Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration/overview

v t e Chemical elements: electron-configuration and term symbol
Element			Group	Electron configuration	(P8000)	Term symbol		note
						^{1, 2,}	S, P,
1	H	hydrogen	1	1s¹	1s¹	²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
2	He	helium	18	1s²	1s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
3	Li	lithium	1	[He] 2s¹	1s² 2s¹, [He] 2s¹	²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
4	Be	beryllium	2	[He] 2s²	1s² 2s², [He] 2s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
5	B	boron	13	[He] 2s² 2p¹	1s² 2s² 2p¹, [He] 2s² 2p¹	²P_1/2	P²P_1/2
6	C	carbon	14	[He] 2s² 2p²	1s² 2s² 2p², [He] 2s² 2p²	³P₀	P³P₀
7	N	nitrogen	15	[He] 2s² 2p³	1s² 2s² 2p³, [He] 2s² 2p³	⁴S_3/2	S⁴S_3/2
8	O	oxygen	16	[He] 2s² 2p⁴	[He] 2s² 2p⁴, 1s² 2s² 2p⁴	³P₂	P³P₂
9	F	fluorine	17	[He] 2s² 2p⁵^[1]	1s² 2s² 2p⁵, [He] 2s² 2p⁵	²P_3/2	P²P_3/2
10	Ne	neon	18	[He] 2s² 2p⁶	1s² 2s² 2p⁶, [He] 2s² 2p⁶	¹S₀	S¹S₀
11	Na	sodium	1	[Ne] 3s¹	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹, [Ne] 3s¹	²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
12	Mg	magnesium	2	[Ne] 3s²	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s², [Ne] 3s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
13	Al	aluminium	13	[Ne] 3s² 3p¹	[Ne] 3s² 3p¹, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹	²P_1/2	P²P_1/2
14	Si	silicon	14	[Ne] 3s² 3p²	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p², [Ne] 3s² 3p²	³P₀	P³P₀
15	P	phosphorus	15	[Ne] 3s² 3p³	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³, [Ne] 3s² 3p³	⁴S_3/2	S⁴S_3/2
16	S	sulfur	16	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴	³P₂	P³P₂
17	Cl	chlorine	17	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁵	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁵, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵	²P_3/2	P²P_3/2
18	Ar	argon	18	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁶	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶, [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶	¹S₀	S¹S₀
19	K	potassium	1	[Ar] 4s¹	[Ar] 4s¹, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹	²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
20	Ca	calcium	2	[Ar] 4s²	[Ar] 4s², 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
21	Sc	scandium	3	[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²	[Ar] 3d¹ 4s², 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s²	²D_3/2	D²D_3/2
22	Ti	titanium	4	[Ar] 3d² 4s²	[Ar] 3d² 4s²	³F₂	F³F₂
23	V	vanadium	5	[Ar] 3d³ 4s²	[Ar] 3d³ 4s²	⁴F_3/2	F⁴F_3/2
24	Cr	chromium	6	[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹	[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹	⁷S₃	S⁷S₃
25	Mn	manganese	7	[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²	[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²	⁶S_5/2	S⁶S_5/2
26	Fe	iron	8	[Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²	[Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²	⁵D₄	D⁵D₄
27	Co	cobalt	9	[Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²	[Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²	⁴F_9/2	F⁴F_9/2
28	Ni	nickel	10	[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s² or [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s¹		³F₄	F³F₄
29	Cu	copper	11	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹		²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
30	Zn	zinc	12	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²		¹S₀	S¹S₀
31	Ga	gallium	13	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹		²P_1/2	P²P_1/2
32	Ge	germanium	14	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²		³P₀	P³P₀
33	As	arsenic	15	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p³		⁴S_3/2	S⁴S_3/2
34	Se	selenium	16	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴		³P₂	P³P₂
35	Br	bromine	17	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵		²P_3/2	P²P_3/2
36	Kr	krypton	18	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶, [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶	¹S₀	S¹S₀
37	Rb	rubidium	1	[Kr] 5s¹	[Kr] 5s¹	²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
38	Sr	strontium	2	[Kr] 5s²	[Kr] 5s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
39	Y	yttrium	3	[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²	[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²	²D_3/2	D²D_3/2
40	Zr	zirconium	4	[Kr] 4d² 5s²	[Kr] 4d² 5s²	³F₂	F³F₂
41	Nb	niobium	5	[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹	[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹	⁶D_1/2	D⁶D_1/2
42	Mo	molybdenum	6	[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹	[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹	⁷S₃	S⁷S₃
43	Tc	technetium	7	[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s²	[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s²	⁶S_5/2	S⁶S_5/2
44	Ru	ruthenium	8	[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹	[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹	⁵F₅	F⁵F₅
45	Rh	rhodium	9	[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹	[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹	⁴F_9/2	F⁴F_9/2
46	Pd	palladium	10	[Kr] 4d¹⁰		¹S₀	S¹S₀
47	Ag	silver	11	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹		²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
48	Cd	cadmium	12	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²		¹S₀	S¹S₀
49	In	indium	13	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹		²P_1/2	P²P_1/2
50	Sn	tin	14	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²		³P₀	P³P₀
51	Sb	antimony	15	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³		⁴S_3/2	S⁴S_3/2
52	Te	tellurium	16	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴		³P₂	P³P₂
53	I	iodine	17	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵		²P_3/2	P²P_3/2
54	Xe	xenon	18	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶, [Kr] 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶	¹S₀	S¹S₀
55	Cs	caesium	1	[Xe] 6s¹	[Xe] 6s¹	²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
56	Ba	barium	2	[Xe] 6s²	[Xe] 6s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
57	La	lanthanum	f-block groups	[Xe] 5d¹ 6s²		²D_3/2	D²D_3/2
58	Ce	cerium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s²^[2]		¹G₄	G¹G₄
59	Pr	praseodymium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f³ 6s²		⁴I_9/2	I⁴I_9/2
60	Nd	neodymium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²		⁵I₄	I⁵I₄
61	Pm	promethium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²		⁶H_5/2	H⁶H_5/2
62	Sm	samarium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f⁶ 6s²		⁷F₀	F⁷F₀
63	Eu	europium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²		⁸S_7/2	S⁸S_7/2
64	Gd	gadolinium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²		⁹D₂	D⁹D₂
65	Tb	terbium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f⁹ 6s²		⁶H_15/2	H⁶H_15/2
66	Dy	dysprosium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f¹⁰ 6s²		⁵I₈	I⁵I₈
67	Ho	holmium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f¹¹ 6s²		⁴I_15/2	I⁴I_15/2
68	Er	erbium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f¹² 6s²		³H₆	H³H₆
69	Tm	thulium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²		²F_7/2	F²F_7/2
70	Yb	ytterbium	f-block groups	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 6s²		¹S₀	S¹S₀
71	Lu	lutetium	3	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹ 6s²		²D_3/2	D²D_3/2
72	Hf	hafnium	4	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²	³F₂	F³F₂
73	Ta	tantalum	5	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²	⁴F_3/2	F⁴F_3/2
74	W	tungsten	6	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²^[3]	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²	⁵D₀	D⁵D₀
75	Re	rhenium	7	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²	⁶S_5/2	S⁶S_5/2
76	Os	osmium	8	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²	⁵D₄	D⁵D₄
77	Ir	iridium	9	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²		⁴F_9/2	F⁴F_9/2
78	Pt	platinum	10	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹		³D₃	D³D₃
79	Au	gold	11	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹		²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
80	Hg	mercury	12	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
81	Tl	thallium	13	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹		²P_1/2	P²P_1/2
82	Pb	lead	14	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²		³P₀	P³P₀
83	Bi	bismuth	15	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³		⁴S_3/2	S⁴S_3/2
84	Po	polonium	16	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴		³P₂	P³P₂
85	At	astatine	17	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁵		²P_3/2	P²P_3/2
86	Rn	radon	18	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶, [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶	¹S₀	S¹S₀
87	Fr	francium	1	[Rn] 7s¹	[Rn] 7s¹	²S_1/2	S²S_1/2
88	Ra	radium	2	[Rn] 7s²	[Rn] 7s²	¹S₀	S¹S₀
89	Ac	actinium	f-block groups	[Rn] 6d¹ 7s²		²D_3/2	D²D_3/2
90	Th	thorium	f-block groups	[Rn] 6d² 7s²		³F₂	F³F₂
91	Pa	protactinium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f² 6d¹ 7s²		⁴K_11/2	K⁴K_11/2
92	U	uranium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f³ 6d¹ 7s²		⁵L₆	L⁵L₆
93	Np	neptunium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²		⁶L_11/2	L⁶L_11/2
94	Pu	plutonium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f⁶ 7s²		⁷F₀	F⁷F₀
95	Am	americium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f⁷ 7s²		⁸S_7/2	S⁸S_7/2
96	Cm	curium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f⁷ 6d¹ 7s²		⁹D₂	D⁹D₂
97	Bk	berkelium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f⁹ 7s²		⁶H_15/2	H⁶H_15/2
98	Cf	californium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²^[4]	[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²^[5]	⁵I₈	I⁵I₈
99	Es	einsteinium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f¹¹ 7s²		⁴I_15/2	I⁴I_15/2
100	Fm	fermium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f¹² 7s²		³H₆	H³H₆
101	Md	mendelevium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f¹³ 7s²		²F_7/2	F²F_7/2
102	No	nobelium	f-block groups	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s²		¹S₀	S¹S₀
103	Lr	lawrencium	3	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s² 7p¹		²P_1/2?	P²P_1/2?
104	Rf	rutherfordium	4	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d² 7s²^[6]^[7]	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d² 7s²	³F₂	F³F₂
105	Db	dubnium	5	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d³ 7s²^[7]	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d³ 7s²	⁴F_3/2?	F⁴F_3/2?
106	Sg	seaborgium	6	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁴ 7s²^[7]	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁴ 7s²	⁵D₀?	D⁵D₀?
107	Bh	bohrium	7	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁵ 7s²^[8]^[7]	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁵ 7s²	⁶S_5/2?	S⁶S_5/2?
108	Hs	hassium	8	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s²^[9]	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s²	⁵D₄?	D⁵D₄?
109	Mt	meitnerium	9	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁷ 7s² (predicted)^[7]^[10]		⁴F_9/2?	F⁴F_9/2?
110	Ds	darmstadtium	10	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁸ 7s² (predicted)^[7]		³F₄?	F³F₄?
111	Rg	roentgenium	11	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁹ 7s² (predicted)^[11]^[7]		²D_5/2?	D²D_5/2?
112	Cn	copernicium	12	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² (predicted)^[7]		¹S₀?	S¹S₀?
113	Nh	nihonium	13	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p¹ (predicted)^[7]		²P_1/2?	P²P_1/2?
114	Fl	flerovium	14	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p² (predicted)^[7]		³P₀?	P³P₀?
115	Mc	moscovium	15	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p³ (predicted)^[7]		⁴S_3/2?	S⁴S_3/2?
116	Lv	livermorium	16	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁴ (predicted)^[7]		³P₂?	P³P₂?
117	Ts	tennessine	17	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁵ (predicted)^[7]		²P_3/2?	P²P_3/2?
118	Og	oganesson	18	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶ (predicted)^[12]^[7]	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶, [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶	¹S₀?	S¹S₀?
119	Uue	ununennium	1	[Og] 8s¹ (predicted)^[7]		²S_1/2?	S²S_1/2?
120	Ubn	unbinilium	2	[Og] 8s² (predicted)^[7]		¹S₀?	S¹S₀?
121	Ubu	unbiunium	g-block groups	[Og] 8s² 8p¹ (predicted)^[7]		²P_1/2?	P²P_1/2?
122	Ubb	unbibium	g-block groups	[Og] 7d¹ 8s² 8p¹ (predicted)^[13]
123	Ubt	unbitrium	g-block groups
124	Ubq	unbiquadium	g-block groups	[Og] 6f³ 8s² 8p¹ (predicted)^[13]
125	Ubp	unbipentium	g-block groups
126	Ubh	unbihexium	g-block groups	[Og] 5g² 6f³ 8s² 8p¹ (predicted)^[13]

↑ Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 381.
↑ Ground levels and ionization energies for the neutral atoms, NIST
↑ Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.
↑ CRC 2006, p. 1.14.
↑ Error: Unable to display the reference properly. See the documentation for details.
↑ "Rutherfordium". Royal Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
↑ ^7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 ^7.15 ^7.16 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
↑ Johnson, E.; Fricke, B.; Jacob, T.; Dong, C. Z.; Fritzsche, S.; Pershina, V. (2002). "Ionization potentials and radii of neutral and ionized species of elements 107 (bohrium) and 108 (hassium) from extended multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock calculations". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 116 (5): 1862–1868. Bibcode:2002JChPh.116.1862J. doi:10.1063/1.1430256.
↑ Hoffman, Lee & Pershina 2006, p. 1672.
↑ Thierfelder, C.; Schwerdtfeger, P.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S. (2008). "Dirac-Hartree-Fock studies of X-ray transitions in meitnerium". The European Physical Journal A. 36 (2): 227. Bibcode:2008EPJA...36..227T. doi:10.1140/epja/i2008-10584-7.
↑ Turler, A. (2004). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 5 (2): R19–R25. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.5.R19.
↑ Nash, Clinton S. (2005). "Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 109 (15): 3493–3500. Bibcode:2005JPCA..109.3493N. doi:10.1021/jp050736o. PMID 16833687.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.

[FOOTNOTEJaccaud_et_al.2000381-1] Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 381.

[2] Ground levels and ionization energies for the neutral atoms, NIST

[3] Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.

[FOOTNOTECRC20061.14-4] CRC 2006, p. 1.14.

[wikidata-3763d9ba93a4b80e9e00bf2bcb121c78276fe6fc-v8-5] Error: Unable to display the reference properly. See the documentation for details.

[rsc-Rf-6] "Rutherfordium". Royal Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-09-21.

[Haire-7] 7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 ^7.15 ^7.16 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[ioniz-8] Johnson, E.; Fricke, B.; Jacob, T.; Dong, C. Z.; Fritzsche, S.; Pershina, V. (2002). "Ionization potentials and radii of neutral and ionized species of elements 107 (bohrium) and 108 (hassium) from extended multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock calculations". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 116 (5): 1862–1868. Bibcode:2002JChPh.116.1862J. doi:10.1063/1.1430256.

[FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061672-9] Hoffman, Lee & Pershina 2006, p. 1672.

[10] Thierfelder, C.; Schwerdtfeger, P.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S. (2008). "Dirac-Hartree-Fock studies of X-ray transitions in meitnerium". The European Physical Journal A. 36 (2): 227. Bibcode:2008EPJA...36..227T. doi:10.1140/epja/i2008-10584-7.

[e-conf-11] Turler, A. (2004). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 5 (2): R19–R25. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.5.R19.

[Nash2005-12] Nash, Clinton S. (2005). "Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 109 (15): 3493–3500. Bibcode:2005JPCA..109.3493N. doi:10.1021/jp050736o. PMID 16833687.

[Hoffman-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.

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