Mandal

Mandal Vester-Risør (yakale)
Msumba
Chithuzithuzi cha msumba
Coordinates: 58.02682°N 7.45347°E / 58.02682; 7.45347
Charu	Norway
Chigaŵa	Kumwera kwa Norway
County	Agder
Boma	Sørlandet
Ladested	1632
Kjøpstad	1921
Area
• Total	6.85 km2 (2.64 sq mi)
Elevation	1 m (3 ft)
Population  (2025)
• Total	11,471
• Density	1,675/km2 (4,340/sq mi)
Demonym	Mandalitt
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (Nyengo ya ku Central Europe|CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (Nyengo ya chilimwe ya ku Central Europe|CEST)
Nambala ya positi	4501 Mandal

Mandal ni msumba mu Lindesnes Municipality mu Agder county, Norway. Mandal ni msumba waŵiri panji waŵiri? mu vikaya vikuruvikuru mu Agder, kweniso ni administrative centre ya Lindesnes Municipality. Uli pa mulomo wa mlonga wa Mandalselva kumafelekeza gha kumwera gha chigwa cha Mandalen. Msumba wa 6.85-square-kilometre (1,690-acre) uli na ŵanthu (2025) ŵakukwana 11,471 ndipo uli na population density ya 1,675 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,340/sq mi). Msumba uwu ni malo ghakutemwelerako ŵalendo, chomene chifukwa cha Sjøsanden beach.

Mu Norway, Mandal yikuwoneka nga ni by, lizgu ilo lingang'anamulika mu Chingelezi nga ni "town" panji "city". Yikapokera udindo wa msumba nga ladested mu 1632 ndipo mu 1921 udindo wake ukakwezgeka kuŵa kjøpstad. Palije yimoza mwa maudindo agha iyo yili na udindo wapadera pasi pa dango sono, kweni kale yikaŵa nawo. Msumba uwu uli mumphepete mwa msewu wa European route E39, pafupifupi 40 kilometres (25 mi) kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Kristiansand kweniso pafupifupi 60 kilometres (37 mi) kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Flekkefjord. Mandal uli na mizi yichoko waka ya pafupi iyo yili kuwaro kwa mphaka zake, nga ni Ime iyo yili kumafumiro gha dazi kweniso Sånum iyo yili kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba wa Krossen uli pafupifupi 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) kumpoto, mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Mandalselva.

Mbiri

Chigaŵa icho msumba wa Mandal wa lero uli sichikakulika mu nyengo ya Middle Ages. Mu ma 1300, malo ghakuguliskirapo malonda ghakachemekanga Vester-Risør ghakakura mumphepete mwa Skogsfjorden, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa sono. Msumba ukamba apo Fumu Eric wa ku Pomerania wakapeleka ku msumba wanangwa wa kuguliska somba za salmon. Pofika mu ma 1500, Vesterrisør yikaŵa dowoko lakuzura na malonda kweniso malo ghakuru ghakuchitirapo malonda, ndipo yikaŵa yimoza mwa malo ghakale chomene mu Agder. Mu 1632, malo ghakuguliskirapo malonda ghakapika wanangwa wa ladested, uwo ukasazgapo wanangwa wapadera wa malonda. Mu pakati pa ma 1600, zina la msumba likasinthika kuŵa Mandal. Usodzi wa salmon na ntchito ya matabwa vikakuzga chomene msumba mu ma 1700. Mu 1779, udindo wa msumba wa ladested ukakhazikiskika mwakuyana na dango. Tchalitchi cha Mandal chikamalizgika mu 1821 pamanyuma pakuti tchalitchi chakale chikaphya mu moto wa msumba wa 1810.

Boma la tauni (1838-1963)

Pa 1 Janyuwale 1838, ladested yichoko yikapika wanangwa wa kujilamulira mwakuyana na dango liphya la formannskapsdistrikt, ilo likakhazikiska Boma la Mandal, boma ilo likalingana na msumba uwu. Mu nyengo iyi, boma ili likalamulilikanga na khonsolo ya boma ya ŵimiliri ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika. Meya wakasankhikanga mwambura kudunjika mwa kuvota kwa khonsolo ya boma. Mu 1921, Mandal yikasankhika kuŵa kjøpstad, ndipo yikapika udindo wakukwana wa msumba mwakuyana na dango. Mu ma 1960, mukaŵa kusazgikana kwa maboma ghanandi mu Norway chifukwa cha ntchito ya Schei Committee. Pa 1 Janyuwale 1964, msumba wa Mandal (ŵanthu: 5,446) ukasazgikana na Boma la Halse og Harkmark ilo likaŵa pafupi (ŵanthu: 3,676) kweniso chigaŵa chikuru cha Boma la Holum (ŵanthu: 1,127), kuti mupangike Boma la Mandal likuru chomene. Mu 2020, Boma la Mandal likasazgikana mu Boma la Lindesnes.

Zina

Msumba uwu uli na zina lakutoleka ku chigwa cha mlonga wa Mandalen (Old Norse: Marnardalr) icho uli mwenemumo. Chigaŵa chakwamba ni kachigaruro ka umwini wa zina la mlonga Mǫrn ilo sono likuchemekanga Mandalselva. Ng'anamuro la zina ili lakale la mlonga likumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni panji likafuma ku lizgu marr ilo likung'anamura "nyanja". Chigaŵa chakumalizga ni dalr ilo likung'anamura "chigwa" panji "dale".

Pambere chaka cha 1653 chindafike, msumba wa Mandal ukachemekanga Vesterrisør (lit. 'Risør ya kumanjiliro gha dazi'). Zina ili pakwamba likalutanga ku chilwa cha Risøya icho chili kuwaro kwa msumba, ndipo chigaŵa chakwamba chikawuskikamo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 kuti chisiyaniske na msumba wa Østerrisør (kung'anamura "Risør ya kumafumiro gha dazi"), uwo sono ukuchemeka waka Risør.

See also: mazina gha Marnardal na Risør

Vithuzithuzi vya msumba

• 
  Chithuzithuzi cha chigaŵa cha pakati pa msumba
• 
  Chithuzithuzi cha chigaŵa cha Vestnes cha Mandal
• 
  Chithuzithuzi cha mlatho wa ku Mandal
• 
  Chithuzithuzi cha pakati pa msumba na chigaŵa cha ku nyanja
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  Chithuzithuzi cha Tchalitchi cha Mandal