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Ng’ombe

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Ng’ombe
Ng'ombe ya mtundu wa Swiss Fleckvieh iyo yikuvwara kampasi
Domesticated
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species:
B. taurus
Binomial name
Bos taurus
Bovine distribution
Synonyms
  • Bos primigenius taurus
  • Bos longifrons

Ng’ombe (Bos taurus) ni nyama zikuruzikuru, zakukhazikika, zakudumura, zakurya vyakumera. Ni viŵeto vya mazuŵa ghano vya mu mbumba ya Bovinae, ndipo ni vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika chomene mu fuko la Bos. Ŵanakazi ŵakukhwima ŵakucemeka ng'ombe ndipo ŵanalume ŵakukhwima ŵakucemeka ng'ombe zanalume.

Ng'ombe zikuliskika kuti ziŵe na nyama, mkaka, na vikumba. Vinyama ivi vikugwiliskirika nchito pakuŵa viŵeto vyakukwelera na vyakukwerapo (ng'ombe panji ng'ombe, izo zikuguza magileta, viŵeto na vinthu vinyake). Vinthu vinyake ivyo ng'ombe zikuguliska ni vyoto ivyo vikugwiliskirika nchito kupanga manyowa panji mafuta. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nga ni ku India, ng'ombe zili na ng'anamuro likuru pa nkhani ya cisopa. Ng'ombe, comenecomene za mitundu yicoko nga ni Zebu, nazo zikuŵikika kuŵa viŵeto.

Viŵeto vyakupambanapambana vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ng'ombe izi zikusangika comene mu vyaru vya ku Europe, Asia, America, na Australia. Ng'ombe za zebus (izo zikuchemekaso kuti ng'ombe za indicine) zikuzunulika chomene mu India na mu vyaru vyakutentha vya ku Asia, America, na Australia. Ng'ombe za Sanga zikusangika comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Mitundu iyi (iyo nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka kuti mitundu panji vigaŵa) yili kugaŵika mu mitundu yakujumpha 1,000.

Pafupifupi vyaka 10,500 ivyo vyajumpha, ng'ombe za ng'ombe za ng'ombe zikaŵa za viŵeto vya viŵeto 80 mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Anatolia, Levant, na Western Iran. [1] Mu chigaŵa cha India, pakaŵaso chigaŵa chinyake icho chikaŵa na chiŵeto chakuchemeka zebu. Kuyana na wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya na ulimi (FAO), pa charu pali ng'ombe pafupifupi 1.5 biliyoni. [2] Ng'ombe ndizo zikupangiska kuti viŵeto vipelekenge magesi ghakukoma. [3][4] Mu 2009, ng'ombe yikaŵa yimoza mwa viŵeto vyakwamba kuŵa na mapu gha viŵeto. [5]

Kulemba

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European bisonlamangwisent na ng'ombe zakusazgikana zina lake Żubroń

Pakwamba ng'ombe zikamanyikwanga kuti ni mitundu yitatu: 'Bos taurus', ng'ombe za ku Europe panji 'taurine' (mwa mitundu yakuyana waka ya ku Africa na Asia); 'Bos indicus', 'zebu Indicine' na 'Bos primigenius' izo zili kufwa. Viyuni ivi vikulongozgana na ng'ombe za zebus na za taurine. [6] Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵakaŵasintha kuŵa mtundu umoza, "Bos taurus", ndipo vikoko vya aurochs, zebu, na taurine vikaŵa vigaŵa viŵiri. [7] Kweni ŵanthu ŵakususkana na fundo iyi ndipo ŵanyake ŵakutemwa kuti vyamoyo viŵe vyakupambana. [8][9]

Cinthu cinyake ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe vyakusuzga nkhumanya umo ng'ombe zingaŵira na mitundu yinyake ya viŵeto. Vinyama vyakupambanapambana na mitundu yinyake vikuŵako, pakati pa ng'ombe za ng'ombe na za zebus (nga ni ng'ombe za sanga ('Bos taurus africanus' x 'Bos indicus'), kweniso pakati pa yumoza panji wose ŵaŵiri aŵa na ŵanji ŵa mu mtundu wa 'Bos' – yaks (dzo panji yattle [10]) , banteng, na gaur. Viŵeto vyakupambanapambana nga ni viŵeto vya ng'ombe vingaŵako pakati pa ng'ombe za ng'ombe na vyamoyo vinyake vya ng'ombe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuviwona kuti ni viŵeto vya mtundu wa 'Bos'. [11] Mtundu unyake wa ng'ombe za mtundu uwu ukuwoneka makora yayi. Mwachiyelezgero, para munthu wakayezga viŵeto vya mtundu wa Dwarf Lulu, ng'ombe za mtundu wa taurine mu Nepal, wakumanya kuti ni ng'ombe za mtundu wa taurine, zebu, na yak. [12] Ndipouli, ng'ombe zingaŵa yayi na viŵeto vyakuyana waka nga ni mbaŵala za mu maji panji za mu Africa.

Pakwamba vikoko ivi vikaŵa mu vyaru vinandi nga ni Europe, North Africa, na Asia. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe pera, ndipo munthu waumaliro uyo ŵakamumanyanga wakafwira ku Poland mu 1627. [13] Ŵakufuŵa ŵayezga kupanga viŵeto vyakuyana na viŵeto vya aurochs mwa kudumura viŵeto vyakupambanapambana.

Mitundu ya ng'ombe za ku Africa pera izo zilipo ni N'Dama, Ng'ombe za ku Kuri na mitundu yinyake ya Shorthorn ya ku West Africa. [14]

Viyowoyero

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Mazgu ghakuti "ng'ombe" ghakafuma ku ng'ombe yayi. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Anglo-Norman catel , kufuma ku Chilatini capitale "ndalama yikuru, capital", iyo nayo yikufuma ku Latin caput "mutu". 'Nyama' pakwamba yikang'anamuranga katundu wakunyamura, comenecomene viŵeto vya mtundu uliwose, mwakupambana na katundu wanadi (charu, ico cikasazgapo vinyama vyamuthengere panji viŵeto vichoko ivyo vikwenda mwakufwatuka nga ni nkhuku). [15][16] Lizgu ili likung'anamurika kuti 'Personal property (chattel)'(chipani cha katundu wa munthu) ndipo likukolerana na 'chattel' mu fundo ya cuma. [17][18][16] Lizgu ili lili kunjira mu malo mwa lizgu lakale feoh "viŵeto, katundu", ivyo vichalipo lero nga ni "msonkho".

Mu Mabaibolo ghakale gha Cingelezi nga ni Baibolo la King James Version, mazgu ghakuti 'ng'ombe' ghakung'anamura viŵeto. "Ng'ombe zakutchire" zingaŵa ng'ombe zakutchire panji za mtundu wa "Bos" wambura kuzgoŵereka. Mazuŵa ghano, para lizgu lakuti "ng'ombe" likuyowoyeka kwambura lizgu linyake, likung'anamura ng'ombe zakulengeska. [16]

Mazgu

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Kanandi mazgu ghakuyana waka ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweni pali mphambano yichoko waka. Mazgu agho ghalembeka apa ghakupambana na agho ghalembeka mu United Kingdom na mu vyaru vinyake nga Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, na United States. [19]

Mazgu ghanyake

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A cow's "moo"
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Makhaliro

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Vinthu vya thupi

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Viwangwa vili pa bolodi lifipa
Displayed skeleton of a domestic cow
Kawonekero ka ng'ombe

Ng'ombe ni viyuni vikuru vyakukhwaŵa ivyo vili na viŵegha. Mitundu yinandi yili na masengwe ghakurughakuru, agho ghangaŵa ghakuru nga ni masengwe ghakurughakuru gha ku Texas panji ghachoko nga ni masengwe gha ku Texas. Kusankha viŵeto mwakupwelelera kwapangiska kuti viŵeto vyambura masengwe viŵe vinandi.

Vyakurya

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Ng'ombe ni viŵeto vyakukhalapo, kung'anamura kuti viŵeto vyawo vili na nkhongono ya kurya vyakumera ivyo vikusuzga kumera. Ng'ombe zili na nthumbo yimoza ya vigaŵa vinayi, nthumbo ya nthumbo, nthumbo ya nthumbo, na nthumbo ya nthumbo. Chiŵaro chichoko chomene cha mu thupi la munthu ndicho chikuchemeka "mphundwe". Ntchito yikuru ya chiŵiya ichi nkhunyamura maji na vyakurya ivyo vili mu vyakurya. Chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka "vigaŵa vinandi". Chiŵaro ichi chikuyana waka na nthumbo ya munthu, lekani chikuchemeka nthumbo yanadi.

Ng'ombe zikumanyikwa kuti zikugwiliskira nchito vyakurya vyawo, nga ni viyuni vinandi. Apo nyama yikurya, yikumira kwambura kumyangura ndipo yikunjira mu nthumbo kuti yisungike m'paka yikasange malo ghawemi ghakuti yilutilire kumera. Chakurya chikufumira mu mulomo, ndipo chikuwelera mu mulomo, uko chakurya icho sono chikuchemeka kuti chiŵiya, chikuŵaŵa na viŵaro vya mu mulomo. Para vyakurya ivi vyamara, vikumera mu nthumbo. Majeremusi agha ndigho ghakupangiska kuti cellulose na ma carbohydrate ghanyake ghaŵe mafuta agho ng'ombe zikugwiliskira nchito nga ni mafuta. Majeremusi agho ghali mu rumen ghakupangaso amino acids kufuma ku vyakurya vyambura mapuloteni nga ni urea na ammonia. Para majeremusi agha ghakubaba mu nthumbo, ŵana ŵakufwa ndipo maselo ghakulutilira kukura. Maselo agha ghakumalira mu matumbo, ndipo ng'ombe zikuŵa na mapulotini ghanandi. Vinthu ivi vikovwira kuti ng'ombe zikondwenge na vyakumera vinyake vyakukhora.

Utali wa nthumbo

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Ng'ombe yikuŵa na nthumbo myezi pafupifupi 9. Utali wa twana twa ng'ombe uto twababika sonosono ukusintha kuyana na mtundu wa ng'ombe, kweni twana twa ng'ombe uto twababika sonosono tukuŵa tuchoko chomene 25 to 45 kg (55 to 99 lb). Utali na uzito wa munthu wakukhwima vikupambana chomene kuyana na mtundu na kugonana. Kanandi ng'ombe zikukomeka pambere zindafike ku viŵeto vinyake 750 kg (1,650 lb). Viŵeto ivi vingaŵa na umoyo utali ndipo nyengo zinyake vingakhala vyaka 25. Ng'ombe yakale comene iyo yikalembeka, yikafwa mu 1993 apo yikaŵa na vyaka 48.

Kulemera kwake

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Ng'ombe zikuruzikuru zikupambana kulemera kuyana na mtundu wake. Viyuni vinyake vikuruvikuru nga ni Dexter na Jersey, vikupambana 300 and 500 kg (600 and 1,000 lb). [citation needed] Mitundu yikuru-yikuru ya viŵeto ya ku Continental, nga ni Charolais, Marchigiana, Belgian Blue na Chianina 640 to 1,100 kg (1,400 to 2,500 lb).[citation needed] Mitundu ya ku Britain nga ni Hereford, Angus, na Shorthorn, yikukura pa msinkhu wa pakati pa chaka na mwezi 500 to 900 kg (1,000 to 2,000 lb) , nyengo zinyake kukwera, comenecomene ku Angus na Hereford. [citation needed] Ng'ombe za fuko limoza zikuŵa zikuru kuluska za fuko linyake. Ng'ombe za ku Britain zakuchemeka Hereford zikupima 600–800 kg (1,300–1,800 lb); ng'ombe zikupima 1,000–1,200 kg (2,200–2,600 lb). [20] Ng'ombe za Chianina zingaŵa na uzito wa mpaka 1,500 kg (3,300 lb); Ng'ombe za ku Britain, nga ni Angus na Hereford, zingapima uzito wa viŵeto vichoko waka 900 kg (2,000 lb) ndipo vinandi nga 1,400 kg (3,000 lb).[citation needed]

Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ng'ombe yinonono comene pa caru cose yiŵeko ni 1,740 kg (3,840 lb), Chianina zina lake Donetto, apo wakawonekanga pa chiwonetsero cha Arezzo mu 1955. [21] Ng'ombe yikuru comene yikaŵa ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, yakucemeka 'Old Ben,' iyo yikaŵa ya mtundu wa Shortthorn/​Hereford Kulemera kwake 2,140 kg (4,720 lb) mu 1910.[22]

Ku United States, unandi wa ng'ombe nyama za Mu ma 1980, malo ghaphya ghakupakira viŵeto ghakawovwira kuti viŵeto vikure comene. [23] Pambere chaka cha 1790 chindafike, ng'ombe za nyama zikaŵanga na viŵeto vinandi 160 kg (350 lb) Kweni pamasinda vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. [24][25]

Ukaboni

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  1. ↑ Bollongino, R.; Burger, J.; Powell, A.; Mashkour, M.; Vigne, J.-D.; Thomas, M. G. (2012). "Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (9): 2101–2104. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss092. PMID 22422765. Op. cit. in Wilkins, Alasdair (28 March 2012). "DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate". io9. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  2. ↑ "Live Animals". FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  3. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  4. ↑ "Treating beef like coal would make a big dent in greenhouse-gas emissions". The Economist. 2 October 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  5. ↑ Brown, David (23 April 2009). "Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  6. ↑ Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo; Garcia, J.F; Lenstra, Johannes (January 2010). "On the origin of cattle: How aurochs became domestic and colonized the world". Evolutionary Anthropology. 19: 148–157. doi:10.1002/evan.20267. S2CID 86035650. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  7. ↑ Grubb, P. (2005). "Bos taurus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  8. ↑ "Explore the Database". www.mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  9. ↑ Gentry, Anthea; Clutton-Brock, Juliet; Groves, Colin P. (1 May 2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives". Journal of Archaeological Science (in English). 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006. ISSN 0305-4403.
  10. ↑ Mummolo, Jonathan (2007-08-11). "Yattle What?". The Washington Post (in American English). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  11. ↑ Groves, C. P., 1981. Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 4:264–278., quoted in Grubb, P. (2005). "Genus Bison". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  12. ↑ Takeda, Kumiko; et al. (April 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu". Animal Science Journal. 75 (2): 103–110. doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x.
  13. ↑ Van Vuure, C.T. 2003. De Oeros – Het spoor terug (in Dutch), Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum: quoted by The Extinction Website: Bos primigenius primigenius. Archived 20 Epulelo 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Meghen, C.; MacHugh, D.E.; Bradley, D.G. "Genetic characterization and West African cattle". fao.org. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  15. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "cattle". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "cattle, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2014. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  17. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "chattel". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  18. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "capital". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  19. ↑ "Cattle Terminology". experiencefestival.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008.
  20. ↑ "Hereford cattle weight". Archived from the original on 24 January 2015.
  21. ↑ Friend, John B., Cattle of the World, Blandford Press, Dorset, 1978
  22. ↑ McWhirter, Norris & Ross, Guinness Book of Records, Redwood Press, Trowbridge, 1968
  23. ↑ Kenneth H. Mathews – 1999 – U.S. Beef Industry: Cattle Cycles, Price Spreads, and Packer concentration. Page 6
  24. ↑ American Economic Growth and Standards of Living before the Civil War, Robert E. Gallman, John Joseph Wallis. 2007 p. 248
  25. ↑ "Cattle increasing in size". Beef Magazine. February 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
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