Woyendetsa ndege

United States Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo. F.W. "Mike" Hunter wakuvwara suti ya ndege mu Okutobala 1942

Woyendetsa ndege ni munthu uyo wakulongozga ndege pakugwiliskira nchito nthowa yakulongozgera ndege. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, nga ni awo ŵakwendeska ndege panji awo ŵakovwira kupanga ndege, nawo ŵakuchemeka ŵalaŵiliri ŵa ndege. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, nga ni awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege za drone, ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege za ndege, na ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, ŵakuŵa nga ni awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege yayi.

Pakuwona maluso na milimo ya awo ŵakwendeska ndege, ŵasilikari ŵanandi na makampani ghanandi gha ndege pa caru cose ŵakuŵapa badges.

Mbiri

Kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupwetekeka mu mlengalenga panji pasi, nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ndege zikakhumbikwiranga kuti nyengo zose munthu uyo wakendeskanga ndiyo wazilongozgenge. Wupu wa Aéro-Club de France ukapeleka satifiketi yakwamba kwa Louis Blériot mu 1908, pamanyuma pake Glenn Curtiss, Léon Delagrange, na Robert Esnault-Pelterie. Mu 1910, gulu la British Royal Aero Club likamba kuwungana, ndipo mu 1911, gulu la Aero Club of America likamba kuwungana.

Ŵanthu

Awo ŵakwendeska ndege za ŵanthu wose ŵakuwuluka ndege za mtundu uliwose paŵekha kuti ŵasanguluskike, kovwira ŵanthu, panji kuchita bizinesi, panji kuti ŵagwiliskire ntchito ndege za ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege yayi (charter), za ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege, za katundu (airlines), za makampani, za ulimi (kusesa fuvu pa vyakurya, na vinyake), za kugega moto mu nkhorongo, na za kukora malango. Para munthu wakwenda pa ndege, kanandi wakuchemeka kuti pilot, ndipo uyo wakwendeska ndege wakuchemeka captain.

Gulu la ndege

Mu 2017, pa caru cose pakaŵa ŵakwendeska ndege 290,000 ndipo CAE Inc., iyo yikupanga vyakupangiska ndege, yikusachizga kuti mu 2027 paŵenge ŵakwendeska ndege 255,000.

Boeing yikukhazga kuti mu vyaka 20 kufuma mu 2018, paŵenge ŵakwendeska ndege 790,000, 635,000 ŵa ndege za malonda, 96,000 ŵa ndege za bizinesi na 59,000 ŵa ndege za helikopta: 33% mu Asia Pacific (261,000), 26% mu North America (206,000), 18% mu Europe (146,000), 8% mu Middle East (64,000), 7% mu Latin America (57,000), 4% mu Africa (29,000) na 3% mu Russia/Central Asia (27,000). Kuzakafika mu Novembala 2017, chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ŵakwendeska ndege, ŵakwendeska ndege ŵanyake ŵakafumanga mu ndege za maboma na kuwelera ku ndege. Mu ciyelezgero cimoza, munthu munyake uyo wakendeskanga ndege ya Global 6000, wakapokeranga ndalama zakukwana madola 250,000 pa chaka pa maora 10 panji 15 pa mwezi. Munthu uyo wakwendeska ndege ya Gulfstream G650 panji Global 6000 wangasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 245,000 m'paka 265,000, ndipo kuti munthu waŵe mupayiniya wakwenera kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 300,000. Paumaliro wa nkhani iyi, ŵapayiniya ŵachokoŵacoko ŵakulemba ŵapayiniya ŵaphya awo ŵakukhumbikwira maora 300 kuti ŵambe kwendera ndege. Ŵangagwiliskaso nchito awo ŵandaciteko upayiniya, awo ŵali na nchito zinyake, panji awo ŵafuma pa nchito ndipo ŵakukhumba kulutilira kwendera ndege.

Kugwiliskira nchito makina

Ŵanthu awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵangamba kuchepa chifukwa chakuti ŵadokotala ŵamba kwendera ŵekha. Mu Janyuwale 2017, Rhett Ross, CEO wa kampani ya Continental Motors, wakati: "Nkhufipa mtima kuti mu vyaka 20 vyakunthazi, panji munthazi chomene, ndege izo zikuyendera paŵekha zizamuŵa kuti zapangika mwakukwana kuti zikhuŵazge malipiro, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyendera ndege, na ntchito izo zikuchitika. Ntheura usange mwana wakufumba fumbo ili sono ndipo wali na vyaka 18, mu vyaka 20 kufuma sono kuzamuŵa chaka cha 2037 ndipo munthu uyo wakukhumba kucita nchito wazamuŵa na vyaka 38 - nanga ni pakati pa nchito yayi. Kasi ni njani wa ise uyo wakughanaghana kuti ndege zizamuwoneka nga umo ziliri sono?" Christian Dries, mwenecho wa kampani ya Diamond Aircraft Austria wakati: "Kumbuyo kwa chithuzithuzi, awo ŵakupanga ndege ŵakuchita ntchito ya kupanga ndege ya munthu yumoza. Paumaliro, ndege izi zizamuyendera paŵekha, ndipo nkhukhazga kuti mu vyaka vinkhondi panji vinkhondi na cimoza, ndege izi zizamuyendera paŵekha".

Mu Ogasiti 2017, kampani ya ndalama ya UBS yikayowoyerathu kuti ndege zambura ŵanthu zingawoneka mu 2025, ndipo zingapulumutsa ndalama zakukwana madola 35 biliyoni, comenecomene mu ndalama zakwendeskera ndege: madola 26 biliyoni ku makampani gha ndege, madola 3 biliyoni ku ndege za bizinesi na madola 2.1 biliyoni ku ndege za ŵanthu; madola 3 biliyoni pa caka kufuma ku masukulu ghakukhozga ŵanthu na ndalama za inshuwalansi ya ndege cifukwa ca maulendo ghakuvikilirika.

Vinthu vikwenera kunozgekaso kuti katundu uyo wakwendeskeka na ndege waŵe wakuzirwa chomene, kweni ndege zambura ŵanthu zingaŵa na mphaka chifukwa cha nkharo ya ŵanthu.

Geoff Rapoport, mulembi wa AVweb, wakati: "Vyuni vyambura ŵanthu ni nthowa yiwemi comene yakuti makampani gha ndege ghasange ŵanthu ŵanandi mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikwiza. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, malipiro na masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵanthu vya ku malo ghanyake gha ku United States ghakukwera comene cifukwa cakuti makampani ghakurughakuru gha ndege ghakulemba ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha pa msonkho ukuru comene kuti ŵakwaniske kwenda pa ndege cifukwa ca kukura kwa cuma ndiposo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufumapo pa nchito".

Kuwelera ku ndege zambura ŵanthu kungacitika mwakucita cinthu cimoza panji mwakucita vinthu vinyake vyakusazgikira, nga nkhuchepeska ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mu ndege pa maulendo ghatali panji kuzomerezga ndege za katundu za munthu yumoza. Viŵanda vyandyali vindasankhepo cakucita. Magulu agho ghalipo sono ghakukhala ghapekha yayi ndipo ghakwenera kulongozgeka. Chifukwa chakuti ndege ya Airbus A350 yikukhumbikwira kusintha pachoko waka, wupu wa Air Caraibes na French Bee Groupe Dubreuil ukukhumba kuti pa ndege izo zikwenda mtunda utali, paŵe ŵanthu ŵaŵiri.

Ndege za munthu yumoza izo zikuyegha katundu zingamba kwendera dera. Bungwe la Air Line Pilots Association likugomezga kuti kuwuskamo ŵakwendeska ndege kungakhwaska umoyo wa ndege ndipo likususka chigaŵa cha 744 cha chikalata cha FAA cha mu Epulero 2018 chakupanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku na chitukuko yakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege yimoza kuti ŵendeskenge ndege za katundu.

Ku malo ghaku France ghakuchemeka Onera na Thales Group ghakuchemeka Thales, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu vya Artificial Intelligence (AI) ŵakumanya yayi umo vinthu ivi vikugwilira nchito. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikwiza, ŵanthu ŵazamulutilira kumanya umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya umanyi, chifukwa wupu wa Onera ukukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya umanyi.

Asia na Africa

Mu vyaru vinyake, nga ni Pakistan, Thailand, na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵasilikari ŵakukolerana comene na makampani ghakurughakuru gha ndege, ndipo ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakwendeska ndege zinandi. Nangauli mu ndege za ku United States na ku Europe muli ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari, kweni ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbacilendo. Nangauli masukulu gha ŵasilikari ghakuŵa ghakusuzga, kweni ghakupambana comene na gha ŵanthu.

Canada

Kugwiliskira nchito ndege mu Canada kukwendeskeka na Dango la vya Ndege la 1985 ndipo malango gha Canada ghakukhwaskana na vya ndege ghakulongosora malango ghakwendeskera masambiro gha ndege mu Canada.

Gulu lililose la ndege likupeleka vyaka vya kupumura pa nchito, ndipo ŵanji ŵakuŵa na vyaka 60, kweni malango gha ku Canada ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakukanizga ŵanthu kupumura pa nchito.

Wankhondo

Wupu wa United States Air Force (USAF) F-16 woyendetsa ndege

Awo ŵakwendeska ndege za ŵasilikari ŵakuwuluka na ŵasilikari ŵa boma panji ŵa boma. Mauteŵeti ghawo ghakukolerana na nkhondo na milimo yinyake, kusazgapo nkhondo za ku nkhondo na milimo yakovwira. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵakusambizgika umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vilwero. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakuŵa nga mbalongozgi ŵa ndege za nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege za mabomba, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege za pa mtunda, ŵasilikari ŵakuyezgelera ndege, na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga.

Awo ŵakuwovwira ŵasilikari ŵakusambira vinthu vyakupambana na awo ŵakuwovwira ŵasilikari. Vinthu ivi vikupangika cifukwa ca mitundu yakupambana-pambana ya ndege, vilato vya ndege, umo vinthu viliri pa ndege, na milimo iyo yikukhumbikwa. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakuŵa ŵasilikari para ŵafuma mu usilikari.

Vyakuyegha ndege vyambura ŵanthu

Wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa United States Air Force.

Vinthu vyambura ŵanthu (UAVs, panji kuti "drones") vikwenda kwambura munthu uyo wakuviwovwira ndipo vikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: ndege zambura munthu uyo wakuzilongozga pa nyengo iyo zikwenda na Vinthu vyambura ŵanthu ivyo munthu yumoza panji ŵanandi ŵakuviwovwira. Munthu uyo wakwendeska ndege ya UAV iyo yikwendeskeka patali wangamanyikwa kuti ni piloti panji woyendetsa ndege. Kuyana na umo UAV yikugwilira nchito, awo ŵakwendeska panji awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito UAV ŵangakhumbikwira kuŵa na masatifiketi panji masambiro, kweni kanandi ŵakukhumbikwira yayi kuŵa na masatifiketi gha awo ŵakwendeska ndege.

Vyaru vinandi vili na malango ghakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti zileke kugwiliskirika nchito mu malo gha mlengalenga. Ku United States, kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV ni kwakukwana yayi mu malo gha mu mlengalenga agho ghali na mazaza. Para malango ghaŵikika kuti ghazomerezge kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV mu malo gha mlengalenga ghakuzomerezgeka, pakwenera kuŵa unandi wa ndege izi, ndipo ntheura pakukhumbikwira ŵalaŵiliri ŵa ndege izi.

Nyengo zilipo

Cithuzithuzi ca munthu uyo wakwenda mu mlengalenga wakucita maseŵero ghakusambizgira ŵanthu.

Fundo yakuti munthu wakwendeska ndege yingagwiliskikaso ntchito para munthu wakwenda mu mlengalenga. Uyo wakwendeska ndege ndiyo wakwendeska ndege. Lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti "pilot" ilo likuyowoyeka mu ndege.

Vyakuyegha ndege vyambura ŵanthu

Wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa United States Air Force.

Awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵakuŵa na maora ghanandi gha masambiro gha umo ŵangayendera, agho ghakupambana mu vyaru na vyaru. Cinthu cakwamba ico mukwenera kucita nkhusanga layisensi ya woyendetsa ndege. Ku United States of America, para munthu wakwera ndege wakuŵa kuti wasambira maora 35 m'paka 40.

Ku United States, munthu wangaŵa na layisensi ya ndege ya LSA (Light Sport Aircraft) para wakwera ndege kwa maora 20.

Para munthu wakukhumba kuŵa mupayiniya, wakwenera kuŵa na ID (Instrument Rating) panji ID (Multi-Engine Rating).

Usange munthu wakukhumba kuchita ntchito panji kuŵa na maluso ghakuyana na ghake, wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi ya kulaŵilira ndege. Kuti munthu waŵe kapitawo wa ndege, wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi ya kulaŵilira ndege. Pamanyuma pa 1 Ogasiti 2013, nanga wangaŵa Mulara Wakwamba (FO), ATPL yikukhumbikwa. Vyaru vinyake vikukhumba panji kugwiliskira nchito chipharazgo cha ŵantchito ŵanandi.