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Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Zambia na Zimbabwe)

Kufuma Wikipedia
"Chitonga" redirects here. For the chiTonga language of Malawi, see Tonga language (Malawi). For other languages called "Tonga", see Tonga language (disambiguation).
Chitonga
Zambezi
isiTonga
Native toZambia, Zimbabwe
EthnicityTonga, Kafwe Twa?
Native speakers
1.5 million (2001–2010 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Plateau Tonga
  • Valley Tonga (We)
  • Leya
  • Mala
  • Ndawe
  • Dombe
Latin (Tonga alphabet)
Tonga Braille
Official status
Official language in
 Zimbabwe
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3toi – inclusive code
Individual code:
dov – Dombe
Glottologtong1318  Tonga
domb1246  Toka-Leya-Dombe
M.64[2]
ELPDombe

ChiTonga (Chitonga), icho chikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Zambezi, ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (Batonga) awo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Southern, Lusaka, Central na Western ku Zambia, kweniso kumpoto kwa Zimbabwe. Chiyowoyero ichi chikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa Iwe, Toka na Leya, panji na ŵanthu ŵa Kafwe Twa (panji Ila), kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia na Zimbabwe awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero viŵiri. Ku Zambia, chiyowoyero cha Tonga chikusambizgika mu masukulu gha ku Southern Province, Lusaka na Central Provinces.

Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Zambia pamoza na chiBemba, Lozi na Nyanja. ChiTonga cha ku Malawi, icho Guthrie wakuchilongora kuti chili mu chigaŵa cha N15, chili pafupi yayi na chiTonga cha ku Zambia, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha M64, ndipo chingawoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chinyake.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Tonga ndiwo mbakale chomene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu chiyowoyero ichi muli viyowoyero viŵiri: chiyowoyero cha mu chipalamba cha Tonga na chiyowoyero cha ku mapiri. Chigwa cha Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene mu chigwa cha Zambezi na kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga (Ŵanthu ŵa Tonga) apo chigaŵa cha Plateau Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Monze na kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga.[3]

Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Chitonga panji isiTonga) chikamba kuyowoyekanga ndipo chikalembeka yayi m'paka apo ŵamishonale ŵakafikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza ŵakulemba mazgu ghakupambana.[4]

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakuŵa na chiyowoyero cha milomo yiŵiri apo viyowoyero vinyake vyapafupi vikuŵa na chiyowoyero cha /mw/, nga umo vikuŵira na mwana'mwana' na kunwa 'kumwa.'[5]

Maho (2009) wakuwuskamo ciyowoyero ca Shanjo nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake, ndipo nchambura kukolerana comene.

Kuyowoya mazgu

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mazgu

[lemba | kulemba source]
Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain pal.
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/

Affricate

voiceless p t t͡ʃ (c) k
voiced b d d͡ʒ (ɟ) ɡ
prenasal vd. ᵐb ⁿd ⁿd͡ʒ (ᶮɟ) ᵑɡ
prenasal vl. ᵐp ⁿt
Fricative voiceless f s sʲ ʃ h
voiced β v z zʲ ʒ ɣ (ɦ)
Tap (ɾ)
Lateral l
Semivowel voiced j w
breathy (j̤) w̤
voiceless (j̊) w̥
  • /l/ can also be heard as a tap sound [ɾ] in free variation.
  • Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ can also be heard as palatal stops [c, ɟ, ᶮɟ] in free variation among dialects.
  • /w/ can also be heard as a labio-palatal [ɥ] when occurring before /i/.
  • /f, v/ can also be heard as glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] in the Plateau dialect.[6]
  • /sʲ, zʲ/ are heard as voiceless and breathy palatal approximants [j̊, j̤] in the Northern dialects.[7]

Ma vawelo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Open a aː

Ntchito

[lemba | kulemba source]

Viyowoyero vya ku Tonga na Chitonga vikuyana waka. Lizgu limoza lingaŵa na lizgu la munthu, lizgu la nyengo, lizgu la munthu, panji lizgu linyake.

Tense[8] Tense marker Example
Subject-(tense marker)-verb root-(ending) First person "ndi" doing something s/he shouldn't be doing "kukuta"
Present Simple -(verb root) Ndakuta
Present Perfect -a-(verb root)-ide Ndikutide
Present Continuous -la- Ndilakuta
Habitual Present Tense -la-(verb root)-a Ndilakuta
Recent Past (Past of Today) -ali-(verb root)-ide ndalikutide
Simple Past -aka- ndakakuta
Recent Past Continuous -ali-ku-(verb root) ndalikukuta
Habitual Past Continuous -akali-ku-(verb root) Ndakalikukuta
Remote Past -aka- ndakakuta
Near Future -la- Ndilakuta
Simple Future -ya-ku-(verb root)-a Ndiyakukuta
Future Habitual -niku-(verb root)-a ndinikukuta
Extended Future (Tomorrow or after tomorrow) -yaku-(verb)-a ndiyakukuta

Kapulikikilo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Chiyowoyero cha ku Tonga chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Kuŵika mazgu mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nkhwakusuzga ndipo kukupambana na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakwamba na A. E. Mu 1963, ŵa Meeussen ŵakayezga kuti ŵamanye malo agho ŵakwenera kuŵikapo mazgu.

Cinthu cimoza ico cikupangiska kuti mazgu ghapachanya ghaleke kukolerana na malo ghake ghakwambilira na kusamira kumazere.[9]

  • íbúsi 'smoke'
  • ibusu 'flour'

Mu mazgu agha, lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -sí lili kusinthira ku lizgu lakuti ibu, apo lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -su lili kusintha yayi.

Cakuwonerapo ca zina la munthu ico cili pacanya apa nchipusu kulongosora. Ndipouli, mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ghakupulikikwa makora yayi. Cakuwonerapo cimoza ca mafumbo agho Meeussen na Goldsmith ŵakadumbiskana cili pasi apa:

  • ndi-la-lang-a 'I look at'
  • ba-la-lang-a 'they look at'
  • ndi-la-bon-a 'I see'
  • ba-lá-bon-a 'they see'

Mazgu ghapachanya agho ghali pa lizgu lacinayi, ghakunisuzga kupulikiska. Usange lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti bon, nchakusuzga kumanya cifukwa ico likulekera kuwoneka mu lizgu lakuti ndi-la-bon-a.

Ŵasayansi ŵanyake, nga ni Carter na Goldsmith, ŵakuti Tonga wali na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanyake, nga ni Pulleyblank, ŵakugwiliskira nchito fundo za sumu pera, kwambura kuŵikapo mazgu.

Ukaboni

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ Chitonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Dombe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. ↑ A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x
  4. ↑ Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v
  5. ↑ Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198
  6. ↑ Sibajene, Alick (2013). A dialectological study of Tonga. University of Zambia.
  7. ↑ Carter, Hazel (2002). An outline of Chitonga grammar. Lusaka, Zambia: Bookworld Publishers.
  8. ↑ Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003
  9. ↑ Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

[lemba | kulemba source]
For a list of words relating to the Tonga language of Zambia, see the Tonga (Zambia) language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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