Dada waku Rhodesia

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Dada waku Rhodesia
Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene 1.2–0.3 Ma
↓
Kabwe skull (1922 photograph)
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
Genus: Homo
Species:
†H. rhodesiensis
Binomial name
†Homo rhodesiensis
Woodward, 1921

Homo rhodesiensis ni zina ilo Arthur Smith Woodward (1921) wakalemba kuti Kabwe 1 (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), ni fosili ya mu Middle Stone Age iyo yikasangika ku Broken Hill mine ku Kabwe, Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia).[1]Mu 2020, ŵakawona kuti chiwangwa ichi chili na vyaka vyapakati pa 324,000 na 274,000. Paliso vinyama vinyake vyakale vyakuyana waka..[2]

Homo rhodesiensis s.s. appears to have diverged earlier than H. heidelbergensis s.s. (Mauer). H. rhodesiensis s.l. is now mostly considered a synonym of H. heidelbergensis s.l[3], or perhaps then slightly larger. Other designations such as Homo sapiens arcaicus[4] and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis[5] have also been proposed.

Vinthu vyakusangika[lemba | kulemba source]

Nkhani ikulu: Homo heidelbergensis#Africa
Chithuzi cha chigaza cha mutu wa Kabwe
Kulemba kwa Amédée Forestier (1922)

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ku East Africa (Bodo, Ndutu, Eyasi, Ileret) na North Africa (Salé, Rabat, Dar-es-Soltane, Djbel Irhoud, Sidi Aberrahaman, Tighenif) ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi ivyo vikuyana waka.[6]

  • Kabwe 1, uyo wakuchemekaso kuti chiwangwa cha Broken Hill, panji "Munthu wa ku Rhodesia", wakimikika na Arthur Smith Woodward mu 1921 nga ni mtundu wa Homo rhodesiensis. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuleka kuzunura "rhodesiensis" na kumupa Homo heidelbergensis.[7] Chiŵaro ichi chikasangika mu mgodi wa Broken Hill mu chigaŵa cha Mutwe Wa Nsofu ku Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Kabwe, Zambia) pa Juni 17, 1921 na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi. Padera pa chiwangwa, ŵakasangaso chiwangwa cha munthu munyake, chiwangwa, chiwangwa cha msana, na viwangwa viŵiri vya chigha.
  • Chisko cha munthu wa ku Bodo: Chinthu ichi chikaŵako vyaka 600,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jon Kalb ŵakachisanga mu 1976. Nangauli chiwangwa ichi chikayananga chomene na cha Kabwe, kweni Woodward wakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito mazina agha ndipo awo ŵakaghasanga ŵakaghanaghana kuti ni cha H. heidelbergensis. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti pakaŵa kusintha pakati pa Homo ergaster na Homo sapiens.[8]
  • Chisko cha ndutu, "munthu wa ku nyanja ya Ndutu" kumpoto kwa Tanzania, vyaka vyapakati pa 600,000 na 500,000 panji 400,000. Mu 1976 R. J. Wakayama Clarke wakalilemba kuti Homo erectus ndipo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ndimo liliri, nangauli likuyana na Homo sapiens. Phillip Rightmire wakawona kuti ntchakwenelera kupima kuti H. sapiens ntchisomba cha ku Africa. Kuyana na umo mutu uliri, ni mamita 1,100. Nkhongono ya chiŵaro ichi na umo vikuwonekera, vikovwira kuti chiŵaro ichi chiwonekenge nga ntcha munthu. Ndipo mu buku linyake ilo likalembeka mu 1989, Clarke wakati: "Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyengo yakale ŵakuchemeka Homo sapiens cifukwa ca umo wongo wawo uliri". Kweni Stinger (1986) wakayowoya kuti munthu uyo wali na chiwangwa ichi wakuŵa na chiwangwa chakukhoma. Mu 2016, Chris Stringer wakalemba kuti chiwangwa ichi chikaŵa cha Homo heidelbergensis/Homo rhodesiensis (chimanyikwiro icho chikuŵa pakati pa Homo erectus na Homo sapiens) m'malo mwa kwamba kwa H. sapiens, kweni wakuwona kuti chikaŵa na "viwangwa vyakuyana waka na vya Homo sapiens" kuluska viwangwa vinyake vya Homo rhodesiensis. Chiŵaro cha mutu wa Saldanha icho chikasangika mu 1953 ku South Africa, ndipo chikuŵa kuti chili na vyaka pafupifupi 500,000, chikasintha katatu kufuma mu 1955 m'paka mu 1996.[9]

Bodo cranium[lemba | kulemba source]

Chisko cha Bodo ni viswaswa vya mtundu unyake wa ŵanthu. Mu 1976 ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jon Kalb ndiwo ŵakamusanga. Gulu la Rift Valley Research Mission likachita kafukufuku munyake uyo wakawovwira kuti ŵasange vinthu vya ku Acheulean na viswaswa vya vinyama. Alemayhew Asfaw na Charles Smart ndiwo ŵakamba kusanga visko vyapasi. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghaŵiri, Paul Whitehead na Craig Wood ŵakasanga chigaŵa chakunena cha chisko. Vigaŵa vya chiwangwa ivi vikasangika mu mlonga wa Awash ku Ethiopia. Vinthu ivi vikasangika pa malo ghakuru chomene gha mchenga, ndipo viŵiya vichoko waka ndivyo vikasangika pafupi na chitanda. Chiwangwa ichi chili na vyaka 600,000.[10]

Observation[lemba | kulemba source]

Chiŵiya ichi chili na chiŵiya chikuru chomene icho chikuyana na msinkhu wake, ndipo chikuŵa pafupifupi 1250 cc (pakati pa ~1,200~1,325 cc). Chisko chili na chisko, chiwangwa chikuru cha kumaso, vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati pa chiwangwa, na msana wakunthazi kwa chiwangwa. Utali, usani, na msinkhu wake ni masentimita 21, 15,87 na 19.05. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bodo ŵakakomanga nyama chifukwa ŵakasanga nkhwantha za ku Acheulean na viwangwa vya nyama. Vinthu ivyo vikadumulika pa mutu wa Bodo vikulongora kuti thupi la munthu likafumiskikanga mwaluŵiro para wafwa. Vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti thupi la munthu likaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana pa chiwangwa, vikulongora kuti munthu wakafumiskanga thupi lake mwadala. Vimanyikwiro vya kudumulika uku vikaŵa pakati pa chiŵegha, ndipo ŵasayansi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti cifukwa ca kudumulira thupi likaŵa kuwuskamo chiŵegha.[11]

Morphology[lemba | kulemba source]

Mphepete mwa chiwangwa cha Bodo nchitali comene ndipo pali viwangwa vikuruvikuru. Chiŵaro cha thupi la munthu icho chikuŵa pa malo ghakupambanapambana na thupi la munthu chikuwoneka makora chomene. Glabella njakuzingilizgika ndipo yikuwoneka makora. Nga ni Homo erectus, wongo wake ngwapacanya ndipo ukuwoneka nga ngwambura ntchito. Viwangwa ivi navyo ni vyakukhoma nga ni viwangwa vya Homo erectus. Chifukwa cha msana wake ukuru, wali na chiŵaro chikuru chomene icho chikulongora kuti wali na viŵaro vinandi. Utali wa chiŵegha uwu ungamanya yayi chifukwa chigaŵa ichi nchambura kukwana. Nangauli chiŵaro ichi chikusoŵapo, kweni tingamanya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na chamoyo ichi para tingagwiliskira ntchito viŵaro ivyo vikasangika mu 1981. Makuni gha mu mutu ghakutandazgika mwakuyana na umo munthu waliri sono. Chiŵaro cha chiŵaro ichi chili na chiŵaro chapachanya chomene icho chili mu viwangwa vya ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano..[12]

Evolutionary significance[lemba | kulemba source]

Chiŵiya ichi chili na kawonekero kachilendo, ndipo pali kukwesana pa nkhani ya kaŵirikaŵiri. Chiŵaro ichi chikulongora kuti munthu wali na chisko chakuyana na cha ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Bodo na visomba vinyake vya ŵanthu vya mu nyengo ya Pleistocene vikuwoneka kuti vikukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuyana waka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Homo erectus, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti chisko cha Bodo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Homo heidelbergensis, ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasintha kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Homo erectus mu nyengo ya Middle Pleistocene. Nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyana, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na uko kukafuma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo heidelbergensis. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti visko vya ŵanthu ivyo vikusangika mu viswaswa nga ni viwangwa vya Bodo ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵambe kuŵa na thupi lakuyana na ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale.[13][14]

Similarities between Bodo cranium and Kabwe cranium[lemba | kulemba source]

Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na visko vya Bodo na Kabwe ni ivi: Vinthu vyose viŵiri ivi vili na mathupi ghakuyana waka na gha ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Viwangwa vyose viŵiri vili na chiwangwa chikuru chomene. Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikulongora kuti pali kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus na Homo sapiens. Vinthu ivi vikukolerana na ivyo vikusangika mu vinyama vinyake vya mtundu wa Homo heidelbergensis. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Bodo na Kabwe vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakale comene cifukwa vili na mikhaliro yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus. Kweni vyose viŵiri vikupambana chomene na Homo erectus pa nkhani ya umo thupi liliri, nga ni umo viwangwa vyawo viliri, umo viwangwa vyawo viliri, umo chisko chawo chiliri, kweniso umo mphuno na mathupi ghawo ghaliri. Nangauli pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuyana, kweni pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana pakati pa viŵeto ivi, kusazgapo chiŵaro chose cha mutu wa Bodo, comenecomene viŵaro vya kumanyuma, ivyo ni vyakukhoma comene yayi pakuyaniska na viŵeto vya Kabwe.[12]

"Homo bodoensis"[lemba | kulemba source]

Mu 2021, Mirjana Roksandic na ŵanyake ŵa ku Canada ŵakasachizga kuti mtundu wa H. heidelbergensis na "H. rhodesiensis" uleke kusangika, chifukwa zina lakuti rhodesiensis likuchindika Cecil Rhodes, munthu wa ku England, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵaleke kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha. Ŵakalemba kuti H. heidelbergensis yose ya ku Europe ni H. neanderthalensis, ndipo H. rhodesiensis ŵakayipangiska kuŵa mtundu uphya uwo ŵakawuchema kuti "H. bodoensis". "H. bodoensis" wakwimira ŵanthu awo ŵaliko sono, kweni wakusazgapo yayi ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano na ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal. Iwo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Pleistocene ŵakamba kusama chifukwa cha kusama kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo iyi. Stringer na ŵanyake ŵakakana ivyo ŵakayowoya chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulongosora umo fundo zawo zikovwilira..[15][16]

Wonaniso[lemba | kulemba source]

Ukaboni[lemba | kulemba source]

  1. ↑ "GBIF 787018738 Fossil of Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921". GBIF org. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  2. ↑ Grün, Rainer; Pike, Alistair; McDermott, Frank; Eggins, Stephen; Mortimer, Graham; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Lesley; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Rumsey, Michael; Denys, Christiane; Brink, James; Clark, Tara; Stringer, Chris (2020-04-01). "Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution" (PDF). Nature. 580 (7803): 372–375. Bibcode:2020Natur.580..372G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32296179. S2CID 214736650.
  3. ↑ Ni, Xijun; Ji, Qiang; Wu, Wensheng; Shao, Qingfeng; Ji, Yannan; Zhang, Chi; Liang, Lei; Ge, Junyi; Guo, Zhen; Li, Jinhua; Li, Qiang; Grün, Rainer; Stringer, Chris (2021-08-28). "Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage". The Innovation (in English). 2 (3): 100130. Bibcode:2021Innov...200130N. doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130. ISSN 2666-6758. PMC 8454562. PMID 34557770.
  4. ↑ H. James Birx (10 June 2010). 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4522-6630-5.
  5. ↑ Bernard Wood (31 March 2011). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 761–762. ISBN 978-1-4443-4247-5.
  6. ↑ "The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo" (PDF). Department of Anthropology, Harvard University. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  7. ↑ Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: R. David Begun (ed.), A Companion to Paleoanthropology, John Wiley, pp. 517-537 (p. 523).
  8. ↑ "Meet Bodo and Herto There is some discussion around the species assigned to Bodo". Nutcracker Man. April 7, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  9. ↑ Wood, Bernard (31 March 2011). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. ISBN 9781444342475. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Bodo". Humanorigins.si.edu. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  11. ↑ Pickering, Travis Rayne; White, Tim D.; Toth, Nicholas (2000). "Brief communication: Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 111 (4): 579–584. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(200004)111:4<579::aid-ajpa12>3.0.co;2-y. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 10727975.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rightmire, Philip G. (July 1996). "The human cranium from Bodo, Ethiopia: evidence for speciation in the Middle Pleistocene?". Journal of Human Evolution. 31 (1): 21–39. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0046. ISSN 0047-2484.
  13. ↑ Rightmire, G. Philip (January 2012). "The evolution of cranial form in mid-Pleistocene Homo". South African Journal of Science. 108 (3–4): 68–77. doi:10.4102/sajs.v108i3/4.719. ISSN 0038-2353.
  14. ↑ Conroy, Glenn C.; Weber, Gerhard W.; Seidler, Horst; Recheis, Wolfgang; Nedden, Dieter Zur; Mariam, Jara Haile (2000). "Endocranial capacity of the Bodo cranium determined from three-dimensional computed tomography". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 113 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1002/1096-8644(200009)113:1<111::aid-ajpa10>3.0.co;2-x. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 10954624.
  15. ↑ Delson, E.; Stringer, C. (2022). "The naming of Homo bodoensis by Roksandic and colleagues does not resolve issues surrounding Middle Pleistocene human evolution". Evolutionary Anthropology. 17 (1). doi:10.1002/evan.21950.
  16. ↑ Sarmiento, E.; Pickford, M. (2022). "Muddying the muddle in the middle even more". Evolutionary Anthropology. 31 (5): 237–239. doi:10.1002/evan.21952. PMID 35758530. S2CID 250071605.

Mabuku[lemba | kulemba source]

Vigaŵa vya kuwaro[lemba | kulemba source]

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