Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa

"Boer" redirects here. For the surname, see Boer (surname). For other uses, see Boer (disambiguation).

Kutimbanizga chala na mazina ghanyake ngati ni Boeroes, descendants of Dutch settlers in Suriname.

Wonaniso: Afrikaners and Cape Dutch

Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa

Boere
Mbumba ya ŵa Boer mu 1886
Total population
c. 1.5 million
Languages
Afrikaans
Religion
Protestant Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Afrikaners Basters Cape Coloureds Cape Dutch Griquas

Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa, panjni kuti, Boers, pachiZungu (/bʊərz/ BOORZ; Afrikaans: Boere (Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈbuːrə])) ŵanthu aŵa mbana ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Ciholanji awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape, kumwera kwa Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, 18 na 19. Kufuma mu 1652 m'paka mu 1795, kampani ya Dutch East India Company ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha, kweni mu 1806 charu cha United Kingdom chikagwiliskira ntchito malo agha. Zina la gulu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "boer", ilo likung'anamura "mulimi" mu Ciholandi na Cifurikansi.

Kweniso, lizgu lakuti Boeren likang'anamuraso awo ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 kuti ŵakakhalenge mu Orange Free State, Transvaal, na ku Natal. Ŵakafumako ku Cape kuti ŵakhalenge kutali na boma la Britain, ndipo cifukwa cikuru ico ŵakacitira nthena cikaŵa cifukwa ca dango liphya la cikaya ilo likaŵa mu ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi ndiposo cifukwa ca kulekeska wuzga mu 1833.

Lizgu lakuti Ŵafrikaans panji ŵanthu ŵa Afrikaanslikugwiliskirika nchito mu nyengo yithu yino ku South Africa pakuyowoya za ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans (wo ni gulu likuru comene la ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa) kweniso ŵana ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Dutch awo ŵakaluta yayi ku Africa. Ndipouli, lizgu ili likusazgapo yayi ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer awo ŵakujiwona kuti mbanthu ŵa mtundu unyake.

Kwiza

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe

Ndembera ya Dutch East India Company

Kampani ya Dutch East India Company (Dutch) yikapangika mu charu cha Netherlands mu 1602, ndipo pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Dutch ŵakamba kuphalizgana pa nkhani ya malonda gha ku Southeast Asia. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Ghatatu mu 1648, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakambininikira mu vyaru vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Germany, Scandinavia, na Switzerland ŵakaluta ku Netherlands na cigomezgo cakuti ŵasangenge nchito ku VOC. Mu caka cenecici pera, ngaraŵa yawo yimoza yikanjira mu Table Bay kufupi na uko kukazgoka Cape Town. Ŵakazizwa comene na usambazi wa caru ici mwakuti ŵakati ŵawelera ku caru cawo, ŵakalongosolera ŵalongozgi ŵa VOC umo vinthu vikaŵira viwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Dutch East uko ŵakaguliskanga vinthu. Ntheura, mu 1652, VOC yikatuma ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jan van Riebeek, awo ŵakazenga linga na kuzenga minda ya mpheska pa Table Bay.

Wakati wafika ku Table Bay, Van Riebeek wakathereska msumba wa Cape Town, ndipo mu 1662, wakati walongozga tawuni iyi kwa vyaka 10 na mwezi umoza, Jan van Riebeeck wakafumapo pa udindo wake.

Ŵanthu Ŵakufwatuka

Nkhani ikulu: Free Burghers

VOC yikakondwanga na fundo yakuti ku Cape kuŵe ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, ndipo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa VOC ŵakapempha kuti ŵaŵaleke kuti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka. Pa cifukwa ici, Jan van Riebeeck wakazomerezga fundo yakuti vinthu viŵe makora, ndipo mu 1657, wakapatura malo ghaŵiri kufupi na mlonga wa Liesbeek kuti ghaŵe gha kulima. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, vikachemekanga Groeneveld na Dutch Garden. Malo agha ghakapambananga na mlonga wa Amstel (Liesbeek). Ŵanthu 9 awo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kusanga malo ŵakasankhika kuti ŵakagwiliskirenge nchito ulimi. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa VOC ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵateŵeti ŵake yayi.

Mu 1671, ŵa Dutch ŵakagura malo kufuma ku Khoikhoi, agho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa linga ilo likazengeka na Van Riebeek. Mu 1685, mulara wa boma wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kusanga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵakhalenge makora mu charu ichi. Ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵantchito awo ŵakachemekanga vrijlieden, panji kuti vrijburgers ("ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka"). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vrijburg ŵakamba kulimira ŵekha ndipo ŵakapempha boma la VOC kuti liŵape malo, mbuto, na vyakukhumbikwa vinyake.

Ŵalendo ŵakufuma ku Netherlands

Ŵalara ŵa boma la VOC ŵakayezgayezga kukhuŵilizga ŵalimi na ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kuti ŵafume ku Europe na kuluta ku South Africa, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ŵakaŵa na mbumba zicoko waka izo zikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, kweni Cape yikaŵa yambura kukondweska pakuyaniska na iwo. Kweni mu Okutobala 1670, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Amsterdam yikapharazga kuti mbumba zinyake zikukhumba kuluta ku Cape na Mauritius mu Disembala. Ŵanyake awo ŵakamba kuchemeka ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa Jacob na Dirk van Niekerk, Johannes van As, Francois Villion, Jacob Brouwer, Jan van Eden, Hermanus Potgieter, Albertus Gildenhuis, na Jacobus van den Berg.

Ŵa Huguenot ŵa ku France

Mu 1688 na 1689, ŵanthu pafupifupi 200 ŵa ku France awo ŵakacemekanga kuti Ŵaguenot ŵakafika mu France. Ŵakakolerana na maboma gha Stellenbosch, Drakenstein, Franschhoek na Paarl. Ŵaguguenot ŵakakhwaska comene nkharo ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, ntheura mu 1701 VOC yikadumura kuti mu masukulu mukwenera kusambizgika Ciholanishi pera. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Huguenot ŵanjire mu caru cawo ca Cifurenci pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1800. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, malo agha ghakafika kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo mu 1754, malo agho ghakafika ku Algoa Bay ghakaŵamo.

Pa nyengo iyi, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu pakati pa 8,000 na 10,000. Ŵakaŵa na ŵazga ŵanandi, ŵakakuranga tirigu unandi mwakuti ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na vinyo lawo liwemi. Kweni usambazi wawo ukuru ukaŵa wa viŵeto. Ŵakaŵa na vinthu vinandi.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1800, pakaŵa masuzgo pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi na boma. Ndondomeko yake yikaŵa yakuti yikondweske VOC yayi. VOC yikajara malo agha kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza, yikasungilira malonda ghose mu mawoko ghake, yikasazga mauteŵeti, malango, na vyeruzgi mu wupu umoza.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Trekboers

Nkhani ikulu: Trekboers

Nyengo na nyengo, ŵateŵeti ŵa VOC awo ŵakagwiranga nchito pa nchito ŵakaŵanga na wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, kweni VOC yikaŵa na mazaza gha kuŵakanizga kuti ŵambeso kuteŵetera para ŵacita nthena. Wanangwa uwu wa kuŵagwiliska nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakamukwiyiska kazembe panji ŵalara ŵa boma, ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵekha yayi. Kweni boma likayowoyanga kuti ŵana ŵawo nawo ŵakeneranga kugwiliskirika nchito. Nanga ni apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda mu 1700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukhuŵara chifukwa cha nkhaza. Mu 1780, Joachim van Plettenberg, kazembe wa cigaŵa ici, wakapharazga kuti Sneeuberge ndiyo ni mphaka ya kumpoto ya cigaŵa ici, ndipo wakayowoya kuti "wakulindilira kuti cigaŵa ici cileke kusazgikaso, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵambura kwenelera ŵalangike comene". Mu 1789, ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakakwiya comene mwakuti ŵakatuma ŵanthu kufuma ku Cape kuti ŵakayowoye na ŵalara ŵa boma ku Amsterdam. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵafumiskapo, ŵakasintha vinthu vinyake.

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  Wakukhilira ku Sneeuberge, pafupi na Graaff-Reinet, Burchell
• 
  Kujumpha pa Cradock Pass, Outeniqua Mountains, na Charles Collier Michell
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  Buku la Samuel Daniell la ŵanthu ŵa ku Trekboers awo ŵakazenga misasa
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  Ŵalendo ŵakujumpha mu Karoo na Charles Davidson Bell

Ŵalimi ŵakendanga kutali na boma kuti ŵaleke kuyuzgika. VOC yikakhazikiska boma ku Swellendam mu 1745 na ku Graaff Reinet mu 1786. Mu 1740, mlonga wa Gamtoos ndiwo ukaŵa mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa malo agha, kweni mwaluŵiro ŵakamalizga. Ndipouli, mu 1780, ŵa ku Dutch ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵakumane na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu. Mu 1795, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyapafupi na mphaka awo ŵakaŵa na misonkho yinandi, ŵakachimbizga ŵamazaza ŵa VOC na kukhazikiska maboma ghaŵekha ku Swellendam na Graaff Reinet.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi m'ma 1800 Ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya Trekboers ya mu ma 1800. Paumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, boma la VOC mu Transvaal likambaso kulondezga fundo za ŵanthu ŵankhaza. Usange fundo yakuti, "Mu vinthu vyose vya ndyali, muwuso wa ŵamazaza pera; mu vinthu vyose vya malonda, muwuso wa ŵamazaza pera", yikaŵa yaunenesko ku boma la VOC mu virimika vya m'ma 1800, yikaŵaso yaunenesko ku boma la Kruger mu virimika vya kuumaliro wa virimika vya m'ma 1900.

Cinthu ico cikapangiska kuti ulendo uwu ucitike nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ŵakaliskanga viŵeto vyawo yayi, kweni ŵakaliskanga viŵeto vyawo. Ŵanthu aŵa, awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinandi, ŵakakhala nyengo yitali kwambura kukanizgika na dango, mwakuti mu 1815, apo "Makomiti Ghakwendakwenda" ghakawovwira kuti ŵeruzgi ŵafike kufupi na nyumba zawo, ŵakasanga milandu yakupambanapambana.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ŵakafumako ku boma ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ndipouli, mu 1815 "Makomiti gha Circuit" ghakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵeruzgike pa milandu iyo ŵakachitanga. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakakondwa yayi na milandu iyi, ndipo ŵakawonanga kuti yikuŵatimbanizga.

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  Mapu agho ghakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Trekboers ŵakakulira (1700-1800)
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  Umo Vinthu Vikaŵira ku Dutch Cape Colony (1700-1800)
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  Malo ghakulongozgera mu Dutch Cape Colony

Kuwukira Charu cha Cape

Nkhani ikulu: Invasion of the Cape Colony

Nkhondo ya ku Cape Colony yikaŵa nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain iyo yikamba mu 1795 kwimikana na ŵa Dutch ku Cape of Good Hope. Charu cha Netherlands chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Sir James Henry Craig ŵakatumika ku Cape Town kuti ŵakavikilire malo agha ku Ŵafarisi. Pakwamba kazembe wa ku Cape Town wakakana kupulikira ivyo fumu yikamuphalira, kweni apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kunyamura ŵasilikari, wakajipeleka. Wakacita nthena cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi, awo ŵakacimbiranga ku ŵazga ŵawo, ŵakamba kulondezga fundo za Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Graaff Reinet ŵakagongowa yayi m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵakaŵatumira. Mu 1799 na 1801, ŵakagaluka. Mu Febuluwale 1803, cifukwa ca mtende wa ku Amiens (February 1803), malo agha ghakapelekeka ku Batavian Republic, ilo likasintha vinthu vinandi, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵa ku Britain mu vilimika vinkhondi na vitatu ivyo ŵakalongozganga. Cimoza mwa vinthu vyakwamba ivyo Jenerale Craig wakacita cikaŵa cakuti walekeske kutambuzga ŵanthu. Charu ichi chikaŵa cha Ŵadachi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene. Pa nyengo iyi, ndalama izo boma la Britain likagwiliskiranga nchito pa mulimo uwu zikaŵa mapaundi 16,000,000. Boma la Batavia likaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupulikikwa makora pa nkhani ya kwendeska caru, kweni likaŵa na mwaŵi ucoko comene wa kughalondezga.

Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Cacitatu yikati yamba mu 1803, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakiza ku Cape. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo (January 1806) mumphepete mwa Table Bay, ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ŵa Castle of Good Hope ŵakajipeleka ku Britain, ndipo mu 1814 phangano la Anglo-Dutch likati malo agha ghapelekekenge ku Britain. Pa nyengo iyi, malo agha ghakaŵa na mapiri agho ghakavikiliranga chigaŵa chikuru cha pakati, ndipo ghakachemekanga Bushmansland (zina la ŵanthu ŵa ku San).

Wakutinkha Ufumu wa Britain

Nangauli malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa, kweni ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakakondwa yayi na boma la Britain nga umo ŵakaŵira na boma la VOC. Mu 1792, ku Moravia kukaŵa ŵamishonale awo ŵakakhumbanga kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi, ndipo mu 1799 gulu la London Missionary Society likamba kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi na Bantu. Ŵamishonale ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo Ŵakoyokoy ŵakachitanga. Mu 1812 dango likapelekeka ilo likapeleka mazaza ku ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakake ŵana ŵa Ŵakoyokoy kuŵa ŵana ŵa sukulu. Nyengo yeneyiyo, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwira ntchito ku England likakura chomene.

Mphepete mwa Chipata cha Slachter

Mulimi munyake zina lake Frederick Bezuidenhout wakakana kupulikira dango la Khoikhoi, ndipo wakati watuma ŵanthu kuti ŵakamukore, ŵakamukoma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1815, paŵe chigaluka chichoko waka, chakuchemeka Slachters Nek, icho Henry Cloete wakachilongosora kuti "ntchimoza mwa viyezgo viheni chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na themba lawo". Ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi ŵakakomeka pa malo agho ŵakalapa kuti ŵafumiskengepo "ŵanalume ŵankhaza ŵa ku England". Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca umo ŵakakomekera, cifukwa cikhwangwani ico ŵakugalukira ŵakakhomekerapo pa nyengo yimoza cikaphyoka cifukwa ca kulemera kwawo, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵakakomeka yumoza na munyake. Mu 1827, khoti likadumura kuti makhoti ghakale gha ku Netherlands gha landdrost na heemraden ghaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi, milandu yose yikeneranga kucitika mu Cingelezi. Mu 1828, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵamishonale ŵakayowoya, Khoikhoi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa ŵakapika wanangwa wakuyana na wa ŵazungu, mu 1830 ŵakalangika comene cifukwa ca kucitira nkhaza ŵazga, ndipo mu 1834 ŵazga ŵakafwatulika. Kweniso, awo ŵakagwiranga ŵazga ŵakawona kuti malipiro agho ŵakapelekanga ghakaŵa ghambura kwenelera cifukwa ca kufwatura ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakendanga nyengo yitali mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka 150, kweni sono ŵakendanga chomene.

Nkhondo za ku Cape Frontier (1779-1879)

Nkhani ikulu: Nkhondo za Chixhosa

Mapu gha charu cha Cape Colony mu 1809, nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa Britain

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakati ŵafumako ku Cape Colony na kuluta ku Eastern Cape ku South Africa, ŵakambiska nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer na Xhosa. Mu 1775, boma la Cape likakhazikiska mphaka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku trekboer na ŵa ku Xhosas pa milonga ya Bushman na Upper Fish. Ŵa Boer na ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuskanga mphaka, ndipo wose ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa chimoza na chinyake. Kazembe Van Plettenberg wakayezga kuphalira magulu ghose ghaŵiri kuti ghasungilire mphaka, kweni wakatondeka. Ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakwiba viŵeto ndipo mu 1779 pakawuka nkhondo zinandi pa mphaka izo zikambiska Nkhondo Yakwamba.

Mphepete mwa charu ichi mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi, ndipo mu 1789 Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Mphepete mwa Charu yikamba. Ŵasilikari ŵa Boer na ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1795, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakiza na kuwukira charu cha Cape Colony. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la Britain lakora charu, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakamba kunozga ndondomeko ya kumazga mphaka. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti mafuko gha Khoisan ghasangane na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa Xhosa pakurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Frontier (1799-1803).

Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵaso mtende apo Ŵacigiriki ŵakawezgera Cape Colony ku Dutch Batavian Republic mu 1803. Mu Janyuwale 1806, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawukira malo agha. Vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu Zuurveld, ndipo boma na ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakachimbizga mafuko ghanandi gha Xhosa. Nkhondo ya pa mphaka ya pakati pa Ŵakhosa yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachinkhondi mu 1819.

Chifukwa cha kukwiya na ivyo boma likakhumbanga pa nkhani ya malo agho ŵakakhalanga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosas ŵakamba kwiba viŵeto pa mphaka. Boma la Cape likapeleka ulongozgi wa nkhondo. Mu 1834, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakanjira mu charu cha Cape, ndipo ivi vikambiska Nkhondo ya Nambara 6. Boma likazengaso vigongwe vinyake, ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakendanga pa mahachi ŵakakondwa yayi na Ŵakhosa, awo ŵakalutilira kuwukira minda mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Nambara 7 (1846-1847). Nkhondo ya Nambara 8 (1850-1853) na ya Nambara 9 (1877-1878) yikalutilira nga umo vikaŵira na nkhondo zinyake. Paumaliro, Ŵachixosa ŵakathereskeka ndipo vigaŵa vyose vikapika mazaza gha Britain..

Ulendo Ukuru

Nkhani ikulu: Ulendo Ukuru

Mapu agho ghakulongosora nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo pa ulendo wakwamba wa Great Trek (1835-1840) pamoza na nkhondo zikuruzikuru.

Nkhondo iyi yikacitika pakati pa 1835 na 1840. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakukwana 12,000 m'paka 14,000, kusazgapo ŵanakazi na ŵana, ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony na kuluta ku vidika vikuru ivyo vikaŵa kusirya kwa Mlonga wa Orange. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku East Cape ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhazikika. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape ŵakazgoka Ŵagrensboere ("ŵalimi ŵa ku mphaka").

Ŵa Boer ŵakalembera makalata ghanandi boma la Britain pambere ŵandafumeko ku Cape Colony. Piet Retief, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵa Boer pa nyengo iyi, wakalembera kalata boma pa 22 Janyuwale 1837 mu Grahamstown kulongora kuti ŵa Boer ŵakawonanga yayi mtende panji cimwemwe ku ŵana ŵawo mu caru ico mukaŵa masuzgo ghanthena agha. Retief wakadandawuraso cifukwa ca masuzgo ghakuru agho ŵakaŵa nagho cifukwa ca malango gha boma la Britain. Nangauli ŵakaŵapa ndalama kuti ŵaŵafwature, kweni ŵakawona kuti zikaŵa zakukwana yayi. Kweniso ŵakawonanga kuti tchalitchi la Chingelezi likakolerananga yayi na la Dutch Reformed Church. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Boer ŵakaŵa kuti ŵanozga kale malango ghanyake kuti ŵanozgekere ulendo wawo ukuru. Retief wakamalizga kalata yake na mazgu ghakuti: "Tikufumamo mu koloni ili na cigomezgo cose kuti boma la England likukhumba cinthu cilicose yayi kwa ise, ndipo litovwirenge kuti tijilamulirenge tekha kwambura kunjilirapo".

Vyaru na vyaru vya Boer

Nkhani ikulu: Maboma gha Boer

Maboma gha Boer na Griqua

Apo Ŵavorekker ŵakalutanga ku vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu, ŵakalutilira kukhazikiska vyaru vya Ŵabura mu charu cha South Africa.

Kulongosola	Siku	Malo
Republic of Swellendam	17 June - 4 November 1795	Swellendam, Western Cape
Republic of Graaff-Reinet	1 February 1795–November 1796	Graaff-Reinet, Eastern Cape
Zoutpansberg	1835–1864	Limpopo
Winburg	1836–1844	Free State
Potchefstroom	1837–1844	North West
Natalia Republic	1839–1902	Eastern Cape
Winburg-Potchefstroom	1844–1843	Potchefstroom, North West
Republic of Klip River	1847–1848	Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal
Lydenburg Republic	1849–1860	Lydenburg, Mpumalanga
Utrecht Republic	1852–1858	Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal
South African Republic	1852–1877, 1881–1902	Gauteng, Limpopo
Orange Free State	1854–1902	Free State
Klein Vrystaat	1876–1891	Piet Retief, Mpumalanga
State of Goshen	1882–1883	North West
Republic of Stellaland	1882–1883	North West
United States of Stellaland	1883–1885	North West
New Republic	1884–1888	Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal
Republic of Upingtonia/Lijdensrust	1885–1887	Namibia

Anglo-Boer wars

Nkhani ikulu: First Boer War and Second Boer War

Mbumba ya ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Boer, ŵakwenda pa ngolo yakujalika cha m'ma 1900

Pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵanjira mu Transvaal mu 1877, Paul Kruger wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene pakunozga nkhondo ya ku Boer iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵa ku Britain ŵafumemo mu Transvaal. Ŵa Boer ŵakarwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ŵa Boer kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 kwimikana na ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵaŵe na boma la Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) na Orange Free State..

Nkhondo ya ku Boer

Wonaniso: Nkhondo ya ku Boer

Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakafuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 1903, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku Argentina na Brazil. Gulu linyake likafumira ku Kenya, uko ŵanandi ŵakawelera ku South Africa mu ma 1930, apo gulu lacitatu lakulongozgeka na Jenerale Ben Viljoen likafumira ku Mexico na New Mexico na Texas kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States.

Kuwukira kwa Ŵabuwa mu 1914

Nkhani ikulu: Maritz Rebellion

Kuwukira kwa Maritz (uko kukumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Boer Revolt, Five Shilling Rebellion panji Third Boer War) kukacitika mu 1914 pakwamba Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Germany, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu boma ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Boer awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku Maritz. Louis Botha na Jan Smuts ndiwo ŵakakoma ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa Jopie Fourie, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵakamupa mulandu wa upusikizgi apo wakakana kukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.

Makhaliro

Chiyowoyero

Nkhani ikulu: ChiAfrikaans

ChiAfrikaans ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ku South Africa na Namibia. Lizgu ili likafuma ku chiyowoyero cha ku South Holland (Dutch dialect) icho ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakayowoyanga. Ntheura, ni chiyowoyero cha ŵana ŵa Chidachi, ndipo pakwamba chikachemekanga kuti Chidachi cha ku Cape (pakuyowoya za ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape) panji Chidachi cha ku khitchini (zina ilo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakwamba). Ndipouli, likuyowoyeka mwakuyana waka (nangauli ndambura kupulikikwa makora) nga ni chiyowoyero cha Creole panji chiyowoyero icho chili na viyowoyero vinyake. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachidachi lakuti Afrikaans-Hollands, ilo likung'anamura kuti Chidachi cha ku Africa.

Mwambo

Chithuzithuzi icho chikulongora magileta gha Bullock ghakujumpha mu vidika, 2 Janyuwale 1860

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakutemwa kwendendeka. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyikwa chomene m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Trekboer ŵakamba kukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape, kweniso mu nyengo ya Great Trek apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Voortrekkers ŵakafumanga ku Eastern Cape, kweniso apo ŵakazenga vyaru vikuruvikuru mu nyengo ya Thirstland ('Dorsland') Trek. Munthu munyake uyo wakaluta ku caru cinyake wakati: "Tikaŵa na mzimu wakwendendeka mu mitima yithu, ndipo tikawumanyanga yayi. Tikaguliska minda yithu ndipo tikaluta kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kukapenja nyumba yiphya". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamba kuŵa na mikhaliro na maluso gha ku mizi apo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ya ŵazungu.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakakhumbanga kujithemba, ndipo ŵakambapo kale kupharazga vya charu chawo pambere ŵa ku Britain ŵandafike.

Chigomezgo

Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi iyi ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbakujiyimira ŵekha.

Ŵa Boer ŵakaleka kukolerana na ŵa ku Europe apo ŵakafumanga mu gulu la Trekboer.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti, ndipo ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Reformed. Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk ('Tchalitchi la Dutch Reformed Church') likaŵa tchalitchi la ku South Africa (1852-1902). Chigaŵa cha Orange Free State (1854-1902) chikachemeka kuyana na nyumba ya Orange ku Netherlands.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakulondezga malango gha boma na kuzomera masuzgo nga ni mulimo wawo wa Cikhristu. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵali kuzgoka ndipo sono ŵali mu matchalitchi gha Baptist, Charismatic, Pentecostal, na Lutheran.

Kugwiliskira nchito mazuŵa ghano

Mu nyengo yasono, comenecomene mu nyengo ya kusinthika kwa muwuso wa katangale na mu nyengo iyo yikati yajumpha mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵazungu awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans, comenecomene awo ŵali na vigomezgo vya ndyali, ndiposo awo mba Trekboer na Voortrekker, ŵasankha kucemeka kuti Mbaboere, m'malo mwa Ŵafrikaans, kuti ŵamanyikwe makora. Iwo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko la Voortrekker ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kuzgoka ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Iwo ŵakughanaghana kuti ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Anglo-Boer na kukhazikiskika kwa South Africa mu 1910. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakutemwa ndyali ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakujiwona kuti mbanthu ŵakumanjiliro yayi.

Iwo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa na Orange Free State ŵakazomerezgeka kuŵa ŵanthu panji gulu la mitheto mwakuyana na malango gha charu chose na Sand River Convention (iyo yikapangiska South African Republic mu 1852), Bloemfontein Convention (iyo yikapangiska Orange Free State Republic mu 1854), Pretoria Convention (iyo yikakhazikiskaso wanangwa wa South African Republic mu 1881), London Convention (iyo yikapeleka wanangwa ku South African Republic mu 1884), na Vereeniging Peace Treaty, iyo yikamazga nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Anglo-Boer pa 31 May 1902. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti mapangano agha ghakukhwaskana waka na ivyo maboma ghakuchita, ndipo ghakung'anamura kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakumanya yayi umo ŵaliri.

Awo ŵakukhozgera fundo izi ŵakugomezga kuti kufuma mu ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchema ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuti Ŵafrikaans.

Kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer yikambira, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakamba kuzunura waka lizgu lakuti Boerevolk mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boerevolk ndiwo ŵakambaso kugwiliskira ntchito zina ili.

Awo ŵakukhozgera zina la Chiburu ŵakuwona kuti lizgu lakuti Afrikaner ni lizgu la ndyali ilo likovwira ŵanthu kumanya mbiri yawo na mitheto yawo. Iwo ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Western Cape awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi, awo ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakendanga yayi kumafumiro gha dazi panji kumpoto, ŵakagwiliskira ntchito uheni uwo Ŵaburu ŵakakumana nawo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika ŵakayezga kuti ŵaŵasange ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu.

Mazuŵa ghano mu South Africa, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵa Boer ndiwo mbachoko chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuchemeka Ŵafrikaans, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Dutch mbanandi chomene. Mu ciyowoyero ici, lizgu lakuti Afrikaans likung'anamura ŵanthu wose awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer mba gulu linyake ilo likuyowoya Chifurikansi.

Mu nyengo ya apartheid, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu lakuti Boer mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kung'anamura mabungwe nga ni National Party; panji magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni ŵapolisi, ŵasilikari, ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika, panji ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti mazgu agha ghakukhuŵazga ŵanthu mu South Africa.

Ndale

• Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
• Boerestaat Party
• Freedom Front Plus
• Front National
• Herstigte Nasionale Party
• National Conservative Party of South Africa

Msambilo

Movement for Christian-National Education ni wupu uwo uli na masukulu 47 gha Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, comenecomene mu Free State na Transvaal..

Wayilesi

Ma wayilesi ghanyake ghakuthandazga fundo za ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer, nga ni Radio Rosestad 100.6 FM (mu Bloemfontein), Overvaal Stereo na Radio Pretoria. Wayilesi ya Boerevolk Radio, iyo yikupharazga pa Intaneti, yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer kuti ŵapatukane na ŵanyawo.

Vigaŵa

Wonaniso: Volkstaat

Vigaŵa vya Boerestaat ("Boma la Boer") vikupangika kuŵa malo ghakukhalamo ŵa Boer/Afrikaner pera, comenecomene Orania ku Northern Cape na Kleinfontein kufupi na Pretoria.

Ŵanthu Ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Boer

Voortrekker leaders

• Sarel Cilliers
• Andries Hendrik Potgieter
• Andries Pretorius
• Piet Retief

Great trek

• Racheltjie de Beer
• Dirkie Uys
• Marthinus Jacobus Oosthuizen

Participants in the Second Anglo-Boer War

• Koos de la Rey, general; regarded as being one of the great military leaders of the Second Anglo-Boer War
• Danie Theron, soldier
• Christiaan Rudolf de Wet, general
• Siener van Rensburg, considered a prophet by some

Politicians

• Louis Botha, first prime minister of South Africa (1910–1919) and former Boer general
• Petrus Jacobus Joubert, general and cabinet member of the Transvaal Republic
• Paul Kruger, president of the Transvaal Republic
• Martinus Theunis Steyn, 6th State President of the Orange Free State

Spies

• Robey Leibbrandt
• Fritz Joubert Duquesne, Boer captain known as the Black Panther who served in the Second Boer War

Mu mabuku gha mazuŵa ghano

Mu 1980, mulembi munyake wa ku America zina lake James A. Michener.

Wonaniso

• Boerboel
• Boerehaat
• Boer goat
• Boer music
• Great Trek
• Natalia Republic
• Orange Free State
• South African farm attacks
• South African Republic
• Transvaal civil war
• Transvaal Colony
• Volkstaat
• Voortrekker

Ukaboni

Vyakulemba vinyake

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Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

• Media related to Boers at Wikimedia Commons
• "South Africa § III. History" . Encyclopædia Britannica (in English). Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 469–81.
• "Boer" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.