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Ufumu wa Bavaria

Kufuma Wikipedia

Ufumu wa Bavaria
(1806–1825)
Königreich Baiern (German)
Kinereich Baiern (Bavarian)
(1825–1918)
Königreich Bayern (German)
Kinereich Bayern (Bavarian)
Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: In Treue fest
("Wakukhora mu kugomezgeka")[1]
Nyimbo: Bayerische Königshymne (German)[2]
"Sumu ya Ufumu wa Bavaria"
Kuyimbika kwa vyakwimbira pera mu B major
Location of Ufumu wa Bavaria
Pasono
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Munich
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu {{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo Ŵanandi:
Katolika wa Roma
Ŵachoko:
Mtundu wa Boma Ufumu wa malango gha dango uwo uli na nyumba ya malango
Ndalama

Ufumu wa Bavaria[3] ukaŵa charu cha ku Germany icho chikahalira malo gha Electorate of Bavaria mu 1806 ndipo chikalutilira kulipo mpaka mu 1918. Pamanyuma pa kuwungana kwa Germany kuŵa Ufumu wa Germany mu 1871, ufumu uwu ukazgoka charu cha federal cha ufumu uphya uwu, ndipo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa ukuru, nkhongono, na usambazi pamanyuma pa charu chikuru chomene, Ufumu wa Prussia.[4]

Kwamba kwa charu ichi kukwambira apo Elector Maximilian IV Joseph wa Nyumba ya Wittelsbach wakimikikira kuŵa Fumu ya Bavaria mu 1806. Chiwovu chikalutilira kuŵa cha banja la Wittelsbach mpaka apo ufumu uwu ukamara mu 1918. Malire ghanandi gha Charu Chaŵanangwa cha Bavaria cha mazuŵa ghano ghakakhazikiskika pamanyuma pa 1814 na Phangano la Paris, apo Ufumu wa Bavaria ukapeleka Tyrol na Vorarlberg ku Ufumu wa Austria apo ukapokera Aschaffenburg na Würzburg.

Mu 1918, Bavaria yikazgoka republic pamanyuma pa Chiwukirano cha Germany, ndipo ufumu uwu ukahalirapo na Charu Chaŵanangwa cha Bavaria icho chilipo mazuŵa ghano.

Mbiri

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Kwamba na kukura pasi pa Maximilian I

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Nkhani ikulu: Mbiri ya Bavaria
Maximilian von Montgelas

Pa 30 Disembala 1777, mzere wa banja la Wittelsbach wa ku Bavaria ukamara, ndipo Electorate of Bavaria yikaluta kwa Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine. Pamanyuma pa kupatukana kwa vyaka 450, Electoral Palatinate, uko kukasazgikako maduke gha Jülich na Berg, kukawunganaso na Bavaria. Mu 1793, French Revolutionary Army yikapoka Palatinate; mu 1795, Ŵafarisi, pasi pa Moreau, ŵakanjira mu Bavaria yenyecho, ŵakafika ku Munich—uko ŵakapokelereka na chimwemwe na ŵanthu ŵa maghanoghano gha uwanangwa awo ŵakasuzgikanga kwa nyengo yitali—ndipo ŵakazingilizga Ingolstadt. Charles Theodore, uyo wakachitapo kanthu yayi kuti waleke nkhondo panji kukana kunjira kwa ŵalwani, wakachimbilira ku Saxony, ndipo wakasida boma lakwimilira, ilo likalemba phangano na Moreau, umo wakapelekera kuleka nkhondo kwa nyengo yichoko mwakusintha na msonkho ukuru (7 Seputembala 1796). Pakati pa Ŵafarisi na Ŵaustria, Bavaria sono wakaŵa mu suzgo likuru. Pambere Charles Theodore wandafwe (16 Febuluwale 1799), Ŵaustria ŵakapokaso charu ichi, pakunozgekera kuwuskaso nkhondo na France.[5]

Maximilian IV Joseph (wa Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken), Elector muphya, wakapokera uhali uwo ukaŵa wakusuzga. Nangauli iyo na nduna yake yankhongono chomene, Maximilian von Montgelas, ŵakaŵa pafupi na France kuluska Austria, kweni ndalama za boma la Bavaria zikaŵa mu hali yiheni, ndipo Bavarian Army yikabalalika ndiposo yikaŵavya kunozgeka makora, ntheura wakaŵavya nkhongono ndipo wakaŵa mu mawoko gha Austria. Pa 2 Disembala 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa Bavaria ŵakanjira mu kuthereskeka kwa Austria pa Hohenlinden, ndipo Moreau wakapokaso Munich. Mwakuyana na Phangano la Lunéville (9 Febuluwale 1801), Bavaria wakaluza Palatinate na maduke gha Zweibrücken na Jülich. Chifukwa cha khumbiro na machenjelero agho ghakaŵa ghakubisika yayi gha khoti la Austria, Montgelas wakagomezga kuti vyakukhumbikwa vya Bavaria vikaŵa mu kupanga ubwezi wakuwonekera na French Republic. Wakafiska kukhozga Maximilian Joseph kuti wazomerezge, ndipo pa 24 Ogasiti, phangano lapadera la mtende na ubwezi na France likalembeka ku Paris.[citation needed] Mu 1805 Mtende wa Pressburg ukazomerezga Maximilian kukweza Bavaria kuŵa ufumu. Ntheura, Maximilian wakajipharazga kuŵa fumu pa 1 Janyuwale 1806 nga ni Maximilian I. Fumu yikalutilira kuŵa elector mpaka apo Bavaria yikajipatulira ku Ufumu Wakupatulika wa Roma pa 1 Ogasiti 1806, ndipo yikasazgikana na Confederation of the Rhine. Duchy of Berg yikapelekeka kwa Napoleon mu 1806 pera. Ufumu uphya ukakumana na masuzgo kwamba waka, ndipo ukathembanga wovwiri wa Napoleonic France. Ufumu ukachichizgika kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵakukoleka kwa Napoleon pa Nkhondo ya ku Iberia, ukakumana na nkhondo na Austria mu 1809 ndipo kwambira mu 1810 mpaka 1814 ukaluza malo kwa Württemberg na Italy. Mu 1808, vyose ivyo vikakhwaskana na ukapolo wa ŵanthu vikamara. Mu chaka chenichi, Maximilian wakapharazga dango lakwamba lakulembeka la Bavaria. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, dango ili likasintha kanandi mwakuyana na ivyo Paris wakakhumbanga.

Mu nyengo ya Napoleon kuwukira Russia mu 1812, ŵasilikari ŵa Bavaria pafupifupi 30,000 ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo. Na Phangano la Ried la pa 8 Okutobala 1813, Bavaria yikafumamo mu Confederation of the Rhine ndipo yikazomera kusazgikana na Sixth Coalition yakulimbana na Napoleon, mwakupokera chisimikizgo cha kulutilira kuŵa na wanangwa na kujilamulira. Pa 14 Okutobala, Bavaria yikapharazga mwakudunjika nkhondo yakulimbana na Napoleonic France. Phangano ili likakhozgeka chomene na Kalonga wa Ufumu Ludwig na Marshal Karl Philipp von Wrede. Na Nkhondo ya Leipzig mu Okutobala 1813, Nkhondo ya Germany ya 1813 yikamara na vyaru vya Coalition kuŵa ŵakuthereska, ndipo yikaŵa kuleka kufiska kwa Ŵafarisi, nangauli ŵakasanga chipambano chichoko apo ŵasilikari ŵa Bavaria ŵakayezga kutondeska kubwelera kwa ŵasilikari ŵa France Grande Armée pa Hanau.

Pamanyuma pa kuthereskeka kwa France ya Napoleon mu 1814, Bavaria yikataya malo agho yikapokera ku Austria, kweni yikapokera chimoza mwa ivyo yikataya, kupokera malo ghaphya nga ni Grand Duchy of Würzburg, Grand Duchy of Frankfurt na vigaŵa vya Grand Duchy of Hesse. Paumaliro, Rhenish Palatinate yikaperekeka kwa Bavaria na Phangano la Munich. Yikaŵa charu chachiŵiri chikuru na chachiŵiri cha nkhongono kumwera kwa Main, pamanyuma pa Austria pera. Mu Germany yose, yikaŵa yachitatu pamanyuma pa Prussia na Austria.

Pakati pa 1799 na 1817, nduna yikuru Count Montgelas yikalondezga ndondomeko yikuru ya kusintha vinthu ndipo yikakhazikiska ndondomeko za maofesi izo zikapona nanga ni pamanyuma pa kumara kwa ufumu ndipo (mu fundo yake yikuru) zikulutilira kugwira ntchito mpaka sono. Pa 1 Febuluwale 1817, Montgelas wakasezgeka pa udindo ndipo Bavaria yikanjira mu nyengo yiphya ya kusintha kwa dango.

Dango la boma

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Pa 26 Meyi 1818, dango lachiŵiri la Bavaria likapharazgika. Dango ili likakhazikiska Nyumba ya Malango ya vipinda viŵiri (Landtag). Nyumba ya pachanya (Kammer der Reichsräte, kung'anamura "Nyumba ya Ŵalongozgi") yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ufumu na ŵakuzirwa, kusazgapo ŵana ŵa fumu, ŵakwimilira maudindo gha ufumu, maaskopu, ŵanthu ŵa mu Mediatized Houses mu Bavaria, ndiposo ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhikanga na chisoti cha ufumu umoyo wawo wose panji mwakubabika. Nyumba ya pasi ("Kammer der Abgeordneten", kung'anamura "Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri") yikaŵa na ŵakwimilira ŵa ŵene malo, mayunivesite ghatatu, ŵaliska (Ŵakatolika na Ŵaprotesitanti), misumba na ŵalimi. Kwambura kuzomerezgeka na nyumba zose ziŵiri, palije dango ilo likatenge lingaperekeka ndipo palije msonkho uwo ukatenge ungatoŵeka. Wanangwa wa Ŵaprotesitanti ukasungika mu dango ili na fundo izo zikakhozga kuyanana kwa visopa vyose, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhozgera Mpingo wa Katolika wa Roma ŵakakananga. Dango lakwamba likakhala pafupi kuparanya ufumu, chifukwa cha mphindano nga ni zakuti ŵasilikari ŵalape kugomezgeka ku dango liphya. Ufumu ukapempha ulongozgi kwa Prussia na Austria, kweni vyaru viŵiri ivi vikakana kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani ya Bavaria; nthimbanizgo zikachepa ndipo charu chikakhazikika apo Ludwig I wakakwera pa chitengo cha ufumu pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Maximilian mu 1825.

Mu Ufumu wa Bavaria, Palatinate yikaŵa na malo ghapadera pa nkhani ya malango na maofesi, chifukwa boma la Bavaria likasunga vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo ya France. Mwanaluso wa mbili wa Germany Heiner Haan[6] wakalongosora malo ghapadera gha Palatinate mu Bavaria nga ubwezi wa Hauptstaat (charu chikuru, kung'anamura Bavaria) na Nebenstaat (charu chinyake icho chili pamoza, kung'anamura Palatinate).

Ludwig I, Maximilian II na Viwukirano

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Chithuzithuzi cha Ludwig I cha Joseph Karl Stieler, 1826
Kuwona kufuma kuchanya kwa Chikumbusho cha Walhalla cha Ludwig I

Mu 1825, Ludwig I wakakwera pa chitengo cha ufumu wa Bavaria. Pasi pa ulamulilo wa Ludwig, vyakusanguluska na luso vikakura chomene mu Bavaria, ndipo Ludwig iyo mweneko wakalangura na kovwira pa ndalama pakuzenga nyumba zinandi na vinthu vya mapangidwe gha nyumba gha neoclassical mu Bavaria yose. Ludwig wakakwezgaso ulendo wa Bavaria kuŵa charu chakuzenga mafakitale mu muwuso wake. Pa nkhani za vyaru vinyake, Bavaria pasi pa ulamulilo wa Ludwig yikawovwira Ŵagiriki pa Nkhondo ya Wanangwa ya Greece, ndipo mwana wake wachiŵiri, Otto, wakasankhika kuŵa Fumu ya Greece mu 1832. Pa nkhani za ndyali, kusintha uko Ludwig wakakhumbanga pakwamba kukaŵa kwa wanangwa na kusintha vinthu. Kweni pamanyuma pa Viwukirano vya 1830, Ludwig wakazgokera ku ndondomeko yakukhozgera ŵakale. Hambacher Fest mu 1832 yikalongora kusakondwa kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha misonkho yapachanya na kukanizga kuyowoya. Bavaria yikasazgikana na Zollverein mu 1834. Mu 1835, njanji yakwamba ya Germany yikazengeka mu Bavaria, pakati pa misumba ya Fürth na Nuremberg.

Chisoti cha Bavaria, Munich Residence

Mu 1837, gulu la visopa la Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma ilo likawovwirika na Ŵakatolika, Ultramontanes, likamba kulamulira mu nyumba ya malango ya Bavaria ndipo likamba ndondomeko ya kusintha dango, iyo yikawuskapo wanangwa wa ŵanthu uwo ukapelekeka kale ku Ŵaprotesitanti, kweniso kukhozga kukanizga nkhani na kukanizga kudumbiskana mwawanangwa pa ndyali za mukati. Boma ili likakhala nyengo yichoko chifukwa cha khumbo la Ultramontanes lakuti Lola Montez, mwanakazi wa ku Ireland uyo wakaŵa chibwezi cha Ludwig I, waŵe mwanakazi wa charu, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chomene nga ni munthu wakuvina na wakukondweska ŵanthu, ndipo ichi chikakwiya Ludwig. Ntheura Ultramontanes ŵakasezgeka mu boma.

Mu nyengo ya Viwukirano vya 1848, Ludwig wakaleka chitengo cha ufumu pa 20 Malichi 1848 kuti mwana wake mukuru, Maximilian II, wambe kuwusa. Viwukirano ivi vikizaso na kusintha mu dango, kusazgapo kusintha mu nyumba yapasi ya Landtag uko kukapeleka wanangwa wakuvota wakuyana kwa mwanalume waliyose uyo wakalipanga msonkho wakudunjika. Maximilian II wakazgora ku vipempho vya ŵanthu vya charu chakukolerana cha Germany mwa kuluta ku Frankfurt Parliament, iyo yikakhumbanga kupanga charu chanthena. Kweni Maximilian II wakakana Frankfurt Constitution mu 1849, ndipo ichi chikapangiska chiwukirano mu Bavarian Palatinate pasi pa Joseph Martin Reichard, icho chikathereskeka na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Prussia. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, Maximilian II wakaŵa pamoza na munyake wa Bavaria, Ufumu wa Austria, pakususkana na mulwani wa Austria, Prussia. Fundo iyi yikakondweska yayi ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Bavaria, awo ŵakakhumbanga Germany yimoza.

Paumaliro Prussia yikakana chisoti cha ufumu icho chikapelekeka na Frankfurt Parliament chifukwa dango ilo likapangika la charu cha Germany likawonekanga kuŵa la wanangwa chomene ndipo likalutilira yayi na vyakukhumba vya Prussia.

Pamanyuma pa kutondeka kwa Frankfurt Parliament, Prussia na Austria ŵakalutilira kuphalirana za fumu iyo yikaŵa na wanangwa wakulamulira Germany. Mphindano pakati pa Austria na Elector wa Hesse-Kassel yikagwiliskirika ntchito na Austria na ŵabwezi ŵake (kusazgapo Bavaria) kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na Prussia pa vya ndyali za Germany. Mzinda uwu wa vyakuchitira soni pa ndyali ukakhazgaka pafupi kuŵa nkhondo apo Austria, Bavaria, na ŵabwezi ŵanyake ŵakatuma ŵasilikari kwizira mu Bavaria kuluta ku Hesse-Kassel mu 1850. Kweni Prussia yikawelera ku Austria ndipo yikazomera ulongozgi wake wa ndyali mu Germany. Chochitika ichi chikamanyikwa kuti Punctation of Olmütz, kweni chikamanyikwaso na Prussia kuti "Kuyuyulika kwa Olmütz".

Chochitika ichi chikakhozga ubwezi wa ufumu wa Bavaria na Austria wakususkana na Prussia. Apo ndondomeko yakukolerana vyaru vya Germany vyapakati pasi pa ulongozgi wa Bavaria kulimbana na Prussia na Austria (iyo yikamanyikwa kuti Trias) yikatondeka, Nduna Yikuru von der Pfordten yikafumapo mu udindo mu 1859. Kuyezga kwa Prussia kunozga umo German Confederation yikawusikiliranga mwakuleka kukolerana kukakanika na Bavaria na Austria, ndipo Bavaria yikatora chigaŵa mu vidumbirano vyake na Austria na ŵabwezi ŵake mu 1863, ku Frankfurt, kwambura Prussia kunjizgikamo.

Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia

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Mlongozgi wa boma Ludwig von der Pfordten, uyo wakafumapo pa udindo pamanyuma pakuti Bavaria watondeka mu nkhondo ya 1866

Mu 1864, Maximilian II wakafwa mwaluŵiro, ndipo mwana wake wa vyaka 18, Ludwig II, wakaŵa Themba la Bavaria apo mphindano pakati pa Austria na Prussia zikakuranga mwapachokopachoko. Mlongozgi wa boma wa Prussia Otto von Bismarck, pakumanya kuti nkhondo yikate yizenge luŵiro, wakayezga kusunga Bavaria yambura kutolera chigaŵa. Ludwig II wakakana ivyo Bismarck wakamupempha ndipo wakalutilira ubwezi wa Bavaria na Austria. Mu 1866, Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia yikamba. Bavaria na vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Germany vikakolerana na Austria, kweni vikapeleka wovwiri uchoko chomene pa nkhondo yakulimbana na Prussia.

Prussia yikathereska mwaluŵiro Ufumu wa Hanover, pamanyuma yikathereska Nkhondo ya Königgrätz (3 Julayi 1866) yakulimbana na Austria, iyo yikapempha mtende nyengo yichoko pamanyuma. Vyaru vya German Confederation vikaŵavya ndondomeko yimoza ya umo vingachitira mu nkhondo. Ntheura mawupu ghawo gha nkhondo ghakathereskeka umo ghakafikanga na Prussia.

Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria likathereskeka mu Franconia Wakumwera pa Nkhondo ya Kissingen (10 Julayi 1866). Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria wakatora ulongozgi wa gulu lankhondo, kweni Ŵabavaria ŵakathereskeka chomene pa Roßbrunn (26 Julayi 1866).

Austria yikathereskeka, ndipo German Confederation yikamara, kumalizga mazaza gha Austria pa vyaru vichoko vya Germany. Bavaria wakataya Gersfeld, Bad Orb na Kaulsdorf kwa Prussia; viŵiri vyakwamba vikazgoka vigaŵa vya Province of Hesse-Nassau, apo chachitatu chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Province of Saxony. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, Bavaria wakalutilira kunjira mu chigaŵa cha mazaza gha Prussia.

Ludwig II na Ufumu wa Germany

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Themba Ludwig II
Chithuzi cha photochrom cha mu ma 1890 cha Chigongwe cha Neuschwanstein. Chigongwe ichi chikapangika na kuzengedwa mu nyengo ya uthemba wa Ludwig II ndipo chicali malo ghakukopa ŵalendo chomene mu Bavaria.

Pamanyuma pakuti Austria yathereskeka mu Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia, vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Germany vikakolerana mwaluŵiro kupanga North German Confederation, na themba la Prussia likulongozga ufumu uwu. Ivyo Bavaria wakakhumbanga yayi vya Prussia vikasintha, pamoza na vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Germany, pamanyuma pakuti Mthemba wa France Napoleon III wakamba kuyowoya vya kufumiska "chawanangwa" ku France chifukwa cha kutaya malo mu 1814 ndipo wakasazgirapo Pfalz ya Bavaria mu ivyo wakakhumbanga. Ludwig II wakakolerana na Prussia mu 1870 kulimbana na France, iyo Ŵajeremani ŵakawonanga kuti ndiyo wakaŵa mulwani mukuru wa Germany wakukolerana. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Bavaria wakasazgirako ubwezi wake wa ndyali, malango na malonda na North German Confederation. Mu 1870, nkhondo yikabuka pakati pa France na Prussia mu Nkhondo ya France na Prussia. Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria likatumika pasi pa ulongozgi wa Mwana wa Themba la Prussia Frederick kulimbana na Gulu lankhondo la France.[7]

France yikati yathereskeka na kupanikizgika na mawupu gha Germany ghakakolerana, Ludwig II ndiyo wakapeleka fundo lakuti Themba la Prussia Wilhelm I lipangike kuŵa Mthemba wa Germany (Kaiser) wa Ufumu uphya wa Germany (Deutsches Reich), ndipo ichi chikachitika mu 1871 ku Palace of Versailles, France, apo pakaŵa pasi pa chipani cha Germany. Vigaŵa vya Ufumu wa Germany vikalangika, ndipo vikasazgapo vyaru vya North German Confederation na vyaru vyose vya kumwera kwa Germany, kupatula chomene Austria. Ufumu uwu ukasazgaso chigaŵa chakale cha France cha Alsace-Lorraine, chomene chifukwa cha khumbo la Ludwig lakuti mphaka ya France yende kutali na Pfalz.

Kunjira kwa Bavaria mu Ufumu wa Germany kukasintha kufuma ku chimwemwe chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa France kuŵa chitima pamanyuma chifukwa cha nthowa iyo Germany yikatora pasi pa Mkanzala wa Germany waphya ndiposo Nduna Yikuru ya Prussia, Otto von Bismarck. Gulu la ŵimiliri ŵa Bavaria pasi pa Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg likasanga udindo wapadera wa Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa Ufumu wa Germany (Reservatrechte). Ufumu wa Bavaria ukasungilira nanga ni wupu wake wa vyakuzenga ubwezi na vyaru vinyake kweniso gulu lake la nkhondo, ilo likatenge likalamulikenge na Prussia para pajumpha nkhondo pera.[8]

Pamanyuma pa kunjira kwa Bavaria mu ufumu uwu, Ludwig II wakamba kuŵa kutali chomene na vya ndyali vya Bavaria ndipo wakamalira ndalama zinandi pa milimo yake, nga nkhuzenga vigongwe na nyumba za uthemba za nga ni mu nthano, ndipo chakumanyikwa chomene ni Chigongwe cha Neuschwanstein cha kalembera wa Wagnerian. Ludwig wakagwiliskira ntchito usambazi wake kuti walipire milimo iyi, osati ndalama za boma, ndipo milimo yakuzenga yikamupangiska kuŵa na mangawa ghakuru chomene. Mangawa agha ghakapangiska ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali mu Bavaria kuŵa na suzgo, ndipo ŵakayezga kumupempha Ludwig kuti waleke kuzenga; iyo wakakana, ndipo ubwezi pakati pa ŵateŵeti ŵa boma na ufumu ukalutilira kuŵa uheni.[9]

Paumaliro, mu 1886, suzgo likafika pachanya. Wupu wa madokotala uwo ukasankhika na nduna za boma ukati Ludwig wakaŵa wakuzgoka misala ndipo wakaleka kuŵa wakwenelera kulamulira. Wakutemwa wake, Prince Luitpold, wakimikika kuŵa [[regent|mulongozgi wa nyengo]. Zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pakuti Ludwig wafumiskika pa uthemba, themba likafwa mwakupulikikwa yayi pamanyuma pakupempha dokotala mukuru wa wupu uwu kuti ŵakendere lumoza mumphepete mwa Lake Starnberg (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikachemekanga Lake Würm). Ludwig na dokotala uyu ŵakasangika ŵafwa, ŵakuyandama mu nyanja. Lipoti la kupima thupi likati chifukwa cha nyifwa chikaŵa kujikoma mwa kumira mu maji, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti mukaŵavya maji mu mapapu gha Ludwig. Nangauli ivyo vingalongosoreka na kumira kwambura maji kunjira mu mapapu, vikalengaso kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kughanaghana za vipingo vya kuti wakakomeka chifukwa cha ndyali.[10]

Ulongozgi wa nyengo na kusintha kwa mabungwe

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Chiboliboli cha Prince Regent Luitpold pa Justizpalast

Chisanko cha ufumu chikajumphira kwa munung'una wa Ludwig, Otto. Kweni Otto wakaŵa na mbili yitali ya suzgo la maghanoghano ndipo wakapimika na ŵadokotala vyaka vitatu kumasinda. Milimo ya mulongozgi wa boma yikakhala mu mawoko gha Prince Luitpold, uyo wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa nyengo wa Otto.

Mu nyengo ya ulongozgi wa Prince-Regent Luitpold, kufuma mu 1886 mpaka 1912, ubwezi pakati pa Bavaria na Prussia ukalutilira kuŵa wakuzizima, apo Ŵabavaria ŵakakumbukanga ndondomeko yakulimbana na Ŵakatolika ya Bismarck ya Kulturkampf, kweniso mazaza gha Prussia pa ufumu. Bavaria wakasuska mazaza gha Prussia pa Germany ndipo wakaleka kupereka ntchindi ku Mthemba wa Germany wakababika ku Prussia, Wilhelm II, mu 1900, pakukanizga kuŵika mbendera yiliyose yinyake pamoza na mbendera ya Bavaria pa nyumba za boma pa zuŵa la kubabika kwa themba; kweni ichi chikasinthika luŵiro pamanyuma, ndipo mbendera ya ufumu wa Germany yikazomerezgeka kuŵikika pamoza na mbendera ya Bavaria.

Chipani cha Katolika, chachisungililo cha Patriotic Party icho chikakhazikiskika mu 1868 chikaŵa chipani chikuru mu Landtag ya Bavaria (Nyumba ya Malango). Mu 1887, zina lake likasinthika kuŵa Bavarian Centre. Mu 1893, Social Democrats ŵakasankhika kunjira mu nyumba ya malango. Kufuma mu 1903, masambiro gha ku yunivesite nayo ghakazomerezgeka kwa ŵanakazi ŵasambiri. Kusintha kwa visola kukasintha visankho vya nyumba ya malango kufuma ku visankho vyambura kwimikana mwakudunjika ku visankho vyakudunjika mu 1906. Na ndale za Centre Georg von Hertling, Prince Regent wakasankha boma ilo likalongozgekanga na munthu wakimirira ŵanandi mu Landtag kwa nyengo yakwamba mu 1912.

Nyengo ya Luitpold nga ni mulongozgi wa nyengo yikamanyikwa na vinthu vinandi vya luso na chikhalidwe mu Bavaria, ndipo yikamanyikwa nga ni Prinzregentenjahre ("Mazuŵa gha Prince Regent"). Mu 1912, Luitpold wakafwa, ndipo mwana wake, Prince Regent Ludwig, wakatora udindo wa mulongozgi wa nyengo. Pa nyengo iyi, vikawonekanga kale kuti Otto wazamuŵavya nkhongono zakulamulira, ndipo khumbo lakuti Ludwig waŵe themba mu wanangwa wake likakura. Pa 6 Novembala, zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pakuti Landtag yapasika dango lakumzomerezga kuchita nthena, Ludwig wakamalizga ulongozgi wa nyengo, wakafumiska Otto pa uthemba ndipo wakajilengezga kuŵa Themba la Bavaria nga ni Ludwig III.

Prinzregentenzeit ("nyengo ya ulongozgi wa kalonga"), nga umo ulongozgi wa Luitpold ukwimanyikwa kanandi, yikaŵa nyengo iyo vyakukhumba vya Bavaria vikamba kusamira pachoko pasi pa vyakukhumba vya Ufumu wa Germany. Chifukwa cha umaliro wambura kukondweska wa uthemba wakale wa Themba Ludwig II, kupatuka uku mu ufumu wa Bavaria kukawoneka chomene. Paumaliro, kusintha kwa malango gha mu 1913 kukapangiska mphambano yakuzirwa mu kulutilira kwa uthemba wa themba mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuwonera, chomenechomene chifukwa kusintha uku kukaperekeka na Landtag nga ni Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ndipo ntheura mwambura kudunjika kukaŵa nthowa yakwamba yakuluta ku boma la malango ghakuzomerezgeka chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, ubwezi wa vinthu viŵiri ivi ukuwoneka nga ni chifukwa chikuru cha umaliro wambura kulimbana wa ufumu wa Bavaria mu nyengo ya chiwawa cha November cha 1918. Kweni mu nyengo ya vyaka 26 vya ulongozgi wake, Luitpold wakamanya kumazga kusoŵa kukhorwa kwakwamba kwa ŵanthu ŵake, kwizira mu kujichefya, maluso na kutemweka kwake. Vyaka vya ulongozgi wa kalonga uyu vikasintha kuŵa, paumaliro — chomenechomene pakukumbuka kwa nyengo yakale — nyengo ya golide ya Bavaria, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakhaliranga kulira "themba la mu nthano" Ludwig II, icho chikuchitika mu nthowa ya chikhalidwe na kukumbukira vinthu vya kale mpaka lero.

Kudziyimira pa vya nkhondo

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Nkhani ikulu: Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria

Pakukhazikiskika kwa Ufumu wa Germany, mapangano ghanandi ghakapangiska kuti magulu ghanandi gha nkhondo gha vyaru vinyake ghaŵe pasi pa ulongozgi wa Unduna wa Nkhondo wa Prussia. Kweni Bavaria wakasungilira ufulu unyake mu nyengo ya mtende, na magulu ghake gha nkhondo ghaŵiri (pamanyuma ghakaŵa ghatatu) agho ghakakhalanga kuwaro kwa ndondomeko ya nkhondo ya Prussia.[11] Magulu gha ŵasilikari na ŵakwera mahachi gha Bavaria ghakasungilira malaya ghawo gha kale gha buluu na green, agho ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mtundu wa Prussia uwo ukagwiliskirika ntchito mu magulu ghanandi gha nkhondo. Msilikari waliyose wa Bavaria wakalapa chilapo cha kugomezgeka kwa Themba Ludwig, kweni mu nyengo ya nkhondo chilapo ichi chikakwezgekera kwa Kaiser Wilhelm nga ni mulongozgi mukuru. Mu Julayi 1914, Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria likaŵa na ŵasilikari 92,400 panji 11 peresenti ya Gulu lankhondo la Imperial Germany.[12]

Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose na umaliro wa ufumu

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Themba Ludwig III mu Lwów (Lemberg), 1915 mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose

Mu 1914, mphindano ya mapangano gha vyaru yikabuka chifukwa cha Austria-Hungary kuwukira Serbia pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa Archduke wa Austria Franz Ferdinand na mulwani wa chigaŵa cha Bosnian Serb. Germany yikakhwima ku chigaŵa cha munyake uyo wakaŵa mulwani kale kweni sono wakazgoka mubwezi, Austria-Hungary, ndipo yikapharazga nkhondo ku France na Russia. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira Belgium iyo yikaŵa yambura kunjira nkhondo, United Kingdom yikapharazga nkhondo ku Germany. Pakwamba, mu Bavaria na mu Germany yose, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakajipeleka ŵakakhumbisiska kunjira mu Gulu lankhondo. Pa kwamba kwa nkhondo, Themba Ludwig III likatumira uthenga wakuzomerezga ku Berlin, kulongora kuti Bavaria wakakolerana na Germany. Pamanyuma Ludwig wakakhumbaso kuti Bavaria yisange vigaŵa vinyake (Alsace[citation needed] na msumba wa Antwerp mu Belgium, kuti lisange nthowa yakufikira ku nyanja). Khumbo lake lakubisika likaŵa kusunga mphimo ya mazaza pakati pa Prussia na Bavaria mukati mwa Ufumu wa Germany para ŵathereska. Apo nkhondo yikalutilira kwambura kumalizgika ndipo yikaŵa ya ndopa zinandi ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Europe, Ŵabavaria, nga ni Ŵajeremani ŵanandi, ŵakamba kuvuka nkhondo iyi.

Mu 1917, Nduna Yikuru ya Bavaria Georg von Hertling wakaŵa Mkanzala wa Germany ndiposo Nduna Yikuru ya Prussia; Otto Ritter von Dandl wakaŵa Nduna Yikuru yiphya ya Bavaria. Pakupanikizgika kuti wakalongora kugomezgeka kwambura kupima kwa Prussia, Ludwig III wakamba kutondeka kutemweka chomene mu nyengo ya nkhondo. Mu 1918, ufumu ukayezga kupangana mtende wapadera na ŵakolani nawo, kweni ukatondeka. M'ma 1918, vivulupi vya ŵanthu vikamba kusambalala mu Bavaria na Germany, ndipo kukana mazaza gha Prussia kweniso khumbo la kujipatura kwa Bavaria vikaŵa vinthu vikuru ivyo vikapangiska ichi.

Pa 7 November 1918, Ludwig wakachimbira kufuma ku Munich Residenz na mbumba yake chifukwa cha kwamba kwa Chiŵanangwa cha Germany cha 1918–1919. Wakaŵa waŵerekuzi wa mathemba gha mu Ufumu wa Germany kufumiskika pa uthemba; mazuŵa ghachoko pamanyuma, Kaiser nayo wakalekera pasi uthemba wa Germany. Ludwig wakakhala ku Austria, uko wakakhumbanga kukhala nyengo yichoko waka. Pa 12 November, wakalemba Anif declaration, kuyowoya kuti chifukwa cha umo vinthu vikaŵira, wakaŵa "wambura makora kulongozga boma." Ntheura, wakafumiska ŵasilikari ŵake na ŵateŵeti ŵake ku chilapo chawo kwa iyo. Nangauli wakaleka yayi uthemba mwalamulo, boma la ŵa socialist ilo likalongozgekanga na Kurt Eisner likatora mazgu gha Ludwig nga ni kuleka uthemba ndipo likapharazga kuti House of Wittelsbach yafumiskika. Na ichi, uthemba wa vyaka 700 wa fuko la Wittelsbach ukamara, ndipo Ufumu wakale wa Bavaria ukazgoka People's State of Bavaria. Mu 1921, nyifwa ya Ludwig III yikawopereka panji kuŵa na chilindizga chakuti ufumu wa ku Bavaria uzakawelereske. Nangauli ufumu ukamara, themba lakale likasungika pamaso pa ŵa mu banja la ufumu lakale, boma la Bavaria, ŵasilikari, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukwana 100,000 awo ŵakawonelera, mu ndondomeko yakuyana na masungiro gha mathemba. Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria wakakhumba yayi kugwiliskira ntchito nyifwa ya awiske kuyezga kuwezgerapo ufumu mwa nkhongono, kweni wakakhumbanga kuchita ichi kwizira mu nthowa zakuzomerezgeka na malango. Kadinala Michael von Faulhaber, Archbishop of Munich, mu nkhani yake ya pa nyifwa, wakalongora kuti wakakhozgera chomene ufumu, apo Rupprecht wakayowoya waka kuti wakatora udindo wake wa kubabika.[13]

Kakhalilo ka malo, vigaŵa vya maulamuliro na ŵanthu

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Vigaŵa vya maulamuliro vya Ufumu wa Bavaria mu 1808, kusazgapo Tyrol
Electorate (1778) na Ufumu wa Bavaria (1815)

Pamanyuma pakuti Napoleon wakhazikiska Confederation of the Rhine, ndipo Bavaria yikazgoka ufumu mu 1806, chigaŵa chake chikakura kaŵiri.[clarification needed] Tyrol (1806–1814) na Salzburg (1810–1816) vikaŵa kwa kanyengo kamoza pasi pa Bavaria, kweni pamanyuma vikaweleraso (Tyrol) panji kuperekeka (Salzburg) ku muwuso wa Habsburg/Austria. M'malo mwake, Rhenish Palatinate na Franconia vikaphatikizgika mu Bavaria mu 1815.

Pamanyuma pa kukhazikika kwa ufumu, charu chikasinthika chomene ndipo mu 1808 chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa 15 vya maulamuliro (Regierungsbezirke, limoza Regierungsbezirk) mu Bavaria ivyo vikachemekanga Kreise (limoza Kreis). Vikaŵa vyakupangika mwakuyana na ma départements gha ku France, ndipo vikaŵa vyakuyana mu ukuru na unandi wa ŵanthu, ndipo vikapika mazina kufuma ku milonga yawo yikuru: Altmühl-, Eisack-, Etsch-, Iller-, Inn-, Isar-, Lech-, Main-, Naab-, Oberdonau-, Pegnitz-, Regen-, Rezat-, Salzach- na Unterdonaukreis. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vigaŵa mu 1810 na 1815, magawano agha ghakakhumbikwira kusinthika ndipo unandi wa Kreise ukachepa kufika pa 8: Isar-, Unterdonau-, Oberdonau-, Regen-, Rezat-, Untermain-, Obermain- na Rheinkreis.

Mu 1838, pa ulongozgi wa Themba Ludwig I, ma Kreise ghakapikaso mazina ghakufuma ku mafuko gha kale na vigaŵa vya mbiri ya malo agha: Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Swabia and Neuburg, Upper Palatinate and Regensburg, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg, Upper Franconia na Palatinate. Mazina gha matauni gha Neuburg, Regensburg na Aschaffenburg ghakazakatolekamo pamanyuma.

Mwakuyana na ichi, themba likasintha mazina ghake gha ufumu kuŵa Ludwig, Themba la Bavaria, Duke wa Franconia, Duke mu Swabia na Count Palatine wa Rhine, ndipo mazina agha ghakasungika na mathemba ghake ghakumulondezganga. Palatinate iyo Bavaria yikapokera yikaŵa chomene chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi cha Electoral Palatinate wakale. Ndondomeko ya Ludwig yakuti wapokere so chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi cha Electoral Palatinate yikafiskika yayi. Electorate, uwo ukaŵa muwuso wakale wa mafumu gha Wittelsbach mu Bavaria, ukagaŵikana mu 1815; chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Rhine, kusazgapo msumba wakale wa likuru Mannheim na Heidelberg, chikaperekeka ku Grand Duchy of Baden. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi chikaperekeka kwa Bavaria kuŵa chawanangwa chifukwa cha kutaya Tyrol na Salzburg.

Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia (1866), iyo Bavaria yikakolerana na Austria iyo yikathereskeka, yikakhumbikwira kupereka vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Lower Franconia kwa Prussia. Duchy ya Saxe-Coburg and Gotha yikaŵa yayi chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Bavaria, chifukwa yikaphatikizgika mu Bavaria mu 1920 pera, pamanyuma pakuti yikazgoka Free State ya Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Ostheim nayo yikasazgikamo mu Bavaria mu 1945.

Mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mazina ghakwambilira gha Kreis na Bezirk ghakasinthika na kugwiliskika ntchito mazina gha Regierungsbezirk na Landkreis.

Maukaboni gha chiŵerengero

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Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa Confederation of the Rhine mu 1806, kusazgapo Tyrol
Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa Confederation of the Rhine mu 1812, kusazgapo Salzburg
Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa German Confederation mu 1816, kusazgapo Rhenish Palatinate

Ukaboni:[14]

  • Ukulu wa chigaŵa: 75,865 km2 (1900)
  • Unandi wa ŵanthu: 3,707,966 (1818) / 4,370,977 (1840) / 6,176,057 (1900) / 6,524,372 (1910)
  • Vigaŵa vya boma (Kreise) (1808–1817):
    • Altmühlkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara)
    • Eisackkreis (1808–1810 / ukaperekeka ku Italy)
    • Etschkreis (1808–1810 / ukaperekeka ku Italy)
    • Illerkreis (1808–1817 / ukamara)
    • Innkreis (1808–1814 / ukaperekeka ku Austria)
    • Isarkreis (1808–1838)
    • Lechkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara)
    • Mainkreis (1808–1838)
    • Naabkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara)
    • Oberdonaukreis (1808–1838)
    • Pegnitzkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara)
    • Regenkreis (1808–1838)
    • Rezatkreis (1808–1838)
    • Salzachkreis (1810–1816 / ukaperekeka ku Austria)
    • Unterdonaukreis (1808–1838)
  • Vigaŵa vya boma (Kreise) (1816/1817–1838)

Wonaniso

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ukaboni

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ Joost Augusteijn, Storm. H. J., Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building, Regional Identities and Separatism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 102.
  2. ↑ Boehm, König Schwein (1901). Die Volkshymnen aller Staaten des deutschen Reiches. Beiträge zu einer Geschichte über ihre Entstehung und Verbreitung. p. 38. Retrieved 15 Julayi 2022.
  3. ↑ (German: Königreich Bayern de; Bavarian: Kinereich Bayern bar; ukalembekanga kuti Baiern mpaka mu 1825)
  4. ↑ "Bavaria Becomes a Kingdom". museum.bayern. Archived from the original on 26 Novembala 2023. Retrieved 26 Novembala 2023.
  5. ↑ "Constitutional monarchy in the Kingdom of Bavaria | bavarikon". bavarikon.de (in German). Retrieved 26 Novembala 2023.
  6. ↑ "Forschung – Universität Regensburg". Uni-regensburg.de. Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2008. Retrieved 9 Sekutembala 2012.
  7. ↑ "The Royal Drama of Ludwig II". museum.bayern. Archived from the original on 26 Novembala 2023. Retrieved 26 Novembala 2023.
  8. ↑ "16 Bizarre Facts About King Ludwig II, The Most Extreme Fanboy of All Time". ranker.com (in English). Retrieved 26 Novembala 2023.
  9. ↑ "Be careful what you wish for…especially if you wish you were a king". portiabridget.wordpress.com (in English). 11 Disembala 2010. Retrieved 26 Novembala 2023.
  10. ↑ "Foundation of the German Reich in 1871 | bavarikon". bavarikon.de (in German). Retrieved 26 Novembala 2023.
  11. ↑ Seaton, Albert (15 Juni 1973). The Army of the German Empire 1870-1888. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 24, 26. ISBN 0-85045-150-7.
  12. ↑ Thomas, Nigel (20 Ogasiti 2003). The German Army in World War I. Bloomsbury USA. p. 3. ISBN 1-84176-565-1.
  13. ↑ Beisetzung Ludwigs III., München, 5. November 1921 (in German) Historisches Lexikon Bayerns – Funeral of Ludwig III... accessed: 1 July 2011
  14. ↑ Gerhard Heyl, Emma Mages, Max Piendl, August Scherl, Bernhard Zittel (1983). Wilhelm Volkert, ed. Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799–1980 [Guide to the Bavarian Offices, Municipalities and Courts 1799–1980], Munich. ISBN 3-406-09669-7

Vyakukolerana vya pa intaneti

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