosora, kweni kanandi ghakuŵa pamanyuma pake.[22] Malo gha vimiliri (adverbs) mu sentensi ngakusintha-sintha kuyana na fundo ya ng'anamuro.[24]

Galamala ya Interlingua yikulongosoreka kuti yikuyana na galamala ya viyowoyero vya Romance, kweni yasazgikira kuŵa yipusu chomene, chomenechomene chifukwa cha chovwiro cha Chingelezi.[22]

Kafukufuku wa mu 1991 wakayowoya kuti galamala ya Interlingua yikuyana na magalamala ghapusu gha Japanese na chomenechomene Chinese.[26]

F. P. Gopsill wakalemba kuti Interlingua yilije vinthu vyambura kulondezga malango, nangauli Interlingua Grammar ya Gode yikulongora kuti Interlingua yili na vinthu vichoko vyambura kulondezga malango.[22][21]

Mivvimbi na vimanyikwiro

[lemba | kulemba source]

Nga umo viliri na Esperanto, pali maghanoghano ghakupanga mbumba (flag) ya Interlingua. [27] Maghanoghano gha wakung'anamura wa ku Czech, Karel Podrazil, ghakumanyikwa chomene pa malo gha pa intaneti agho ghali na viyowoyero vinandi. [28]

Mbumba iyi yili na nyenyezi yituŵa ya mphingo zinayi iyo yikufika ku mphaka za mbumba ndipo yikupatura chigaŵa chapachanya cha buluu na chigaŵa chapasi chituŵa cha bofira. Nyenyezi iyi yikwimira vigaŵa vinayi vya charu (kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumadzulo), apo vigaŵa viŵiri vya mbumba vikuyimira ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake awo ŵakumanya kupulikana mu Interlingua.

Chimanyikwiro chinyake cha Interlingua ni Charu cha buluu (Blue Marble) chakuzingilizgika na nyenyezi 12 pa malo ghafipa panji gha buluu. Ichi chikukolerana na nyenyezi 12 za mbumba ya Europe (chifukwa viyowoyero ivyo vikapangiska Interlingua vikufuma ku Europe).

Malongosolero gha mbumba

[lemba | kulemba source]
Chithuzithuzi chakulongora umo mbumba ya Interlingua yikapangikira.

Mbumba ya Interlingua ni chithuzithuzi cha makona ghanayi (rectangle) icho chiŵerengero cha utali na msinkhu wake ni 2:3, ndipo chigaŵa chitali chikuŵa chakutambalala. [30]

Mbumba iyi yili na mitundu yiŵiri:

  • azure (buluu);
  • gold (chikasu).

Mitundu iyi yikulongosoreka na vinthu ivi:

Buluu (Azure) Chikasu (Gold)
Pantone Reflex Blue Yellow
RGB #003399 #FFCC00
CMYK 100.80.0.0 0.21.100.0

Mbumba iyi yili na malo ghose gha buluu, ndipo pakati pali chithuzithuzi cha makona 8 icho chikupanga nyenyezi ya mphingo zinayi ya mtundu wa golide.

Usange mbumba iyi yikulongoleka na utali wa 18 na msinkhu wa 12, chithuzithuzi cha pakati chikulongosoreka na manambara agha:

[ ⟨0,6⟩ ⟨8,7⟩ ⟨9,12⟩ ⟨10,7⟩ ⟨18,6⟩ ⟨10,5⟩ ⟨9,0⟩ ⟨8,5⟩ ⟨0,6⟩ ].

Mazuŵa gha vyakulembeka

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ "Presentation del bandiera official de interlingua" (in Interlingua). Union Mundial pro Interlingua. 2026-01-16. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
  2. ↑ Fiedler, Sabine (2007). "Phraseology in planned languages". Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, Volume 2. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 779–788. doi:10.1515/9783110190762.779.
  3. ↑ Yeager, Leland B. (1991). "Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua" [Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua]. Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public. Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI.
  4. ↑ Gode 1971, Introduction
  5. ↑ Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, Interlingua course for beginners, Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Gode 1971, Introduction.
  7. 1 2 Morris 1945.
  8. ↑ Falk 1995.
  9. 1 2 3 Bray 1971, Foreword.
  10. ↑ Gopsill & Sexton 2006a.
  11. 1 2 Gopsill 1990.
  12. ↑ Gopsill 1990, p. 46.
  13. ↑ "18. Demográfiai adatok – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal" [Demographic Data – Central Statistical Office]. www.nepszamlalas2001.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  14. 1 2 Blandino 1989.
  15. 1 2 Breinstrup 2006c.
  16. ↑ Stenström 1991a.
  17. ↑ Stenström 1991b.
  18. ↑ "Curso «Introducción a la Interlingüística. Interlingua hablado y escrito»". Universidad de Granada (in Spanish). 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  19. ↑ "Interlingua Alphabet". Omniglot. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  20. ↑ "Grammar of Interlingua".
  21. 1 2 Gopsill 1994.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gode & Blair 1955.
  23. 1 2 3 Stillman & Gode von Aesch 1943.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilgenhof 1995.
  25. ↑ Brauers 1975.
  26. ↑ Yeager 1991b.
  27. ↑ Mivvimbi ya Interlingua (IALA) kufuma ku fotw.net (nakusungika pa web)
  28. ↑ "Toto super le airbag jachetta e gilet / jachetta e gilet con airbag (invento hungaro) - interlingua - All about Airbag Jacket and Airbag Vest". Airbagjacket.eu. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  29. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "flag".
  30. 1 2 Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "flagspec".

Mabuku na mabuku gha malemba

[lemba | kulemba source]
Kufuma ku "https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&oldid=119286"