Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States

Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa wa United States
Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa wa United States
	Chimanyikwilo cha Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi
	Mbendera ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi
	Mpando wasono; JD Vance; since January 20, 2025
	United States Senate; Nthambi ya Executive ya Boma la United States; Ofesi ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States;
Ntchindi	Bwana Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi (mwamwambo yayi); Wakuchindikika (mwamwambo); Bwana Mlongozgi (mu Nyumba ya Malango); Wakuchindikika Chomene (pa vya wanthavi);
Pasono	Udindo wa wachiŵiri pachanya chomene mu nthambi ya executive; Mlongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malango;
Membala wa	Kabineti; National Security Council ya United States; National Space Council; National Economic Council; United States Senate;
Malo ghakukhala	Number One Observatory Circle
Mpando	Washington, D.C.
Wakusankha	Electoral College, panji usange palije wakukhala pa udindo uwu, Mlongozgi wa United States kwizira mu kukhozgeka na Congress
Utali wa udindo	Vyaka vinayi, palije mphaka ya nyengo ya uteŵeti
Chilwelo cha ulamulili	Dango Likuru la United States
Kupangika	March 4, 1789; (237 years ago)
Wakwamba paudindo	John Adams
Kukwezgeka	Wakwamba
UMazina ghanyake	VPOTUS, VP, Veep
Malipilo	$284,600 pa chaka
Webusaiti	whitehouse.gov

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Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States (VPOTUS, VP, panji mwakuzgoŵeleka veep)^[7] ni udindo wa wachiŵiri wapachanya chomene mu nthambi ya executive^[8]^[9] ya Boma la Federal la United States, pamanyuma pa Mlongozgi wa United States, ndipo wali pa malo ghakwamba mu mndandanda wa kulondezgana pa udindo wa mlongozgi. Wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi nayo ni msilikali mu nthambi ya malango, ndipo ndiyo Mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malango. Mu udindo uwu, wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wali na mazaza gha kulongozga Nyumba ya Malango ya United States, kweni wangavota yayi kwambura para wakupereka voti lakupatura para mavoti ghakuyana.^[10] Wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wakusankhika pa nyengo yimoza na mlongozgi kuti wateŵetere kwa vyaka vinayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku United States kwizira mu Electoral College, kweni mavoti gha Electoral College ghakuponyeka mwakupambana pa maudindo ghaŵiri agha.^[10] Pamanyuma pakuti mu 1967 pakajumphapo Sintho la Dango Likuru la nambala 25 la Dango Likuru la United States, mpando wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi uwo walekeka ungazuzgika na munthu uyo wasankhika na mlongozgi na kukhozgeka na mavoti gha ŵanandi mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. Ichi chikajintha pa Tyler Precedent iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1841 apo John Tyler wakaŵa wachiŵiri wakwamba wa mlongozgi kutora udindo wa mlongozgi uyo wakafwa pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya William Henry Harrison.

Udindo wa mazuŵa ghano wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ni udindo wa nkhongono zikuru ndipo ukuwoneka na ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ni chigaŵa chakukhumbikwa chomene cha boma la mlongozgi. Munthu uyo wakwimilira pa visola vya ulongozgi wakusora munthu wakwimilira udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi kuŵa munthu wakwendera nayo pa chisankho pambere visola vya ulongozgi vindachitike. Nangauli umo udindo uwu ukuŵira ukusintha mu boma lililose, chifukwa chakuti wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wakuteŵetera chifukwa cha kusankhika, mlongozgi wangamufumiska pa udindo yayi. Ndiposo ubwezi wa pa ntchito pakati pa mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wake ukusintha. Kweni ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuteŵetera nga mbaulongozgi ŵakuzirwa ŵa mlongozgi, ŵakwendeska boma pamoza na mlongozgi, kweniso ŵakumimira mlongozgi. Wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi nayo ni membala wa pa dango wa Kabineti ya United States na Khonsolo ya Chitetezo cha Charu ya United States^[10] ndipo wakuchita ntchito yikuru mu nthambi ya executive ya boma kweniso pa nkhani za chitetezo cha charu. Apo udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi mu nthambi ya executive ukukulira, udindo wake mu nthambi ya malango ukuchepa; mwachiyelezgero, mazuŵa ghano ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵakulongozga waka Nyumba ya Malango nyengo zichoko chomene.^[11]

Udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wasintha chomene kufuma apo ukakhazikiskikira pa Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru wa 1787. Pakwamba, udindo uwu ukaŵikikapo waka mwambura kuŵikikapo mtima chomene, ndipo ukaŵa wakuwoneka kuŵa wambura kukhumbikwa kwa nyengo yitali ya mbiri ya charu, chomenechomene pamanyuma pakuti Sintho la Dango Likuru la nambala 12 likapangiska kuti ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵaleke kuŵa awo ŵakiza pa malo ghachiŵiri pa chisankho cha mlongozgi. Kufuma mu m'ma 1930, udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ukamba kukura pachokopachoko apo Ofesi ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi yikakhazikiskika mu nthambi ya executive mu 1939, ndipo kufuma nyengo yira udindo uwu walutilira kukura chomene. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa nkhongono zake na ntchindi zake, mazuŵa ghano udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi kanandi ukuwoneka kuŵa nthowa yakufikira pa udindo wa mlongozgi. Kwambira mu m'ma 1970, wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wali kuŵa na nyumba ya boma yakuzomerezgeka ku Number One Observatory Circle.^[12]

Dango Likuru likupereka yayi mwakudunjika kuti udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ngwa nthambi yili ya boma, ndipo ichi chapangiska mphindano pakati pa ŵasambiri ŵa malango pa nkhani yakuti udindo uwu ngwa nthambi nji (ya executive, ya malango, zose ziŵiri, panji yiliyose yayi).^[11]^[13] Maghanoghano gha mazuŵa ghano ghakuti wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ni msilikali wa nthambi ya executive—uyo wali kutolekapo pafupifupi chose mu nthambi ya malango—ghafuma chomene pa kupika mazaza gha executive kwa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi na mlongozgi panji Congress.^[11]^[14] Ndipouli, ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵanandi ŵali kuteŵeterapo kale mu Congress, ndipo kanandi ŵakupelekeka ntchito yakovwira kukhozga ndondomeko za malango za boma. John Adams wakaŵa wachiŵiri wakwamba wa mlongozgi wa charu ichi. JD Vance ndiyo ni wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wa nambala 50 ndipo ndiyo wali pa udindo sono kufuma pa Januwale 20, 2025.

Mbili na kukula kwake

Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru

Pakaŵavya kuyowoyeka kulikose kwa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi pa Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru wa 1787 mpaka chakumunjilira kwa msonkhano apo komiti ya ŵanthu khumi na yumoza ya "Nkhani Zakukhalira" yikapeleka nthowa yakusankhira mlongozgi mukuru (mlongozgi).^[15] Kale ŵimiliri ŵa msonkhano ŵakaghanaghananga vya umo mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malango wasankhirikenge, ndipo ŵakadumura kuti "Nyumba ya Malango yisankhenge Mulongozgi wake", ndipo ŵakazomerezga kuti msilikali uyu ndiyo waŵenge wakulondezgapo mlongozgi wa boma para wasoŵapo. Ŵakaghanaghanaso vya nthowa yakusankhira mlongozgi wa boma kweni ŵakatondeka kufiska fundo yimoza. Ichi chose chikasintha pa Seputembala 4 apo komiti yikapeleka fundo yakuti mlongozgi wa charu wasankhikenge na Electoral College, ndipo boma lililose liŵenge na ŵakusankha mlongozgi ŵakukwana na unandi wa ŵimiliri na ŵaseneta awo boma lira lili nawo.^[11]^[16]

Pakumanya kuti kugomezgeka ku boma la munthu yekha kukaŵa kwakukhora kuluska kugomezgeka ku mgwirizano uphya wa maboma, awo ŵakalemba Dango Likuru ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵakusankha payekhapayekha ŵazamukhumba kusankha munthu wakufuma mu boma lawo (uyo wakumanyikwa kuti "Mwana wakutemweka wa boma") kuluska munthu wakufuma mu boma linyake. Ntheura ŵakakhazikiska udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ndipo ŵakalamura kuti ŵakusankha ŵavotere ŵanthu ŵaŵiri, ndipo yumoza wa iwo wakwenera kufuma kuwaro kwa boma la wakusankha, pakugomezga kuti voti yachiŵiri yipelekekenge kwa munthu uyo wakwimira charu chose.^[16]^[17] Kweniso, kuti ŵajivikilire ku nthowa yakuti ŵakusankha ŵangataya mwadala voti yawo yachiŵiri chifukwa cha ndondomeko za visankho, ŵakalemba kuti munthu uyo waŵenge pa malo ghachiŵiri ndiyo waŵenge wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi.^[16]

Nthowa iyi yakusankhira mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi, iyo yikalembeka mu Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, yikapeleka ku boma lililose unandi wa ŵakusankha wakuyana na unandi wa ŵaseneta na ŵimiliri ŵake mu Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri. Wakusankha waliyose wakazomerezgekanga kuvotera ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa udindo wa mlongozgi (m'malo mwa kuvotera mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi payekhapayekha), kweni wakatondekanga kupambaniska pakati pa chisankho chake chakwamba na chachiŵiri pa ulongozgi. Munthu uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene (para ghakaŵa ŵanandi kuluska hafu ya ŵakusankha wose) ndiyo wakaŵa mlongozgi, ndipo munthu uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi ghakulondezgapo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi. Usange pakaŵa kuyana kwa malo ghakwamba panji ghachiŵiri, panji usange pakaŵavya uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi kuluska hafu, mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ŵakasankhikanga kwizira mu ndondomeko za chisankho chakusankha na nyumba ya malango izo zikalembeka mu ndime iyi.

Ŵaŵakalamba ŵa vice president ŵakwambilira na Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chiŵiri

Ŵa vice president ŵaŵili ŵakwambilira, John Adams na Thomas Jefferson, wose awo ŵakasanga udindo uwu chifukwa ŵakaŵa ŵaŵili panyuma pa awo ŵakatora malo mu visola vya mlongozgi, ŵakalamuliranga nyengo zose pa milimo ya Senate ndipo ŵakachita vinandi kupanga mulimo wa president wa Senate.^[18]^[19] Ŵa vice president ŵanyake ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800—nga ni George Dallas, Levi Morton, na Garret Hobart—ŵakalondezga chiyelezgero chawo ndipo ŵakalongozganga makora, kweni ŵanyake ŵakaŵa yayi ŵakuŵapo kanandi.^[18]

Kuwuka kwa vyama vya ndale na ndondomeko za visola vya pa charu chose izo zikulongozgekanga pamoza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1790 (izo ŵanthu awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandaghanaghanepo) kukasuzga luŵiro ndondomeko ya visola iyo yikaŵa mu Malango ghakwambilira. Mu visola vya 1796, munthu wa Chama cha Federalist John Adams wakatora chipani cha upresidenti, kweni mulwani wake, munthu wa Chama cha Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson, wakiza wachiwiri ndipo ntheura wakatora udindo wa vice president. Chifukwa cha ichi, president na vice president ŵakaŵa ŵa vyama vyakupambana; ndipo Jefferson wakagwiliskira ntchito udindo wa vice president kususkana na ndondomeko za president. Pamanyuma, vyaka vinayi vikati vyajumphapo, mu visola vya 1800, Jefferson na munyake wa Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr wose ŵakasanga mavoti 73 gha ŵanthu ŵa visola. Mu visola vyapadera ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma, Jefferson wakamalizga kutora chipani cha upresidenti pa voti ya 36, ndipo Burr wakasida udindo wa vice president. Pamanyuma pake, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika kwizira mu Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chiŵiri kwa Malango gha United States mu nyengo yakuti yigwiriskike ntchito mu visola vya 1804.^[20]

Vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vyakwambilira

Kwa nyengo yikuru ya kukhalapo kwake, udindo wa vice president ukawoneleranga nga ni udindo wambura kuzirwa chomene. John Adams, vice president wakwamba, wakaŵa wakwamba mwa ŵanandi awo ŵakakwiyiskika na "kuŵa wambura kuzirwa chomene" kwa udindo uwu. Kwa muwoli wake Abigail Adams wakalemba kuti, "Charu chane mu vinjeru vyake chaninozgera udindo wambura kuzirwa chomene uwo munthu wangapangapo ... panji maghanoghano ghake ghangananga panji ghakawona; ndipo pakuti ningachita yayi chinthu chiwemi panji chiheni, nkhenera kutoleka na ŵanyake ndipo kukumana na ivyo wose ŵakukumana navyo."^[21] Thomas R. Marshall, uyo wakaŵa vice president kufuma mu 1913 kufika mu 1921 pasi pa President Woodrow Wilson, wakadandawura kuti: "Kale kukaŵa ŵana ŵaŵili ŵakufuma kwa nyina yumoza. Yumoza wakachimbira ku nyanja; munyake wakasankhika kuŵa Vice President wa United States. Ndipo palije chinthu chinyake chikapulikikwa chakukhwaskana na waliyose wa iwo kufuma apo."^[22] Uyo wakiza pamanyuma pake, Calvin Coolidge, wakaŵa wambura kumanyikwa chomene mwakuti Major League Baseball yikamutumira matikiti ghaulere agho zina lake likalembeka mwakubudika, ndipo mulinda moto wakatondeka kumumanya apo nyumba yake ku Washington yikachimbiliranga chifukwa cha moto.^[23] John Nance Garner, uyo wakaŵa vice president kufuma mu 1933 kufika mu 1941 pasi pa President Franklin D. Roosevelt, wakati udindo wa vice president "ngwambura kuzirwa nga ni chinthu chakubikamo maji ghakuthukira."^[24] Harry S. Truman, uyo nayo wakaŵa vice president pasi pa Franklin D. Roosevelt, wakati udindo uwu ukaŵa "wakovwira nga ni chibereko chankhondi cha ng'ombe."^[25] Walter Bagehot wakalemba mu The English Constitution kuti "[ŵanthu awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakagomezganga kuti vice president wazamusankhika na Electoral College kuŵa munthu wachiŵiri wavinjeru chomene mu charu. Pakuti udindo wa vice president ukaŵa udindo wambura mulimo ukuru, munthu wambura kuzirwa chomene uyo wakukondweska ŵalongozgi ŵa vyandale wakusisikizgika mu udindo uwu nyengo zose. Mwaŵi wakuti wanganjira mu udindo wa president ukaŵa kutali chomene kuti munthu wangaghanaghanirapo yayi."^[26]

Chikaŵa apo Chama cha Whig chikapempha Daniel Webster kuti wimilire pa udindo wa vice president pamoza na Zachary Taylor, ndipo iyo wakazgora kuti "Nkhukhumba yayi kusungika nga ndafwa mpaka apo nizamuŵa nadi wakufwa ndipo ndili mu bokosi lane la nyifwa."^[27] Ichi chikaŵa kachiŵiri apo Webster wakakana udindo uwu, uwo William Henry Harrison wakamutolera dankha. Chakuzizwiska ntchakuti, ŵa president wose awo ŵakamupempha Webster ŵakafwa ŵachali mu maudindo ghawo, ntheura munthu uyu uyo wakayimirapo katatu wakatenge waŵenge president usange wakazomera umoza mwa maudindo agha. Pakuti ŵa president ŵakufwa viŵi yayi ŵachali mu udindo, kweni, kunozgekera makora kuŵa president kukawoneranga nga ni udindo wa Mlembi wa boma wa United States, uwo Webster wakachitapo pasi pa Harrison, Tyler, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Taylor, uyo wakalondezgana na Fillmore.

Mu vyaka vyakwambilira 100 vya kukhalapo kwa United States, pakaŵa viŵi yayi pasi pa masachizgo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakuti udindo wa vice president ulekeke.^[28] Kusintha kwa Malango kwakwamba pa nkhani iyi kukapelekeka na Samuel W. Dana mu 1800; kweni kukakanika mu United States House of Representatives na mavoti 27 ku 85.^[28] Kachiŵiri, ako kakapelekeka na Senator wa United States James Hillhouse mu 1808, nako kakakanika.^[28] Mu vyaka vya kumalizga vya m'ma 1860 na vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1870, pakaŵa masachizgo ghanyake ghankhondi ghakusinthira Malango.^[28] Mumoza wa awo ŵakakhozgeranga kusintha uku, James Mitchell Ashley, wakayowoya kuti udindo wa vice president ukaŵa "wambura kwenerera" ndipo wankhani zakofya.^[28] Garret Hobart, uyo wakaŵa vice president wakwamba pasi pa William McKinley, wakaŵa yumoza mwa ŵa vice president ŵachoko chomene mu nyengo iyi awo ŵakachitapo mulimo ukuru mu boma. Pakuti wakaŵa munthu wakugomezgeka chomene na mlangizi wa president, Hobart wakachemekanga "Msaidizi wa President".^[29] Kweni, kufika mu 1919, ŵa vice president ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kunjira mu maungano gha Kabineti ya President. Ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika na Woodrow Wilson apo wakapempha Thomas R. Marshall kuti walongozge maungano gha Kabineti apo Wilson wakaŵa ku France pakudumbiskana vya Phangano la Versailles.^[30] President Warren G. Harding nayo wakachemanga Calvin Coolidge ku maungano. Vice president wakalondezgapo, Charles G. Dawes, wakakhumba yayi kuluta ku maungano gha Kabineti pasi pa President Coolidge, ndipo wakati "ndondomeko iyi yingaŵa yakupweteka charu."^[31]

Kuwuka kwa vice presidency ya mazuŵa ghano

Mu 1929, Herbert Hoover wakakwezga kuzirwa kwa udindo uwu mwa kuwezgerapo ndondomeko yakucema vice president ku maungano gha kabinethi, iyo president waliyose kufuma apo walutilira kusunga.^[32]

Mwakupambana na ŵa vice president ŵakale ŵa United States, John Nance Garner wakaŵa na mulimo ukuru chomene pakupanga ndondomeko za president, ndipo Roosevelt wakagwiliskiranga ntchito umanyi na vinjeru vya Garner pakulongozga malango gha New Deal kwizira mu Congress.^[33]^[34]^[35] Kweni, Garner wakapambana maghanoghano na Roosevelt pa nkhani ya "court-packing" kukwambilira kwa nyengo yake yachiŵiri, ndipo wakaŵa mulwani mukuru wa Roosevelt. Pakwamba pa nyengo iyo, pa January 20, 1937, Garner wakaŵa vice president wakwamba kulapizga mulimo pa masitepisi gha Capitol mu mwambo umoza na president, ndondomeko iyo yicali kulutilira. Pambere nyengo iyi yindafike, ŵa vice president ŵakalapizganga mwakawiro pa mwambo wapadera mu chipinda cha Senate. Gerald Ford na Nelson Rockefeller, awo wose ŵakasankhika ku udindo uwu mwakuyana na malango gha Kusintha kwa 25, ŵakalapizgira mu vipinda vya House na Senate mwakuyana. Pa Msonkhano wa Democratic National Convention wa 1940, Roosevelt wakasora yekha munthu uyo wakeneranga kwimilira nayo, Henry Wallace, m’malo mwa kuleka kuti msonkhano usankhe, apo wakakhumbanga kuti Garner wafumeko.^[36] Pamanyuma wakapeleka milimo yikuru kwa Wallace mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Kweni, pamanyuma pa mphindano zinandi za ndondomeko pakati pa Wallace na ŵa boma la Roosevelt kweniso ŵalongozgi ŵa Chama cha Democratic, wakakanika kusankhikaso pa Msonkhano wa Democratic National Convention wa 1944. Harry S. Truman ndiyo wakasankhika m’malo mwake. Mu mazuŵa ghake 82 gha kuŵa vice president, Truman wakamanyanga yayi vya ndondomeko yiliyose ya nkhondo panji ya pamanyuma pa nkhondo, kusazgapo Manhattan Project.^[37] Truman wakaŵavya mulimo wakuwoneka mu boma la Roosevelt padera pa milimo yake ya ku Congress ndipo wakakumana na president kanandi waka yayi mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa vice president.^[38] Roosevelt wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, ndipo Truman wakanjira mu udindo wa president (umoyo wa Roosevelt ukaŵa wasungika kwa Truman). Pa nyengo iyo wakati, "Nkhajipulika nga ni mwezi, nyenyezi na mapulaneti ghose vikawa pa ine."^[39] Pakukhumba kuti palije vice president munyengo yakunthazi wazakasangaso wambura kumanya vinthu para wanjira mwamabuchi mu udindo wa president, Truman wakapanga vice president kuŵa membala wa National Security Council, wakuluta ku maungano gha Kabineti ndipo wakupokera uthenga wa chitetezo nyengo zose mu 1949.^[37]

Uzirwa wa udindo wa vice president ukakweraso apo Richard Nixon wakaŵa mu udindo (1953–1961). Wakawoneka chomene mu vyakuwoneska vya nkhani na mu Chama cha Republican, apo Dwight Eisenhower wakamupa mazaza kuti walongozgenge maungano gha Kabineti para iyo palije kweniso kuti wapoke kwa nyengo yichoko mazaza gha boma la ukulongozgi, ndipo wakachita nthena apo Eisenhower wakalwara na matenda gha mtima pa Seputembala 24, 1955, ileitis mu Juni 1956, na stroke mu Novembala 1957. Nixon wakaŵaso wakuwoneka pa charu chose mu nyengo yake ya mulimo.^[37]

Kufika mu 1961, ŵa vice president ŵakaŵa na maofesi ghawo pa Capitol Hill, ofesi yakuzirwa mu Capitol yeneko kweniso ofesi yakugwirirapo ntchito mu Russell Senate Office Building. Lyndon B. Johnson wakaŵa vice president wakwamba kupelekeka ofesi mu malo gha White House, mu Old Executive Office Building. Ofesi ya uyo kale wakaŵa Mlembi wa Navy mu OEOB, kufuma apo yikachemekanga "Ceremonial Office of the Vice President" ndipo sono yikugwiliskirika ntchito pa milimo ya mwambo na ma interview gha atolankhani. President Jimmy Carter wakaŵa president wakwamba kupeleka vice president wake, Walter Mondale, ofesi mu West Wing ya White House, ndipo ŵa vice president wose kufuma apo ŵasungilira ofesi iyi. Chifukwa cha mulimo wawo nga ni president wa Senate, ŵa vice president ŵachali kusunga maofesi na ŵantchito pa Capitol Hill. Kusintha uku kukachitika chifukwa Carter wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakuti udindo wa vice presidency ukaŵa chinthu icho chikaphyoka ntchito mu mdauko ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti vice president wake waŵengepo mu kupanga vyakusankha. Carter wakawona mwakupulikikwa, kuyana na Joel Goldstein, umo Roosevelt wakachitira na Truman kuŵa "kwambura makola".^[40]

Chinthu chinyake icho chikapangiska kuti kuzirwa kwa vice presidency kukwere chikaŵa kukura kwa kugwiliskira ntchito visola vya pakwamba vya kusora ŵimiliri ŵa vyama mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Pakugwiliskira ntchito visola vya pakwamba, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa vice president likakura chifukwa cha unandi na umanyi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa president, awo ŵakatheranga mu visola vinyake vya pakwamba kweni pamanyuma ŵakatondeka kusanga kusankhika pa msonkhano wa chipani.^[36]

Pakudangulira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, Dick Cheney (2001–2009) wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi chomene mu boma, ndipo kanandi waka wakasankhanga vyakusankha vya ndondomeko yekha, kwambura kumanyiska president.^[41] Kukura mwaluŵiro uku kukapangiska Matthew Yglesias na Bruce Ackerman kupempha kuti udindo wa vice president ulekeke^[42]^[43] apo ŵa vice president wose ŵa visola vya 2008, Sarah Palin na Joe Biden, ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakhumbenge kuchepeska mulimo uwu kuti uŵe wa kuŵa waka mlangizi wa president.^[44]

Milimo ya mu Malango gha boma

Nangauli ŵimiliri ku msonkhano wakupanga Malango ŵakazomerezga kukhazikiska udindo uwu, uwo ukaŵa na milimo ya ukulongozgi na ya Senate, ŵanandi ŵakamanyanga yayi chomene vya udindo uwu, ntheura ŵakamupa vice president milimo yichoko na mazaza ghachoko.^[18] Mazuŵa ghakale, ni vyaru vichoko waka ndivyo vikaŵa na udindo wakuyana na uwu. Pakati pa ivyo vikaŵa nawo, malango gha New York ghakayowoya kuti "lieutenant-governor, chifukwa cha udindo wake, ndiyo ni president wa Senate, ndipo para mavoti ghagaŵikana mwakuyana, wangaŵa na voti yakumalizga pa ivyo ŵakusankha, kweni wangavota yayi pa nyengo zinyake".^[45] Ntheura, pakwamba vice presidency yikaŵa na mazaza mu malo ghachoko waka, kweni kusintha kwa Malango kwawonjezera panji kuwoneska makora vinthu vinyake.

President wa Senate

Chigaŵa chakwamba cha Malango gha United States#Ndime 4: Vice President nga ni President wa Senate mu Article I, Chigaŵa 3, Ndime 4, chikupeleka kwa vice president udindo wa "President wa Senate", ndipo chikupereka mazaza kwa vice president kuti walongozge maungano gha Senate. Mu mulimo uwu, vice president ndiyo wakwenera kusunga ndondomeko na ulemu mu maungano, kumanya ŵabali awo ŵakhumba kuyowoya, kweniso kulongosora malango, ndondomeko na ivyo vikachitikapo kale mu Senate. Pa udindo uwu pakwiza so mazaza gha kuvota para mavoti ghagaŵikana mwakuyana.^[18] Mu ntchito, unandi wa nyengo izo ŵa vice president ŵagwiliskira ntchito wanangwa uwu wapambana chomene. Kamala Harris wali na mbiri ya mavoti 33, kulondezgana na John C. Calhoun uyo pakwamba wakaŵa na mbiri iyi na mavoti 31; John Adams wali pa malo ghachitatu na mavoti 29.^[46]^[47] Ŵa vice president khumi na ŵaŵiri ŵakavuotapo yayi mavoti ghakumalizga para mavoti ghagaŵikana.

Pakuti awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vice president wazamuŵapo yayi nyengo zose kuti wachite mulimo uwu, Malango ghakuzomerezga kuti Senate yingasora president pro tempore (panji "president wa kanyengo") kuti yilutilire kusunga ndondomeko yakwenelera ya milimo ya kupanga malango. Kweni mu ntchito, kufuma kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, nanga ni president wa Senate panji pro tempore wakulongozga maungano nyengo zose yayi; m’malo mwake, president pro tempore kanandi wakupereka mulimo uwu ku ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa Senate.^[48]

Kulongozga pa milandu yakufumiska ŵalara mu maudindo

Mu mulimo wawo nga ni president wa Senate, vice president wangalongozga milandu yinandi ya kufumiska mu udindo ŵalara ŵa boma la pakati, nangauli Malango ghakuyowoya mwakudunjika yayi kuti wachite nthena. Kweni para president wa United States wali pa mulandu, Malango ghakukhumba kuti wakulongozga khoti likuru la United States ndiyo walongozge. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangika kuti yileke kuŵa suzgo la kukolerana kwa vyakukhumba, chifukwa cha kupangiska vice president kulongozga mulandu wa kufumiska mu udindo munthu yumoza uyo wali pakati pa iyo na upresidenti. Mwakupambana na ichi, Malango ghakuyowoya yayi kuti ni mulongozgi nuyu wa boma la pakati uyo wangalongozga para vice president wali pa mulandu mu Senate.^[13]^[49] Palije vice president uyo wakafumiskika mu udindo kwizira mu mulandu wa impeachment, ntheura vikumanyikwa yayi usange vice president uyo wafumiskika mu udindo wangalongozga mulandu wake wa impeachment nga ni president wa Senate.

Kulongozga kupenda mavoti gha visola vya ŵanthu ŵa visola

Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chiŵiri kukupereka kuti vice president, mu mulimo wake nga ni president wa Senate, wapokere mavoti gha Electoral College, ndipo pamanyuma, pamaso pa Senate na House of Representatives, wazule mavoti ghakufinyika mu makhwangwa.^[50] Pamanyuma mavoti ghakuŵerengedwa na Congress pa msonkhano wakukolerana, kuyana na ndondomeko zinyake izo zili mu Electoral Count Act ndipo zikasinthika na Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act.^[51] Dango lakwamba likuyowoya kuti president wa Senate walongozga msonkhano wakukolerana,^[52] ndipo lachiŵiri likulongosora kuti mulimo wa president wa Senate mu ndondomeko iyi ngwa kupulikira waka malango kwambura kuŵa na mazaza ghanyake.^[53] Msonkhano wakukolerana wakulondezgapo pa nkhani iyi ukukayikika kuti uzamuchitika pamanyuma pa visola vya president vya 2028, pa Janyuwale 6, 2029 (panyake usange Congress yasora zuŵa linyake kwizira mu dango).^[54]

Mu mulimo uwu, ŵa vice president ŵanayi ŵakakwaniska kulengezga kusankhika kwawo kuŵa president: John Adams mu 1797, Thomas Jefferson mu 1801, Martin Van Buren mu 1837 na George H. W. Bush mu 1989.^[18] Mwakupambana na ichi, ŵa vice president ŵanayi ŵakakhumbikwira kulengezga kusankhika kwa ŵalwani ŵawo kuŵa president: John C. Breckinridge mu 1861,^[55] Richard Nixon mu 1961,^[56] Al Gore mu 2001,^[57] na Kamala Harris mu 2025.^[58] Mu 1969, Vice President Hubert Humphrey nayo wakatenge wachitapo nthena, pamanyuma pa kutondeka kwa visola vya 1968 kwa Richard Nixon; kweni pa zuŵa la msonkhano wakukolerana wa Congress, Humphrey wakaŵa ku Norway kuluta ku nyifwa ya Trygve Lie, uyo wakaŵa Secretary-General wakwamba kusankhika wa United Nations. President pro tempore, Richard Russell, ndiyo wakalongozga mu malo ghake.^[56] Pa Febuluwale 8, 1933, Vice President Charles Curtis wakalengezga chipulikano cha kusankhika kwa uyo wakalondezganga pa udindo wake, Speaker wa House John Nance Garner, apo Garner wakakhala pafupi nayo pa dais ya House.^[59] Mwakuyana waka, Walter Mondale, mu 1981, Dan Quayle, mu 1993, na Mike Pence, mu 2021, waliyose wakakhumbikwira kulengezga kupokera kwa uyo wakalondezganga pa udindo wawo, pamanyuma pa kutondeka kusankhika kachiŵiri.

Wakunthazi wa president wa United States

Chigaŵa chachiŵiri cha Malango gha United States#Ndime 6: Malo ghakuleka kanthawi na kutondeka kugwira ntchito mu Article II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6, chikuyowoya kuti vice president wakutora "mazaza na milimo" ya upresidenti para president wafumiskika mu udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kugwira ntchito.^[60] Nangauli vili nthena, likayowoya mwakudunjika yayi usange vice president wakaŵa president panji wakachitanga waka nga ni president mu nyengo ya kulondezgana kwa maudindo. Mazu agho ghakalembeka pa msonkhano wakupanga Malango mu 1787, pamoza na ivyo ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo pa msonkhano uwu ŵakalemba pamanyuma, vikulongora kuti awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakakhumbanga kuti vice president wazamugwiliskira ntchito kanyengo mazaza na milimo ya udindo uwu para president wafwa, watondeka kugwira ntchito, panji wafumiskika mu udindo, kweni wazamuŵa yayi president wa United States mu udindo wake wenecho.^[61]^[62]

Maghanoghano agha ghakayezgeka kakwamba mu 1841, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya President William Henry Harrison, pamanyuma pa mazuŵa 31 pera kufuma apo wakamba mulimo wake. Vice president wa Harrison, John Tyler, wakayowoya kuti kuyana na Malango, iyo wakalondezga pa udindo wa president, osati kutora waka mazaza na milimo yake. Wakajilapizga yekha kuŵa president ndipo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito mazaza ghose gha president, kukana kuzomera mabuku agho ghakamuchema kuti "Acting President".^[63] Nangauli ŵanyake mu Congress ŵakasuska ivyo Tyler wakayowoya nga ni kuswa Malango,^[60] iyo wakalutilira na maghanoghano ghake. Pamanyuma maghanoghano ghake ghakazomerezgeka apo Senate na House wose ŵakavota kumumanya nga ni president.^[64] Ndondomeko ya Tyler yakuti vice president wakutora zina lose na mulimo wa president para uyo wakamutolelanga wafwa, waleka udindo, panji wafumiskika mu udindo (kwizira mu kweruzgika kwa impeachment) yikazomerezgeka mu Malango kwizira mu Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chinkhondi kwa Malango gha United States mu 1967.^[65]^[66] Wose pamoza, ŵa vice president 9 ŵakanjira mu udindo wa president mu nyengo iyo udindo ukaŵa kuti wandamalizge. Padera pa Tyler, ŵanyake ni Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, na Gerald Ford. Ŵanayi mwa iwo—Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, na Lyndon B. Johnson—pamanyuma ŵakasankhikaso kuŵa president pa nyengo zawo zose.^[61] Ŵa vice president ŵanayi awo ŵakaŵa pa udindo ŵakasankhika kuŵa president: John Adams mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1796, Thomas Jefferson mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1800, Martin Van Buren mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1836, na George H. W. Bush mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1988. Mwakuyana waka, ŵa vice president ŵa kale ŵaŵiri ŵakathereska kuŵa president, Richard Nixon mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1968 na Joe Biden mu visola vya president vya United States vya 2020. Ŵa vice president ŵankhondi awo ŵakaŵa pa udindo ŵakatondeka mu visola vya president: Breckinridge mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1860, Nixon mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1960, Humphrey mu 1968, Gore mu visola vya president vya United States vya 2000, na Harris mu visola vya president vya United States vya 2024. Mwakuyana waka, vice president wakale Walter Mondale wakatondeka mu visola vya president vya United States vya 1984.^[67] Pamoza, ŵa vice president 15 ŵakazgoka ŵa president.^[68]

President wakuchita kanyengo

Vigaŵa 3 na 4 vya Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chinkhondi kwa Malango gha United States vikulongosora nyengo izo president wakutondeka kanyengo panji nyengo yose kulongozga, nga ni para president wakuchita opaleshoni, wakulwara chomene panji wavulala, panji wakutondeka kuchita mazaza panji milimo ya upresidenti.^[69] Chigaŵa 3 chikuyowoya vya kutondeka kugwira ntchito uko president mweneko wakulengezga, ndipo Chigaŵa 4 chikuyowoya vya kutondeka kugwira ntchito uko vice president na ŵanandi mu Cabinet ŵakupangana.^[69] Nangauli Chigaŵa 4 chindagwiliskikepo ntchito, Chigaŵa 3 chagwiliskika ntchito kanayi na ŵa president ŵatatu, kwamba mu 1985. Apo chikagwiliskika ntchito pa Novembala 19, 2021, Kamala Harris wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba mu mdauko wa United States kuŵa na mazaza na milimo ya president.^[70]

Vigaŵa 3 na 4 vikaŵikika chifukwa pakaŵa kusoŵa kumanyikwa mu ndime ya kulondezgana kwa maudindo mu Article II, pa nkhani ya president uyo watondeka kugwira ntchito, kusazgapo ivyo vikupanga "kutondeka kugwira ntchito", uyo wakusimikizga kuti kutondeka kulipo, kweniso usange vice president wakuzgoka president kuzakamalizga nyengo ya president panji wakaŵa "acting president". Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵa president ŵanandi ŵakasangana na nyengo za matenda ghakuru, kutondeka kwa thupi panji vilonda, vinyake vikatora masabata panji myezi. Mu nyengo izi, nangauli charu chikakhumbanga ulongozgi uwemi wa president, palije vice president uyo wakakhumbanga kuwoneka nga ni uyo wapoka mazaza, ntheura mazaza ghakaŵikika kwa munyake yayi. Pamanyuma pa President Dwight D. Eisenhower kuyowoya pakweru vya suzgo la umoyo wake na kupanga phangano na Vice President Richard Nixon ilo likapelekanga mpata kwa Nixon kuchita m'malo mwa iyo usange Eisenhower watondeka kupereka ulongozgi uwemi wa president (Nixon wakachitapo mwakuzomerezgeka yayi pa milimo yinyake ya president kwa masabata ghanandi mu nyengo zitatu apo Eisenhower wakalwaranga), kudumbiskana mu Congress kukamba pa nkhani ya kumazga kusoŵa kumanyikwa uku mu Malango.^[60]^[69]

Milimo ya mazuŵa ghano

Mazaza gha ofesi iyi mazuŵa ghano ghakufuma chomene ku mazaza agho ghakupelekeka mwakudunjika panji mwambura kulembeka kufuma kwa president na Congress.^[13] Mazaza agha ghangasiyana chomene pa kukura kwake; mwachiyelezgero, vice president ni chiŵaro cha malango cha National Security Council na wupu wa ŵalongozgi wa Smithsonian Institution.^[10] Kukura kwa milimo na maudindo gha vice president kukuthemba chomene pa ubale wapadera pakati pa president na vice president, kweni kanandi kukusazgapo milimo nga ni kulemba ndondomeko za boma na kuyowoyera boma, kuŵa mlangizi wa president, kweniso kuŵa chimanyikwilo cha chitima panji chovwiro cha America. Mphaka ya mazaza gha vice president mu milimo iyi yikuthemba pafupifupi yose pa umo boma la president uyo liliri.^[71]

Mlangizi wa president

Ŵa vice president ŵanandi ŵasono ŵawonekanga nga mbalangizi ŵakuzirwa ŵa president. Walter Mondale, mwakupambana na awo ŵakaŵa pa udindo pambere iyo, wakakhumba yayi kuti milimo yapadera yipelekeke kwa iyo. Mondale wakagomezganga, nga umo wakalembera mu memo kwa president wakusankhika Jimmy Carter pamanyuma pa visola vya 1976, kuti mulimo wake wakuzirwa chomene ukaŵenge kuŵa "mlangizi wa president pa nkhani zose".^[40]^[72] Al Gore wakaŵa mlangizi wakuzirwa kwa President Bill Clinton pa nkhani za ndondomeko za vyakuwaro na ndondomeko za chilengedwe. Dick Cheney wakamanyikwanga kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵapafupi chomene na President George W. Bush. Joe Biden wakapempha President Barack Obama kuti wamuzomerezge kuŵa nyengo zose "munthu waumaliro mu chipinda" apo chinthu chikuru chikupangika; pamanyuma, apo wakaŵa president mweneko, Biden wakagwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko iyi na vice president wake, Kamala Harris.^[73]^[74]

Mwenekuso wakuŵira munyake pa ulongozgi

Ŵa vice president ŵasono ŵapokera mazaza kufuma kwa ma president kuti ŵawongolere ŵekha vigaŵa vikuru vya nkhani. Joe Biden (uyo wali kugwirapo ntchito nga ni President na Vice President wa United States) wakayowoya kuti upresidenti "ngwakukura chomene sono mwakuti munthu yumoza mwanalume panji mwanakazi wangakwaniska yayi".^[75] Dick Cheney wakaghanaghanika kuti wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi chomene ndipo kanandi wakapanganga vyakusankha vya ndondomeko yekha, kwambura kuti president wamanye.^[41] Barack Obama wakapeleka mulimo kwa Biden wakuti wawongolere ndondomeko ya Iraq; vikayowoyeka kuti Obama wakati, "Joe, iwe ulongozge vya Iraq".^[76] Mu Febuluwale 2020, Donald Trump wakasankha Mike Pence kuti walongozge ivyo boma likachitanga pa mulandu wa COVID-19.^[77] Mu Malichi 2021, President Biden wakaŵika Kamala Harris kuyang'anira mulimo wakumalana na chiŵelengero chikuru cha ŵasamuka awo ŵakizanga pa mphaka ya United States na Mexico.^[78]

Mwenekoso wa pa ubali wa Congress

Vice president kanandi ni mulumikizgi wakuzirwa pakati pa boma na Congress, chomene mu nyengo izo president wandagwirepo ntchito mu Congress panji wakagwirapo ntchito kanyengo kachoko waka. Kanandi ŵa vice president ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵanyawo mu visola chifukwa cha ubale wawo na ŵanthu mu malango, kusazgapo Richard Nixon, Lyndon Johnson, Walter Mondale, Dick Cheney, Joe Biden, na Mike Pence pamoza na ŵanyake. Mu vyaka vyasono, Dick Cheney wakachitanga maungano gha sabata na sabata mu Chipinda cha Vice President mu United States Capitol, Joe Biden wakachitapo mulimo ukuru mu kudumbiskana kwa bajeti pakati pa vipani viŵiri, ndipo Mike Pence kanandi wakakumananga na ŵa Republican mu House na Senate. Kamala Harris wakalongozganga Senate iyo yikaŵa yakugaŵikana 50–50 mu nyengo ya Congress ya 117, icho chikamupa mulimo wakuzirwa pakuzomerezga malango.

Mjumbe ku vyakuchitika

Mu ndondomeko ya boma ya America ya upresidenti, president ni mutu wa charu na mutu wa boma,^[79] ndipo milimo ya mwambo ya udindo wakwamba kanandi yikupelekeka kwa vice president. Vice president nyengo zinyake wakwimira president na boma la United States pa nyifwa za ŵalongozgi mu vyaru vinyake, panji pa vyakuchitika vyakupambanapambana mu United States. Kanandi uwu ndiwo mulimo uwo ŵanthu ŵakuwona chomene wa vice president. Vice president wangakumanaso na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake mu nyengo izo boma likukhumba kulongora chitima panji chovwiro kweni likutondeka kutuma president mweneko.

Chiŵaro cha National Security Council

Kwambira mu 1949, vice president wali kuŵa chiŵaro cha malango cha National Security Council. Harry S. Truman, chifukwa chakuti wakaŵa wandaphalirike vya mapulani gha nkhondo panji pamanyuma pa nkhondo mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa vice president (chomene Manhattan Project), wakamanya kuti para vice president wazgoka president wakwenera kuti wafumapo kale kumanya vya nkhani izi. Ŵa vice president ŵasono nawo ŵakusazgikamo mu malipoti gha zuŵa na zuŵa gha vinthu vya chitetezo gha president,^[73] ndipo kanandi ŵakutora chigaŵa mu maungano mu Situation Room pamoza na president.

Umo ŵakusankhira

Ukwaniskika

Kuti munthu waŵe wakwenelera mwakuyana na Malango gha charu kuti wagwire ntchito ya vice president, munthu wakwenera, kuyana na Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chinkhondi, kukwaniska ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti waŵe president (ivyo vili kulembeka mu Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Ntheura, kuti munthu wagwire ntchito ya vice president, wakwenera:

kuŵa mubadwa wa charu wa United States;
kuŵa na vyaka 35 panji kujumphapo;
kuŵa wakukhala mu United States kwa vyaka 14 panji kujumphapo.^[80]

Munthu uyo wakukwana vinthu ivi pachanya wakukanizgikaso kukhala mu udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu nyengo izi:

Mwakuyana na Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, para munthu wasangika na mulandu mu milandu ya kuchimbizga mu udindo, Senate yili na wanangwa wa kumukanizga munthu uyo wasangika na mulandu kuti waleke kugwira udindo wa boma, kusazgapo udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti;
Mwakuyana na Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, "palije munthu uyo mwakuyana na malango wakukanizgika kukhala pulezidenti ndiyo wangayana na udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa United States".^[80]
Mwakuyana na Section 3 ya Fourteenth Amendment, palije munthu uyo wali kulapa kuti wasungilire Malango gha Boma, uyo pamanyuma "wakachitako kuwukira panji kugaluka" ku United States, panji uyo wakapeleka wovwiri na chivikiliro ku ŵalwani ŵa charu, wangagwira udindo uliwose wa boma la chigaŵa panji la fuko—kusazgapo udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Kuletsedwa uku, uko pakwamba kukakhumbanga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga Confederacy, kungawuskika para nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress zavota na magawo ghaŵiri pa ghatatu.^[81]

Kusankhika

Ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵa vipani vikuru vya ndyali vya fuko ŵakusankhika mwakuzomerezgeka na ungano wa chipani uwo ukuchitika vilimika vinayi vilimose, pamanyuma pa kusankhika kwa munthu wa chipani chawo kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Ndondomeko yakusankhira iyi njakuyana na iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito pakusankha ŵakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti, apo ŵimiliri ŵakuŵika mazina gha ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika, ndipo pamanyuma pakuchitika kuvota uko munthu wakwenera kusanga mavoti ghanandi kuti wasankhike kuŵa munthu wa chipani.

Mu nyengo yasono, munthu uyo wasankhika kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakuru pa chisankho ichi, ndipo kwambira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 chikaŵa chizolowezi kuti munthu uyu wasankhe munyake uyo wakwenda nayo pa chisankho, uyo pamanyuma wakusankhika na kuzomerezgeka na ungano wa chipani. Pambere Franklin D. Roosevelt mu 1940, ŵapulezidenti ŵaŵiri pera—Andrew Jackson mu 1832 na Abraham Lincoln mu 1864—ndiwo ŵakachita nthena.^[82]

Mu vyaka vyasono, chifukwa chakuti munthu wa chipani uyo wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti kanandi wakumanyikwa kale chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya mavoti gha pakwamba, kusankhika kwa munthu wa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kanandi kukupharazgika pambere mavoti gha kusankha pulezidenti ghandachitike, ndipo nyengo zinyake pambere ungano weneko undambe. Munthu waumaliro wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti uyo wakasankha yayi munthu wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kweni wakaleka nkhani iyi ku ungano, wakaŵa Democrat Adlai Stevenson mu 1956. Ungano ukasankha Senator wa Tennessee Estes Kefauver m’malo mwa Senator wa Massachusetts (ndipo pamanyuma pulezidenti) John F. Kennedy. Pa ungano wa Democrats wa 1972 uwo ukaŵa na mphindano, wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti George McGovern wakasankha Senator wa Missouri Thomas Eagleton kuŵa munyake pa chisankho, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵanyake nawo ŵakaŵikika pa mazina panji ŵakasanga mavoti pa nyengo ya kuvota. Nangauli nthena, Eagleton wakasanga mavoti ghanandi na kusankhika, kweni pamanyuma wakalekera pa chisankho, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Sargent Shriver wa ku Maryland waŵe munthu waumaliro uyo wakendanga na McGovern; wose ŵakatondeka pa chisankho na chipani cha Nixon–Agnew mwakutali, ndipo ŵakasanga chalo cha Massachusetts pera na District of Columbia. Mu nyengo izo zili mu ndondomeko ya chisankho cha pulezidenti apo zina la munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti lindakamanyikwa makora, kusazgapo nyengo izo kusankhika kwa munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti kukukayikirika apo ungano ukwiza kufika, kampeni za maudindo ghaŵiri izi zingasangananga. Mu 1976, Ronald Reagan, uyo wakaŵa kumanyuma kwa Pulezidenti Gerald Ford pa unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵa chipani, wakapharazga pambere Ungano wa Republican undambe kuti, usange wasankhika, wasankhenge Senator wa Pennsylvania Richard Schweiker kuŵa munyake pa chisankho. Reagan wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wakakhumbanga kuŵa pulezidenti uyo wakapharazga kusankhika kwake kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti pambere ungano undambe. Ŵakukhozgera Reagan pamanyuma ŵakayezga kwambura kukwana kusintha malango gha ungano kuti Gerald Ford wakeneranga kusankha munyake wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mwaluŵiro. Kachitidwe aka kakawuskapo phindu ku chigaŵa chinyake, chifukwa mbiri ya mavoti ya Schweiker iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana na wanangwa wakakhuŵazga ŵimiliri ŵanandi ŵa chipani awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusungilira chomene ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kususka malango gha kusankha ŵimiliri ŵa chipani kuti ŵawovwire mipata ya Reagan. Paumaliro, Ford wakatonda kusankhika kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti mwakufupifupi, ndipo kusankhika kwa Schweiker na Reagan kukazgoka kwambura ntchito.

Mu mavoti gha pakwamba gha chipani cha Democrats gha 2008 gha kusankha pulezidenti, agho ghakasuskana pakati pa Hillary Clinton na Barack Obama, Clinton wakayowoya za tikiti ya Clinton–Obama apo Obama wangaŵa pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakayowoya kuti iyi yikaŵa "yambura kutondeka" pakususka munthu uyo wakaghanaghanikanga kuti ndiyo wakwimira chipani cha Republican. Obama wakakana pempho ili mwakudunjika, wakati, "Nkhukhumba kuti waliyose wamanye makora. Ine nkhupenja kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti yayi. Ine nkhupenja kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States of America," ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, "Na ntchindi zose. Ndatonda mu vigaŵa viŵiri kupambana Senator Clinton. Nasanga mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu kuluska Senator Clinton. Ndili na ŵimiliri ŵanandi kuluska Senator Clinton. Ntheura, nkhumanya yayi umo munthu uyo wali pa malo ghaŵiri wakupempha udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kwa munthu uyo wali pa malo ghakwamba." Obama wakayowoya kuti ndondomeko ya kusankha yikeneranga kuŵa chisankho pakati pa iyo na Clinton, wakati "Nkhukhumba yayi kuti munthu waliyose pano waghanaghanenge kuti 'Mwenecho, panji ningasanga wose ŵaŵiri'," mwa kusankha Clinton na kughanaghana kuti iyo waŵenge munyake pa chisankho.^[83]^[84] Ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ichi chikaŵa chinyengo cha kampeni ya Clinton kuti ŵamupangiske Obama kuwoneka nga ngwakwenelera pachoko kuŵa pulezidenti.^[85]^{[ukaboni wasowa apa]} Pamanyuma, apo Obama wakazgoka munthu uyo wakaghanaghanikanga kuti ndiyo wakwimira chipani cha Democrats pa udindo wa pulezidenti, pulezidenti wakale Jimmy Carter wakachenjezga kuti Clinton waleke kusankhika kuŵa munthu wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti pa tikiti iyo, wakati "Nkhughanaghana kuti chingaŵa chinthu chiheni chomene icho chingachitika. Ichi chingasazgirapo waka vinthu viheni vya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakukhumba udindo," ndipo wakayowoya za mavoti gha maghanoghano agho ghakalongora kuti 50% ya ŵavoti ŵa ku United States ŵakaŵa na maghanoghano ghaheni pa Hillary Clinton.^[86]

Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti George H. W. Bush na Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan mu 1981.

Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti Dan Quayle na Pulezidenti George H. W. Bush mu 1989.

Vinthu ivyo ŵakusankha navyo

Nangauli wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakukhumbikwira yayi kuŵa na vinjeru vya ndyali, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa vipani vikuru awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mbenecho ŵa sono panji ŵakale ŵa Senate ya United States panji ŵimiliri ŵa ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri, ndipo nyengo zinyake pakusankhika gavena wa sono panji wakale, mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari (ŵasilikari awo ŵali pa ntchito ŵakukanizgika na malango gha US kugwira maudindo gha ndyali), panji munthu uyo wali kugwirapo udindo ukuru mu chigaŵa cha Ulongozgi wa Boma. Kusazgapo apa, munthu uyo wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti nyengo zose waŵanga munthu uyo wakukhala mwalamulo mu chigaŵa chinyake chakupambana na icho munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakukhalamo. Nangauli mu Malango gha Boma mulije chinthu icho chikuletelera munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti na munyake uyo wakwenda nayo pa chisankho kuŵa ŵa chigaŵa chimoza, "dango la munthu wakukhala mu chigaŵa" mu Twelfth Amendment likukhumba kuti munthu waliyose wakuvota pa chisankho cha pulezidenti waŵike voti yake kwa munthu yumoza pera uyo wakufuma yayi mu chigaŵa chawo. Pambere chisankho cha 2000 chindachitike, George W. Bush na Dick Cheney wose ŵakakhalanga na kuvotera ku Texas. Kuti ŵaleke kupangiska suzgo lakuti ŵanthu ŵa Texas awo ŵakavotanga pa chisankho ichi ŵasangane nalo, Cheney wakasinthaso malo ghake ghakukhala ku Wyoming pambere kampeni yindambe.^[80]

Kanandi, munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakusankha munthu wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti uyo wangiza kuyana kwa chigaŵa panji maghanoghano gha ndyali pa tikiti iyo, panji kukopa gulu linyake la ŵavoti. Munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wangasankhikaso chifukwa cha vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakuvileka, panji chifukwa cha kumanyikwa kwa zina lake. Kuti ŵakhozge umoza wa chipani, ŵanthu awo ŵakatondeka pachoko mu ndondomeko ya kusankha munthu wa chipani kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti kanandi ŵakuwona kuti mbakwenelera kusankhika. Nangauli ndondomeko iyi yingasazgirako mwaŵi wa kutonda kwa tikiti ya fuko, mu nyengo yakale kanandi yikapangiska kuti munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakwimira vigaŵa, magulu gha ŵavoti, panji maghanoghano agho ghakaŵa ghakupambana na gha munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Chifukwa cha ichi, ŵapulezidenti ŵaŵiri kanandi ŵakaŵanga kutali na ndondomeko ya kupanga ndondomeko za boma liphya. Nyengo zinandi ubwezi wawo na pulezidenti kweniso ŵantchito ŵake ukaŵanga wakutali, wambura kukhalapo, panji wakususkana.^{[n 1]}

Mu nyengo yakale, munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kanandi wakaŵanga wandale wa chiŵiri, uyo wakasankhikanga kuti wakhorweske chigaŵa chichoko cha chipani, kukhorweska ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani, panji kusanga chigaŵa chakuzirwa pa chisankho.^[87] Vinthu ivyo vikaŵa na mulimo pa kusankha vikaŵa: kuyana kwa chigaŵa na maghanoghano gha ndyali, kusazgirako kukopeka kwa munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti ku ŵavoti ŵakufuma kuwaro kwa chigaŵa chake panji phiko la chipani. Ŵakwimira ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na mavoti ghanandi gha chisankho kweni ivyo vingasinthasintha kanandi ndiwo ŵakasankhikanga. Kafukufuku wa 2016, uyo wakawona ŵanthu ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu nyengo ya 1884–2012, wakasanga kuti ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵakasazgiranga umo tikiti yawo yikachitiranga mu vigaŵa vyawo pakuyana na magawo gha 2.67 pa 100 pa avareji.^[88]

Chisankho

Nkhani ikulu: United States Electoral College

Mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu wakusankhika mwakujumphilira na ŵanthu ŵa mu chalo chilichose kweniso ku chigaŵa cha District of Columbia kwizira mu Gulu la ŵakusankha, ilo ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakusankha ilo likupangika kamoza pa vyaka vinayi pera na chilato chakusankha mlongozgi wa charu na mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu pa nyengo yimoza ya vyaka vinayi. Chalo chilichose chili na wanangwa wa kuŵa na ŵakusankha ŵakuyana na unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵake mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. Kweniso, Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 23 chikupereka kuti District of Columbia yili na unandi wa ŵakusankha uwo yikaŵenge nawo usange yikaŵa chalo, kweni ungajumpha yayi unandi wa ŵakusankha wa chalo icho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene.^[89] Mazuŵa ghano, vyaru vyose na D.C. vikupanga kusankha ŵakusankha ŵawo kwizira mu visola vya ŵanthu ivyo vikuchitika pa Zuŵa la visola.^[54] Mu vyaru vyose kupatulapo viŵiri, chipani icho tikiti yake ya mlongozgi wa charu na mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu yapokera mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu mu chalocho, chikusora ŵanthu wose awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakusankha ŵa chalocho.^[90] Maine na Nebraska vikupambana na ndondomeko iyi ya uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi kutora vyose, chifukwa vikupereka ŵakusankha ŵaŵiri kwa uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi mu chalo chose, ndipo yumoza kwa uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi mu chigaŵa chilichose cha visola vya ŵimiliri.^[91]^[92]

Pa Mande yakwamba pamanyuma pa Chitatu chachiŵiri mu Disembala, pafupifupi masabata ghankhondi na limoza pamanyuma pa chisankho, ŵakusankha ŵakuwungana mu vyaru vyawo (ndiposo ku Washington, D.C.) kuti ŵavote mlongozgi wa charu ndipo pa voti yinyake ŵavote mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu. Ivyo vyazomerezgeka vikujulika na kupendeka pa ungano wa nyumba ziŵiri za Congress, uwo ukuchitika mu sabata yakwamba ya Janyuwale. Munthu uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene gha ŵakusankha gha mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu (mazuŵa ghano 270 pa 538) wakupharazgika kuŵa wakunowa. Usange palije munthu uyo wapokera unandi uwu, Senate yikwenera kuwungana kuti yisankhe mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu kwizira mu ndondomeko ya chisankho chapadera, apo maseneta ŵakuvota yumoza-yumoza kusankha pakati pa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene gha ŵakusankha. Kuti munthu wanowe pa chisankho ichi, wakwenera kupokera mavoti gha unandi wa maseneta (mazuŵa ghano 51 pa 100).^[54]^[93]

Pali chisankho chimoza pera cha mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu icho chikachitika chifukwa palije uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi kufuma apo ndondomeko iyi yikapangikira kwizira mu Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 12. Chikachitika pa Febuluwale 8, 1837, pamanyuma pakuti palije munthu uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi gha ŵakusankha mu visola vya 1836. Na mavoti 33–17, Richard M. Johnson (uyo wakaŵa munyake wa Martin Van Buren) wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu wa nambara 9, wakathereska Francis Granger (uyo wakaŵa munyake wa William Henry Harrison na Daniel Webster).^[94]

Nyengo yakugwira ntchito

Kuyambika kwa udindo

Nkhani ikulu: Kuyambika kwa udindo wa mlongozgi wa United States

Mwakuyana na Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 20, nyengo ya kugwira ntchito ya mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu yikwamba pa mise ya Janyuwale 20, nga umo ziliri na nyengo ya mlongozgi wa charu.^[95] Nyengo zakwamba za mlongozgi wa charu na mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu izo zikamba pa zuŵa ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti Zuŵa la kuyambika kwa udindo, zikaŵa nyengo zachiwiri za Mlongozgi Franklin D. Roosevelt na Mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu John Nance Garner mu 1937.^[96] Pambere pa nyengo iyi, Zuŵa la kuyambika kwa udindo likaŵa pa Malichi 4. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zuŵa ili, nyengo zakwamba za ŵanalume wose ŵaŵiri (1933–1937) zikaŵa zifupi kuluska vyaka vinayi na mazuŵa 43.^[97]

Mu 1937, mwakuyana na apa, mwambo wa kulapa chilapo kwa mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu ukachitikira pa malo gha kuyambikapo udindo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Capitol pambere mlongozgi wa charu wandalape chilapo chake cha udindo. Kufika nyengo iyo, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakuwona vya charu ŵakalapanga chilapo cha udindo mu chipinda cha Senate pambere mwambo wa kulapa chilapo cha mlongozgi wa charu wandachitike.^[98] Nanga Malango gha charu ghali na mazgu ghakupambaniska gha chilapo cha mlongozgi wa charu, ghali na fundo yimoza pera mu Article VI yakuti mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakwenera kulapa chilapo panji kukhozgera kuti ŵavikilire Malango gha charu. Mazgu gha chilapo agho ghakugwira ntchito sono, agho ghakugwiritsidwa ntchito kufuma mu 1884 ghakuti:

Ine, (zina lakwamba na zina lakumalizga), nkhulapa (panji nkhukhozgera) mwakufikapo kuti nivikilirenge na kuvikilira Malango gha United States ku ŵalwani wose, ŵa kunja na ŵa mukati; kuti niŵenge wakugomezgeka na kuŵa na chitemwa chakwenelera ku Malango agha; kuti nkupokera udindo uwu mwakukhumbisiska, kwambura kubisa maghanoghano panji khumbo lakuchimbira udindo; ndipo kuti nichitenge makora na mwakugomezgeka ntchito za udindo uwo nkukhumba kwamba. Ntheura Chiuta wanovwire.^[99]

Nyengo ya kugwira ntchito

Nyengo yakugwira nchito

Kulapizgika pa udindo

Nkhani ikulu: Kulapizgika pa udindo wa mlongozgi wa United States

Kuyana na Vinthukuko vya Makumi ghaŵiri, nyengo ya ntchito ya mulongozgi wachiŵiri yikwamba pa nyengo ya pakati pa zuŵa la Janyuwale 20, nga umo viliri na mulongozgi.^[100] Nyengo zakwamba za ŵalongozgi na ŵalongozgi ŵachiŵiri izo zikamba pa zuŵa ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti Zuŵa la kulapizgika, zikaŵa nyengo zachiwiri za mlongozgi Franklin D. Roosevelt na mulongozgi wachiŵiri John Nance Garner mu 1937.^[96] Pambere penjiro la zuŵa ili, Zuŵa la kulapizgika likaŵa pa Malichi 4. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zuŵa ili, nyengo yakwamba ya ŵanalume wose ŵaŵiri (1933–1937) yikaŵa yifupi kuluska vyaka vinayi.^[97]

Mu 1937 so, mwambo wa kulapizgika kwa mulongozgi wachiŵiri ukachitikira pa malo gha kulapizgika pa chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi cha Capitol nyengo yichoko waka pambere mulongozgi wandalapizgike chilapo.^[98] Pambere pa nyengo iyi, ŵalongozgi ŵachiŵiri ŵanandi ŵakatoranga chilapo mu chipinda cha Senate, pambere mulongozgi wandalapizgike.^[98] Nangauli Malango gha chalo ghali na mazgu ghakupulikikwa gha chilapo cha mulongozgi, ghakuyowoya waka mwakudunjika mu Ndime VI kuti mulongozgi wachiŵiri na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakwenera kulapa chilapo panji kulapizga kuti ŵateŵeterenge Malango gha chalo. Mazgu gha chilapo ichi, agho ghagwiriskika ntchito kufuma mu 1884 ghakuti:

Ine, (zina lakwamba na zina la banja), nkulapa mwakudidimizga (panji nkukhozgera) kuti nizamukhozga na kuvikilira Malango gha United States ku ŵalwani wose, ŵa kunja na ŵa mukati; kuti nizamugomezgeka nadi ku Malango agha; kuti nkupokera udindo uwu mwakufwatuka, kwambura kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakubisika panji chilato cha kutondeka; ndipo nizamuchita makora na mwakugomezgeka ntchito za udindo uwo nkukhala nawo sono. Ntheura Chiuta wandovwire.^[101]

Nyengo ya ntchito

Ndime 2 ya Vinthukuko vya Makumi ghaŵiri na Chisambilo yikuyowoya kuti "para pali malo ghambura mulongozgi wachiŵiri, mulongozgi wazamusankha mulongozgi wachiŵiri uyo wazambe ntchito para wazomerezgeka na mavoti ghanandi gha Nyumba zose ziŵiri za Nyumba ya Malamulo."^[102] Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiriskika ntchito kaŵiri kufuma apo chinthu ichi chikamba kugwira ntchito: chakwamba chikachitika mu 1973 pamanyuma pa kuleka ntchito kwa Spiro Agnew pa Okutobala 10, apo Gerald Ford wakasankhika na mulongozgi Richard Nixon ndipo wakazomerezgeka na Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chachiŵiri chikachitika myezi khumi pamanyuma, pa Ogasiti 9, 1974, apo Ford wakatora udindo wa mulongozgi pamanyuma pa kuleka ntchito kwa Nixon, apo Nelson Rockefeller wakasankhika na Mulongozgi Ford ndipo wakazomerezgeka na Nyumba ya Malamulo.^[60]^[103]

Usange pakaŵavya nthowa iyi ya malango, udindo wa mulongozgi wachiŵiri mphanyi ukalutilira kuŵa wambura munthu pamanyuma pa kuleka ntchito kwa Agnew; mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri, Carl Albert, mphanyi wakaŵa Mulongozgi wakuchita ntchito usange Nixon wakaleka ntchito mu nkhani iyi, kuyana na malango gha Presidential Succession Act of 1947.^[104]

Malo ghambura mulongozgi wachiŵiri^[18]^[61]
Nambara	Nyengo iyo malo ghakaŵa ghambura munthu	Chifukwa cha malo ghambura munthu	Utali wa nyengo	Uyo wakazuzga malo
01	April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813	Nyifwa ya George Clinton	318 days	Visola vya 1812
02	November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817	Nyifwa ya Elbridge Gerry	2 years, 101 days	Visola vya 1816
03	December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833	Kuleka ntchito kwa John C. Calhoun	66 days	Visola vya 1832
04	April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845	Kutora udindo kwa John Tyler kuŵa mulongozgi	3 years, 334 days	Visola vya 1844
05	July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853	Kutora udindo kwa Millard Fillmore kuŵa mulongozgi	2 years, 238 days	Visola vya 1852
06	April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Nyifwa ya William R. King	3 years, 320 days	Visola vya 1856
07	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869	Kutora udindo kwa Andrew Johnson kuŵa mulongozgi	3 years, 323 days	Visola vya 1868
08	November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877	Nyifwa ya Henry Wilson	1 year, 102 days	Visola vya 1876
09	September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885	Kutora udindo kwa Chester A. Arthur kuŵa mulongozgi	3 years, 166 days	Visola vya 1884
10	November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Nyifwa ya Thomas A. Hendricks	3 years, 99 days	Visola vya 1888
11	November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901	Nyifwa ya Garret Hobart	1 year, 103 days	Visola vya 1900
12	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905	Kutora udindo kwa Theodore Roosevelt kuŵa mulongozgi	3 years, 171 days	Visola vya 1904
13	October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913	Nyifwa ya James S. Sherman	125 days	Visola vya 1912
14	August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925	Kutora udindo kwa Calvin Coolidge kuŵa mulongozgi	1 year, 214 days	Visola vya 1924
15	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949	Kutora udindo kwa Harry S. Truman kuŵa mulongozgi	3 years, 283 days	Visola vya 1948
16	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965	Kutora udindo kwa Lyndon B. Johnson kuŵa mulongozgi	1 year, 59 days	Visola vya 1964
17	October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973	Kuleka ntchito kwa Spiro Agnew	57 days	Kuzomerezgeka kwa uyo wakasankhika kunthazi
18	August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974	Kutora udindo kwa Gerald Ford kuŵa mulongozgi	132 days	Kuzomerezgeka kwa uyo wakasankhika kunthazi

Ofesi na udindo

Malipiro

Malipiro gha wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu 2019 ghakaŵa $235,100.^[105] Mu 2024, malipiro gha wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ni $284,600,^[106] kweni chifukwa cha kukanizgika kukwezgeka kwa malipiro uko kwakhala kukuchitika kufuma mu 2019, chigaŵa cheneko cha malipiro agha icho chikulipirika chicali $235,100.^[107] Malipiro agha ghakaŵikika na Dango la Boma la Kukoleraniska Malipiro la 1989, ilo likuperekaso kusintha kwa malipiro mwakuyana na kusintha kwa mtengo wa umoyo kwa ŵantchito ŵa boma. Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakupokera yayi penshoni mwakudunjika chifukwa cha udindo uwu, kweni wakupokera penshoni yakuyana na ya ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa Congress chifukwa cha udindo wake nga ni mulongozgi wa Senate.^[108] Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakwenera kuteŵetera vyaka viŵiri panji kujumpha kuti waŵe wakwenelera kupokera penshoni.^[109]

Kukhalamo

Nyumba yakukhala ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti yikasankhika mu 1974, apo Congress yikakhazikiska Number One Observatory Circle nga ni nyumba yakukhala ya kanyengo ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa United States. Mu 1966, Congress, chifukwa cha kwenelera kwa chitetezo na kuŵikapo mtima pa milimo iyo yikukura ya udindo uwu, yikapeleka ndalama ($75,000) zakuzenga nyumba ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kweni ntchito iyi yikalekeka. Pamasinda pa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, fundo iyi yikasinthika, ndipo One Observatory Circle yikasankhika kuŵa nyumba ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.^[110] Pambere kusintha uku kwindachitika, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba, mu nyumba zakupangiska panji mu mahotelo, ndipo ŵakapokeranga malipiro ghakuyana na ŵabali ŵa nduna na ŵabali ŵa Congress, kwizira mu ndalama zakukhala pera.

Nyumba ya vipinda vitatu ya kalembedwe ka Queen Anne yikazengeka mu 1893 pa malo gha U.S. Naval Observatory mu Washington, D.C. kuti yiŵe nyumba yakukhalamo ya msungichuma wa malo ghakuwonerapo nyenyezi. Mu 1923, nyumba iyi yikasinthika kuŵa nyumba ya Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), ndipo yikaŵa ntheura mpaka apo yikasinthira ku ofesi ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti vyaka 50 pamanyuma.

Ulendo na mayendedwe

Nthowa yikuru ya ulendo wa pa ndege wa mtunda utali wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ni yimoza mwa ndege ziŵiri zakuyana za Boeing, izo zikasinthika chomene kufuma ku ndege za Boeing 757 ndipo zikuchemeka [[Air Force Two], para wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wali mukati. Ndege yiliyose ya U.S. Air Force iyo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakwendamo yikuchemeka "Air Force Two" mu nyengo yose ya ulendo. Maulendo gha mukati mwa charu kanandi ghakuchitika na ndege yimoza pera mwa ziŵiri izi, kweni maulendo gha ku vyaru vinyake ghakuchitika na zose ziŵiri, yimoza yakwamba ndipo yinyake yakovwira. Pa maulendo gha pa ndege gha mtunda ufupi, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wali na mwaŵi wakugwiliskira ntchito gulu la mahelikoputala gha U.S. Marine Corps gha mitundu yakupambanapambana kusazgapo Marine Two para wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wali mu helikoputala yiliyose ya gulu ili. Maulendo agha kanandi ghakuchitika na mahelikoputala ghakukwana ghanayi panji ghankhondi agho ghakuwuluka pamoza ndipo kanandi ghakusinthana malo kuti kubisika helikoputala iyo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti walimo ku ŵanthu awo ŵangakhumbanga kumupweteka.

Ŵantchito

Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakovwirika na ŵantchito mu Ofesi ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa United States. Ofesi iyi yikapangika mu Dango la Kukonzaso Vinthu la 1939, ilo likasazgapo "ofesi ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti" pasi pa Ofesi Yakulongozga ya Pulezidenti. Malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakuperekeka kwizira mu ndalama zakupokera za nthambi yakupanga malango na nthambi yakulongozga, chifukwa cha milimo ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu nthambi zose ziŵiri.

Chivikiliro

Nkhani ikulu: United States Secret Service

U.S. Secret Service ndiyo yikupwelelera na kuvikilira wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na mbumba yachiŵiri. Nga chigaŵa cha chivikiliro chawo, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti, ŵafumu panji ŵawoli ŵawo, ŵana ŵawo na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵapafupi mu mbumba, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa na malo ghanyake, ŵakuŵapika mazina gha cisisi gha Secret Service. Kugwiliskira ntchito mazina agha pakwamba kukachitikanga chifukwa cha vifukwa vya chivikiliro na kuŵa ŵakuvikilirika.

Malo gha maofesi

Mu nyengo yasono, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakugwiliskira ntchito malo gha maofesi ghakukwana ghankhondi. Agha ghakusazgapo ofesi mu West Wing, ofesi yakuchitira viphikiro mu Eisenhower Executive Office Building pafupi na apo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵakugwilira ntchito, Vice President's Room ku chigaŵa cha Senate mu United States Capitol pakuchita maungano na ŵabali ŵa Congress, ofesi mu Dirksen Senate Office Building, na ofesi pa nyumba yakukhala ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.

Pamanyuma pa kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti

Kwambira mu 1977, ŵapulezidenti ŵakale na ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakale awo ŵakusankhika panji kusankhikaso ku Senate ŵali na wanangwa wa kuŵa mu udindo wa ulemu wa Deputy President pro tempore. Kufika sono, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakale pera uyo wali na udindo uwu ni Hubert Humphrey. Kweniso, kuyana na fundo ya Senate ya 1886, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti wose ŵakale ŵali na wanangwa wa kuŵa na chithuzi chakujoba cha mutu mu chigaŵa cha Senate mu United States Capitol, chakukumbukira uteŵeti wawo nga ŵalongozgi ŵa Senate. Dick Cheney ndiyo ni wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakale uyo wali pafupi chomene kuŵa mu gulu ili.^[111]

Mwakupambana na ŵapulezidenti ŵakale, awo penshoni yawo yikuŵikika pa mulingo wakuyana kwambura kuŵika mtima pa nyengo iyo ŵakaŵira mu udindo, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakale ŵakupokera ndalama zakupumura ntchito kuyana na udindo wawo nga ŵalongozgi ŵa Senate.^[112] Kweniso, kufuma mu 2008, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakale waliyose na mbumba yake yapafupi wali na wanangwa (pasi pa Dango la Chivikiliro cha Ŵachiŵiri ŵa Pulezidenti Ŵakale la 2008) wa kupokera chivikiliro cha Secret Service kwa myezi yakukwana yinkhondi na umoza pamanyuma pakuleka udindo, ndipo kanyengo kanyake pa nyengo yiliyose yakwenelera pamanyuma pake.^[113]

Nyengo ya kukhala pa udindo

Template:Timeline US Vice Presidents

Ukaboni

↑ "The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.'
"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until 2 March, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble."Template:Ussc
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Vyakusambira vinandi

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Maulalo gha pa intaneti

Webusayiti ya White House ya Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti Kamala Harris
A New Nation Votes: Visola vya ku America 1787–1825
Filimu yakulongosora vya visola vya 1996 na ŵachiŵiri ŵa mapulezidenti mu mbili, Running Mate, 1996-10-01, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection pa University of Georgia, American Archive of Public Broadcasting

U.S. presidential line of succession
Kujumphika na Palije	Wakwamba mu ndondomeko ya kulondezga	Kupokela Wakuyowoya wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri Mike Johnson

↑ ^{[citation needed]}

Longola ivyo vyabudika: <ref> tags exist for a group named "n", but no corresponding <references group="n"/> tag was found.

[formation-1] "The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.'
"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until 2 March, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble."Template:Ussc

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