Wanangwa wa LGBT mu Zambia

Kufuma Wikipedia

LGBT rights in Zambia
Zambia
ChizomelezgoKukanizgika kufuma mu 1911 (ngati ni Rhodesia)[1][2]
ChilangoKujalirika mu jele: Vyaka 15 − vingachitika kuti wakhale mu jele umoyo wake wose[3] (repeal proposed)
KujimanyaYayi
Chizomelezgo ku
ŵasilikali		Yayi
Discrimination protectionsPalije
Maufulu ghamu banja
Recognition of relationshipsNkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi
Kulela mwanaNo

Ŵanakazi na ŵanalume wogonana ŵekha ŵekha, panji pachizungu kuti, Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakukumana na masuzgo gha malango agho ŵanthu ŵambura kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵambura kugonana nawo ŵakukumana nagho yayi. Mu Zambia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wuwo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha. Kale, caru ca Zambia cikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Britain, ndipo cikapokera malango na malango gha ŵeneco awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Kwambira nyengo iyo, malango ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ghakusintha yayi, ndipo malango ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ghakukanizga kugonana na vinyama.[1]Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo awo mbakusangwa yayi.

Ŵapolisi na ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵakukakika na kukakika mwambura kwenelera, ndipo ŵakusuzgika na nkhaza para ŵali mu jele. Ŵapolisi ŵakuyowoyerathu kuti ŵakopa na kupoka ndalama za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakweruzgika chifukwa cha kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵakuŵachichizga kuti ŵajure mino ghawo. Ŵadokotala na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakususka chomene nthowa izi.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusuzgika na kusankhana mitundu ŵakuchitira nkhaza ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT. Ŵangaŵawofya, kuŵasuzga, kuŵapweteka, kuŵachitira nkhaza, na kuŵakoma. Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanakazi panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanakazi.

Dango lakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha

Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kukukanizgika na vigaŵa vya 155 na 156 vya dango la ku Zambia (umo likasinthikira mu 1933 na kufumiskika na kusintha na Dango Nambara 15 la 2005)[lower-alpha 1][3][4][5]

Cipaturo 155 ("Vinthu Vambura Kuyana na Umo Viliri") cikususka kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nga ni mulandu ukuru uwo ukulangika na kukhala mu jere kwa vilimika 15, panji umoyo wose..[3][4]

Munthu waliyose uyo- (a) wakumanya munthu waliyose mwakutalulira;[lower-alpha 1] panji ... (c) wakuzomerezga mwanalume kuti wamumanye mwakutalulira; wakuchita mulandu ukuru ndipo para wasangika na mulandu, wangakakika vyaka 15 panji kujumpha

Cigaŵa ca 156 cikulangura kuti munthu uyo wakukhumba "kucita cinthu ciheni cilicose ico calembeka mu cipaturo 155, wangakakika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri".

Nangauli palije chilango chapadera, kweni chigaŵa cha 158, chigaŵa cha 3 icho chikasintha mu 2005, chikukhumba kulongozga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha:[4]

Mwana uyo, kwali pa wumba panji paŵekha, wakucita cinthu ciheni comene na mwana munyake wa kugonana kwakuyana panji wakuyezga kuti munthu munyake wacitenge cinthu ciheni ici na mwana uyu panji na mwana munyake panji munthu wa kugonana kwakuyana, kwali pa wumba panji paŵekha, wakucita cinthu ciheni ndipo wakwenera kucita uteŵeti wa ku wumba panji wovwiri uwo khoti lingamanya kuti ndiwemi kwa mwana.

Palije dango lakuyana na ili mu dango la vigeŵenga ilo likuyowoya za kugonana kwa ŵana ŵachoko.[4]

Vyakukanizgika vya kuvikilira

Boma la Zambia likuzomerezga yayi kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanakazi. Ndipouli, mu lipoti lawo la mu 2021, U.S. Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Vyaru yikati: "Munthu walije wanangwa wakuyowoya panji kuwungana mwamtende pa nkhani za LGBTQI+".

Mu 1998, mu upharazgi uwo wakacita ku Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zambia, Christon Tembo, mwimiliri wa pulezidenti, wakapempha kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ŵakakike. Pulezidenti Frederick Chiluba wakati kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha "nkhwa mu Baibolo yayi" kweniso "kwakususkana na umo ŵanthu ŵaliri". Pamanyuma, Peter Machungwa, nduna ya vya mukati, wakalangura kuti munthu waliyose panji gulu lililose ilo likukhumba kulembeska gulu lakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, likakike. Herbert Nyendwa, mulembi wa mawupu, wakayowoya kuti walekenge kulembeska wupu uliwose wa LGBT panji wupu unyake.[5]

The People v. Paul Kasonkomona

Malango ghakususka wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi. Pa nyengo ya pulogiramu iyi, munthu uyu wakacema kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kuleke kuŵa mulandu mu Zambia, kuzomerezga wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵacoko waka, na kumazga kuthandazgika kwa HIV pakati pa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka. Pamanyuma pa ungano uwu, ŵapolisi ŵakamukora ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele usiku wose. Munthu uyu pamasinda ŵakamupa mulandu wa "kuchita vinthu mwakujumphizga na kuswa malango mwakuyana na chigaŵa cha 178 ((g) cha Criminal Code, of the Laws of Zambia".

Munthu uyu wakasuska ivyo khoti likamuphalira, ndipo wakafumba fundo zitatu izo ŵakamuphalira: (1) "kupempha", (2) "malo gha ŵanthu wose" na "vilato viheni". Pa khoti la chigaŵa chakwamba, la Magistrate Court, mweruzgi wakadumura kuti mwanalume uyu wali na wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Boma likadandawura pa ivyo khoti likadumura.

Pa Khoti Likuru, boma likadumura kuti boma lingalongora yayi kuti ivyo munthu uyu wakachitanga pa nkhani iyi vikaŵa vyakuti "wakukhumba" yayi. Khoti likazomerezga kuti pulogiramu ya pa wayilesi iyi yingaŵa "malo gha ŵanthu wose". Khoti likakolerana yayi na boma kuti ivyo munthu uyu wakayowoya vikaŵa vya "uzaghali" chifukwa chakuti wakachiskanga ŵanthu yayi kuti ŵachitenge uzaghali kweni kuti waŵavikilire. Kweniso khoti likadumura kuti mwanalume uyu wakachitanga mwamahara na wanangwa wake wakuyowoya.[6][7][8][9]

Malango gha dango

Nga ni vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, Zambia nayo yikaŵa na dango lake mu ma 1990. Fundo iyi yikususka malango ghanandi agho ghakaŵako pambere chaka cha 1964 chindafike, ndipo pali malango ghanandi agho ghakuvikilira ŵanthu ku kusankhana mitundu..[10]

23. [Protection from discrimination on the ground of race,etc.]

(1) Subject to clauses (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.

(2) Subject to clauses (6), (7) and (8), no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority.

(3) In this Article the expression "discriminatory" mean, affording different treatment to different persons attributable, wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, sex, place of origin, marital status, political opinions colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.

Tingayowoya kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kukuvikilirika na dango la ndyali kuyana na ndime 23 ya Dango la 1996. Pakuti malango gha boma ghakuluska malango ghanyake, lekani ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakususkika chifukwa cha kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera.

Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 1991, nga umo yikasinthikira na Dango Nambara 17 la 1996, yili na fundo yakukanizga kusankhana. Kuyana na ndime 23 (1), "palije dango ilo lingaŵa lakususkana panji kusankhana". Ndime 23 (2) yikukanizga kusankhana mitundu "na munthu waliyose uyo wakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na dango lakulembeka panji para wakuchita milimo ya boma", ndipo ndime 23 (3) yikulongosora kuti kusankhana mitundu kukusazgapo kupwelelera ŵanthu chifukwa cha "mtundu, fuko, kugonana, malo agho ŵali kufuma, mbumba, maghanoghano gha ndyali, mtundu wa thupi panji chisopa". Mu Dango la Zambia mulije dango lakuvikilira mwankhongono pa nkhani ya kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana panji kugonana. [5]

Ntchito za malango na kusintha

Nangauli Zambia yikukana vinthu vyose vyakukhwaskana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Vyose ivi vikatondeka cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikalutilira na ndondomeko yake.

Malango gha Zambia ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ghapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe ŵanthu awo ŵakutinkhana. Boma likuleka kuvikilira umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT, ndipo ichi chajura nthowa yakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵachitire vinthu viheni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku United States yikati:[11]

boma likapeleka malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ndipo likakana kusankhana mitundu. Kuyana na magulu gha LGBT, nkhaza zikacitikanga, nga umo vikaŵira na kusankhana mitundu pa nkhani ya nchito, nyumba, na masambiro. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani za wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakusuzgika nyengo zose, kusazgapo kutimbanizgika na mameseji na ma-e-mail, kunanga vinthu, kusuzgika, na nkhaza.

Mu Epulero 2013, Paul Kasonkomona, wakuwoneseska vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ku Zambia, wakakakika cifukwa ca kuyowoya vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu pa TV. Kasonkomona ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti "wakupempha munthu kuti wagone nayo pa malo gha ŵanthu ŵanandi". Kweniso mu 2013, ŵanalume ŵaŵiri awo ŵakamanyanga kuti mbagonani ŵakathyapulika kuwaro kwa kilabu ya usiku. Ŵakaleka kupeleka mulandu cifukwa ca kopa kuti nawo ŵangakakika.

Mu Meyi 2014, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa cha Marapodi ku Lusaka ŵakakora ŵanakazi ŵaŵiri awo ŵakagomezgekanga kuti mbasungwana. Ŵakaŵakora ŵanakazi aŵa na kuluta nawo ku polisi na kuŵaphalira kuti ŵaŵakake.

Mu Janyuwale 2015, mwanalume munyake uyo wakaŵa gay wakawukira gulu la ŵanthu.

Boma la Zambia likakana panji likazomerezga yayi kusintha vinthu vinyake. Mu 2011, Zambia yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vitatu ivyo vikaleka kupulikira upharazgi wa wupu wa Human Rights Council wa kunozga lipoti lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT. Mu 2012, boma la Zambia likakana fundo yakuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵagonanenge. Ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pa upharazgi wa UPR uwo ukacitika mu 2008. Ŵabali ŵa ku Zambia ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakulondezgapo pakususka:[12]

pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ndiwo ŵazamumanya usange malango ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanakazi. Boma likakhumbanga yayi kupeleka wanangwa uwu ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia, kweni likaŵaleka kuti ndiwo ŵasankhe.

Ndipouli, mu lipoti lake la mu 2018, Zambia likayowoyapo kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵaleke kuŵa na mulandu. Padera pa ivi, palije ico cacitika.

Kuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵa viŵaro vyakuyana

Wonaniso: Chisopa mu Zambia

Zambia yikuzomerezga yayi nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Mu 2006, nduna ya vya mukati Ronnie Shikapwasha yikati Zambia yingazomerezga yayi nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Mu Febuluwale 2010, wupu wa National Constitutional Conference (NCC) ukazomerezga mwakukolerana kuti paŵe dango ilo likukanizga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.[13]

Umoyo

U.S. Dipatimenti ya vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ya ku United States yikati "boma likakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kuchita uzaghali ndipo likakana kusankhana mitundu".[11]

Community attitudes

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakutemwa kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakulondezga chisopa chautesi ichi.

Mu 1999, wupu wa Zambia Against People with Abnormal Sexual Acts (ZAPASA) ukaŵako kuti uwovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo.

Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2010, wakalongora kuti pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia, 2% pera ndiwo ŵakuwona kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwakuzomerezgeka. Mu 2013, Christine Kaseba, muwoli wa pulezidenti wakale Michael Sata, wakati: "Kukhala chete pa nkhani ya ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo kukwenera kumara ndipo palije uyo wakwenera kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana".[14]

Harassment and violence

Lipoti linyake la wupu wa Global Rights na la International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, ilo likapelekeka ku Komiti ya United Nations ya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu, likati ku Zambia ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo "ŵali na suzgo likuru comene". Lipoti ili likati ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakukoleka mwambura kwenelera, "ŵakusankhana pa nkhani ya masambiro, ntchito, nyumba, na vinthu vinyake", kweniso ŵakutambuzgika. U.S. Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la 2021 pa vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Zambia likuzomerezgana na fundo iyi.:[15]

Police perpetrated violence and verbal and physical harassment against persons based on gender identity and sexual orientation. LGBTQI+ persons were at risk of societal violence due to prevailing prejudices, misperceptions of the law, lack of legal protections, and inability to access healthcare services, and were subjected to prolonged detentions.

Lipoti ili likuti magulu gha LGBTQI+ ghakuphalira ŵapolisi kuti nyengo zose ŵapemphenge vimbundi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo.

Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukayowoya kuti ŵapolisi ŵakuchichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka maungano agha cifukwa ghakukhuŵazga comene. Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose na ŵadokotala ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuŵacitira nkhaza. Pakulongosora ivyo vikachitika mu 2014, wupu wa Amnesty International ukati ŵanalume ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵasuzganga kuti ŵagone mu viŵaya ŵakaŵachitiranga vinthu "ivyo vikuyana waka na kutambuzgika".

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBTQI+ ŵakuŵa pangozi ya kutambuzgika mu cikaya cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika, kusuzgika, kunanga vinthu, na nkhaza. Kuyana na lipoti la Behind the Mask, gulu la wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa LGBT mu Zambia ŵakukhala mu nyumba zawo chifukwa cha kopa kuti ŵanyawo ŵangaŵasuzga. Kuyana na lipoti ili, ŵasungwana ŵakusuzgika comene cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakukhala.[1]

HIV/AIDS

Wonaniso: HIV/AIDS in Zambia

Kufumira mu Julayi 2007, mu Zambia mulije mapulogiramu gha boma panji ghapadera agho ghakovwira ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo. Nangauli ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo ŵakuŵa pangozi yikuru ya kupokera HIV, kweni boma likuwona kuti palije suzgo na kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.

Mu Juni 2007, Unduna wa vya Umoyo wa ku Zambia, pamoza na wupu wa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) na Society for Family Health (Society for Family Health) uwo uli pasi pa wupu wa Population Services International, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵachitenge kafukufuku kuti ŵamanye umo ŵanalume ŵakutemwana ŵekhaŵekha ŵakusuzgikira na HIV na AIDS.[16]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal No (Penalty: Imprisonment; from 15 years, up to possible life sentence,[3][4][17] repeal proposed)
Equal age of consent No
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only No
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
Gays allowed to serve in the military No
Right to change legal gender No
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No
MSMs allowed to donate blood No

Wonaniso

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Vyakulemba

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ss157-158

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Numwa, Regina. "Zambia". Behind The Mask. Retrieved 1 Juni 2008.
  2. ↑ "Where is it illegal to be gay?". BBC News. 10 Febuluwale 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 ILGA (Disembala 2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia - 2020 global legislation overview update (PDF) (Report) (in English). p. 125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 Disembala 2020. Retrieved 13 Juni 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Government of the Republic of Zambia (2005) [Penal Code Act 1931], "Chapter XV: Offences against morality: Sections 155–156 ['Unnatural offences']; Section 158 ['Indecent practices between persons of the same sex'], §(3); (As amended by No. 26 of 1933 and repealed and replaced by Act No. 15 of 2005)", The Penal Code Act (PDF), Chapter 87 of The Laws of Zambia, Parliament of Zambia, [As amended, 2005], archived from the original (PDF) on 31 Malichi 2022, retrieved 15 Juni 2022 – via UN International Labour Organization
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Stefano Fabeni; Cary Alan Johnson; Joel Nana (Julayi 2007). "The Violations of the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons in Zambia" (PDF). Global Rights and International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. Submission to United Nations Human Rights Council: Universal Periodic Review - Zambia - Reference Documents. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 Juni 2022. Retrieved 14 Juni 2022 – via Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
  6. ↑ Reid & Meerkotter, G. & A. (4 Ogasiti 2015). "Africa Ruling Move LGBT Rights Forward". Jurist. Retrieved 20 Disembala 2019.
  7. ↑ "The people v. Kasonkomona". Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. n.d. Retrieved 19 Disembala 2019.
  8. ↑ "Chapter Six: Gender, Sexuality, Women and Discrimination—The People v. Paul Kasonkomona [2015] HPA/53/2014 Zambia, High Court" (PDF). Reproductive and Sexual Rights in Sub-saharan African courts. Legal Grounds. Vol. III. Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press. 2017. pp. 155–157. ISBN 978-1-920538-63-7. icon of an open green padlock
  9. ↑ Adjetey, Elvis (19 Meyi 2022). "Zambia: Anger as embassies fly gay pride flags". Africa Feeds. Retrieved 13 Juni 2022.
  10. ↑ Human Rights in UNDP: Practice Note (PDF) (Report). United Nations Development Programme. Epulelo 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 Juni 2007. Retrieved 25 Okutobala 2011.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2011). 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Zambia (PDF) (Report). United States Department of State. p. 28. Archived from the original on 14 Meyi 2011. Retrieved 26 Malichi 2020. [PDF sourced via United States Mission to the United Nations]
  12. ↑ "ODS HOME PAGE" (PDF). documents-dds-ny.un.org. Retrieved 26 Malichi 2020.
  13. ↑ NCC to adopt clause that forbids same sex marriage Archived 8 Sekutembala 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Jean Ann Esselink (8 Novembala 2013). "Zambia's First Lady Stuns Africa By Calling for an End To Homophobia". The New Civil Rights Movement. Archived from the original on 11 Novembala 2013. Retrieved 11 Epulelo 2014.
  15. ↑ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Zambia (Report). United States Department of State.
  16. ↑ Mhlambiso, Nthateng (26 Julayi 2007). "Hope for Zambian MSM". Behind The Mask. Archived from the original on 29 Okutobala 2009. Retrieved 1 Juni 2008.
  17. ↑ "Country Profile: Zambia". Human Dignity Trust. Retrieved 13 Juni 2022.

Vinandi

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