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Ufumu wa Nkhamanga

Kufuma Wikipedia

Ufumu wa Nkhamanga ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukaŵako munyengo ya pambere ŵasamunda ŵandizego ndipo ukaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Malaŵi, chomene mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na pakatikati, na ku Zambia. Ufumu uwu ukakhazikiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1700 na ŵanthu ŵa chiTumbuka, gulu ilo likayowoyanga Chibantu. [1] [2]

Kupangika

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ŴaTumbuka ŵakafuma ku Congo Basin ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa chomene. Gulu ili likapanga ufumu na kuŵika gulu lakuwusa ilo themba likaŵa mutu wake. Ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakuthithikana apo chikaya chilichose chikalongozgekanga na fuko limoza nga ni mafuko gha Luhanga panji Mkandawire . Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mba mtende kwambura ŵamazaza ŵakuzirwa ŵa pakati panji misonkho. ŴaTumbuka ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbanthu ŵamtende, ndipo ŵakaŵavya boma panji msonkho. M'malo mwake, ŵakalongoranga kuti ŵakuwonga ŵalongozgi ŵawo kwizira mu vyakucita, nga ni kupeleka vikumba vya nkharamu panji nkhalamu kuŵa sembe, kulongora kuti ŵakuzirwiska comene umoyo wa ŵanthu ndiposo kuti ŵakuchindikana. [3] [4] [2]

Chiyambi cha Chitumbuka

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Kufuma ku Ufumu wa Luba mpaka kumwera kwa Tanzania .

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ŴaTumbuka ŵakaŵa chigaŵa cha kusamuka kwakwamba kwa Ŵanthu kufuma ku ŵaBantu ŵakudanga mu chigaŵa cha Kola (Democratic Republic of Congo), chomenechomene kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Luba cha Ufumu wa Luba-Lunda. Maluso gha pa mulomo ghakulongora kuti ŵakafumamo mu Ufumu wa Luba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 pamoza na magulu ghanyake nga ni Hehe, Gogo, na Mwakyusa.

Gulu ili likalongozgekanga na mutemi (mulongozgi) mulara zina lake Mudala kufuma ku chigaŵa cha Gogo. Mtundu uliwose ukaŵanga na mutemi wawo, ndipo Mulonga Mbulalubilo ndiyo wakadangiliranga gulu la Tumbuka. Mulonga wakamanyikwa kuti ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kwambuka Mlonga wa Lualaba. Gulu ili likenda kumafumiro gha dazi, likambuka kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mweru na kujumpha mu Nyanja ya Mweru-wa-Ntipa, ndipo paumaliro likakafika kumwera kwa Tanzania.

Yati yachitika nyifwa ya Mudala pafupifupi mu 1410, mphindano za ulongozgi zikapangiska kuti gulu ligaŵanikane mu mafuko ghatatu ghakupambanapambana mu 1415:

  • Ŵanthu ŵa ku Gogo na ŵa Hehe ŵakasamira kumpoto, ndipo ŵakakhala pakatikati pa Tanzania.
  • Ŵa Mwakyusa ŵakakhala kumwera kwa Tanzania .
  • BaTumbuka ŵakulongozgeka na Mulonga Mbulalubilo ŵakalutilira kulazga kumafumiro gha dazi .

Mwaluŵiro baTumbuka bakasanga mlonga uchoko uwo ŵakawuchema kuti "Kalonga" (mlonga uchoko), pamanyuma ukachemeka Songwe. Pa malo agha muwoli wa Mulonga Mbulalubilo wakababa mwana mwanalume wakuchemeka Kalonga wa Songwe. Gulu ili likakhazikika mu chigaŵa ichi (lero ni Karonga District kumpoto kwa Malaŵi) ca m'ma 1415, uko ŵasayansi ŵakukhorwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu 1410-1480.

Kuthandazgika kufuma ku Kalonga

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Mulonga Mbulalubilo wakati wafwa mu 1430, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakambaso kusama kufuma ku Kalonga na kuluta ku vigaŵa vitatu.

  • Gulu linyake likasamira kumanjiliro gha dazi .
  • Gulu linyake likaluta kumwera .
  • Gulu lachitatu likasama kumafumiro gha dazi kulazga ku Nyanja ya Malawi .

Chigaŵa cha Nkhonde

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Kalonga wa Songwe wakaŵa na munung'una wake mulara uyo wakatora ŵanakazi ŵankhondi ndipo wakamanyikwanga kuti Kalonga wa Nkhonde ("Kalonga uyo wali na ŵanakazi ŵankhondi"). Gulu lake likaŵa la ŵanthu awo ŵakakuranga mpunga na vibanana, ndipo paumaliro ŵakajichemanga kuti "ŵana ŵa Nkhonde" - ndipo ŵakapanga mtundu wa Nkhonde mu chigaŵa cha Kalonga.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu gulu la Kalonga wa Nkhonde ŵakamba kukhala mu mapiri gha pakati pa Kalonga na Isoka-Nakonde, ndipo ŵakapanga magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachoko, kusazgapo ŵa mtundu wa Tambo, ŵa Nyika, ŵa Wandya, ŵa Wenya, ŵa Fungwe, na ŵa Lambya.

Gulu la Manda

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Gulu linyake likasamira kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo likakhala kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Malaŵi. Ŵakaŵacemanga kuti Manda cifukwa ŵakatemwanga viyuni ivyo vikucemeka Manda.

Ŵachewa pa ŵatumbuka

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Pafupifupi mu chaka cha 1500, ba Cheŵa bakafika ku Kalonga ukulondezga nthowa yimoza na iyo gulu la Mulonga Mbulalubilo likalonda. Mulongozgi wawo, Mambo, wakamba kulongozga mu chigaŵa ichi kwa kanyengo kachoko waka. Pamasinda Ŵachiwa ŵakasamukira kumwera, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wawo pakati pa Malaŵi uwo ukaŵa pafupi na cigaŵa ca Ŵatumbuka.

Mbiri la lizgu lakuti "Tumbuka".

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Apo ŵakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Kalonga, gulu ili likajithya kuti "Batumbuka kwa Luba" kung'anamura "gulu ilo likapatukana na Ufumu wa Luba." Lizgu lakuti "tumbuka" likung'anamura "kufuma mu cinthu cinyake, kudukira kuwaro, kudumulika, panji kulekeka".

Kazengero ka fuko la Tumbuka

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Kalonga wa Songwe wakaŵa na ŵana ŵanalume ŵaŵiri:

  • Kayazga (wakumanyikwaso kuti Ntambwe, kung'anamura kuti "nkhalamu")
  • Ma

Mzere wa Kayazga

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Kayazga wakakhala mu dambo ilo mukaŵa makuni ghanandi gha kokonati. Mwana wake wakathya zina lakuti Mukamanga ("mweneco wa makuni gha kokonati"). Ŵana ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Mukamanga ni:

  • Nyanjagha Botawota (Katungambizi I) - uyo mzere wake pamanyuma ukapereka mafumu
  • Kaunga (Munyirenda/Nyirenda)
  • Mutimbula (Luhanga)

Ŵamphapu ya Mukamanga ŵakachemekanga fuko la Ŵakamanga. Ŵakakhala ku manjililo gha dazi kwa Lumphi, Nkhamanga, vigaŵa vinyake vya chigaŵa cha Mzimba, Lundazi na Chama ku Zambia, na kumwela mpaka ku Mlonga wa Bua ku Malaŵi.

Mzere wa Malikwata

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Makuru wakaŵa na ŵana ŵaŵiri awo pamanyuma ŵakamanyikwanga kuti:

  • Mwaphoka - wakapika zina ili chifukwa cha chizgoŵi chake cha kutola vinyama ivyo vyakoma na ŵanyakhe .
  • Mwahenga - wakapika zina ili chifukwa cha "vigaŵa vya tirigu ivyo vikakhalako" kulongora kuti ŵakachitanga makora pa ulimi

Ŵina Mwaphoka ŵakakhala kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Mumbwe panji Khondowe, apo ŵina Mwahenga ŵakakhala mu vigaŵa vitatu: kumwela kwa mapiri gha Livingstone mu chidika cha Henga, Rumphi (Lumphi), na Mzuzu.

Ufumu wa ŵa Tumbuka Wakwambilira

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Mwana wa Nyanjagha Botawota Longwe (Longwe Botawota) wakazgoka M'nyanjagha (Themba) wakwamba wa ŵaTumbuka. Longwe wakaŵa na ŵanakazi ŵanayi awo ŵakamubabira ŵana ŵanandi kusazgapo Kazanduka (Ntuntika) uyo wakazgoka M’nyanjagha wachiŵiri.

Kulowoka

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Kuumaliro kwa vilimika vya m’ma zana ya 18, gulu la ŵamalonda ilo likalongozgekanga na Kakalala Msaŵira Gondwe likafika ku Nkhamanga kufuma ku Nyamwezi, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga phindu chifukwa cha unandi wa zovu na malonda gha mphondo agho ghakaŵa ghakusanga ndalama zinandi. Chigaŵa ichi, chikamanyikwanga chifukwa cha mskambo wake ukuru wa zovu, chikachemeka kuti "zovu zakuzengeka." Ŵamalonda aŵa, ŵakachemekanga Balowoka, kung'anamura "awo ŵakajumpha nyanja," ŵakajumpha Nyanja ya Malaŵi mu ngaraŵa mu 1750. Ŵakakhalanga mwamtende mu dambo la Henga, Hewe, na Nkhamanga, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka kwambura kukangana panji kuŵakanizga.

Kufika kwa ŵamalonda ŵina lowoka (1770-1780)

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Kufuma na Kufika

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Pakati pa 1770 na 1780, gulu la ŵamalonda kufuma ku chalo cha Unyamwezi pakatikati pa Tanzania likajumpha Nyanja ya Malawi ku Manda Bay mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kufika pa Chilumba mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kufuma ku Chilumba, ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵakajumpha mu mapiri gha Chiweta, Phwezi, Njakwa, na Nkhamanga pambere ŵandathandazgike ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa M’nyanjagha. ŴaTumbuka ŵakaŵachemanga ŵalendo ŵa kuti "Ŵalowoka", kung'anamura kuti "awo ŵakambuka maji". Zina ili likaŵa la munthu yayi, kweni la ŵalendo awo ŵakiza ku Utumbuka kufuma ku sirya linyake la Nyanja Malaŵi.

Kakalala Mlowaka na Nkhongono Zake

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Mlowoka wakwamba wakumanyikwa uyo wakakhala mu chigaŵa ichi wakaŵa Kakalala Chisalanda Mlowoka, uyo wakakhazikika mu chigaŵa cha Nkhamanga pafupifupi mu 1775 mu ufumu wa Mutimbula wa fuko la Luhanga. Kakalala wakalongosoreka kuti wakaŵa wakupepuka, walusungu, ndiposo wakupa chomene, pakwamba wakalongozganga waka ŵanthu ŵake ŵa Balowoka kweni pachokopachoko wakamba kulongozga ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵa ku malo agha. Kuti wakhozge mazaza ghake, wakatora ŵanakazi ŵa mu mbumba ya Mubila Luhanga, ndipo pamasinda wakatora mwanakazi wa mu mbumba ya Kumwenda.

Kufuma apo wakakhalanga ku Nkhamanga, Kakalala Mlowoka wakakhazikiska nthowa za malonda mu chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵasange minyanga ya m’makutu na vinthu vinyake. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Balowoka ŵakaŵanga na salu, mikanda ya ku Europe, vikumba vya conus, mchere wa mu nyanja, na vinthu vyakupambanapambana vyakutowa kuti ŵasinthaniske na minyanga ya m’mawere, vikumba vya vinyama, nyama yakuwomira, na vyakurya vinyake. Kuti wambe kukolerana na ŵanyawo pa ndyali, Kakalala wakavwaranga "mphumphu" (fez ya buluu wakufipirwa panji chipewa cha nsalu yifipa) ku ŵanyawo ŵakugomezgeka kuti ŵalongore kuti ŵakukolerana na ŵanyawo.

Mkuru na munung'una ŵina Chaŵinga .

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Pafupifupi chaka cha 1775, ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa Balowoka kufuma ku fuko la Chaŵinga, Kapungu na Mulindawafwa, ŵakakhala mu ufumu wa M'nyanjagha. Kapungu wakasankha kukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo paumaliro wakakhazikiska ufumu wakuchemeka Themba Katumbi ku Sitwe ku Chama North. Malo agho wakakhalanga ghakaŵanga na maji ghanandi agho ghakendanga mu Mlonga wa Luwumbu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wacemeke na zina lakuti "Limilazamba" (kulimira vyakurya kuti vilimenge para maji ghatutuka). Munung'una wake, Mulindawafwa, wakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi mu chipalamba icho mukaŵa makuni ghanandi gha musangu, ndipo wakamba kumanyikwa kuti Themba Mulindawafwa Katumbi wa ku Heŵe.

Mdauko wa Chikhulamayembe

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Zina lakuti "Chikhulamayembe" likawoneka kakwamba mu nyengo ya ulamuliro wa mwana wa Kakalala Mlowoka, Gonapamuhanya (wakumanyikwaso kuti Khalapamuhanya), uyo wakawusa kufuma mu 1810. Nangauli pali kukwesana pa umo zina ili likambira, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti likufuma ku lizgu la Chiswahili lakuti "chukuwamajembe" ilo likung'anamura "kuyegha viŵiya". Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Phoka, awo ŵakamanyanga comene kupanga visulo, ŵakamba kumuthya Gonapamuhanya kuti "Chikulamayembe" cifukwa cakuti wakapelekanga vyawanangwa ku mafuko ghakumanyikwa. Pakupita kwa nyengo, zina ili likasintha na kuŵa "Chikhulamayembe" ndipo likazgoka zina la ŵalongozgi wose awo ŵakalondezgapo ŵa fuko likuru la Balowoka ku Nkhamanga.

Kukhwaskika kwa Balowoka

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Ŵalowoka ŵakasintha vinthu vinandi vyakuzirwa chomene mu ŵanthu ŵina Tumbuka. Ŵakasintha ndondomeko yakale ya matrilineal ya kulongozgana kwa ndale ku ndondomeko ya patrilineal mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakalaŵiliranga. Ŵakapanga malonda agho ghakapereka mtengo wa chuma ku vinthu nga ni minyanga ya m’mawere ivyo ŵaTumbuka ŵakawonanga kuti ni vyakuzirwa vichoko waka. Ŵina lowoka ŵakambiska nthowa ziphya za malonda izo pamanyuma zikazgoka nthowa zakuzirwa za malonda mu chigaŵa chose ichi, ndipo Nkhamanga ndiyo yikazgoka mphatukano wa malonda mu virimika vya m'ma 1800.

Nangauli ŵakaŵa na nkhongono, Ŵalowoka ŵakakhazikiskapo yayi ufumu wa ndale wakukolerana. M’malo mwake, ŵakapanga vigaŵa vya vyaru ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana yayi ndipo vikaŵa vyakuzingilizga malonda. Muwuso wawo ukayamba pafupifupi mu 1775 mpaka mu 1855, ndipo ukamara apo ŵaNgoni ŵakakoma Mkuwayila, Chikhulamayembe wacinkhondi na ciŵiri. Ŵaboma ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵawuskaso mu 1907, kuti ŵakawovwire kulamulira kumpoto kwa Nyasaland mwakudunjika yayi.

Kulengeka kwa ufumu .

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Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Balowoka ŵakawovwira chomene pakupanga boma la Nkhamanga. Pali visambizgo viŵiri ivyo vikukolerana ivyo vikuyezga kulongosora umo ŵakakwaniskira kukhazikiska nkhongono zawo za ndale mu chigaŵa cha Tumbuka. Fundo yakwamba njakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito malonda kuti ŵasange nkhongono, ndipo fundo yaciŵiri njakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito nkhondo kuti ŵapoke caru na kuŵa na mazaza. Fundo ziŵiri izi zikupambana pa umo Ŵabalowoka ŵakambira kuŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. [2]

Fundo ya malonda

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Fundo ya malonda yikuti Mlowoka, uyo wakaŵa musambazi wa malonda, wakakhazikiska boma la Nkhamanga kwizira mu malonda ghake. Wakamba kutemwana na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo ŵakasinthananga na katundu nga ni vyakuvwara, mikanda, na vyakukhoma kuti ŵasange vikumba vya minyanga ya nkhalamu na vya nkalamo. Mwa kutora ŵanakazi ŵa mu mbumba zankhongono nga ni Luhanga na Kumwenda, Mlowoka wakakhozgera ubali wake na cigaŵa ici na kukhozga nkongono zake pa vya cuma. Ŵapapi ŵa mfumu wake, Mubila Luhanga, ŵakati ŵafwa, mwana wa Mlowoka, Gonapamuhanya, ndiyo wakakhala pa mpando wachifumu, na kukhozga mazaza gha Balowoka. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanya mdauko, nga ni Leroy Vail, ŵakukolerana nayo yayi fundo iyi. Ŵakuti Mlowoka wakaŵa waka wamalonda uyo wakakhumbanga usambazi, m'malo mwa kuŵa mulongozgi wa ndyali uyo wakambiska ufumu.[2]

Fundo ya ŵawukirano

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Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda mdauko Saulos Nyirenda na Cullen Young ŵakakhozgera fundo yakuti Mlowoka, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ndyale, ndiyo wakambiska boma la Nkhamanga. Iwo ŵakati nthengwa za Mlowoka mu mbumba za Luhanga na Kumwenda zikamovwira kuti waŵe na nkhongono pa vya ndyale, ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya boma na kuŵika pa ufumu ivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe mtende pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka. Ŵasilikari ŵa Mlowoka ŵakasazgirako mazaza gha ufumu wawo kufuma ku Mlonga wa South Rukuru kufika ku vyaru vya Bisa kumanjiliro gha dazi na Nyanja ya Malawi kumafumiro gha dazi. Apo Mlowoka wakafwanga, mwana wake Gonapamuhanya ndiyo wakakhala pa mpando wachifumu, ndipo ufumu wa Balowoka ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa cigaŵa ichi. [2]

Nthowa za Mlowoka

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Mlowoka wakapelekanga vyawanangwa na kutorana na mbumba za Chitumbuka za ŵina Luhanga na ŵina Kumwenda, ndipo mbumba izi zikamovwira kuti waŵe mubali wawo. Wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamugomezgenge kwizira mu malonda ghambura urunji na ghakupa, ndipo wakachindikanga mitheto na midauko yawo. Wakalongora kuti wakuchindika vigomezgo vyawo mwa kupeleka msonkho chaka na chaka ku malo ghakupatulika gha Mwadandambi na kuchindika ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko na mphuphu vyakuyelezgera. Pakugaŵira mayembe ghakuzirwa (ghakwenera kuti ghakaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa kulima panji kupanga vinthu), ŵakamutemwanga chomene ndipo ŵakamulumba kuti Chikulamayembe, kung'anamura "wakugaŵira mayembe. [2]

  1. "Chakwera installs new Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga kingdom amid chaotic scenes – Malawi Nyasa Times – News from Malawi about Malawi". www.nyasatimes.com (in British English). 2022-04-30. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nyirongo, Mwaona (2015-09-06). "TUMBUKA NKHAMANGA KINGDOM". Malawi School Certificate of Education History Notes And Review Questions (in English). Retrieved 2024-07-09. Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. "Political posturing and rivalry stunts at Chikulamayembe funeral condemned: Call for code of conduct – Malawi Nyasa Times – News from Malawi about Malawi". www.nyasatimes.com (in British English). 2018-12-05. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  4. Online, M. B. C. (2022-11-26). "CHAKWERA REBUKES HARMFUL CULTURAL PRACTICES". Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (in American English). Retrieved 2024-07-09.

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