Kuwukila kwa ŵantchito ku Copperbelt (1935)
| Date | 29 May 1935 |
|---|---|
| Location | Mufulira, Nkana and Roan Antelope |
| Coordinates | 12°33′00″N 28°14′00″E / 12.55°N 28.233333°E |
| Cause | Tax increase |
| Casualties | |
| Six dead, 20 injured | |
Pa Meyi 29, 1935, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ku Copperbelt Province, Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia), ŵakaleka nchito cifukwa ca msonkho uwo boma la Britain likapeleka. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli migodi yinayi yikuru ya mkuwa: Mufulira, Nkana na Roan Antelope. Pafupi na malo agha, ŵapolisi ŵakakoma ŵanthu 6 ndipo ungano ukamara. Nangauli ŵakatondeka, kweni uwu ukaŵa ungano wakwamba wa vyamalonda ku Northern Rhodesia, ndipo ŵanji ŵakuti uwu ukaŵa ungano wakwamba wakususkana na ufumu wa atsamunda.[1] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaghanaghanirapo chomene nkhani iyi, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe mawupu gha ŵantchito na ndyali za ku Africa.
Ku Africa nako kukacitika vinthu vinyake ivyo vikasintha comene ndyali za boma la Britain. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵapa mwaŵi ŵamishonale kuti ŵachitire lumoza na mawupu gha migodi kuti ŵasambizge ŵanthu Baibolo na kuŵawovwira. Pakughanaghanira kuti mtengo wa mkuŵa uzamukhira, boma likapangaso ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵabali ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu misumba.
Mbili
[lemba | kulemba source]Ukoloni ku Northern Rhodesia
[lemba | kulemba source]
Chigaŵa cha Copperbelt chikaŵa ku Northern Rhodesia uko kukaŵa mkuŵa unandi. Cecil John Rhodes, munthu wa ku Britain uyo wakazenga ufumu, ndiyo wakawovwira kuti Britain yambe kusakatuka kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Limpopo na kunjira mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa.[2]Mu 1895, Rhodes wakapempha Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu cha America, kuti wapenje tumaji na nthowa zakwendeskera milonga.[3] Rhodes wakawovwira kuti Britain yiŵe na mazaza mu cigaŵa ici cifukwa ca kupoka mazaza gha migodi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Pa June 11, 1891, ku Lisbon, United Kingdom na Portugal ŵakasazgirako mphaka pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikalongozgekanga na British South Africa Company (BSAC). Chikaŵaso mphaka pakati pa chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia) icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la BSAC na Angola, nangauli mphaka na Angola yikaŵako yayi. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya chigaŵa cha Britain ku North-Eastern Rhodesia na British Central Africa Protectorate yikakolerana mu phangano la Anglo-German la mu 1890, ilo likakhazikiskaso mphaka (yifupi chomene) pakati pa North-Western Rhodesia na German South-West Africa, sono ni Namibia. Mphaka pakati pa Congo Free State na Britain yikakhazikiskika na phangano la mu 1894, nangauli pakaŵa vinyake ivyo vikasintha m'ma 1930. Mphaka pakati pa British Central Africa Protectorate na North-Eastern Rhodesia yikakhazikiskika mu 1891 pa malo ghakupambana pakati pa Lake Malawi na Luangwa River, ndipo mphaka pakati pa North-Western Rhodesia na Southern Rhodesia yikazgoka Zambezi River mu 1898. Northern Rhodesia yikaŵa pasi pa BSAC mpaka mu 1924, apo yikazgoka cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa Britain.[4]
Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi
[lemba | kulemba source]Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakasanga maji ghanandi gha mkuwa (copper sulfide) ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mabungwe ghakurughakuru gha migodi ghasange ndalama ku Northern Rhodesia. Bungwe la Anglo American Corporation ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha South Africa. Mu chaka chenechicho, Anglo American yikasanga mgodi wa Nkana ku Kitwe na kupanga kampani ya Rhodesian Anglo American. Pakuti kampani ya BSAC yikagura masheya gha kampani ya Rhodesian Anglo American, kampani iyi yikaŵa na masheya ghanandi. Kuzakafika mu 1930, kampani ya Chester Beatty yakuchemeka Rhodesian Selection Trust na Ernest Oppenheimer yakuchemeka Anglo-American Corporation, yikaŵa na mazaza pa migodi yinandi ya mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1931, migodi ya Roan Antelope na Nkana yikamba kupanga visomba.[5][6]
Kuwukila kwamu 1935
[lemba | kulemba source]Chitukuko
[lemba | kulemba source]Chifukwa cha kuguliska migodi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakasamukira ku chigaŵa ichi. Makampani gha migodi ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa njanji za ku Northern Rhodesia ŵakhalenge makora, ndipo ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakizanga kufuma ku South Africa. Ŵazungu ŵakaŵacitiranga nkhaza comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndipo ŵakaŵakanizganga kugwira nchito mu migodi. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga mu cigaŵa ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha kwambura kunozgekera. Boma la BSAC likapeleka msonkho ku ŵanthu wose awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake mu 1901 ku North-Eastern Rhodesia na pakati pa 1904 na 1913 ku North-Western Rhodesia. Msonkho uwu ukaŵa ukuru comene (mu vigaŵa vinyake ukaŵa malipiro gha myezi yinkhondi na umoza), ndipo ukaŵa wakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na ngongoli zinandi na kusanga ndalama zakwendeskera migodi yinyake. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereska ŵanthu awo ŵakakwiya cifukwa ca kukwezgeka kwa misonkho. Kugwiliskira nchito msonkho uwu kukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge nchito na kukhozga ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga migodi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920 apo ŵakagwiranga nchito iyi. Kampani iyi yikatondekanga kusanga malipiro ghachoko chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake.[7]Ŵaganyu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa na masuzgo ghakuru ghatatu: malipiro ghacoko comene pakuyaniska na gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ŵakakanizgika kugwira nchito mu migodi iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nangauli ŵakaŵa na maluso ghapacanya, kweniso ŵakaŵacitiranga nkhaza.
Nyengo ya suzgo yikuru ya vyachuma (1929-35) yikapangiska kuti mitengo ya mkuŵa mu Europe yichepe chomene. Mu Febuluwale 1931, migodi ya ku Mkubwa yikajalika, ndipo mu myezi yakulondezgapo, migodi ya Chamishi, Nchanga, na Mulfira yikajalika. Pa nyengo iyi, nchito ya kuzenga ku migodi ya Roan Antelope na Nkana yikaŵa pafupi kumara, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura nchito. Mu 1930, migodi iyi yikagwiranga nchito ŵanthu 31,941. Ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito ŵakakhalako m'malo mwa kuwelera ku vikaya vyawo. Mu nyengo ya pakati pa 1931 na 1932, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu cigaŵa ici ŵakakhira na 25 peresenti. Mu 1935, boma la Northern Rhodesia likawuskako misonkho ya mu matawuni ghaŵiri na kuchepeskako ku vigaŵa vya ku mizi kuti lileke kusuzgika maghanoghano chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama. Khoti likadumura kuti msonkho uwu ukhazikiskike mu Meyi (kwambira pa Janyuwale 1) pamanyuma pakuti boma lasayinira dango lakusintha msonkho wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada..[8]
Kuwukila
[lemba | kulemba source]
Mu chigaŵa ichi muli migodi yinayi yikuru ya mkuwa: Mufulira, Nkana na Roan Antelope. Mulenji wa Meyi 21, 1935, ŵapolisi ku Mulfulira ŵakapharazga kuti misonkho yikukwera kufuma pa mashilingi 12 kufika pa 15 pa caka. Ŵaganyu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya mulenji ŵakakana kunjira pasi. Gulu ili likalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakufuma ku Northern Province: William Sankata, Ngostino Mwamba na James Mutali ku Mufulira mine. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ŵakakana kwiza ku nchito, ŵakacemerezganga mazgu ghakwimikana na boma na kuŵaponya malibwe pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakana kuŵawovwira. Pa migodi yinyake yiŵiri, kujoŵelera kukaŵa kwacilendo yayi pakuyaniska na ku Mufulira (uko kukwezgeka kwa misonkho kukapokelereka mwambura kugomezga) ndipo ŵapolisi ŵakakaka ŵalongozgi ŵa migodi iyi kuti ŵacenjezge. Uthenga wa kujoŵelera kwa Mufulira ukathandazgikira ku migodi yinyake yiŵiri apo ŵantchito ŵa ku Mufulira ŵakizanga. Ŵalovyi ŵa Beni, awo ŵakamba kuvina mu nyengo ya makoloni na awo ŵakayezganga gulu la ŵasilikari na maboma gha makoloni na sumu na vyakusanguluska, ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito yikuru pa nkhani ya kudumbiskana. Ŵantchito ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kunjilira ku Nkana pa 27 May, kweni ŵakatondeka ndipo ŵakamara zuŵa lakulondezgapo cifukwa ca ulongozgi uheni. Ku Roan Antelope, uko ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko ŵakagwirako nchito, kukacitika vivulupi. Pa Meyi 29, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawungana kuzingilizga malo agha, ndipo pakaŵa ŵapolisi, ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵantchito, na ŵalara. Ŵapolisi ŵakawopa comene ndipo ŵakamba kuwombera, ndipo ŵanthu 6 ŵakafwa ndipo 17 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵakati ŵawona kuti ŵasilikari ŵanjira mu msumba uwu, ŵakazizwa comene ndipo ŵakaleka kugwira nchito. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa UNESCO, pa Meyi 22 kukacitika viyezgelero ku migodi ya Mulfra, ndipo pa Meyi 26 vikafika ku Nkana na Luansha. Ŵanthu 28 ŵakafwa panji kupwetekeka.[9]
Paumalilo
[lemba | kulemba source]Kufufuza
[lemba | kulemba source]Nyengo yeneyiyo, boma la Britain likimika komiti yakulongozgeka na Russell kuti yifufuze ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwira nchito. Komiti iyi yikati ku Northern Rhodesia kukaŵa suzgo likuru comene cifukwa cakuti msonkho ukaŵikika mwamabuci. Lipoti ili likayowoyapo yayi vya Beni, kweni likati ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaseŵeranga waka vyakusanguluska. Buku ili likalongosora maufumu ghaŵiri. Likati: "Tingasankhapo limoza pakati pa kukhazikiska maboma gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na kuwezga ŵanthu ku vikaya vyawo; panji kuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana na mafuko ghawo na kwambiska ntchito ya migodi mu misumba ya ku Europe". Pamanyuma pa kafukufuku uyu, Hubert Winthrop Young, kazembe wa ku Northern Rhodesia kufuma mu 1935 m'paka mu 1938, wakambiska wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko gha mu Africa ku Copperbelt, nga umo vikaŵira ku Roan Antelope mine. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakawona kuti dango ili likaŵa lacilendo yayi.[10]
Kupangikaso
[lemba | kulemba source]
Pamanyuma pa 1935, migodi yikajulika ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikakura chomene. Kuyana na David M. Gordon, suzgo ili likapa ŵamishonale mwaŵi wa kucitira vinthu mwakukolerana na gulu la Watchtower. Ŵamishonale na makampani gha migodi ŵakayowoya kuti kusambizga Ŵakhristu kukovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge nchito mwamahara. Mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵaprotesitanti ŵakambiska United Mission of Copperbelt (UMCB), icho chikapangiska kuti paŵe mipingo yinyake ya Ŵaprotesitanti nga ni Church of Central Africa in Rhodesia (CCAR) mu 1945 na United Church of Central Africa in Rhodesia mu 1958 (iyo yikazgoka United Church of Zambia mu 1965).
Makampani ghanandi ghakugwilira nchito mu migodi ghakawona kuti nchito iyi yingaŵa yakusuzga comene. Boma likagomezganga kuti usange mtengo wa mkuwa ukhizgikengeko kunthazi, vinthu ivi vichitikengeso. Boma la ku mizi likapeleka ndondomeko ziŵiri kuti ŵantchito ŵa mu matawuni ŵalutilire kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi yawo. Ndalama izo ŵabali ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu matawuni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku mizi zikapelekeka na boma.[11]
Uwemi
[lemba | kulemba source]Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakugomezga kuti ku Africa kukacitika viyezgo vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti boma la Britain lisinthe ndyali za ŵanthu ku Africa. Muwusi Hubert Young, wakati watondeka, wakasanga ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na kusama kwa ŵanthu ku Africa. Mulembi wa mdauko, Godfrey Wilson wakasambira vya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu matawuni gha ku Africa kwambira mu 1939 m'paka mu 1940, kweni ntchito yake yikamara. Nangauli pa nyengo iyo, kulekeska ntchito kukawovwira viŵi yayi, kweni ni nyengo yakuzirwa comene pa umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakambira kutemwa caru cawo mu Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni ya Africa ŵakamanya umo ŵakachitiranga, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe magulu gha ŵantchito. Ivyo boma la Britain likacita vikawovwira kuti makampani gha migodi ghaŵe na umoyo uwemi kwa vilimika vinkhondi. Mu 1940, mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa migodi yinandi iyo yikatora sabata yimoza.[12]
Vyakulemba vyapasi
[lemba | kulemba source]
Vinyake
[lemba | kulemba source]- ↑ Adam, Christopher S.; Simpasa, Anthony M. (2010). "The Economics of Copper Price Boom in Zambia". In A., Fraser; M., Larmer (eds.). Zambia, Mining, and Neoliberalism: Boom and Bust on the Globalized Copperbelt. Springer. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-230-11559-0.
- ↑ Galbraith, J S (1974). Crown and Charter: The early Years of the British South Africa Company. University of California Press. pp. 87, 202–3. ISBN 978-0-520-02693-3.
- ↑ Burnham, Frederick Russell (1899). "Northern Rhodesia". In Wills, Walter H. (ed.). . Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. pp. 177–180.
- ↑ Ferguson, James (1999). Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. University of California Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-520-21702-7.
- ↑ Roberts, A D (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia. pp. 348–9.
- ↑ Cunningham, S (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country. pp. 53–5.
- ↑ Burton, Andrew (2005). African Underclass. Andrew Burton. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-85255-975-8.
- ↑ Mukwena 2016, pp. 128–9
- ↑ Boahen; International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1990). Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935, Volume 7. Unesco: University of California Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-520-06702-8.
- ↑ Cooper, Frederick (1996). Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-521-56600-1.
- ↑ Posner, Daniel N. (2005). Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-316-58297-8.
- ↑ Tordoff, William (1974). Politics in Zambia. University of California Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-520-02593-6.
Ukaboni
[lemba | kulemba source]- Gordon, David M. (2012). Invisible Agents: Spirits in a Central African History. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4439-9.
- Mukwena, Royson (2016). Zambia at Fifty Years: What Went Right, What Went Wrong and Wither To? a Treatise of the Country's Socio-Economic and Political Developments Since Independence. Partridge Africa. ISBN 978-1-4828-6124-2.
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