ChiYao
| chiYao | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 3.1 million)[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Latin | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | yao |
| ISO 639-3 | yao |
| Glottolog | yaoo1241 |
P.21[2] | |
| Person | 'Myao |
|---|---|
| People | WaYao |
| Language | chiYao |
| Country | Uyao[3] |
chiYao ichi chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni mu Malaŵi, kweniso ŵanthu pafupifupi 500,000 mu Tanzania na Mozambique. Ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici mu Zambia. Mu Malaŵi, chiyowoyero chikuru ni Mangochi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Malawi. Ku Mozambique, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Makale na Massaninga. Chiyowoyero ichi chili na mazina ghanandi mu Chingelezi, nga ni chiYao panji ciYao (mu chiyowoyero icho chili na vigaŵa), Achawa, Adsawa, Adsoa, Ajawa, Ayawa, Ayo, Ayao, Djao, Haiao, Hiao, Hyao, Jao, Veiao, na waJao.[1]
Ku Malawi, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chiyao ŵakukhala ku Southern Region kufupi na mphepete kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Ku Mozambique ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Niassa kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Malawi (Lago Niassa) m'paka ku Mlonga wa Lugenda m'paka apo wakukumana na Mlonga wa Rovuma. Ku Tanzania ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakukhala kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Mtwara, chigaŵa cha Masasi na mu chigaŵa cha Ruvuma, chigaŵa cha Tunduru, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Malawi kufupi na mphaka ya Mozambique.
Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinandi mu Africa, chiyowoyero ichi chikumanyikwa na boma yayi, ndipo mabuku ghanyake mu chigaŵa ichi ghakulembeka mu viyowoyero nga ni Chiarabic, Chingelezi, Chijeremani, na Ciphwitikizi.
Phonology[lemba | kulemba source]
Consonants[lemba | kulemba source]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |
| Fricative | s | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Approximant | ʋ | l | j | w | |
Vowels[lemba | kulemba source]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, mazgu gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya mazgu. Wonani Mtenje (1990) pa nkhani ya mazgu gha ChiMalawi Yao. Wonani Ngunga (1997) kuti mumanye makora umo chiyowoyero cha Yao cha ku Mozambique chikuzunulikira.
Kulemba[lemba | kulemba source]
Nga umo vikuŵira mu Cingelezi, mazgu ghambura kuwoneka makora ghakuchemeka aspirated. Kanandi pakuŵa waka mavowelo ghankhondi 'ghakutowa,' nga ni a, e, i, o, na u, kweni mavowelo ghanyake ghakupambana. Chiyowoyero cha Yao chili na mazgu ghachokoghachoko, nga umo viliri na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu.
Mu vyaru vikuruvikuru vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciyao, kalembero ka mazgu kakupambana comene, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mbacoko comene. Ku Tanzania, kalembero ka mazgu agha kakukolerana na ka Chiswahili, apo ku Malawi kakukolerana na ka Chewa. Chiyowoyero cha ku Malawi chili na vilembo ivi:
| Letter: | A | B | Ch | D | E | G | I | J/Dy | K | L | Ly | M | N | Ng' | Ny | O | P | S | T | U | W | Ŵ | Y |
| Value: | a | b | tʃ | d | e~ɛ | ɡ | i | dʒ | k | l | ʎ | m | n | ŋ | ɲ | ɔ~o | p | ʂ | tʰ | u | w | ʋ | j |
Macron ghangagwiliskirika nchito kuti paleke kuŵa kukayika cifukwa ca kuleka kulongora utali wa vwayelo. </ref>[5]
Grammar[lemba | kulemba source]
Chiyowoyero cha Yao ni chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vyose vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, chiyowoyero cha Yao nacho chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na chimanyikwiro icho chikovwira kupanga mazina gha viŵaro na viŵaro vyakukolerana.
Masukulu gha mazina[lemba | kulemba source]
| Class | Prefix | Class characteristic | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | m-, mu-, mw- | ju | persons singular |
| 2 | ŵa-, a-, acha-, achi- | ŵa | persons plural |
| 3 | m-, mu-, mw- | u | living things singular |
| 4 | mi- | ji | living things plural |
| 5 | li-, ly- | li | miscellaneous singular |
| 6 | ma- | ga | plurals of class 5 |
| 7 | chi-, ch'- | chi | miscellaneous singular |
| 8 | i-, y- | i | plurals of class 7 |
| 9 | n-, ny-, mb-, (nw-) | ji | miscellaneous singular |
| 10 | n-, ny-, mb-, (nw-) | si | plurals of class 9 |
| 11 | lu- | lu | like 9, also singulars of class 10 |
| 12 | ka- | ka | diminutives singular |
| 13 | tu- | tu | plurals of class 13 |
| 14 | u- | u | collective and abstract, no plural; also some singulars of class 6 |
| 15 | ku, kw- | ku | infinitives |
| 16 | (pa-) | pa | locality (at) |
| 17 | (ku-, kwa-) | ku | locality (to) |
| 18 | (mu-, mwa-) | mu | locality (in) |
Vinthu ivi vikuyana waka na vilembo vyakwambilira, kweni mu kilasi lakwamba na lachiŵiri, vilembo ivi ni "mb-" na "a-" Fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa vya 16, 17 na 18 ŵali mu gulu ili yikupambana na ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu.
Kuyowoya[lemba | kulemba source]
Fomu za ŵanthu wose zili pasi apa, ndipo za ŵanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka zili mu mabokosi.
| Personal form prefix | English equivalent (pronoun) |
|---|---|
| n-, ni- | I |
| (u-) | (thou) |
| a- | he, she, it, you |
| tu- | we |
| m-, mu-, mw- | you |
| ŵa-, a- | they (he, you) |
Pali vigaŵa viŵiri vya lizgu ili, cigaŵa ciwemi na cigaŵa ciheni.
Umoyo wakulongora[lemba | kulemba source]
Nga umo vikuŵira mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, mazgu agha ghakumalira pa 'a.' Ŵakupambaniska nyengo za sono, zakunthazi, zakunozgekera sono, zamunthazi na zamunthazi.
Umoyo wa munthu[lemba | kulemba source]
Mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Bantu, mazgu ghaumaliro gha 'a' ghakusintha kuŵa 'e.' Ghangagwiliskirika nchito nga ni mazgu ghaciwuravi, ndipo kanandi ghakuŵa na mazgu ghaciŵiri.
Kuŵikapo mtima[lemba | kulemba source]
Kuti munthu waŵe na lizgu lakuti 'kaŵirikaŵiri' (kanandi para wakuyowoya mwantchindi yayi), wangagwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti 'n' panji lizgu lakuti 'n' panji lizgu lakuti '-ga' panji '-je.'
Mazina gha ŵanthu[lemba | kulemba source]
Zina la munthu likukhwaska waka magulu 1 na 2. Zina mwa mazina agha ghakupangika kufuma ku mazina gha magulu. Viyezgo ivi, ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakutemwa kuyowoya, ni vyambura kusuzga kuvipulikiska chifukwa vikupambana na mazgu ghanyake. Zina la munthu wacitatu likuthemba pa zina la munthu, nga ni umo tawonera.
| Absolute pronoun | English equivalent (subject pronoun, object pronoun) |
|---|---|
| une | I, me |
| (ugwe) | thou, thee |
| uwe | we, us |
| umwe | you |
Viyowoyero ivi vingaŵa kuti vikukolerana na malango ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ghakukhwaskana na kuzgoka kwa vwayelo.
Paliso viyelezgero vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti munthu wali kutali chomene.
Wonani[lemba | kulemba source]
Ukaboni[lemba | kulemba source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 chiYao at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ↑ "The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland". Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 25 April 1872 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Ngunga, Armindo Saúl Atelela (1997). Lexical Phonology and Morphology in the Ciyao Verb Stem. Ann Arbor: UMI.
- ↑ Ngunga, Armindo (2002). "Elementos de gramática da língua Yao". Imprensa Universitária, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo.
Baibolo[lemba | kulemba source]
- Centre for Language Studies (Zomba, Malawi) "Amendments and/or Additional Rules to Ciyawo Orthography 2010"
- Dicks, Ian & Dollar, Shawn (2010) "A Practical Guide to Understanding Ciyawo"
- Hetherwick, Alexander (1889), "Introductory Handbook of the Yao Language"
- Hetherwick, Alexander (1902), "A Handbook of the Yao Language"
- Kaunjika, David Jones (2006), "A Chiyao course in three languages", Montfort Media, Balaka, Malawi
- Yusuf Jonas Msume (2017) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_people_(East_Africa)
- Mtenje, Al (1990), Verb morphology and tone assignment in Chiyao. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 22. 41-59.
- Ngunga, Armindo (1997), Lexical Phonology and Morphology of the CiYao Verb Stem. University of California, Berkeley, PhD dissertation. https://escholarship.org/content/qt3xw7j0c2/qt3xw7j0c2_noSplash_5b3f6edf3cbb24dad546d3d22b4de150.pdf
- Sanderson, George Meredith (1922), "A Yao Grammar"
- Sanderson, George Meredith (1954), "A dictionary of the Yao language"
- SIL Mozambique, "Linguas de Moçambique Vocabulario de CIYAO Archived 2014-10-28 at the Wayback Machine"
- Steere, Edward (1871) "Collections for a Handbook of the Yao Language"
- U.S. Peace Corps manual
- Whiteley, Wilfred Howell (1966), "A study of Yao sentences"