Wonani kulemba kwambula kuona kwa Ng’ombe

{{Speciesbox
| image = Cow (Fleckvieh breed) Oeschinensee Slaunger 2009-07-07.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = Ng'ombe ya mtundu wa Swiss Fleckvieh iyo yikuvwara kampasi
| status = DOM
| genus = Bos
| species = taurus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms = * ''Bos primigenius taurus''
* ''Bos longifrons''
| range_map = GLW 2 global distributions of a) cattle.tif
| range_map_caption = Bovine distribution
}}
'''Ng’ombe''' ('''Bos taurus''') ni nyama zikuruzikuru, zakukhazikika, zakudumura, zakurya vyakumera. Ni viŵeto vya mazuŵa ghano vya mu mbumba ya Bovinae, ndipo ni vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika chomene mu fuko la Bos. Ŵanakazi ŵakukhwima ŵakucemeka ng'ombe ndipo ŵanalume ŵakukhwima ŵakucemeka ng'ombe zanalume.

Ng'ombe zikuliskika kuti ziŵe na nyama, mkaka, na vikumba. Vinyama ivi vikugwiliskirika nchito pakuŵa viŵeto vyakukwelera na vyakukwerapo (ng'ombe panji ng'ombe, izo zikuguza magileta, viŵeto na vinthu vinyake). Vinthu vinyake ivyo ng'ombe zikuguliska ni vyoto ivyo vikugwiliskirika nchito kupanga manyowa panji mafuta. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nga ni ku India, ng'ombe zili na ng'anamuro likuru pa nkhani ya cisopa. Ng'ombe, comenecomene za mitundu yicoko nga ni Zebu, nazo zikuŵikika kuŵa viŵeto.

Viŵeto vyakupambanapambana vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ng'ombe izi zikusangika comene mu vyaru vya ku Europe, Asia, America, na Australia. Ng'ombe za zebus (izo zikuchemekaso kuti ng'ombe za indicine) zikuzunulika chomene mu India na mu vyaru vyakutentha vya ku Asia, America, na Australia. Ng'ombe za Sanga zikusangika comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Mitundu iyi (iyo nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka kuti mitundu panji vigaŵa) yili kugaŵika mu mitundu yakujumpha 1,000.

Pafupifupi vyaka 10,500 ivyo vyajumpha, ng'ombe za ng'ombe za ng'ombe zikaŵa za viŵeto vya viŵeto 80 mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Anatolia, Levant, na Western Iran. <ref name="HowNowCow">{{cite journal |last1=Bollongino |first1=R. |last2=Burger |first2=J. |last3=Powell |first3=A. |last4=Mashkour |first4=M. |last5=Vigne |first5=J.-D. |last6=Thomas |first6=M. G. |year=2012 |title=Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=2101–2104 |doi=10.1093/molbev/mss092 |pmid=22422765 |doi-access=free }} Op. cit. in {{cite news |last1=Wilkins |first1=Alasdair |work=[[io9]] |url=http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology |title=DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512072737/http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha India, pakaŵaso chigaŵa chinyake icho chikaŵa na chiŵeto chakuchemeka zebu. Kuyana na wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya na ulimi (FAO), pa charu pali ng'ombe pafupifupi 1.5 biliyoni. <ref name="Live Animals">{{cite web |title=Live Animals |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA/visualize |website=FAO |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831082444/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |archive-date=31 August 2020 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Ng'ombe ndizo zikupangiska kuti viŵeto vipelekenge magesi ghakukoma. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 October 2021|title=Treating beef like coal would make a big dent in greenhouse-gas emissions|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/10/02/treating-beef-like-coal-would-make-a-big-dent-in-greenhouse-gas-emissions|access-date=3 November 2021|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Mu 2009, ng'ombe yikaŵa yimoza mwa viŵeto vyakwamba kuŵa na mapu gha viŵeto. <ref name="Cattle genome">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/23/AR2009042303453.html |title=Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=23 April 2009 |first=David |last=Brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203746/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/23/AR2009042303453.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Kulemba==
[[File:Zubron2.jpg|thumb|[[European bisonlamangwisent]] na ng'ombe zakusazgikana zina lake [[Żubroń]]]]
Pakwamba ng'ombe zikamanyikwanga kuti ni mitundu yitatu: 'Bos taurus', ng'ombe za ku Europe panji 'taurine' (mwa mitundu yakuyana waka ya ku Africa na Asia); 'Bos indicus', 'zebu Indicine' na 'Bos primigenius' izo zili kufwa. Viyuni ivi vikulongozgana na ng'ombe za zebus na za taurine. <ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222110938 |title=On the origin of cattle: How aurochs became domestic and colonized the world |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=19 |pages=148–157 |access-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171106/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222110938_On_the_origin_of_cattle_how_aurochs_became_domestic_and_colonized_the_world |archive-date=4 December 2017 |date=January 2010 |last1=Ajmone-Marsan |first1=Paolo |last2=Garcia |first2=J.F |last3=Lenstra |first3=Johannes |doi=10.1002/evan.20267 |s2cid=86035650 }}</ref> Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵakaŵasintha kuŵa mtundu umoza, "Bos taurus", ndipo vikoko vya aurochs, zebu, na taurine vikaŵa vigaŵa viŵiri. <ref name="MSW3Bostaurus">{{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200687|heading=''Bos taurus''}}</ref> Kweni ŵanthu ŵakususkana na fundo iyi ndipo ŵanyake ŵakutemwa kuti vyamoyo viŵe vyakupambana. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore the Database|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006267|access-date=21 August 2021|website=www.mammaldiversity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2004|title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440303001638|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=645–651|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006|issn=0305-4403|last1=Gentry|first1=Anthea|last2=Clutton-Brock|first2=Juliet|last3=Groves|first3=Colin P.}}</ref>

Cinthu cinyake ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe vyakusuzga nkhumanya umo ng'ombe zingaŵira na mitundu yinyake ya viŵeto. Vinyama vyakupambanapambana na mitundu yinyake vikuŵako, pakati pa ng'ombe za ng'ombe na za zebus (nga ni ng'ombe za sanga ('Bos taurus africanus' x 'Bos indicus'), kweniso pakati pa yumoza panji wose ŵaŵiri aŵa na ŵanji ŵa mu mtundu wa 'Bos'{{spaced ndash}} [[yak]]s (dzo panji yattle <ref>{{Cite news|last=Mummolo|first=Jonathan|date=2007-08-11|title=Yattle What?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/10/AR2007081002119.html|access-date=2023-03-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>) , banteng, na gaur. Viŵeto vyakupambanapambana nga ni viŵeto vya ng'ombe vingaŵako pakati pa ng'ombe za ng'ombe na vyamoyo vinyake vya ng'ombe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuviwona kuti ni viŵeto vya mtundu wa 'Bos'. <ref>Groves, C. P., 1981. Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). ''Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung'', '''4''':264–278., quoted in {{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200668|heading= Genus ''Bison''}}</ref> Mtundu unyake wa ng'ombe za mtundu uwu ukuwoneka makora yayi. Mwachiyelezgero, para munthu wakayezga viŵeto vya mtundu wa Dwarf Lulu, ng'ombe za mtundu wa taurine mu Nepal, wakumanya kuti ni ng'ombe za mtundu wa taurine, zebu, na yak. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Takeda |first=Kumiko |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu |journal=Animal Science Journal |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=103–110 |date=April 2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x |display-authors=etal }}</ref> Ndipouli, ng'ombe zingaŵa yayi na viŵeto vyakuyana waka nga ni mbaŵala za mu maji panji za mu Africa.

Pakwamba vikoko ivi vikaŵa mu vyaru vinandi nga ni Europe, North Africa, na Asia. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe pera, ndipo munthu waumaliro uyo ŵakamumanyanga wakafwira ku Poland mu 1627. <ref>Van Vuure, C.T. 2003. ''De Oeros – Het spoor terug'' (in Dutch), Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum: quoted by [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140454/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/aurochs.htm The Extinction Website: ''Bos primigenius primigenius''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140454/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/aurochs.htm |date=20 April 2009 }}</ref> Ŵakufuŵa ŵayezga kupanga viŵeto vyakuyana na viŵeto vya aurochs mwa kudumura viŵeto vyakupambanapambana.

Mitundu ya ng'ombe za ku Africa pera izo zilipo ni N'Dama, Ng'ombe za ku Kuri na mitundu yinyake ya Shorthorn ya ku West Africa. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/t1300t/t1300t0j.htm |title=Genetic characterization and West African cattle |first1=C. |last1=Meghen |first2=D.E. |last2=MacHugh |first3=D.G. |last3=Bradley |website=fao.org |access-date=20 September 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226101512/http://www.fao.org:80/3/t1300t/t1300T0j.htm |archive-date=26 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Viyowoyero==
Mazgu ghakuti "ng'ombe" ghakafuma ku ng'ombe yayi. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Anglo-Norman {{lang|xno|catel}} , kufuma ku Chilatini {{lang|la|capitale}} "ndalama yikuru, capital", iyo nayo yikufuma ku Latin {{lang|la|caput}} "mutu". 'Nyama' pakwamba yikang'anamuranga katundu wakunyamura, comenecomene viŵeto vya mtundu uliwose, mwakupambana na katundu wanadi (charu, ico cikasazgapo vinyama vyamuthengere panji viŵeto vichoko ivyo vikwenda mwakufwatuka nga ni nkhuku). <ref>{{OEtymD|cattle|accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="OED Cattle">{{Cite OED|cattle, n.|date=September 2014}}</ref> Lizgu ili likung'anamurika kuti 'Personal property (chattel)'(chipani cha katundu wa munthu) ndipo likukolerana na 'chattel' mu fundo ya cuma. <ref>{{OEtymD|chattel|accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|capital|accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="OED Cattle" /> 
Lizgu ili lili kunjira mu malo mwa lizgu lakale {{lang|ang|feoh}} "viŵeto, katundu", ivyo vichalipo lero nga ni "msonkho".

Mu Mabaibolo ghakale gha Cingelezi nga ni Baibolo la King James Version, mazgu ghakuti 'ng'ombe' ghakung'anamura viŵeto. "Ng'ombe zakutchire" zingaŵa ng'ombe zakutchire panji za mtundu wa "[[Bos]]" wambura kuzgoŵereka. Mazuŵa ghano, para lizgu lakuti "ng'ombe" likuyowoyeka kwambura lizgu linyake, likung'anamura ng'ombe zakulengeska. <ref name="OED Cattle" />

== Mazgu==
Kanandi mazgu ghakuyana waka ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweni pali mphambano yichoko waka. Mazgu agho ghalembeka apa ghakupambana na agho ghalembeka mu United Kingdom na mu vyaru vinyake nga Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, na United States. <ref name="cterm">{{cite web |url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Cattle_-_Terminology/id/1287270 |title=Cattle Terminology |publisher=experiencefestival.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401084434/http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Cattle_-_Terminology/id/1287270 |archive-date=1 April 2008 }}</ref>

===Mazgu ghanyake===
{{listen
| filename     = Mudchute cow 1.ogg
| title        = A cow's "moo"
}}

==Makhaliro==
===Vinthu vya thupi===
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 220
 | image1 = Скелет домашней коровы.jpg
 | alt1 = Viwangwa vili pa bolodi lifipa
 | caption1 = Displayed skeleton of a domestic cow
 | image2 = Modelo didático bovino (fundo branco).jpg
 | caption2 = Kawonekero ka ng'ombe
}}
Ng'ombe ni viyuni vikuru vyakukhwaŵa ivyo vili na viŵegha. Mitundu yinandi yili na masengwe ghakurughakuru, agho ghangaŵa ghakuru nga ni masengwe ghakurughakuru gha ku Texas panji ghachoko nga ni masengwe gha ku Texas. Kusankha viŵeto mwakupwelelera kwapangiska kuti viŵeto vyambura masengwe viŵe vinandi.

==== Vyakurya ====
Ng'ombe ni viŵeto vyakukhalapo, kung'anamura kuti viŵeto vyawo vili na nkhongono ya kurya vyakumera ivyo vikusuzga kumera. Ng'ombe zili na nthumbo yimoza ya vigaŵa vinayi, nthumbo ya nthumbo, nthumbo ya nthumbo, na nthumbo ya nthumbo.
Chiŵaro chichoko chomene cha mu thupi la munthu ndicho chikuchemeka "mphundwe". Ntchito yikuru ya chiŵiya ichi nkhunyamura maji na vyakurya ivyo vili mu vyakurya. Chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka "vigaŵa vinandi". Chiŵaro ichi chikuyana waka na nthumbo ya munthu, lekani chikuchemeka nthumbo yanadi.

Ng'ombe zikumanyikwa kuti zikugwiliskira nchito vyakurya vyawo, nga ni viyuni vinandi. Apo nyama yikurya, yikumira kwambura kumyangura ndipo yikunjira mu nthumbo kuti yisungike m'paka yikasange malo ghawemi ghakuti yilutilire kumera. Chakurya chikufumira mu mulomo, ndipo chikuwelera mu mulomo, uko chakurya icho sono chikuchemeka kuti chiŵiya, chikuŵaŵa na viŵaro vya mu mulomo. Para vyakurya ivi vyamara, vikumera mu nthumbo. Majeremusi agha ndigho ghakupangiska kuti cellulose na ma carbohydrate ghanyake ghaŵe mafuta agho ng'ombe zikugwiliskira nchito nga ni mafuta. Majeremusi agho ghali mu rumen ghakupangaso amino acids kufuma ku vyakurya vyambura mapuloteni nga ni urea na ammonia. Para majeremusi agha ghakubaba mu nthumbo, ŵana ŵakufwa ndipo maselo ghakulutilira kukura. Maselo agha ghakumalira mu matumbo, ndipo ng'ombe zikuŵa na mapulotini ghanandi. Vinthu ivi vikovwira kuti ng'ombe zikondwenge na vyakumera vinyake vyakukhora.

====Utali wa nthumbo====
Ng'ombe yikuŵa na nthumbo myezi pafupifupi 9. Utali wa twana twa ng'ombe uto twababika sonosono ukusintha kuyana na mtundu wa ng'ombe, kweni twana twa ng'ombe uto twababika sonosono tukuŵa tuchoko chomene {{convert|25|to|45|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. Utali na uzito wa munthu wakukhwima vikupambana chomene kuyana na mtundu na kugonana. Kanandi ng'ombe zikukomeka pambere zindafike ku viŵeto vinyake {{convert|750|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}. Viŵeto ivi vingaŵa na umoyo utali ndipo nyengo zinyake vingakhala vyaka 25. Ng'ombe yakale comene iyo yikalembeka, yikafwa mu 1993 apo yikaŵa na vyaka 48.

====Kulemera kwake====
Ng'ombe zikuruzikuru zikupambana kulemera kuyana na mtundu wake. Viyuni vinyake vikuruvikuru nga ni Dexter na Jersey, vikupambana {{convert|600|and|1000|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. {{citation needed}} Mitundu yikuru-yikuru ya viŵeto ya ku Continental, nga ni Charolais, Marchigiana, Belgian Blue na Chianina {{convert|1400|to|2500|lb|order=flip|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed}} Mitundu ya ku Britain nga ni Hereford, Angus, na Shorthorn, yikukura pa msinkhu wa pakati pa chaka na mwezi {{convert|1000|to|2000|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} , nyengo zinyake kukwera, comenecomene ku Angus na Hereford. {{citation needed}} Ng'ombe za fuko limoza zikuŵa zikuru kuluska za fuko linyake. Ng'ombe za ku Britain zakuchemeka Hereford zikupima 
{{convert|600-800|kg|abbr=on}}; ng'ombe zikupima {{convert|1,000-1,200|kg|abbr=on}}. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cattlenetwork.net/breeds/hereford.htm|title=Hereford cattle weight|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124050154/http://www.cattlenetwork.net/breeds/hereford.htm|archive-date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Ng'ombe za Chianina zingaŵa na uzito wa mpaka {{convert|3300|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}}; Ng'ombe za ku Britain, nga ni Angus na Hereford, zingapima uzito wa viŵeto vichoko waka {{convert|2000|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} ndipo vinandi nga {{convert|3000|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed}}

Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ng'ombe yinonono comene pa caru cose yiŵeko ni {{convert|1740|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}, Chianina zina lake Donetto, apo wakawonekanga pa chiwonetsero cha Arezzo mu 1955. <ref name="ReferenceA">Friend, John B., Cattle of the World, Blandford Press, Dorset, 1978</ref> Ng'ombe yikuru comene yikaŵa ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, yakucemeka 'Old Ben,' iyo yikaŵa ya mtundu wa Shortthorn/{{wbr}}[[Hereford Cattle|Hereford]] Kulemera kwake {{convert|2140|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} mu 1910.<ref name="ReferenceB">McWhirter, Norris & Ross, ''Guinness Book of Records'', Redwood Press, Trowbridge, 1968</ref>

Ku United States, unandi wa ng'ombe nyama za Mu ma 1980, malo ghaphya ghakupakira viŵeto ghakawovwira kuti viŵeto vikure comene. <ref>Kenneth H. Mathews – 1999 – U.S. Beef Industry: Cattle Cycles, Price Spreads, and [[Packer concentration]]. Page 6</ref> Pambere chaka cha 1790 chindafike, ng'ombe za nyama zikaŵanga na viŵeto vinandi {{convert|350|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}} Kweni pamasinda vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. <ref>American Economic Growth and Standards of Living before the Civil War, Robert E. Gallman, John Joseph Wallis. 2007 p. 248</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://beefmagazine.com/genetics/0201-increased-beef-cows |title=Cattle increasing in size|access-date=5 May 2015 |website=Beef Magazine|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503101557/http://beefmagazine.com/genetics/0201-increased-beef-cows |archive-date=3 May 2015 |date=February 2009}}</ref>

==Ukaboni==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons|Category:Cattle|Ng’ombe}}

[[Category:Vinyama]]