Ufumu wa Roma
Nkhani iyi yikukhumbikwira kusazgilamo vinyake kuti ikule. This article needs to be revised. |
---|
Roman Empire
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
The Roman Empire from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire
|
||||||
Pasono | Empire | |||||
Msumba Waboma |
| |||||
Chiyowoyelo chaboma | Chilatini | |||||
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu | {{{ethnic_groups}}} | |||||
Vipembezo |
|
|||||
Mwenecharu | Roman | |||||
Mtundu wa Boma | Semi-elective absolute monarchy (de facto) | |||||
Ndalama | sestertius,[lower-alpha 3] aureus, solidus, nomisma |
Ufumu wa Roma (Latin: Imperium Romanum [ɪmˈpɛri.ũː roːˈmaːnũː]; Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν ??ωμαίων, translit. Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) yikaŵa nyengo ya ku Roma. Mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵa kufupi na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani ku Europe, North Africa, na Western Asia. Kufuma apo Kesare Augusto wakambira kuwusa mu ufumu wa Romu m'paka apo ufumu wa Romu ukambira kulamulira mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., msumba uwu ukaŵa wa Italy. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mafumu ghanandi ghakawusanga Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Msumba wa Roma ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi m'paka mu 476 C.E. apo ŵasilikari ŵakatumizga vimanyikwiro vya ufumu ku Constantinople. Chikhristu chikati chazomerezgeka kuŵa tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Roma mu 380 C.E. ndipo Ufumu wa Roma wa Kumanjiliro gha dazi ukathereskeka na mathemba gha ku Germany, vikaŵa nga ni para nyengo yakale yili kumara ndipo nyengo ya ku Middle Ages yikamba. Chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika, kweniso chifukwa chakuti Ufumu wa Romu wa kumafumiro gha dazi ukazgoka wa Ŵagiriki, ŵanthu ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuyowoya kuti Ufumu wa Romu uwo ukakhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi ukaŵa wa Byzantine.
Ufumu wa Romu, uwo ukaŵa panthazi pa ufumu uwu, ukasuzgika chomene chifukwa cha nkhondo za pawenenawene na viwawa vya ndyali. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., Julius Caesar wakimikika kuŵa dictator perpetuo ("munthu wakulamulira kwamuyirayira"), ndipo pamanyuma wakakomeka mu 44 B.C.E. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikalutilira, ndipo paumaliro Octavian wakathereska Mark Antony na Cleopatra pa Nkhondo ya Actium mu 31 BC. Chaka chakulondezgapo, Octavian wakathereska ufumu wa Ptolemaic ku Egypt, ndipo nyengo ya Hellenistic yikamara. Octavian wakaŵaso na mazaza pa ŵanthu wose, ndipo wupu wa ku Rome ukamupa mazaza ghose na zina lakuti Augusto. Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya Romu vikaŵa vyakupambanapambana.
Mu vyaka 200 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wa Ŵaroma, vinthu vikaŵa makora chomene. "Mtende wa Ŵaroma"). Mu nyengo ya Trajan (mu 98-117 C.E.), ufumu wa Roma ukafika pa malo ghakuru chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., Ufumu wa Roma ukakumana na suzgo likuru chomene, chifukwa Ufumu wa Gallic na Palmyrene ukafumako ku ufumu wa Roma. Mu nyengo ya Aurelian (r. 270–275). Kuti wamazge suzgo ili, Diocletian wakimika makhoti ghaŵiri gha ufumu mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Greece na cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Latin mu 286; Ŵakhristu ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. pamanyuma pa dango la ku Milan mu 313. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na Ŵahuni ŵa ku Attila ŵakamba kugaluka. Apo msumba wa Ravenna ukathereskeka na Ŵageremani ŵa Herulian kweniso apo Odoacer wakathereska Romulus Augustus mu 476 C.E., Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa. Ufumu wa ku mpoto wa Ŵaroma ukakhalako vyaka vinandi m'paka apo msumba wa Constantinople ukagolera mu 1453 na Ŵaturuki ŵa Ottoman.
Chifukwa chakuti Ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa ukuru chomene kweniso ukakhala nyengo yitali, vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga mu ufumu uwu vikakhwaska chomene chiyowoyero, chisopa, luso, maofesi, mabuku, vinjeru vya ŵanthu, malango, na maboma. Chilatini icho Ŵaroma ŵakayowoyanga ndicho chikazgoka viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale na mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Roma ukati wamba kugomezga Cikristu, pakaŵa cisopa cautesi. Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki ŵakakhwaska comene luso lwa ku Italy. Maluso gha ku Roma ghakaŵa ghakovwira chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga nyumba za Ŵaroma, Renaissance, na Neoclassical. Ku Europe, sayansi ya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma (iyo yikapangiska sayansi ya Chisilamu) yikambaso. Dango la Ŵaroma lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali kulondezga malango gha mazuŵa ghano, nga ni Dango la Napoleon ku France, apo boma la Romu lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kulondezga malango agha.
Cholowa
[lemba | kulemba source]Vyaru vinandi vikayowoya kuti vikaŵa mu muwuso wa Ŵaroma pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Ŵaroma wa ku Western wareka kuwusa. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma, uwo ukaŵa chiyezgo cha kuwuska ufumu wa Ŵaroma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukakhazikiskika mu 800 apo Papa Leo III wakathya mphumphu Themba la Ŵafrankhi Charlemagne kuŵa themba la Ŵaroma pa Khisimasi. Ufumu uwu ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza m'paka mu 1806, apo chigaŵa chikuru cha ufumu uwu chikazgoka Confederation of the Rhine. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni nyumba yake yikaluza zina ili pamanyuma pakuti Napoleon waleka ufumu wake.
Pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa Constantinople, Ufumu wa Russia, pakuŵa muwukirano wa Ufumu wa Byzantine, ukajiwonanga kuti ni ufumu wacitatu wa Roma. Fundo izi zikucemeka kuti translatio imperii. Pambuyo pa kuwina kwa Ufumu wa Russia, wolamulidwa ndi Nyumba ya Romanov, izi zinathera mu Russian Revolution ya 1917 pamene mabolchevik oukira anagwetsa ufumu.
Pamanyuma pa kuguliska mutu wa ufumu wa ufumu wa ufumu wa kumpoto kwa Romu, Andres Palaiologos, kwa Ferdinand II wa Aragon na Isabella I wa Castile, na mgwirizano wa ufumu wa ufumu wa Spain, ufumu uwu ukazgoka muwuso wa ufumu wa Romu.
Apo ŵa Ottoman ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Constantinople mu 1453, Mehmed II wakaŵika msumba wake ukuru mu msumba uwu. Wakambiska nkhondo ya Ottoman ya Otranto, iyo yikaŵa ku Southern Italy, na cilato cakuti wambeso kuwunganya ufumu, kweni nyifwa yake yikapangiska kuti nkhondo iyi yimare. Mehmed II wakacemaso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ku msumba wake ukuru, kusazgapo Gentile Bellini.
Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., lizgu lakuti "Roma" likang'anamuranga tchalitchi na papa wa ku Roma. Zina la Chigiriki lakuti Romaioi likalutilira kulembeka mu chiyowoyero cha Chigiriki mu Ufumu wa Roma.
Chiharo cha ufumu wa Roma cha kulamulira chilumba cha Italy chikakhwaska mtundu wa Italy na kuwungana kwa Italy mu 1861. Charu cha Roma chikalutilira kuŵa na maghanoghano gha ŵasilikari, chomenechomene Ufumu wa Italy na Nazi Germany.
Mu ndyali za United States, Ŵawiskewo ŵa United States ŵakasambizgika mu mitheto ya Classical, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito viyelezgero vya Classical pa kuzenga vinthu vya ku America, kuti ŵaleke kuzunura vinthu vya ku Europe nga ni nyumba zacifumu na macalichi. Pakusambizga fundo yawo ya dango lakusazgikana, awo ŵakambiska ŵakawoneseskanga kuti demokilase ya ku Ateni na boma la Romu ni vyakuwonerapo, kweni ŵakawonanga kuti themba la Romu ni munthu wa nkhaza.
Ukaboni
[lemba | kulemba source]- Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 978-0-543-92749-1.
- Adams, J. N. (2003). "'Romanitas' and the Latin Language". Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.
- Albrecht, Michael von (1997). A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature. Vol. 2. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10709-0.
- Ando, Clifford (2000). Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22067-6.
- Auguet, Roland (2012). Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-09343-3.
- Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps: a Life and Times. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16524-2.
- Boardman, John, ed. (2000). The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26335-1.
- Bohec, Yann Le (2000). The Imperial Roman Army. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-22295-2.
- Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. p. 625. ISBN 978-0-674-51173-6.
- Bradley, Keith (1994). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
- Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil, eds. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.
- Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter, eds. (1998). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5.
- Cavallo, Guglielmo; Chartier, Roger (1999). A History of Reading in the West. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-1936-1.
- Clarke, John R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08429-2.
- Duncan-Jones, Richard (1994). Money and Government in the Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-521-44192-6.
- Dyson, Stephen L. (2010). Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0101-0.
- Edmondson, J.C. (1996). "Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire". Roman Theater and Society. University of Michigan Press.
- Edwards, Catharine (2007). Death in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11208-5.
- Elsner, Jaś; Huskinson (2011). Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-020213-7.
- Frier, Bruce W.; McGinn, Thomas A. (2004). A Casebook on Roman Family Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516185-4.
- Gagarin, Michael, ed. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6.
- Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2003). The Complete Roman Army. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05124-5.
- Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2009). How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13719-4.
Commodus Gibbon
- Habinek, Thomas N. (2005). The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8105-3.
- Harris, W. V. (1989). Ancient Literacy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03381-8.
- Harris, W. V. (1999). "Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 62–75. doi:10.2307/300734. JSTOR 300734. S2CID 162766304.
- Harris, W. V. (2010). The Nature of Roman Money. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958671-4.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - Holleran, Claire (2012). Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate. Oxford Universwity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969821-9.
- Humphrey, John H. (1986). Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04921-5.
- Huzar, Eleanor Goltz (1978). Mark Antony: a Biography. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-0863-8.
- Johnson, William A.; Parker, Holt N. (2009). Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971286-1.
- Johnson, William A. (2010). Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972105-4.
- Jones, A. H. M. (1960). "The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire". Economic History Review. 13 (2): 183–192. JSTOR 2591177.
- Jones, Mark Wilson (2003) [2000]. Principles of Roman Architecture. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10202-4.
- Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (2012). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna". Journal of Roman Studies. 62: 59–74. doi:10.2307/298927. JSTOR 298927. S2CID 162096359.
- Kelly, Christopher (2007). The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280391-7.
- Kousser, Rachel Meredith (2008). Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture: The Allure of the Classical. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87782-4.
- Laes, Christian (2011). Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89746-4.
- Marshall, Anthony J. (1976). "Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome". Phoenix. 30 (3): 252–264. doi:10.2307/1087296. JSTOR 1087296.
- Millar, Fergus (2012). "Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status". Journal of Roman Studies. 73: 76–96. doi:10.2307/300073. JSTOR 300073. S2CID 159799017.
- Mommsen, Theodore (2005) [1909]. Dickson, William P. (ed.). The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian. Translated by William P. Dickson. University of Michigan Library.
- Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970761-4.
- Naerebout, Frederick G. (2007). "Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents". Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Brill.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - Nicolet, Claude (1991). Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10096-5.
- Peachin, Michael, ed. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518800-4.
- Potter, David Stone; Mattingly, D. J. (1999). Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08568-2.
- Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
- Rochette, Bruno (2012). "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire". A Companion to the Latin Language. pp. 549–563. doi:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30. hdl:2268/35932. ISBN 978-1-4443-4339-7.
- Rawson, Beryl (1987). The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9460-4.
- Rawson, Beryl (2003). Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-151423-4.
- Roberts, Michael John (1989). The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2265-2.
- Rüpke, Jörg (2007). A Companion to Roman Religion. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-76645-3.
- Stambaugh, John E. (1988). The Ancient Roman City. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3692-3.
- Sullivan, Richard D. (1990). Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2682-8.
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- Virgil. Aeneid.
- Vout, Caroline (2009). "The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress". Greece and Rome. 43 (2): 204–220. doi:10.1093/gr/43.2.204.
- Winterling, Aloys (2009). Politics and Society in Imperial Rome. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-7969-0.
- Wiseman, T.P. (1970). "The Definition of Eques Romanus". Historia. 19 (1): 67–83.
- Wood, Gordon S. (2011). The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51514-3.
- ↑ Wolff, Robert Lee (1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum. 23 (1): 1–34, especially 2–3. doi:10.2307/2853672. JSTOR 2853672. S2CID 162802725.
- ↑ Gillett, Andrew (2001). "Rome, Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors". Papers of the British School at Rome. 69: 131–167. doi:10.1017/S0068246200001781. ISSN 0068-2462. S2CID 129373675.
Longola ivyo vyabudika: <ref>
tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/>
tag was found