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Tchalitchi la Katolika

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Emblem of the Holy See
Tchalitchi la Katolika
Ecclesia Catholica
Saint Peter's Basilica
Tchalitchi la St. Peter, ilo ni tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose
ClassificationŴakatolika
ScriptureBaibolo
TheologyCisambizgo ca Katolika
PolityNdondomeko za boma la bishopu[1]
GovernanceMalo Ghatuŵa na Curia ya Ŵaroma
PapaFrancis
Matchalitchi ghanyake
sui iuris		Tchalitchi la Cilatini na 23 Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha Dazi
Ma Diocese
Parishes221,700
RegionWorldwide
LanguageEcclesiastical Latin and native languages
LiturgyWestern and Eastern
HeadquartersVatican City
Founder
Origin1st century
Judaea, Roman Empire[2][3]
Members1.378 billion (2021)[4]
Clergy
Hospitals5,500[5]
Primary schools95,200[6]
Secondary schools43,800
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Tchalitchi la Katolika
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    Tchalitchi la Katolika, ndilo tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose.[4][7] Likuŵa limoza la mawupu ghakale chomene pa charu chose, ndipo lili na udindo ukuru chomene pa nkhani ya mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Western.[8][9][10][11] Tchalitchi ili lili na matchalitchi 24, kusazgapo Tchalitchi la Latin na 23 la Eastern Catholic, agho ghali na ma diocese na ma eparchy pafupifupi 3,5000[12]pa charu chose. Papa, uyo ni bishopu wa ku Roma, ndiyo ni muliska mulara wa mpingo.[13] Bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Holy See, ndiyo wakulamulira tchalitchi. Wupu uwo ukulamulira mu Rome uli na maofesi ghake mu msumba wa Vatican, uwo uli ku chigaŵa chichoko cha Rome, mu Italy.

    Visambizgo vikuruvikuru vya Cikatolika vikusangika mu cisambizgo ca Cikatolika ca ku Nicaea. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti ni tchalitchi limoza, lituŵa, la Katolika na la ŵapositole ilo likakhazikiskika na Yesu Khristu mu mulimo wake ukuru,[14][15][note 1] kuti mabishopu ghake ndigho ghakunjira mu malo gha ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, ndiposo kuti papa ndiyo wakunjira mu malo gha Petrosi Mutuŵa, uyo Yesu Khristu wakamupa mazaza.[18] Likuti likulondezga ivyo ŵapositole ŵakasambizganga, ndipo likusungilira unenesko wa mu Malemba na ivyo likusambizga.[19] Visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi nga ni visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Roma, na visambizgo vinyake vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Latin, vikulongora kuti visambizgo vya cisopa na vyauzimu vikukolerana.[20][21]

    Pa visungusungu vinkhondi na viŵiri, Ciphikiro Ciphya ndico nchakuzirwa comene, ndipo cikukondwelereka mu Misa.[22] Tchalitchi likusambizga kuti para wasembe wakupeleka cingwa na vinyo kuŵa sembe, vikuzgoka thupi na ndopa za Khristu. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchindikika ni Mariya, mama wa Ciuta, na Fumukazi ya Kuchanya.[23] Visambizgo vya Cikatolika vikulongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kovwira ŵalwari, ŵakavu, na ŵakusuzgika. Tchalitchi la Katolika lili na masukulu ghanandi gha Katolika, maunivesite na makoleji, vipatala, na nyumba za ŵalanda pa charu chose.[24] Pali mawupu ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵanthu.

    Tchalitchi la Katolika lawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Western pa nkhani ya vinjeru, maluso, sumu, na sayansi. Ŵakatolika ŵakukhala pa caru cose capasi cifukwa ca umishonale, kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, na kuzgoka. Kwambira mu ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku Southern Hemisphere, chifukwa cha kusuzgika chomene ku Middle East na ku Europe. Tchalitchi la Katolika likakolerananga na tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox m'paka mu 1054 apo pakachitika chisopa cha East-West Schism. Pambere ungano wa ku Efeso undachitike mu 431 C.E., ŵa Ekleziya ya kumafumiro gha dazi nawo ŵakaŵa mu umoza uwu, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵa Ekleziya ya Orthodox pambere ungano wa ku Chalcedon undachitike mu 451 C.E.; wose ŵakapambananga cifukwa ca kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya Khristu. Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, agho ghali na ŵanthu pafupifupi 18 miliyoni, ghakwimira Ŵakhristu ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakawelera panji ŵakalutilira kukolerana na papa pa nyengo ya kugaŵikana uku panji pamanyuma pake. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500, Ŵaprotesitanti nawo ŵakamba kugaluka. Kwambira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Tchalitchi la Katolika lakususkika cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake vyakukhwaskana na kugonana, kususka ŵanakazi, ndiposo umo likucitira na nkhani za kugonana na ŵaliska.

    Zina

    [lemba | kulemba source]
    Wonani vinandi: Chikatolika and Chikatolika cha Ŵaroma
    Lizgu lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" (ilo likung'anamura "Tchalitchi la pa Charu Chose") likalembeka kakwamba na mutuŵa Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke mu kalata yake ya ku Smyrna. (c. 110 AD).[25] Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke ndiyo wakambiska kugwiliskira nchito lizgu lakuti "Ukhristu" (Greek: Χριστιανισμός) c. 100 AD.[26] He died in Rome, with his relics located in the Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano.

    Mazgu ghakuti Katolika (kufuma ku Chigiriki: καθολικός, romanized: katholikos, lit. 'universal') ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pakulongosora vya tchalitchi mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E.[27] Lizgu lakuti "tchalitchi cha Katolika" (mu Cigiriki καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία, ilo lili kulembeka kuti he katholike ekklesia) likamba kusangika mu kalata iyo St. Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke wakalembera ŵanthu ŵa ku Smyrna mu 110 C.E.[note 2], iyo yikati: "Kose uko kuli bishopu, ŵanthu ŵaŵenge kwenekuko, nga umo kuliri Yesu, ndipo uko kuli mpingo wa [katholike]".[28] Mu Catechetical Lectures (c. 350) ya Cyril wa ku Yerusalemu, zina lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likagwiliskirika nchito kuti liŵe lapadera na magulu ghanyake agho ghakajichemanga "tchalitchi".[28][29] Fundo yakuti "Chisopa cha Katolika" yikayowoyeka chomene mu dango la De fide Catolica ilo likapelekeka mu 380 na Theodosius I.[30]

    Kufuma waka mu 1054 apo pakaŵa kuswa malango kwa East na West, tchalitchi la Eastern Church likamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Orthodox".[31] Tchalitchi la ku Western ilo likukolerana na Papa nalo likucemeka kuti "Chatoliki", ndipo likalutilira kucemeka nthena nanga ni apo pakaŵa kusintha kwa visopa mu ma 1500, apo awo ŵakaleka kuwungana ŵakamba kucemeka "Ŵaprotesitanti".[32][33]

    Apo "Tchalitchi la Ŵaroma" likuyowoyeka pakulongosora Diocese ya Roma kufuma apo Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawira m'ma 500 C.E. m'paka m'ma 1500 C.E., "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likuyowoyeka pa mpingo wose wa Chingelezi kufuma apo Ŵaprotesitanti ŵakambiska chisopa cha Katolika m'ma 1500 C.E.[34] Kweniso, ŵanji ŵakuyowoya za Tchalitchi la Cilatini kuti "Roman Catholic" kupambanako na matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi.[35] Nyengo zinyake mazgu ghakuti "Roman Catholic" ghakusangika mu mabuku agho ghakupharazgika na Tchalitchi la Katolika.

    Zina lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likuyowoya za tchalitchi lose. Zina lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likusangikaso mu mabuku gha Vatican II (1962-1965), [36] First Vatican Council (1869-1870),[37] Council of Trent (1545-1563),[38] na mabuku ghanyake ghanandi.[39][40]

    Mbili

    [lemba | kulemba source]
    Painting a haloed Jesus Christ passing keys to a kneeling man.
    This fresco (1481–82) by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine Chapel shows Jesus giving the keys of heaven to Saint Peter.

    Chisopa cha Cikhristu chili na visambizgo vya Yesu, uyo wakaŵako na kupharazga mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira mu cigaŵa ca Yudeya mu Ufumu wa Roma. Baibolo likusambizga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira awo Yesu Khristu wakaŵakhazikiska ndiwo ŵakalutilira na Tchalitchi la Katolika. Cikristu cikapharazgika mu caru cose ico cikateŵeteranga Ŵaroma, nangauli ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca kususkana na cisopa cautesi. Mu 313 C.E., Fumu Constantine yikazomerezga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵaunenesko ŵaŵe mu chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu caru ca Romu mu vilimika vya m'ma 400 na 600 C.E., ŵanandi awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵa cisopa ca Arian, ŵakamba kusopa Cikatolika kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi ŵa papa na nyumba za ŵasofi.

    Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 na 800 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Meditereniyani, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto kwa Europe. Kweniso chikachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Romu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Byzantine. Nkhondo izo zikaŵa na mazaza mu tchalitchi, chomenechomene mazaza gha bishopu wa ku Romu, zikafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, pakaŵa kugaŵikana mu mpingo. Ndipouli, matchalitchi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghacoko waka ghakaŵa kuti ghalutilira kukolerana na Roma, ndipo ghanyake ghakamba kukolerana na matchalitchi agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na kunthazi.

    Ciraliro caumaliro, cithunzi ca Leonardo da Vinci ca kuumaliro wa 1490, ico cikulongora ciphikiro caumaliro ca Yesu na ŵapositole ŵake khumi na ŵaŵiri pambere wandapayikike. Ŵapositole ŵanandi ŵali kusungika mu Romu, kusazgapo mutuŵa Petrosi.

    Ŵasembe ŵakwambilira mu vyaru vya ku Europe ŵakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na Roma ŵaleke kusuzgika. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, tchalitchi likamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, tchalitchi likaŵawovwiranga. Ndipouli, mu virimika vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalongozganga visambizgo vya Ciphwitikizgo ŵakamba kususka cisopa, comenecomene awo ŵakalongozganga visopa. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain na Portugal ŵakamba kupharazga mu Africa, Asia, na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia.

    Mu 1870, Wupu Wakwamba wa ku Vatican ukati papa wangabuda yayi, ndipo ufumu wa Italy ukatoranga msumba wa Roma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, maboma gha ku Mexico na Spain ghakatambuzga na kukoma ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa visopa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, tchalitchi likasuska muwuso wa Nazi, ndipo likavikilira Ŵayuda ŵanandi ku Ŵanazi. Nkhondo yikati yamara, wanangwa wa kusopa ukasuzgika comene mu vyaru vya Chikomyunizimu ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Soviet Union.

    Mu ma 1960, Wupu wa Vatican wachiŵiri ukapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa maluso gha tchalitchi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga chisopa ichi ŵakayowoya kuti "ŵakajura mawindo". Nangauli tchalitchi likususkika comene, kweni nyengo zinandi likukhozgera panji kukhozga visambizgo vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na kugonana na ŵanalume.

    Nyengo ya ŵapositole na upapa

    [lemba | kulemba source]
    Jesus' commission to Saint Peter

    Cipangano Ciphya, comenecomene mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi, ghakuyowoya za milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu, umo wakasankhira ŵapositole ŵake 12 na mulimo wake ukuru wa kuŵatuma, ndipo wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵalutilire kucita mulimo wake. Buku la Milimo la Ŵapositole likuyowoya umo mpingo wa Ŵakhristu ukambira na umo uthenga wawo ukathandazgikira mu ufumu wa Roma. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti uteŵeti wake ukambira pa Pentekoste, mazuŵa 50 pamanyuma pa zuŵa ilo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Khristu wakawuskika. Pa Pentekoste, ŵapositole ŵakagomezga kuti ŵakapokera mzimu utuŵa, uwo ukaŵawovwira kuti ŵambe kulongozga mpingo. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti mabishopu agho ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa ku Romu ndigho ghakanjira mu malo gha ŵapositole.[41]

    Mu buku la Mateyu, Khristu wakati Petrosi ni "libwe" ilo lizamuzengera mpingo wake. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuti bishopu wa ku Romu, uyo ni papa, ndiyo ni muhaliri wa Petrosi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusanda vya Baibolo ŵakuti Petrosi ndiyo wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa Romu. Ŵanyake ŵakuti udindo wa upapa ukuyana yayi na fundo yakuti Petrosi wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Romu panji kuti wakaŵa ku Romu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti mpingo wa Katolika ukaŵa na ŵaliska ŵanandi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., apo ŵaliska ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito zina lakuti "bishopu wa Roma". Pa cifukwa ici, Oscar Cullmann, Henry Chadwick, na Bart D. Ehrman wakakayikanga usange Petrosi wakaŵa na udindo wa kuŵa papa. Raymond E. Brown wakayowoyaso kuti nchambura kwenelera kuyowoya za Petrosi nga ni bishopu wa ku Roma, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵa nyengo iyo ŵakamuwonanga kuti wakaŵa na "milimo iyo yikamovwira comene kuti paŵe udindo wa papa mu mpingo". Brown wakati maudindo agha "ghakawovwira comene kuti bishopu wa ku Roma, bishopu wa mu msumba uwo Petrosi wakafwira ndiposo uko Paulosi wakacitira ukaboni unenesko wa Khristu, waŵe wakulondezga Petrosi pa mulimo wa kupwelelera mpingo wa pa caru cose".[42]

    Kale na Ufumu wa Roma

    [lemba | kulemba source]

    Vinthu vikaŵa makora mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira vinthu viphya. Pakuti mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa misewu yinandi na maji ghanandi, chikaŵa chipusu kwenda, ndipo pakaŵa mtende (Pax Romana). Ufumu uwu ukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora mitheto ya Ŵagiriki.

    Mwakupambana na visopa vinandi mu Ufumu wa Roma, Ŵakhristu ŵakeneranga kukana ŵachiuta ŵanyake wose. Cifukwa cakuti Ŵakhristu ŵakakananga kukolerana na viphikiro vyautesi, ŵakatondekanga kucita vinthu vinandi vya mu caru, ndipo ici cikapangiska ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu yayi, kusazgapo ŵalara ŵa boma, kopa kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakukwiyiska ŵachiuta na kunanga mtende wa ufumu. Cifukwa ca nthambuzgo izi, Ŵakhristu ŵakamba kujighanaghanira ŵekha m'paka apo Cikristu cikazomerezgekera mu vilimika vya m'ma 300 C.E.[43]

    19th-century drawing by Henry William Brewer of Old Saint Peter's Basilica, originally built in 318 by Emperor Constantine

    Mu 313, Themba Constantine I likapeleka dango lakuti Chikhristu chiŵe chakuzomerezgeka, ndipo mu 330 Constantine wakasamuskira msumba ukuru wa ufumu ku Constantinople, uko sono ni Istanbul, Turkey. Mu 380, dango la ku Tesalonika likazgora Chikhristu cha ku Nicaea kuŵa tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Roma. Mu nyengo ya maungano ghaŵiri gha Ekumeniki, pakaŵa mipingo yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yikamba kulamulira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Fumu Justinian I ndiyo yikalamuliranga vinthu vya ku Roma, Constantinople, Antiyoke, Yerusalemu, na Alexandria.[44][45] Mu 451 C.E., pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Chalcedon, ŵaliska ŵa ku Constantinople ŵakakhozga cisambizgo cawo cakuti cisambizgo ici "ncaciŵiri kwa bishopu wa ku Roma". Kwamba mu 350 C.E. m'paka mu 500 C.E., mabishopu panji kuti ŵapapa ŵa ku Romu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵalongozgi ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox. Themba Justinian, ilo mu vigaŵa ivyo likalamuliranga likakhazikiska muwuso wa ŵapositole, umo "likakhazikiskiranga malango ghake ghakukhwaskana na kusopa na kulondezga malango, kweniso likalanguranga vigomezgo vya Tchalitchi", likakhazikiskaso mazaza ghake pa Roma na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likambiska nyengo ya ufumu wa Ŵapapa wa Byzantium (537-752 C.E.), apo ŵasembe ŵa ku Romu ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuzomerezgeka na themba ku Constantinople panji mwimiliri wake ku Ravenna kuti ŵaŵe ŵapositole.[46]

    Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu Ufumu wa Roma mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵakamba kugomezga cisopa ca Arian, ico Tchalitchi la Katolika likati nchambura kugomezgeka. Mphindano ya cisopa iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa mafumu gha ku Germany na ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Cikatolika yikamara mu 497 C.E. apo Clovis I, uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Ŵafrank, wakazgoka Mukatolika, ndipo wakajibatika ku ufumu wa papa na nyumba za cisopa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Visigoth mu Spain ŵakamulondezga mu 589, ndipo ŵa Lombard mu Italy mu ma 600 C.E.

    Chikhristu cha ku Western, chomenechomene mu nyumba zake za ŵachiuta, chikawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasungilire ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale. Kwizira mu dango lake, Benedict wa ku Nursia (c. 480-543), yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chisopa cha ku Western monasticism, wakasintha chomene vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kusambira chomene ndipo ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Ireland, nga ni Columbanus na Columba, ŵakathandazga Chikhristu na kukhazikiska nyumba za ŵachiuta mu vyaru vya ku Europe.[47]

    Nyengo zapakati na Kuwukaso

    [lemba | kulemba source]
    Chartres Cathedral, completed 1220

    Tchalitchi la Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru comene mu vyaru vya ŵazungu kufuma mu nyengo yakale mpaka mu nyengo yithu yino.[11] Mu msumba uwu ndimo mukaŵa vyakuvwara vyakucemeka Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist, na Baroque.[48] Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, nga ni Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Titian, Bernini na Caravaggio, ni viyelezgero vya ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika vinthu vyakupambanapambana.[49] Paul Legutko, wakulemba mdauko wa ku Yunivesite ya Stanford, wakayowoya kuti Chalichi la Katolika "ndico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora, maghanoghano, sayansi, malango, na mawupu agho tikughacemera kuti civilisation ya ku Western".[50]

    Ku Manjiliro gha dazi Vikhristu, mayunivesite ghakwamba ku Europe ghakakhazikiska ŵamonke ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika.[51][52][53] Kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 kuya munthazi, masukulu ghanyake ghakale gha katedrale ghakazgoka mayunivesite (wonani, mwaciyelezgero, Yunivesite ya Oxford, Yunivesite ya Paris na Yunivesite ya Bologna). Pakwamba, masambiro ghapachanya ghakaŵa gha Ŵakhristu sukulu za katedrale panji sukulu za ŵasembe (Scholae monasticae), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasembe na ŵasembe. Ukaboni wa masukulu agha ukaŵapo mu vilimika vya m’ma 6th century CE.[54] Mayunivesite ghaphya agha ghakasazgirako masambiro gha ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa, ŵaloya, ŵanchito ŵa boma, na madokota.[55] Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti yunivesite iyi ni sukulu iyo yikambira mu Mkhristu wa mu Nyengo Yapakati.[56][57][58]

    Kuwukira kukuru kwa Ŵasilamu mu pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 700 kukayamba nkhondo yitali pakati pa Chikhristu na Chisilamu mu chigaŵa chose cha Meditereniyani. Mwaluŵiro Ufumu wa Byzantium ukataya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi ufumu wa ŵasekurus vya Yerusalemu, Alexandria na Mulongozgi wa ku Antiokeya wa] Konstantinople|Konstantinople, msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Chifukwa cha Kuwusa kwa Chisilamu pa Meditereniyani, boma la Frank, ilo likaŵa pakatikati pa nyanja iyo, likakwaniska kusintha kuŵa nkhongono yakuwusa iyo yikapanga Western Europe mu Middle Ages.[59] Nkhondo za Toulouse na Poitiers zikalekeska kuluta panthazi kwa Chisilamu ku Manjiliro gha dazi ndipo kuzingilizgika kwa Constantinople iyo yikatondeka yikalekeska ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 20 panji 30, mu 751, Ufumu wa Byzantium ukataya msumba wa Ravenna uwo ukalamuliranga vigaŵa vichokovichoko vya Italy, kusazgapo Roma, ivyo vikazomerezga kuti viŵe na mazaza pa ŵa Lombard. Kuwa kwa Ravenna kukang’anamuranga kuti kukhozgeka na exarch uyo wakaŵakoso yayi kukapempheka yayi pa nyengo ya chisankho mu 752 cha Papa Stephen II ndiposo kuti ŵapapa ŵakachichizgika kupenja malo ghanyake kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza gha boma kuti ŵaŵavikilire.[60] Mu 754, pa pempho la mwaluŵiro la Papa Stephen, themba la Frank Pepin Mufupi likapoka Ŵalombard. Pamanyuma pake wakapeleka chawanangwa vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa vya exarchate kwa papa, ntheura wakambiska Vigaŵa vya Papa. Roma na Byzantine East ŵazamuŵa na nkhondo yinyake mu nyengo ya kugaŵikana kwa Photian mu vilimika vya m’ma 860, apo [[Photios I wa ku Constantinople | Nangauli kugaŵikana uku kukagowokerana, kweni nkhani izo zikaŵa kuti zindamazgike zingapangiska kuti ŵagaŵikaneso.[61]

    Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000, kuyezgayezga kwa Hildebrand wa ku Sovana kukapangiska kuti paŵe Koleji ya Ŵakadinala kuti ŵasankhe ŵapapa ŵaphya, kwamba na Papa Alexander II mu chisankho cha Papa cha 1061. Alexander Wachiŵiri wakati wafwa, Hildebrand wakasankhika kuti waŵe m’malo mwake, nga ni Papa Gregory VII. Nthowa yakwamba ya chisankho cha College of Cardinals iyo Gregory VII wakawovwira kukhazikiska yalutilira kugwira ntchito m’paka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000. Papa Gregory VII wakambiskaso Kusintha kwa Gregory pa nkhani ya kujiyimira paŵekha kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ku ŵamazaza ŵa caru. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya Kuŵika Ndalama pakati pa tchalitchi na Fumu Yituŵa ya Roma, iyo yikaŵa na mazaza ghakusankha mabishopu na ŵapapa.[62][63]

    Mu 1095, Byzantine themba Alexius I wakapempha Papa Urban II kuti wamovwire kulimbana na nkhondo za Ŵasilamu izo zikaŵa kuti zawukiraso ŵasilikari ŵawo. 8</ref> ivyo vikapangiska kuti Urban wambe Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Mtanda iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti wawovwire Ufumu wa Byzantine na kuwezgerapo Charu Chatuŵa ku mazaza gha Ŵakhristu.[64] Mu [[Ubale] wa Chikhristu pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1900, 1111. tchalitchi lakwamba la Chigiriki na Tchalitchi la Chilatini vikaŵapatura mu East–West Schism, chigaŵa chinyake chifukwa cha kugaŵikana pa papa mazaza. Nkhondo Yachinayi ya Mtanda na kupoka Constantinople na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵakalongora kuti ŵakaswa malango ghaumaliro. Mu nyengo iyi, matchalitchi ghakuru gha chigothi ku France ghakaŵa ghakumanyikwa chomene.

    Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1200 magulu ghakupemphapempha ghakakhazikiska Francis wa ku Assisi ​​na Dominic de Guzmán. Studia conventualia na studia yikuru ya malango ghakupemphapempha ŵakawovwira chomene pa kusintha kwa sukulu ya katedrale iyo yikakhozgekanga na tchalitchi na sukulu za pa nyumba ya ufumu, nga ni ya Charlemagne ku Aachen, ku mayunivesite gha Aachen, kuŵa gha pro.[65] Masambiro ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa na ŵafilosofe nga ni wasembe wa ku Dominican Thomas Aquinas ŵakasambiranga na kusambizga pa masambiro agha. Aquinas Summa Theologica yikaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya vinjeru pakusazga chiharo cha ŵafilosofe ŵakale ŵa ku Greece nga ni Plato na Aristotle na ivyo vikaŵa mu chivumbuzi cha Ŵakhristu.[66]

    Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona nkhondo pakati pa tchalitchi na boma. Kuti ŵaleke kukhazikika mu Roma, Clement V mu 1309 wakazgoka wakwamba pa ŵapapa ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wakukhora wa Avignon kumwera kwa France mu nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti Upapa wa Avignon. Upapa wa Avignon ukamara mu 1376 apo papa wakawelera ku Roma, kweni mu 1378 ukalondezgeka na Kugaŵikana kwa Kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kukatora vyaka 38, ndipo awo ŵakatenge ŵaŵe ŵapapa ku Roma, Avignon na (pamanyuma pa 1409) Pisa.[67] Nkhani iyi yikamazgika chomene mu 1415–17 pa Council of Constance, ndipo awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na boma ku Roma na Pisa ŵakazomera kuleka ntchito ndipo uyo wakakhumbanga boma wachitatu wakafumiskikapo na ŵakadinala, awo ŵakachita chisankho chiphya na zina lakuti Martin V papa.[68]

    Nyengo ya Renaissance yikaŵa nyengo ya golide ya luso lwa Ŵakatolika. Pa cithuzithuzi: Siling’i ya Nyumba ya Kusopa ya Sistine iyo yikapenteka na Michelangelo.

    Mu 1438, Council of Florence yikawungana, iyo yikaŵa na kudumbiskana kwakukhora uko kukaŵika mtima pa kupulikiska mphambano za visopa pakati pa Mafumiro gha dazi na Kumanjiliro gha dazi, na cigomezgo cakuti matchalitchi gha Katolika na gha Orthodox ghazamukoleranaso.[69] Matchalitchi ghanandi gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakakoleranaso, ndipo ghakapanga chigaŵa chikuru cha Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi.[70]

    Bungwe

    [lemba | kulemba source]
    "Nizamukupani makiyi gha ufumu wa kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamukaka pa charu chapasi chizamukakika kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamufwatura pa charu chapasi chizamufwatuka kuchanya." Yesu kwa Petrosi mu Uthenga Uwemi wa Mateyu, Matthew 16:19.

    Mpingo wa Katolika ukulondezga ndondomeko ya episcopal polity, iyo yikulongozgeka na mabishopu awo ŵapokera sakramenti ya Holy Orders awo ŵakupika mazaza ghakulongozga mukati mwa mpingo.[186][187] Pali vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵaliska: episcopate, iyo yili na mabishopu agho ghali na mazaza pa malo agho ghakuchemeka diocese panji eparchy; presbyterate, iyo yili na ŵasembe awo ŵakuŵikika na mabishopu ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito mu madayosisi gha mu chigaŵa panji mu mabungwe gha visopa; na udikoni, uwo uli na ŵadikoni awo ŵakovwira mabishopu na ŵasembe pa milimo yakupambanapambana ya uteŵeti. Paumaliro uyo wakulongozga Mpingo wose wa Katolika ni bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti papa (mu Chilatini: papa, lit. 'dada'), uyo mazaza ghake ghakuchemeka Mpando Mutuŵa (Sancta Sedes mu Chilatini).[188] Pakuyana waka na kapangikiro ka dayosizi pali mabungwe ghakupambanapambana gha visopa agho ghakugwira ntchito mwakujiyimira paŵekha, kanandi ghakulongozgeka na mazaza gha papa pera, nangauli nyengo zinyake ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa malo agha. Mabungwe ghanandi gha visopa ghakuŵa na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera kweni ghanyake ghakuŵa na wose ŵaŵiri. Kweniso, ŵantu ŵambura kusopa ŵakuwovwira pa milimo yinandi ya cisopo pa nyengo ya kusopa.

    Mpando Wakupatulika, upapa, Curia ya Roma, na Koleji ya Ŵakadinali

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    Ŵalongozgi ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika ŵakulongozgeka na papa—sono ni Papa Francis, uyo wakasankhika pa 13 March 2013 na msonkhano wa ŵapapa.[118] Ofesi ya papa yikumanyikwa kuti papacy. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuyowoya kuti Khristu wakambiska upapa apo wakapeleka makiyi gha Kuchanya kwa Petrosi Mutuŵa. Mazaza ghake gha tchalitchi ghakuchemeka Holy See, panji Mpando wa Ŵapositole (kung'anamura Mpando wa mpositole Petrosi).[119][120] Ŵanthu awo ŵakuteŵetera papa mwaluŵiro ni Roman Curia, wupu ukuru uwo ukulaŵilira bizinesi ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya Tchalitchi la Katolika.

    Papa nayo ni muwusi wa Vatican City,[121] msumba-boma lichoko ilo lili mu msumba wa Roma, uwo ni gulu lakupambana na Holy See. Ni nga ni mutu wa Holy See, nga ni mutu wa Vatican City State yayi, apo papa wakupokelera ŵamishonale ŵa vyaru na kuŵatumira ŵamishonale ŵake ŵa boma.[122] Mpando Wakupatulika ukupelekaso malango, kukongozga na mendulo, nga ni malango gha chivalry agho ghakafuma mu nyengo ya Middle Ages.

    Nangauli tchalitchi lakumanyikwa la Saint Peter lili mu msumba wa Vatican, pachanya pa malo ghakumanyikwa gha dindi la Saint Peter, tchalitchi likuru la papa la Dayosizi ya Roma ni Archbasilica ya Saint John Lateran, iyo yili mukati mwa msumba wa Roma, nangauli yili na mwaŵi wa kuzomerezgeka na Holy.

    Malo gha kadinala ni udindo wa ntchindi uwo ŵapapa ŵakupeleka ku ŵaliska ŵanyake, nga mbalongozgi ŵa mu Roman Curia, mabishopu agho ghakuteŵetera mu misumba yikuruyikuru na ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa visopa. Kuti ŵamupe ulongozgi na wovwiri pa kulamulira, papa wangaluta ku College of Cardinal.[123]

    Pamanyuma pa nyifwa panji kuleka kwa papa,[wonani 3] ŵabali ŵa College of Cardinals awo ŵali pasi pa vyaka 80 ŵakuchita nga ni koleji ya visankho, ŵakukumana mu msonkhano wa papa kuti ŵasankhe uyo wazamuŵalondezga.[125] Nangauli conclave yingasankha mwanalume waliyose wa Katolika kuŵa papa, kufuma mu 1389 ŵakasankhika waka makadinala.[126]

    Dango la Canon

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    Catholic canon law (Chilatini: jus canonicum) ni ndondomeko ya malango na fundo za malango izo zikupangika na kukhozgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma la Katolika kuti ŵalongozge bungwe lake la kuwaro na boma ndiposo kuti ŵalongozge na kulongozga milimo ya Ŵakatolika ku mulimo wa tchalitchi. Lamulo la canon la Tchalitchi la Latin ndilo likaŵa lakwamba la mazuŵa ghano la malango gha ku Manjiliro gha dazi,[115] ndipo ndilo dongosolo lakale chomene ilo likulutilira kugwira ntchito ku Manjiliro gha dazi,[71][72] apo mitheto yakupambanapambana ya malango gha Katolika ya Kummaŵa yikulamulira matchalitchi 23 gha ku Eastern Catholic particular sui iuris.

    Malango ghawemi gha tchalitchi, ghakukhazikika mwachindunji panji mwambura kumanyikwa pa dango la Chiuta ilo likusintha yayi panji dango la chilengiwa, ghakupokera mazaza ghakuzomerezgeka pa nkhani ya malango gha pa charu chose kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango mulara—Pontiff Mukuru—uyo wali na mazaza ghose ghakuŵika malango, ghakulongozga munthu, na ghakweruzga mu]. mazaza kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango uyo wali pasi pa wakupanga malango mulara, kwali ni wakupanga malango wambura kumanyikwa panji wakupeleka malango. Nkhani yeneco ya mu mabuku gha malango nja visambizgo panji nkharo pera yayi, kweni yikukhwaska vyose umo munthu waliri. Lili na vinthu vyose vyambura kumanyikwa vya ndondomeko ya malango yakukhwima: malango, makhoti, ŵaloya, ŵeruzgi, malango ghakumanyikwa makora gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini pamoza na malango gha Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, fundo zakulongosora malango, na penalties.

    Malango gha mu Tchalitchi la Katolika ghakukhwaskana na umoyo na gulu la Tchalitchi ndipo ghakupambana na malango gha boma. Mu munda wake ukupereka nkhongono ku malango gha boma pera mwa kuŵika malango ghanyake mu nkhani nga nkhupwelelera ŵana ŵachoko. Mwakuyana waka, dango la boma lingapereka nkhongono mu munda wake ku dango la canon, kweni mwa kuŵika waka dango lakumanyikwa, nga umo vikuŵira na nthengwa za canon. Pasono, 1983 Code of Canon Law yikugwira ntchito ku Mpingo wa Chilatini. Malango ghakupambana gha 1990 gha Matchalitchi gha Kummaŵa (CCEO, pamanyuma pa vimanyikwiro vyakwamba vya Chilatini) ghakugwira ntchito ku Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa ghakujiyimira paŵekha.

    Matchalitchi gha Chilatini na gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi

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    Mu vyaka chikwi vyakwamba vya mdauko wa Katolika, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya Chikhristu yikapangika mu vigaŵa vya Chikhristu vya Kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kummaŵa kwa Europe, Asia na Africa. Nangauli matchalitchi ghanandi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghakukoleranaso yayi na Tchalitchi la Katolika pamanyuma pa Kugaŵikana Kukuru kwa 1054 (na kugaŵikana kwakwamba kwa Nestorian na Chalcedonian Schism), matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira paŵekha gha mitheto ya kumafumiro gha dazi ghakutorapo mbali mu chiyanjano cha Katolika, icho chikumanyikwaso kuti "church one:i'i's). Tchalitchi likuru chomene ndiposo lakumanyikwa chomene ni Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo ndilo pera ilo likulondezga mitheto ya ku Manjiliro gha dazi, ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 biliyoni pa charu chose. Pakuyowoya za ŵalondezgi ŵachoko chomene pakuyaniska na Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ni Matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira pawokha gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 17.3 miliyoni kufuma mu 2010.

    Tchalitchi la Chilatini likulongozgeka na papa na mabishopu gha mu dayosizi agho wali kusankhika na iyo mwaluŵiro. Papa wakuchita mulimo wa ŵasekuru pa Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo likuwoneka kuti likapanga chigaŵa chakwamba ndiposo chikuru cha Chikhristu cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi, chiharo cha vigomezgo vinyake na mitheto iyo yikafuma ku Europe na kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, vinyake mwa ivyo vikahara na visopo vinandi vya Chikhristu ivyo vikulondezgapo kufuma kwawo ku Reformation.

    Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulondezga mitheto na uzimu wa Chikhristu cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo ni matchalitchi agho nyengo zose ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na Tchalitchi la Katolika panji agho ghasankha kunjiraso mu ubwezi wose mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vikalondezgapo pa East–West Schism panji kugaŵikana kwakwambilira. Matchalitchi agha ni mitundu ya Ŵakhristu ŵa Katolika awo mitundu yawo ya kusopa yikulongora kuti ŵali na mdauko na mitheto yakupambanapambana m’malo mwa kupambana mu visambizgo. Kweni chifukwa chakuti papa wakazomerezga Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pa nkhani ya kukolerana kwa matchalitchi gha Eastern Orthodox na matchalitchi ghanyake gha kumafumiro gha dazi. Kuyana na mdauko, kucicizgika kuti ŵalondezgenge mitheto ya Cikhristu ca ku Manjiliro gha dazi iyo yikacitikanga na Tchalitchi la Latin ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanjirepo (kusintha Cilatini) pa mitheto yinyake ya Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Vatican Council, Orientalium Ecclesiarum, chikazengeka pa kusintha kwakumanyuma kuti chikhozgereso wanangwa wa Ŵakatolika ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mikhaliro yawo yakupambanapambana ya chisopa.

    Mpingo sui iuris ukulongosoreka mu Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches nga ni "gulu la ŵakugomezgeka ŵa Chikhristu awo ŵakukolerana na ŵalongozgi" awo ŵakumanyikwa na papa mu udindo wake nga ni mulara wapacanya pa nkhani za visambizgo mukati mwa mpingo. Lizgu ili ni chinthu chiphya icho CCEO yikapanga kuti yilongore kuti Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi ghakujiyimira paŵekha, agho ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na papa, kweni ghali na ndondomeko ya boma na mitheto ya chisopa yakupambana na ya Tchalitchi la Latin. Nangauli mabuku gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini ghakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu ili mwakudunjika yayi, kweni ŵakuzomerezga kuti likuyana waka.

    Matchalitchi ghanyake gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulamulirika na patriarch uyo wakusankhika na sinodi ya mabishopu gha tchalitchi ilo, ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na archbishop mulara,[124] ghanyake ghali pasi pa metropolitan, ndipo ghanyake ghakupangika nga ni eparchies paŵekha. Mpingo uliwose uli na mazaza pa vigaŵa vya bungwe lake la mukati, mitheto ya chisopa, kalendara ya chisopa na vinyake vya uzimu wake, vikulondezga waka mazaza gha papa. Roman Curia ili na dipatimenti yinyake, Mpingo wa Matchalitchi gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, kuti yiŵe paubwezi nawo. Kanandi papa wakusankha yayi mabishopu panji ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo wakuchedweska ndondomeko yawo ya boma la mukati, kweni wanganjilirapo usange wakuwona kuti nchakwenelera.

    Ma dayosizi, ma parishi, mabungwe, na mabungwe

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    Vyaru vinyake, vigaŵa, panji misumba yikuruyikuru yikuteŵetereka na matchalitchi ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ma dayosizi mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, panji ma eparchies mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo matchalitchi ghanyake ghakulaŵilirika na bishopu. Kufuma mu 2008, Mpingo Katolika uli na madayosisi 2,795. Mabishopu mu charu chinyake mba membala ŵa msonkhano wa ŵabishopu ŵa charu panji ŵa chigaŵa.

    Ma dayosizi ghagaŵika mu ma parishi, ndipo lililose lili na wasembe yumoza panji ŵanandi, ŵadikoni, panji ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika. Ma Parish ndiwo ghakuchitiska chikondwelero cha zuŵa na zuŵa cha masakramenti na kupwelelera ŵaliska ŵa ŵanthu ŵambura kusopa. Kufuma mu 2016, pali ma parishi 221,700 pa charu chose.

    Mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ŵanalume ŵa Katolika ŵangateŵetera nga mbadikoni panji ŵasembe mwa kupokera udindo wa sakramenti. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵangateŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵapadera ŵa Mgonero Utuŵa, nga mbaŵazgi (ŵasambizgi), panji nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero. Kuyana na mdauko, ŵanyamata na ŵanalume ŵakazomerezgekanga waka kuteŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero; kweni kufuma mu 1990s, ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi nawo ŵazomerezgeka.

    Ŵakatolika ŵakuŵikika, pamoza na ŵantu ŵambura kusopa, ŵanganjira mu umoyo wakupatulika panji paŵekha, nga ni hermit panji mwali wakupatulika, panji mwa kunjira mu wupu wa umoyo wakupatulika (wupu wa cisopo panji wupu wa ŵantu ŵambura kusopa) umo ŵangacitira malumbiro ghakukhozgera khumbo lawo la kulondezga vigaŵa vitatu vya chavertistigel na eselyun, . kupulikira. Viyelezgero vya mabungwe gha umoyo wakupatulika ni ŵa Benedictine, ŵa Carmelite, ŵa Dominican, ŵa Franciscan, ŵa Mishonale ŵa Chitemwa, Ŵasilikari ŵa Khristu na Ŵadumbu ŵa Lusungu.

    "Mabungwe gha chisopa" ni lizgu la mazuŵa ghano ilo likukhwaska "malango gha chisopa" na "mipingo ya chisopa," iyo nyengo yinyake yikaŵa yakupambana mu malango gha chisopa. Mazgu ghakuti "ndondomeko ya chisopa" na "bungwe la chisopa" ghakugwiriskirika nchito nga ni mazgu ghakuyana waka.

    Kwizira mu vyakovwira vya Katolika na vinyake, Mpingo Wa Katolika ndiwo ukupeleka masambiro na wovwiri wa umoyo pa charu chose chapasi kwambura boma.

    Kuŵa membala

    [lemba | kulemba source]

    Chikatolika ndicho chisopa chachiŵiri pa charu chose, chikuluska Chisilamu cha Sunni pera.[115] Ŵanthu ŵa mu tchalitchi, awo ŵakulongosoreka kuti mba Katolika ŵakubatizika, ŵakaŵa 1.345 biliyoni kuumaliro wa 2019, awo ni 18% ya ŵanthu ŵa pa charu chose. Brazil ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Katolika pa charu chose, ndipo pamanyuma pake pali Mexico, Philippines, na United States.[117] Ŵakatolika ŵakuyimira pafupifupi hafu ya Ŵakhristu wose.

    Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa Ŵakatolika pa charu chose kukulutilira kusintha, na 18.7% ku Africa, 48.1% ku America, 11.0% ku Asia, 21.2% ku Europe, na 0.8% ku Oceania.

    Ŵateŵeti ŵa Katolika ŵakusazgapo ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika, ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika, ŵamishonale, na ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu. Kweniso ku umaliro wa 2019, pakaŵa ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika 467,938, kusazgapo mabishopu 5,364, ŵasembe 414,336 (ŵa dayosizi na ŵa chisopa), na ŵadikoni 48,238 (ŵanyengo zose). Ŵateŵeti ŵambura kuŵikika ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu 3,157,568, ŵamishonale ŵambura kusambizgika 367,679, na ŵateŵeti ŵambura kusambizgika ŵa matchalitchi 39,951.

    Ŵakatolika awo ŵali kujipeleka ku umoyo wa cisopo panji wakupatulika m’malo mwa nthengwa panji kuŵa ŵambura kutora panji kutengwa, nga ni umoyo panji nchito ya ubwezi, ŵakusazgapo ŵanalume 54,559 ŵakusopa na ŵanakazi 705,529 ŵakusopa. Iwo ŵakuŵikika yayi, panji ŵakuwoneka kuti mbateŵeti pekha usange nawo ŵakuchitako chimoza mwa vigaŵa vya ŵateŵeti ŵambura kumanyikwa ivyo vili pachanya apa.

    Chisambizgo

    [lemba | kulemba source]

    Chisambizgo cha Katolika chakura mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo chikulongora visambizgo vyakudunjika vya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, kulongosora kwakuzomerezgeka kwa vigomezgo vyakugaluka na vya orthodox na makhonsolo gha visopo vyose na mu ng’ombe za ŵapapa, ndiposo mphindano za vya chisopa na ŵasambiri. Mpingo ukugomezga kuti nyengo zose ukulongozgeka na Mzimu Mutuŵa apo ukumanya nkhani ziphya za chisopa ndipo ukuvikilirika kwambura kubudiska kuti uleke kugwa mu visambizgo vyambura kwenelera para ŵasankha mwakukhora pa nkhani yinyake.

    Likusambizga kuti kuvumbulika kuli na mtundu umoza wakuyana, Chiuta, na nthowa ziŵiri zakupambanapambana zakupharazgira: Malemba Ghatuŵa na Mitheto Yakupatulika, ndipo ivi vikung’anamulika nadi na Magisterium. Malemba Ghakupatulika ghali na mabuku 73 gha Baibolo la Katolika, ndipo ghali na mabuku 46 gha Testamente Lakale na 27 gha Testamente Lasono. Sacred Tradition yili na visambizgo ivyo mpingo ukugomezga kuti vikapelekeka kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Malemba Ghakupatulika na Mwambo Wakupatulika vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti "kuŵika chipulikano" (depositum fidei mu Chilatini). Ivi vikung'anamulikaso na Magisterium (kufuma ku magister, Chilatini "msambizgi"), mazaza ghakusambizga gha tchalitchi, agho ghakuchitika na papa na College of Bishops pamoza na papa, Bishopu wa Roma.[179] Chisambizgo cha Katolika chikulongosoreka mwakudumura mu Katekisimu wa Tchalitchi la Katolika, ilo likalembeka na Holy See.

    Mtundu wa Chiuta

    [lemba | kulemba source]

    Ŵakatolika ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu Khristu ni "Munthu Wachiŵiri" wa Utatu, Chiuta Mwana. Mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Kuzgoka Munthu, kwizira mu nkhongono ya Mzimu Mutuŵa, Chiuta wakakolerana na chilengiwa cha munthu kwizira mu kubabika kwa Khristu mu nthumbo ya Mariya Namwali Mutumbikika. Ntheura, Khristu wakupulikiskika kuti ni Ciuta wakukwana ndiposo munthu wakukwana, kusazgapo kuŵa na mzimu wa munthu. Ŵakusambizgika kuti mulimo wa Khristu pa charu chapasi ukaŵa wakupeleka ku ŵanthu visambizgo vyake na kupereka chiyelezgero chake kuti ŵalondezgenge nga umo vili kulembekera mu mabuku ghanayi gha Uthenga Uwemi. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu wakakhala wambura kwananga apo wakaŵa pa charu chapasi, ndipo wakazomerezga kuti ŵamukome kwambura urunji mwa kupayikika pa khuni, nga ni sembe yake kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; kugowokerana uku kukumanyikwa kuti Chisisi cha Paska. Lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti "Khristu" na la Chihebere lakuti "Mesiya" ghose ghakung'anamura "wakuphakazgika", ghakung'anamura chigomezgo cha Ŵakhristu chakuti nyifwa na chiwuka cha Yesu ni kufiskika kwa mauchimi gha mesiya gha mu Testamente Lakale.

    Mpingo Wa Katolika ukusambizga mwakusimikizga kuti "Mzimu Mutuŵa wakufuma kwa Ŵadada na Mwana kwamuyirayira, kufuma ku fundo ziŵiri yayi kweni kufuma ku fundo yimoza". Iwo ukuyowoya kuti Ŵadada, nga ni "fundo yambura fundo", ndiwo ŵakwamba kufuma ku Mzimu, kweniso kuti iyo, nga ni Ŵadada ŵa Mwana yumoza pera, wali na Mwana fundo yimoza iyo Mzimu wakufumiramo. Chigomezgo ichi chikulongosoreka mu fundo ya Filioque iyo yikasazgikira ku mtundu wa Chilatini wa Nicene Creed wa 381 kweni yikasazgikira yayi mu mtundu wa Chigiriki wa chigomezgo icho chikagwiriskirika nchito mu Chikhristu cha Kummaŵa.

    Mtundu wa tchalitchi

    [lemba | kulemba source]

    Mpingo Katolika ukusambizga kuti ni "tchalitchi limoza launenesko",[172][173] "sakaramenti la chiponosko cha ŵanthu wose", na "chisopa chimoza chaunenesko". Kuyana na Katekisimu, Mpingo Katolika ukulongosorekaso mu Chigomezgo cha Nicene kuti "Mchalitchi umoza, utuŵa, wa Katolika, na wa ŵapositole". Vinthu ivi vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti Vimanyikwiro Vinayi vya Mpingo. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti uyo wakambiska ni Yesu Khristu. Testamente Lasono likulemba vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene pakukhazikiska Tchalitchi la Katolika, kusazgapo milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu ndiposo kusankha ŵapositole kuŵa ŵakaboni ŵa uteŵeti wake, masuzgo ghake, na chiwuka chake. Mulimo Ukuru, wakati wawuka, wakaphalira ŵapositole kuti ŵalutilire mulimo wake. Kuza kwa Mzimu Mutuŵa pa ŵapositole, mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Pentekoste, chikuwoneka nga ni kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa pa wumba wa Mpingo Katolika. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti mabishopu ghose ghakupatulika ghakwenelera ghali na mzere wakulondezgapo kufuma ku ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, uwo ukumanyikwa kuti mzere wa ŵapositole. Makamaka, Bishopu wa Roma (papa) wakuwoneka kuti ni uyo wakalondezgapo mpositole Simoni Petrosi, udindo uwo wakupokerapo udindo wake pa mpingo.

    Chigomezgo cha Katolika chikuti mpingo "ni kuŵapo kwa Yesu kwakulutilira pa charu chapasi" ndipo ndilo pera ilo lili na nthowa zose za chiponosko. Kwizira mu suzgo (kusuzgika) kwa Khristu uko kukapangiska kuti wakomeke pa khuni nga umo vikulongosolekera mu Mauthenga Ghawemi, ŵakuti Khristu wakajipanga yekha kuŵa sembe kwa Chiuta Ŵadada kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; Chiwuka cha Yesu chikumupangiska kuŵa mwana wakwamba kufuma ku ŵakufwa, wakwamba pakati pa ŵabali ŵanandi. Pakuphemana na Chiuta na kulondezga mazgu na milimo ya Khristu, munthu wanganjira mu Ufumu wa Chiuta. Mpingo ukuwona kuti liturgy yake na masakramenti ghake vikukhozga lusungu ilo likusangika kwizira mu sembe ya Khristu kuti likhozge ubwezi wa munthu na Khristu na kovwira pakuthereska kwananga.

    Kweruzgika kwaumaliro

    [lemba | kulemba source]

    Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti, para munthu waliyose wafwa waka, mzimu wake uzamupokera cheruzgo chinyake kufuma kwa Chiuta, mwakuyana na zakwananga zawo na ubwezi wawo na Khristu. Chisambizgo ichi chikukhozgeraso zuŵa linyake ilo Khristu wazamukhalapo na kweruzga ŵanthu wose. Kweruzgika kwaumaliro uku, mwakuyana na chisambizgo cha tchalitchi, kuzamumara mdauko wa ŵanthu na kwamba kwa vyose viŵiri, kuchanya na charu chapasi viphya na viwemi ivyo vizamuwusika na Chiuta mu urunji.

    Kuyana na umo munthu wakweruzgikira para wafwa, ŵakugomezga kuti mzimu unganjira mu chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vya umoyo wa pamanyuma pa nyifwa:

    • Kuchanya ni mkhaliro wa kukolerana kwambura kumara na kacitiro ka Ciuta ka Ciuta, ontologically yayi, kweni mwa lusungu. Ni umoyo wamuyirayira, umo mzimu ukughanaghanira Chiuta mu chimwemwe chambura kumara.
    • Purgatory ni nyengo ya nyengo yichoko waka yakutozgera mizimu iyo, nangauli yili kuŵikika kucanya, yikupatukana yayi na kwananga ndipo ntheura yinganjira yayi kuchanya nyengo yeneyiyo.Mu Purigatoriyo, mzimu ukusuzgika, ndipo ukutozgeka na kufikapo. Mizimu iyo yili mu purigatoriyo yingawovwirika kuti yifike kuchanya na malurombo gha ŵakugomezgeka pa charu chapasi na kuŵeyelera kwa ŵatuŵa.
    • Kuzengeka kwaumaliro: Paumaliro, awo ŵakulutilira kukhala mu mkhaliro wa kwananga kwakufwa ndipo ŵakulapa yayi pambere ŵandafwe ŵakujiŵika ku gehena, kupatukana na Ciuta kwamuyirayira.[178] Mpingo ukusambizga kuti palije uyo wakususkika ku gehena kwambura kuti wasankha mwakufwatuka kukana Chiuta. Palije uyo wali kuŵikika kale ku gehena ndipo palije uyo wangamanya mwakusimikizga uyo wali kuzengeka mulandu ku gehena. Chikatolika chikusambizga kuti kwizira mu lusungu lwa Chiuta munthu wangalapa nyengo yiliyose pambere wandafwe, kuŵalirika na unenesko wa chipulikano cha Chikatolika, ndipo ntheura wangasanga chiponosko. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa chisopa ŵa Katolika ŵakughanaghana kuti mizimu ya ŵana ŵachoko awo ŵandabatizike na awo mbakhristu yayi awo ŵalije kwananga kwa nyifwa kweni ŵakufwa mu kwananga kwakwamba ŵakuŵikika ku limbo, nangauli ichi nchisambizgo cha boma cha tchalitchi yayi.

    Nangauli Mpingo Wakatolika ukusambizga kuti ndiyo pera ndiyo yili na nthowa zose za chiponosko, yikuzomerezgaso kuti Mzimu Mutuŵa wangagwiliskira ntchito mitundu ya Ŵakhristu iyo yili kupatukana na iyo kuti "yikhuŵirizge ku umoza wa Katolika" na "kutemwa na kulongozgera ku Mpingo wa Katolika this and paravation to peoples",[184] muli vinthu vinyake vya chisambizgo chakwenelera, nangauli vikusazgana na viheni. Likusambizga kuti waliyose uyo wakuponoskeka wakuponoskeka kwizira mu Mpingo Katolika kweni ŵanthu ŵangaponoskeka kuwaro kwa nthowa zambura kumanyikwa izo zikumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa khumbo, ndiposo na kukomeka pambere ŵandabatizike, uko kukumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa ndopa, ndiposo para mikhaliro ya kuleka kumanya kwambura kuthereskeka yilipo, nangauli invincible is not a ignorance of me5.

    Ŵatuŵa na kujipeleka

    [lemba | kulemba source]

    Mutuŵa (uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti hallow) ni munthu uyo wakumanyikwa kuti wali na msinkhu wapadera wa utuŵa panji wakuyana panji pafupi na Chiuta, apo kuzgoka mutuŵa ni chinthu icho tchalitchi la Chikhristu likupharazga kuti munthu uyo wafwa wakaŵa mutuŵa, pa kupharazga uko munthu wakusazgikika mu "canon of sagn", panji list. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba awo ŵakachindikika nga mbatuŵa ŵakaŵa awo ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo. Nthano zakusopa zakukhwaskana na nyifwa zawo zikawonekanga kuti zikukhozgera unenesko wa cipulikano cawo mwa Khristu. Kweni mu vilimika vya m’ma 400 C.E., “ŵakuzomera”—ŵanthu awo ŵakazomera cipulikano cawo mwa kufwa yayi kweni na mazgu na umoyo—ŵakamba kucindikika pakweru.

    Mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Chilatini na gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, mulimo wa kuŵika munthu kuŵa mutuŵa ukusungikira ku Mpando wa Ŵapositole ndipo ukuchitika pa umaliro wa ndondomeko yitali iyo yikukhumbikwira ukaboni ukuru wakuti munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵikika munthu mutuŵa wakakhala na kufwa mu nthowa ya ciyerezgero ndiposo yituŵa mwakuti ngwakwenelera kumanyikwa kuti ni saint. Kuzomerezga kwa tchalitchi kuti munthu ni mutuŵa kukung’anamura kuti munthu uyo sono wali Kuchanya ndipo wangachemeka pakweru na kuzunulika mu chisopa cha tchalitchi, kusazgapo mu Litany of the Saints. Kuŵikika pa malo ghatuŵa kukuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵamusopenge mutuŵa mu liturgy ya Rite ya Ŵaroma; kuti ŵazomerezgeke kusopa waka pa malo ghawo, beatification pera ndiyo yikukhumbikwa.

    Kusopa ni "mikhaliro ya kuwaro ya kusopa" iyo ni chigaŵa cha liturgy yakuzomerezgeka ya Tchalitchi la Katolika yayi kweni ni chigaŵa cha mikhaliro yauzimu yakumanyikwa ya Ŵakatolika. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo mikhaliro yakupambanapambana yakukhwaskana na kusopa ŵatuŵa, comenecomene kusopa Namwali Mariya. Vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pakusopa ni Masiteshoni gha Mtanda, Mtima Wakupatulika wa Yesu, Nkhope Yituŵa ya Yesu, ma scapulars ghakupambanapambana, ma novena ku ŵatuŵa ŵakupambanapambana, maulendo gha pa chisopa na kusopa ku Sakramenti Lakutumbikika, na kusopa vikozgo vya mutuŵa. Mabishopu gha pa Second Vatican Council ghakakumbuska Ŵakatolika kuti "kusopa kukwenera kulembeka mwakuti kuŵe kwakukolerana na nyengo za chisopa, kukolerana na chisopa chakupatulika, mu nthowa yinyake chikufumiramo, ndipo chikulongozga ŵanthu ku chisopa ichi, chifukwa, nadi, chisopa mwa mtundu wake chikuluska chomene."

    Namwali Mariya

    [lemba | kulemba source]
    Namwali Mariya Mutumbikika wakuchindikika chomene mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, ŵakumupharazga kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta, wambura kwananga kwakwambilira ndiposo wakuŵeyelera.

    Mariology wa Katolika wakuyowoya za visambizgo na visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Mariya, nyina wa Yesu, ndiposo umo ŵakugomezgeka ŵakuchindikira Mariya. Mariya wakuchindikika chomene, wakupharazgika kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta (Chigiriki: Θεοτόκος, Chiroma: Theotokos, lit. 'Wakunyamura Chiuta'), ndipo wakugomezga kuti wakakhala mwaliri umoyo wake wose. Visambizgo vinyake ni visambizgo vya Immaculate Conception (kutora nthumbo yake kwambura banga la kwananga kwakwamba) na Kukwezgeka kwa Mariya (kuti thupi lake likatoleka mwaluŵiro kucanya pa umaliro wa umoyo wake). Visambizgo vyose ivi vikalongosoreka kuti ni visambizgo vyambura kubudiska, na Papa Pius IX mu 1854 na Papa Pius XII mu 1950 mwakuyana, kweni pamanyuma pakuti ŵadumbiskana na mabishopu gha Katolika pa charu chose kuti ŵakhorweske kuti ichi nchigomezgo cha Katolika. Kweni mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakulutilira kukondwelera chiphikiro cha Kukwezgeka kwa Chiuta pasi pa zina lakuti Dormition of the Mother of God pa zuŵa limoza.Chisambizgo chakuti Mariya wakafwa pambere ŵandamuwone kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa chikwamba pambere fundo yakuti wakafwa yayi. St John Damascene wakalemba kuti "St Juvenal, Bishopu wa Yerusalemu, pa ungano wa Chalcedon (451), wakamanyiska Themba Marcian na Pulcheria, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa na thupi la Mama wa Chiuta, kuti Mariya wakafwa pamaso pa Ŵapositole wose, kweni kuti dindi lake likasangika pa upon wa St Thomas, apo likajulika; Ŵapositole ŵakadumura kuti thupi likatoleka kucanya."

    Kusopa kwa Mariya nchigaŵa ca kusopa kwa Katolika kweni nkhwakupambana na kusopa Ciuta. Ntchito zikusazgapo malurombo na luso lwa Marian, sumu, na vyakuzengazenga. Viphikiro vinandi vya chisopa cha Marian vikukondwelereka mu chaka chose cha Mpingo ndipo wakuchindikika na maudindo ghanandi nga ni Fumukazi ya Kuchanya. Papa Paul VI wakamuchema kuti Mama wa Mpingo chifukwa, pakubaba Khristu, wakuwoneka kuti ni mama wauzimu wa chiŵaro chilichose cha Thupi la Khristu. Chifukwa cha mulimo wake ukuru mu umoyo wa Yesu, malurombo na kujipeleka nga ni Hail Mary, Rosary, Salve Regina na Memorare ni mikhaliro ya Katolika yakumanyikwa chomene. Ulendo wa ku malo ghakuwonekerapo gha Marian ghanandi agho ghakukhozgeka na tchalitchi, nga ni Lourdes, Fátima, na Guadalupe, nawo ni visopa vyakumanyikwa vya Katolika.

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    34. ↑ "Roman Catholic, n. and adj". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
    35. ↑ "Eastern Catholics: Where are they? Where should they be?". Catholic News Herald. Diocese of Charlotte. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
    36. ↑ "Documents of the II Vatican Council". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 5 June 2004. Retrieved 4 May 2009. Note: The pope's signature appears in the Latin version.
    37. ↑ "Decrees of the First Vatican Council – Papal Encyclicals". 29 June 1868.
    38. ↑ "The Bull of Indiction of the Sacred Oecumenical and General Council of Trent under the Sovereign Pontiff, Paul III." The Council of Trent: The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent. Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth. London: Dolman, 1848. Retrieved from History.Hanover.edu, 12 September 2018.
    39. ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Roman Catholic". www.newadvent.org.
    40. ↑ "Kenneth D. Whitehead". www.ewtn.com.
    41. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 880, 883.
    42. ↑ Brown, Raymond E. (2003). 101 Questions and Answers on the Bible. Paulist Press. pp. 132–134. ISBN 978-0-8091-4251-4.
    43. ↑ MacCulloch, Christianity, pp. 155–159, 164.
    44. ↑ Valliere, Paul (2012). Conciliarism. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-107-01574-6.
    45. ↑ Patriarch, Bartholomew (2008). Encountering the Mystery. Random House. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-385-52561-9.
    46. ↑ Duffy, Eamon. 1997. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. pp. 66–67
    47. ↑ Cahill, Thomas (1995). How The Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe. New York City: Penguin Random House.
    48. ↑ Woods, pp. 115–27
    49. ↑ Duffy, p. 133.
    50. ↑ Woods, Thomas Jr. "Review of How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilisation". National Review Book Service. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
    51. ↑ Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. ISBN 9789059724877. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.
    52. ↑ A. Lamport, Mark (2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. ISBN 9780810884939. All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.
    53. ↑ B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. p. 1369. ISBN 9781135205157. Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
    54. ↑ Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-376-8, pp. 126–127, 282–298
    55. ↑ Rudy, The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914, p. 40
    56. ↑ Verger, Jacques [in French] (1999). Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles (in French) (1st ed.). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. ISBN 978-2-86847-344-8. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
    57. ↑ Verger, Jacques. "The Universities and Scholasticism," in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257.
    58. ↑ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
    59. ↑ Pirenne, Henri (1980) [1925]. Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. Frank D. Halsey (trans.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 27–32. ISBN 978-0-691-00760-1.
    60. ↑ Richards, Jeffrey (2014). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-317-67817-5.
    61. ↑ Walker, Willston (1985). History of the Christian Church. Simon and Schuster. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-0-684-18417-3.
    62. ↑ Vidmar, The Catholic Church Through the Ages (2005), pp. 107–11
    63. ↑ Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), p. 78, quote: "By contrast, Paschal's successor Eugenius II (824–7), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under Sergius II (844–7) it was even agreed that the pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule."
    64. ↑ Bokenkotter 2004, pp. 140–141.
    65. ↑ Woods, pp. 44–48
    66. ↑ Bokenkotter 2004, pp. 158–159.
    67. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named McManners232
    68. ↑ McManners, p. 240
    69. ↑ Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). Constantinople and the West. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11880-8.
    70. ↑ Collinge, William J. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Catholicism. Scarecrow Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-8108-5755-1.
    71. ↑ Peters, Edward N. "CanonLaw.info Home Page". Retrieved 11 June 2013.
    72. ↑ Wacks, Raymond (2015). Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0198745624.
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