Pulezidenti wa United States

For other uses, see Pulezidenti wa United States (disambiguation).

Mulara wa wa United States
Chidindo cha pulezidenti
Mbendera ya pulezidenti
Mpando wasono Donald Trump since January 20, 2025
Executive branch of the U.S. government Executive Office of the President
Ntchindi	Mulara wa boma (mwakawiro) Mweneko (mwakuzirwika) Mwenekeso (pa vyakukhwaskana na vyalo)
Mtundu	Head of state Head of government Commander-in-chief
Abbreviation	POTUS
Membala wa	Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council
Malo ghakukhala	White House
Mpando	Washington, D.C.
Wakusankha	Electoral College panji kwizira mu kulondeka
Utali wa udindo	Vyaka vinayi (wakusazgikaso kamoza pera)
Chilwelo cha ulamulili	Constitution of the United States (1789)
Kupangika	March 4, 1789 (1789-03-04)
Wakwamba paudindo	George Washington
Kukwezgeka	Mndandanda wa ŵakusazgapo
Malipilo	$400,000 pa chaka
Webusaiti	whitehouse.gov

The pulezidenti wa United States (POTUS) ni mulongozgi wa charu na mulongozgi wa boma wa United States. Pulezidenti wakulongozga nthambi yakulongozga ya boma la federo ndipo ni mulara mukuru wa United States Armed Forces.

Nkhongono za upulezidenti zikasazgikira kufuma apo pulezidenti wakwamba, George Washington, wakambira uteŵeti mu 1789. Nangauli nkhongono za pulezidenti zikakwera na kuchepa nyengo na nyengo, upulezidenti wakhala na ntchito yikuru mu ndyali za America kufuma kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 20, ndipo vikulutilira mu vyaka vya m'ma 21 na kuŵa na kusazgikira kwa nkhongono mu maulamuliro gha Franklin D. Roosevelt na George W. Bush. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 21, pulezidenti ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵankhongono chomene mu ndyali pa charu chose ndipo ni mulongozgi wa charu chankhongono. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa charu icho chili na chuma chikuru chomene pa GDP yakuyana waka, pulezidenti wali na nkhongono zikuru za mu charu na zakuwaro, zakuchema kuti nkhongono zakukhora na nkhongono zakuzika. Kwa nyengo yitali mu vyaka vya m'ma 20, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya Cold War, pulezidenti wa United States kanandi wakachemekanga kuti "mulongozgi wa charu chaufulu".

Ndime Yachiŵiri ya Dango la United States yikakhazikiska nthambi yakulongozga ya boma la federo ndipo yikapeleka nkhongono zakulongozga kwa pulezidenti. Nkhongono izi zikusazgapo kusazga na kukhazikiska malango gha federo na udindo wa kusankha ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵa vyakuyana na vyalo, ŵa maofesi gha malango, na ŵa makhoti. Kwizira mu ndondomeko za dango izo zikapeleka kwa pulezidenti nkhongono zakusankha na kupokelera ŵa kazembe na kupanga mapangano na vyaru vinyake, kweniso malango agho ghakazomerezgeka na Congress, upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano uli na udindo ukuru pa ndyali zakuwaro za United States. Udindo uwu ukusazgapo kulongozga gulu lankhondo lakudura chomene pa charu chose, ilo lili na vyankhondo vya nyukiliya vinandi chomene pa charu chachiŵiri.

Pulezidenti wakuchitapo kanthu kukuru pa malango gha federo na ndondomeko za mu charu. Mu ndondomeko ya kupatukana kwa nkhongono, Ndime Yakwamba, Gawo 7 la Dango likumupa pulezidenti nkhongono zakusaina panji kukana malango gha federo. Pakuti mapulezidenti ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwoneka nga mbalongozgi ŵa vyipani vyawo vya ndyali, kupanga ndondomeko zikuru kukwenera chomene na ivyo vikuchitika pa visola vya pulezidenti, ndipo mapulezidenti ŵakuchitapo kanthu kulimbikiska ivyo ŵakukhumba mu ŵabali ŵa Congress awo kanandi ŵakuthemba pa pulezidenti pa nkhani za visola. Mu nyengo yasono, mapulezidenti ŵasazgirapo kugwiliskira ntchito executive orders, malango gha maofesi, na kusankha ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakhwaskenge ndondomeko za mu charu.

Pulezidenti wakusankhika kwizira mu Electoral College kuŵa na nyengo ya vyaka vinayi, pamoza na vice president. Kwizira mu Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri, uko kukazomerezgeka mu 1951, munthu uyo wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti maulendo ghaŵiri wangasankhikaso yayi kuŵa pulezidenti ulendo wachitatu. Kweniso, ma vice president 9 ŵakazgoka mapulezidenti chifukwa cha nyifwa ya pulezidenti mu nyengo ya uteŵeti panji kuleka ntchito. Pakuŵa na wose, ŵanthu 45 ŵateŵetera, panji ŵakuteŵetera sono, mu ma pulezidenti 47 kufika pa nyengo ya sono ya 60 ya vyaka vinayi. Donald Trump ndiyo ni pulezidenti wa 47 ndipo wakuteŵetera sono kufuma pa January 20, 2025.

Mbiri na chitukuko

Kwamba

Mu Julayi 1776, Makoloni Khumi na Ghatatu, agho ghakimirika pa Kongiresi Yachiŵiri ya Kontinenti mu Philadelphia, ghakazomera mwakukolerana Chilango cha Wanangwa cha United States umo makoloni ghakajilengeka kuti ni vyaru vyakujiyimira vyekha ndipo kuti ghakaŵaso pasi pa muwuso wa Ufumu wa Britain yayi. Kuzomera uku kukalembeka mu Chilango cha Wanangwa, icho chikalembeka chomene na Thomas Jefferson ndipo chikazomerezgeka mwakukolerana pa Julayi 4, 1776, na Kongiresi Yachiŵiri ya Kontinenti. Pakumanya kuti ŵakakhumbikwiranga kukolerana chomene pa nkhondo yawo yakulimbana na Ufumu wa Britain, Kongiresi ya Kontinenti pa nyengo yimoza yikamba kulemba dango ilo likakoleranenge vyaru pamoza. Pakachitika kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali pa nkhani zinandi, kusazgapo kuyimirika na kuvota, kweniso nkhongono izo boma likuru likeneranga kuŵa nazo. Kongiresi wakamalizga kulemba Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana kuti wakhazikiske umoza wa nyengo zose pakati pa vyaru mu Novembala 1777 ndipo wakatumizga kwa vyaru kuti vikazomerezge.

Pasi pa Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana, agho ghakaŵa na nkhongono kufuma pa Malichi 1, 1781, Kongiresi ya Kukolerana yikaŵa ulamuliro wa ndyali wa pakati kweni ukaŵavya nkhongono zakupanga malango. Ukakwananga kupanga fundo, vyeruzgo, na malango ghake, kweni ukatenge ungapanga malango yayi, kweniso ukatenge ungatozga misonkho yayi panji kukhazikiska malango gha malonda gha mu vyaru pa ŵanthu ŵake. Ndondomeko iyi yikalongora umo ŵa America ŵakaghanaghaniranga kuti ndondomeko ya Britain ya Korona na Nyumba ya Malango yikwenera kuti yikagwiranga ntchito pakuyowoya za muwuso wa ufumu: wupu wakulongozga pa vinthu ivyo vikakhwaskanga ufumu wose.

Vyaru vikaŵa kuti vyafwatuka ku muwuso wa ufumu uliwose ndipo vikapeleka vinyake mwa maufulu gha ufumu agho ghakaŵapo kale (mwachiyelezgero, kupanga nkhondo, kupokelera ŵakazembe, na vinyake) kwa Kongiresi; maufulu ghanyake ghakakhala mu maboma gha vyaru vyawo. Ŵabali ŵa Kongiresi ŵakasankha Pulezidenti wa United States mu Kongiresi Yakuwungana kuti walongozge madiskusoni ghawo nga ni munthu wambura kutemwera pa nkhani za kulongozga kudumbiskana. Uwu ukaŵa udindo wakupambana chomene na wa pulezidenti wa United States uyo wakiza pamanyuma, chifukwa ukaŵa udindo wa mwambo pera kwambura nkhongono zakulongozga, kupatulapo kulongozga wupu wa nyumba ya malango.

Mu 1783, Phangano la Paris likakhazikiska wanangwa wa makoloni ghose ghakale. Pakuti mtende ukaŵapo, vyaru vikalazga kuyang'anira vinthu vyawo vya mukati. Kufika mu 1786, ŵa America ŵakawona kuti mphaka zawo za ku kontinenti zikaŵa zakufoka ndipo zikuvutika, ndipo vyaru vyawo vikakumana na masuzgo gha chuma apo vyaru vya pafupi vikambanga kulimbana pa malonda. Ŵakawona ndalama zakukhora zawo zikwenda ku misika ya ku vyaru vinyake kulipira vinthu vyakunjira mu charu, malonda ghawo mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean ghakakhwaskika na ŵa North Africa awo ŵakaba mu nyanja, ndipo ngongoli za nkhondo ya wanangwa izo zikapokera ndalama zakuwaro zikaleka kulipirika ndipo zikamba kusazgikira na chiwongolero. Vyakusuzga vya wanthu na ndyali vikamba kuwoneka. Vinthu nga ni Chiŵembu cha Newburgh na Muvundiko wa Shays vikulongora kuti Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana zikatondeka kugwira ntchito, chomenechomene kuti pakaŵa pakukhumbikwa boma lankhongono la charu chose ilo likaŵenge na mulongozgi wa boma wakupika nkhongono.

Pamanyuma pa kumazga mwakukolerana masuzgo gha malonda na somba pakati pa Virginia na Maryland pa Ungano wa Mount Vernon mu 1785, Virginia wakachema kuti paŵe ungano wa malonda pakati pa vyaru vyose, uwo ukakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 1786 ku Annapolis, Maryland, na chilato cha kumazga masuzgo ghakuru gha malonda pakati pa vyaru. Kweni Ungano ya Annapolis yikatondeka chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko awo ŵakiza chifukwa cha kukayikira kwa vyaru vinandi, ndipo Alexander Hamilton wa New York wakalongozga ŵimiliri ŵa Annapolis kuti ŵacheme ungano wakusintha Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana, uwo ukeneranga kuchitika chaka chakulondezgapo ku Philadelphia. Ivyo vingachitika pa ungano uwu vikawoneka kuti ni vichoko mpaka apo James Madison na Edmund Randolph ŵakafiska kusanga kuti George Washington wize ku Philadelphia nga ni muyimiliri wa Virginia.

Apo Ungano wa Dango la United States ukakumana mu Meyi 1787, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 12 awo ŵakiza (Rhode Island yikatuma yayi ŵimiliri) ŵakiza na ivyo ŵakasambira mu ndondomeko zakupambana za maboma gha vyaru vyawo pa nkhani ya nthambi zakupanga malango na zakulongozga. Vyaru vinandi vikaŵa na mulongozgi wakufoka wambura nkhongono zakukana malango panji kusankha ŵalara, wakasankhikanga chaka chilichose na nyumba ya malango ku nyengo yimoza pera, wakagawana nkhongono na wupu wa ulongozgi, ndipo wakasangana na nyumba ya malango yankhongono. New York ndiyo yikaŵa yapadera chomene, chifukwa yikaŵa na kazembe wankhongono yumoza uyo wakaŵa na nkhongono zakukana malango na kusankha ŵalara, wakasankhikanga vyaka vitatu ndipo wangasankhikaso maulendo ghanandi. Kwizira mu kudumbiskana kwakubisika ku Philadelphia ndiko udindo wa upulezidenti uwo uli mu Dango la United States ukapangika.

1789–1933

George Washington, pulezidenti wakwamba wa United States

Nga ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu, George Washington wakakhazikiska maluso ghanandi agho ghakazakaŵa chilangilo cha udindo uwu. Kusankha kwake kusiya ntchito pamanyuma pa nyengo ziŵiri kukawovwira kumazga wofi wakuti charu chingazakasanduka ufumu ndipo kukakhazikiska chiyerezgero icho chikaphyokeka yayi mpaka mu 1940 ndipo pamanyuma chikazakaŵa chakukhazikika kwizira mu Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri. Kuumaliro wa upulezidenti wake, vipani vya ndyali vikaŵa kuti vyamba kuŵapo, ndipo John Adams wakathereska Thomas Jefferson mu 1796, visola vyakwamba vya pulezidenti ivyo vikapikisana chomene. Pamanyuma pakuti Jefferson wathereska Adams mu 1800, iyo pamoza na James Madison na James Monroe ŵaliyose ŵakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakalamulira chomene ndyali za charu mu Nyengo ya Makhaliro Ghawemi mpaka mwana wa Adams John Quincy Adams wakathereska visola mu 1824 pamanyuma pa kupatulika kwa Chipani cha Democratic-Republican.

Kusankhika kwa Andrew Jackson mu 1828 kukaŵa kakwamba munthu wakufuma kuwaro kwa ŵakulongozga ŵa Virginia na Massachusetts kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti, vyaka 40 pamanyuma pakuti Washington wasankhika. Demokilase ya Jackson yikakhumbanga kukhozga nkhongono za upulezidenti pa mtengo wa Congress, uku yikukuzga kutora nawo mbali kwa ŵanthu apo charu chikakuranga mwaluŵiro kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweni uyo wakiza mu malo ghake, Martin Van Buren, wakaleka kutemweka pamanyuma pa Chiwawa cha 1837, ndipo nyifwa ya William Henry Harrison na ubwezi uheni pakati pa John Tyler na Congress vikapangiska kuti udindo uwu uŵe wakufoka chomene.

Pamoza na Van Buren, mu vyaka 24 pakati pa 1837 na 1861, ma nyengo 6 gha upulezidenti ghakazuzgika na ŵanalume 8 ŵakupambana, ndipo palije uyo wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri. Senate yikaŵa na ntchito yikuru mu nyengo iyi, apo Wupu Ukulu Watatu wa Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, na John C. Calhoun ukaŵa na ntchito yikuru pakupanga ndondomeko za charu mu ma 1830 na ma 1840, mpaka apo kudumbiskana pa nkhani ya wuzga kukamba kupatulanya charu mu ma 1850.

Ulongozgi wa Abraham Lincoln mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Wanangwa ya America wapangiska ŵakulemba mbiri kumuwona nga ni yumoza wa mapulezidenti ŵakuru chomene ŵa charu. Vinthu ivyo vikachitika pa nkhondo na kuwusa kwa Republican mu Congress vikapangiska udindo uwu kuŵa wankhongono chomene. Kusankhikaso kwa Lincoln mu 1864 kukaŵa kakwamba pulezidenti kusankhikaso kufuma apo Jackson wakachitira mu 1832. Pamanyuma pa kuphedwa kwa Lincoln, uyo wakiza mu malo ghake Andrew Johnson wakataya chovwiro chose cha ndyali ndipo wakakhala pafupi kufumiskika pa udindo. Congress yikalutilira kuŵa yankhongono mu nyengo ziŵiri za upulezidenti wa mulongozgi wa nkhondo ya Civil War Ulysses S. Grant. Pamanyuma pa kumara kwa Nyengo ya Kuzengaso, Grover Cleveland wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Democrat kusankhika kufuma pambere pa nkhondo, wakaluta ku visola vitatu vyakulondezgana (1884, 1888, 1892) ndipo wakathereska kaŵiri. Mu 1900, William McKinley wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakaŵapo pa udindo kusankhikaso kufuma apo Grant wakachitira mu 1872.

Pamanyuma pa kuphedwa kwa McKinley na Leon Czolgosz mu 1901, Theodore Roosevelt wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu ndyali za America. Ŵakulemba mbiri ŵakugomezga kuti Roosevelt wakasintha mwakukhalapo ndondomeko ya ndyali chifukwa cha kukhozga udindo wa upulezidenti, ndipo vinthu vinyake ivyo wakachita vikuphatikizapo kumazga ma wupu ghakuru gha malonda, kusungilira chilengedwe, kusintha kwa ntchito, kupanga mikhaliro ya munthu kuŵa yakuzirwa nga ni nkhani za ndondomeko, na kusankha yekha uyo wakeneranga kulondezga, William Howard Taft. Mu ma 1910, Woodrow Wilson wakalongozga charu ku chigonjetso mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose, kweni fundo ya Wilson ya kukhazikiska Wupu wa Mitundu yikakanika na Senate. Warren Harding, nangauli wakatemwikwanga apo wakaŵa pa udindo, mbiri yake yikafipiskika chifukwa cha vinyake vyakuchita uheni, chomenechomene Wubishi wa Teapot Dome, ndipo Herbert Hoover wakaleka kutemweka luŵiro pamanyuma pakutondeka kumazga Soka Likuru la Chuma.

Upulezidenti wa Ufumu

Nkhani ikulu: Upulezidenti wa Ufumu

Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt wakuyowoya pa wayilesi mu 1933.

Kukwera kwa Franklin D. Roosevelt mu 1933 kukalutilira kulazga ku ivyo wakulemba mbiri Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wakachema kuti ni upulezidenti wa ufumu. Chifukwa cha chovwiro cha ma Republican ghanandi mu Congress na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha kukuru, Ndondomeko Yiphya ya Roosevelt yikakura chomene ukuru na mulimo wa boma la pakati, kusazgapo ma wupu ghakulongozga ghanandi. Ŵantchito awo ŵakateŵeteranga pulezidenti, awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵachoko, ŵakasazgikira chomene, ndipo Ofesi Yikuru ya Pulezidenti yikakhazikiskika mu 1939, ndipo palije yumoza wa ŵantchito aŵa wakakhumbikwiranga kuzomerezgeka na Senate.

Kusankhikaso kwa Roosevelt mwakupambana na kale ku nyengo yachitatu na yachinayi, chigonjetso cha United States mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, na kukura kwa chuma cha charu vyose vikawovwira kukhazikiska udindo uwu kuŵa wa ulongozgi wa charu chose. Awo ŵakamulondezga, Harry S. Truman na Dwight D. Eisenhower, waliyose wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri apo Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikapangiska kuti upulezidenti uwoneke nga ni "mulongozgi wa charu cha wanangwa", apo John F. Kennedy wakaŵa mulongozgi muwukirano kweniso wakatemweka uyo wakapokera chandulo kufuma ku kukura kwa TV mu ma 1960.

Pamanyuma pakuti Lyndon B. Johnson wakataya chovwiro cha ŵanthu chifukwa cha Nkhondo ya Vietnam ndipo upulezidenti wa Richard Nixon ukamara mu wubishi wa Watergate, Congress yikakhazikiska masinthiro ghanandi agho ghakakhumbanga kuti yijikhazikiske panthazi. Ivyo vikasazgapo Dango la Mphamvu za Nkhondo, ilo likapangika kuŵa dango nangauli Nixon wakaliveta mu 1973, ndiposo Dango la Bajeti la Congress na Kulongora Ndalama la 1974, ilo likakhumbanga kukhozga mazaza gha Congress pa nkhani za ndalama. Mu 1976, Gerald Ford wakazomerezga kuti "pendulum ya mbiri" yikasintha kulazga ku Congress, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la "kuswa" luso lake la kulamulira. Ford wakatondeka kusankhikaso kuti watemwere nyengo yakukwana ndipo uyo wakamulondezga, Jimmy Carter, nayo wakatondeka kusankhikaso. Ronald Reagan, uyo wakaŵa wakuseŵera mafilimu pambere wandambe mulimo wake wa ndyali, wakagwiliskira ntchito luso lake la kuyowoya kuti wawovwire kusintha ndondomeko ya America kufuma ku ndondomeko za New Deal kulazga ku fundo za ndyali za kusungilira miyambo.

Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakuzizima, United States yikazgoka charu chakulongozga chomene pa charu chose. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, na Barack Obama wose ŵakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri nga ni mapulezidenti. Pa nyengo iyi, charu chikamba kuŵa chakugaŵikana chomene pa ndyali, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵabali ŵa Congress awo ŵali na maghanoghano ghakupambana chomene ŵakure, chomenechomene pamanyuma pa visola vya pakati pa nyengo vya 1994 ivyo vikawona ma Republican ghapoka mazaza mu Nyumba yakuwungana kwa nyengo yakwamba mu vyaka 40, kweniso kukura kwa kugwiliskira ntchito mwakawiro filibuster mu Senate.

Ntheura izi, mapulezidenti ŵasono ŵakulutilira kugomezga chomene pa malango gha pulezidenti, ndondomeko za ma wupu, na kusankha ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakhazikiske ndondomeko zikuru, m'malo mwa malango ghakupangika na Congress kweniso mazaza gha Congress. Visola vya upulezidenti mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vyalongora kulutilira kwa kugaŵikana uku, chifukwa palije munthu uyo wakapambana na mavoti gha ŵanthu na mphambano yakuluska pa 5 peresenti, kupatulapo Obama mu 2008, ndipo ŵaŵiri, George W. Bush (2000) na Donald Trump (2016), ŵakawina mu Electoral College kweni ŵakataya mavoti gha ŵanthu. Bush (2004) na Trump (2024) pamanyuma ŵakasankhikaso, ndipo wose ŵakawina mu Electoral College kweniso mu mavoti gha ŵanthu.

Ŵakususka kusintha kwa upulezidenti

Ŵakakhazikiska charu ichi Ŵakakhazikiska charu cha United States ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Congress, iyo yikaŵa nthambi yakwamba ya boma yakuzunulika mu Dango la Malango, ndiyo yizamuŵa nthambi yikuru ya boma; ŵakaghanaghananga yayi kuti paŵenge dipatimenti yankhongono ya vya ukulongozga. Kweni mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakusintha mu nyengo, ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano waŵa na nkhongono zinandi chomene, wambura kuŵa na vyakupimika, ndiposo uli na mikhaliro ya "uchifumu".

Mu 2008 pulofesa Dana D. Nelson wakayowoya kuti mapulezidenti mu vyaka 30 ivyo vikajumpha ŵakagwira ntchito yakuti ŵaŵe na "mazaza ghose pa nthambi ya vya ukulongozga na ma wupu ghake". Wakususka awo ŵakukhozgera chigomezgo cha nthambi yimoza ya ukulongozga chifukwa cha kusazgirako "mazaza ghanandi gha ukulongozga agho ghakuleka kupimika—nga ni malango gha pulezidenti, vyilongolero, makalata gha ndondomeko, vipharazgo, malango gha vya chitetezo cha charu, na mazgu gha pulezidenti pa kusayina malango—ivyo vikuzomerezga kale mapulezidenti kupanga ndondomeko zinandi za vya charu cha kuwaro na mukati kwambura wovwiri, kususkika, panji kuzomerezgeka na Congress". Bill Wilson, membala wa wupu wa Americans for Limited Government, wakayowoya kuti upulezidenti wakusazgikira "ni suzgo likuru chomene ilo likukumana na wanangwa wa munthu payekha na ulamuliro wa demokilase".

Mazaza gha kupanga malango

Article I, Gawo 1 la Dango la Malango likuŵika mazaza ghose gha kupanga malango mu mawoko gha Congress, ndipo Article 1, Gawo 6, Ndime 2 likukanizga pulezidenti (na ŵantchito wose ŵa nthambi ya ukulongozga) kuŵa membala wa Congress nyengo yeneyiyo. Nangauli vili nthena, upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano uli na mazaza ghakuru pa vya malango, chifukwa cha fundo za mu dango la malango kweniso kusintha kwa mbiri mu nyengo.

Kusayina na kuveta malango

Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson wakusayina Dango la Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu la 1964 pa Nyumba Yituŵa pa Julayi 2, 1964, apo Martin Luther King Jr. na ŵanyake ŵakulaŵiska.

Mazaza ghakuru chomene gha pulezidenti pa kupanga malango ghakufuma ku Ndime ya Kupereka Dango, iyo yikupeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti kuveta dango lililose ilo lapokelereka na Congress. Nangauli Congress yingasintha veto ya pulezidenti, yikukhumbikwira voti ziŵiri pa zitatu za nyumba zose ziŵiri, ndipo kanandi ichi chikuŵa chakusuzga kuchitika kwambura malango agho ghakukhozgeka na magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali. Ŵakulemba dango la malango ŵakawopanga kuti Congress yingayezga kusazgirako mazaza ghake na kupangiska "uwofya wa ŵanandi", ntheura kupeleka veto kwa pulezidenti uyo wakusankhika mwakudunjika yayi kukaŵa nthowa yakuzikika ya kupima mazaza gha kupika malango.

Nangauli George Washington wakagomezganga kuti veto yikwenera kugwiliskirika ntchito pera para dango lili kwambiska yayi, sono veto yikugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi apo mapulezidenti ŵali na mphambano za ndondomeko na dango. Ntheura veto—panji chiwopsezo cha veto—yikasintha ndipo yapangiska upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano kuŵa chigaŵa chakuzirwa chomene cha ndondomeko ya kupanga malango mu America.

Chomenechomene, pasi pa Presentment Clause, para dango laperekeka na Congress, pulezidenti wali na nthowa zitatu:

1. Kusayina dango mu mazuŵa khumi, kwambura kupenda mazuŵa gha Sabata. Dango ili likwamba kugwira ntchito.
2. Kuveta dango mu nyengo iyo yazunulika pachanya na kuliwezgera ku nyumba ya Congress iyo yikalambika, pakuyowoya ivyo wakususka. Dango ili likwamba yayi kugwira ntchito, kwambura kuti nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress zivote kuti ziviske veto iyi na voti ziŵiri pa zitatu.
3. Kuleka kuchitapo kanthu pa dango mu nyengo iyo yazunulika pachanya. Dango ili likwamba kugwira ntchito nga ni kuti pulezidenti wakalisayina, kweni pekha para Congress yili pa holide yayi. Usange Congress yili kumalizga nyengo yake yakuwungana, dango ili likwamba yayi kugwira ntchito, ndipo ichi chikudziwika kuti pocket veto.

Mu 1996, Congress yikayezga kusazgirako mazaza gha veto gha pulezidenti kwizira mu Dango la Line Item Veto. Dango ili likapeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti kusayina dango lililose la ndalama kuti liŵe dango kweniso nyengo yeneyiyo kufumiskapo vinthu vinyake vya ndalama mu dango ilo, chomenechomene ndalama ziphya, ndalama zakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakukhumbikwa, panji chandulo chiphya cha msonkho chakupimika. Congress yikatenge yingapangaso chinthu icho chafumiskika. Usange pulezidenti wakaveta dango liphya ili, Congress yikatenge yingasintha veto iyi mwakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yake yakawiro, iyo ni voti ziŵiri pa zitatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri. Mu Clinton v. City of New York, Template:Ussc, Khoti Likuru la United States likati kusintha uku kwa mazaza gha veto mu kupanga dango kukaŵa kwambura kulondezga dango la malango.

Kukhazikiska ndondomeko

Pulezidenti Donald Trump wakuyowoya Uthenga wa Boma la Charu wa 2018 panthazi pa Congress.

Kwa nyengo yitali mu mbiri ya America, ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga kuŵa mapulezidenti ŵakapenjanga kusankhika chifukwa cha layizgo la ndondomeko ya malango iyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita. Article II, Gawo 3, Ndime 2 likukhumba kuti pulezidenti walongozge vinthu ivi ku Congress ivyo pulezidenti wakuwona kuti "nchakukhumbikwa kweniso chakwenelera". Ivi vikuchitika kwizira mu uthenga wa Umo Boma la Charu Liliri, uwo kanandi ukuyowoya fundo za malango agho pulezidenti wakukhumba kuti ghapangike mu chaka chakulondezgapo, kweniso kwizira mu mauthenga ghanyake ghakuwoneka panji ghambura kuwoneka na Congress.

Pulezidenti wangawovwirapo pakupanga malango mwa kupereka maghanoghano, kupempha, panji nanga nkhukoserezga kuti Congress ipange malango agho pulezidenti wakugomezga kuti ngakukhumbikwa. Kweniso, pulezidenti wangayezga kusintha umo dango likupangikira apo likali mu ndondomeko ya kupanga dango kwizira mu kukopa ŵabali ŵa Congress payekha. Mapulezidenti ŵali na mazaza agha chifukwa Dango la Malango likuyowoya yayi uyo wangapanga malango, kweni mazaza agha ghali na mphaka chifukwa mbabali ŵa Congress pera ndiwo ŵangambiska dango.

Pulezidenti panji ŵalara ŵanyake ŵa nthambi ya ukulongozga ŵangapanga vyakulemba vya malango na kupempha maseneta panji ŵimiliri kuti ŵaloweske vyakulemba ivi mu Congress. Kweniso, pulezidenti wangayezga kuchiska Congress kuti yisinthire dango ilo laperekeka, mwakuti wayowoye kuti wavetenge dango ilo usange vinthu ivyo wakukhumba vikasinthika yayi.

Kukhazikiska malango ghakulongozga

Malango ghanandi agho Congress yikapanga ghakuyowoya yayi vyose ivyo vingachitika, ndipo ghakupeleka mwakudunjika panji mwambura kudunjika mazaza gha kugwiliskira ntchito malango ku wupu wakwenelera wa boma. Nga ni mulongozgi wa nthambi ya ukulongozga, mapulezidenti ŵakulongozga ma wupu ghanandi gha boma la United States agho ghangapanga malango ghakulongozga kwambura kulaŵililika chomene na Congress.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakususkika ŵakayowoya kuti mazaza ghanandi gha kupanga malango na bajeti agho ghakeneranga kuŵa gha Congress ghakajumphira mu mawoko gha mapulezidenti. Munthu yumoza wakususka wakayowoya kuti mapulezidenti ŵangapanga "gulu la ŵanthu ŵakukwana nga ni gulu la ŵankhondo la 'ma czar'—waliyose wambura kuyankha kwa Congress kweni wakupika mulimo wa kulongozga ndondomeko zikuru za ku White House". Mapulezidenti ŵakususkika chifukwa cha kupanga mazgu gha kusayina apo ŵakusayina malango gha Congress, pakuyowoya umo ŵakupulikira dango panji umo ŵazamugwiliskira ntchito. Chizgoŵezi ichi chasukika na American Bar Association kuti nchakususkana na dango la malango. Wakasangazga wa kusungilira miyambo George Will wakalemba vya "nthambi ya ukulongozga iyo yikusazgikira chomene" kweniso "kuzimirika kwa Congress".

Kucemera na kuzimiska Congress

Kuti boma lichitenge mwaluŵiro para pali suzgo likuru la mukati mwa charu panji la pa charu chose ilo likuchitika apo Congress yili pa nyengo yayi yakukumana, pulezidenti wali kupika nkhongono kwizira mu Nkhani Yachiŵiri, Chigaŵa 3 cha Malango kuti wacheme ungano wapadera wa nyumba yimoza panji zose ziŵiri za Congress. Kufuma apo John Adams wakachita nthena kakwamba mu 1797, pulezidenti wachema Congress yose kuti yikumanenge pa ungano wapadera maulendo 27. Harry S. Truman ndiyo wakaŵa waumaliro kuchita nthena mu Julayi 1948, ndipo ungano uwu ukamanyikwa kuti Turnip Day Session.

Kweniso, pambere Chigaziso cha Makumiŵiri chindazomerezgeke mu 1933, icho chikiza nyengo iyo Congress yikakumananga kufuma mu Disembala kuluta mu Janyuwale, ŵapulezidenti ŵaphya awo ŵakamba maudindo ŵakachemanga Senate kuti yikumanenge kuti yikhozge kusankhika kwa ŵanthu panji kuzomera mapangano. Kweni mu nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano, nkhongono iyi yili kuleka kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa Congress sono yikukhalilira pa ungano chaka chose, ndipo yikuchita maungano gha pro forma mazuŵa ghose ghatatu nangauli yikuwoneka nga yili pa kupumura. Mwakuyana na ichi, pulezidenti wali na mazaza kuzimiska Congress usange Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri na Senate zingatondeka kupulikana pa nyengo ya kuzimiska; palije pulezidenti uyo wagwiriskapo ntchito nkhongono iyi.

Nkhongono za kulongozga

Nkhani ikulu: Nkhongono za pulezidenti wa United States

Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.

Nixon v. General Services Administration, Template:Ussc (Rehnquist, J., dissenting)

Pulezidenti ni mulongozgi wa nthambi yakulongozga ya boma la feduro ndipo wali na udindo wakuyana na Malango wa "kuwona kuti malango ghakugwiriskika ntchito mwakugomezgeka". Nthambi yakulongozga yili na ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 4 miliyoni, kusazgapo ŵasilikari.

Nkhongono za ulamuliro

Ŵapulezidenti ŵakusankha ŵanthu mu maudindo gha ndyali. Pulezidenti uyo wanjira waka mu udindo wangasankha ŵanthu 4,000, ndipo 1,200 mwa iwo ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka na Senate ya United States. Ŵakazembe, ŵabali ŵa Kabineti, na ŵalara ŵanyake, ni mwa maudindo agho ghakuzuzgika kwizira mu kusankhika kwa pulezidenti na kuzomerezgeka na Senate.

Nkhongono za pulezidenti zakuchimbiska ŵalara ŵa nthambi yakulongozga zakhala nkhani yakukwaskana chomene mu ndyali. Kanandi, pulezidenti wangawuskamo ŵalara ŵa nthambi yakulongozga nyengo yiliyose. Kweni, Congress yingachepeska na kukhora mazaza gha pulezidenti pakuwuskamo ŵalongozgi ŵa mawupu ghakujiyimira ghakulongozga malango na ŵalara ŵanyake ŵa pasi mu nthambi yakulongozga kwizira mu dango.

Kuti ŵalamulire boma la feduro ilo likukulirakulira, ŵapulezidenti ŵakamba kuzijala na magulu ghanandi gha ŵantchito, agho pamanyuma ghakanozgekera mu Executive Office of the President of the United States. Mu Executive Office iyi, gulu la mukati chomene la ŵawovwiri ŵa pulezidenti na ŵawovwiri ŵawo likusangika mu White House Office.

Pulezidenti wali na nkhongono zakulongozga milimo ya boma la feduro kwizira mu kupereka mitundu yakupambanapambana ya malanguro, nga ni chilango cha pulezidenti na malanguro gha pulezidenti. Para pulezidenti wakugwiriskira ntchito mwakwenelera udindo uwo wali kupika na malango, ukuru wa nkhongono iyi ngukuru. Nangauli vili nthena, malanguro agha ghali pasi pa kuweleruzgika na ŵeruzgi mu makhoti gha feduro gha United States, agho ghangasanga kuti ngambula kukolerana na malango. Congress yingazgora malanguro gha pulezidenti kuŵa ghambura ntchito kwizira mu dango.

Vya vyakuwaro (Foreign affairs)

Mulongozgi George H. W. Bush na mulongozgi wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ŵali kusayina Phangano la 1990 pa vya vilwero vya makemikolo ku Nyumba ya White House.

Article II, Section 3, Clause 4 chikukhumba kuti pulezidenti "wapokelere Mabambasada". Dango ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti Reception Clause, lili kupulikikwa kuti likung'anamura kuti pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakuru pa nkhani za vyakuwaro, ndiposo kumovwira pulezidenti pa mazaza ghake ghakupokera kuwoneska kuzomera boma la charu chinyake. Malango gha Dango la Malango gha charu ghakumupaso pulezidenti mazaza ghakuŵika mabambasada gha United States, kweniso kupereka na kudumbiskana chomene mapangano pakati pa United States na vyaru vinyake. Mapangano agha, para ghazomerezgeka na ulangizi na chivomerezgo cha Seneti ya U.S. (na mavoti gha maghanaghano ghaŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu), ghakuŵa ghakukaka nga ni dango la boma.

Nangauli nkhani za vyakuwaro zikaŵa nyengo zose chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha maudindo gha pulezidenti, kusintha kwa tekinoloje kufuma apo Dango la Malango likakhazikiskikira kwasazgirako mazaza gha pulezidenti. Kale mabambasada ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru gha kudumbiskana mwakujiyimira paŵekha mu zina la United States, kweni sono mapulezidenti ŵakukumana nyengo zose mwakudunjika na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake.

Mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari (Commander-in-chief)

Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln wakavikilira mwakukwana Union mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Wenenawene ya ku America. Pano wali (pakati) na General George B. McClellan (kumazere), ndiposo ŵasilikari ku Antietam, pa Okutobala 3, 1862.

Chimoza mwa mazaza ghakuzirwa chomene gha wupu wakulongozga ni mulimo wa pulezidenti nga ni mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari wa Ŵasilikari ŵa United States. Mazaza ghakupharazga nkhondo ghali mu mawoko gha Kongiresi mwakuyana na dango la malango, kweni pulezidenti wali na mulimo wakumalizga wakulongozga na kupangiska ndondomeko za ŵasilikari. Mlingo weneko wa mazaza agho Dango la Malango likumupa pulezidenti nga ni mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari waŵa nkhani ya kudumbirana chomene mu mdauko, apo Kongiresi nyengo zinyake yamupanga mazaza ghakuru ndipo nyengo zinyake yikayezga kuchepeska mazaza agha.

Ŵalembi ŵa Dango la Malango ŵakaphalira makora kuchepeska mazaza gha pulezidenti pa nkhani za ŵasilikari; Alexander Hamilton wakalongosora mu Federalist No. 69 kuti:

Pulezidenti ndiyo wakwenera kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari na sitima za nkhondo za United States. ... Ichi chikung'anamura waka ulongozgi ukuru na kulongozga ŵasilikari na ŵanyamata ŵa sitima za nkhondo ... apo [mazaza] gha themba la Britain ghakusazgapo KUPHARAZGA nkhondo na KULENGA NA KULONGOZGA magulu gha ŵasilikari na sitima za nkhondo, vyose ivi ... vikeneranga kuŵa vya wupu wakupanga malango. [Mazgu ghakudidimizgika mu chakwamba.]

Mu nyengo yasono, mwakuyana na Dango la Mazaza gha Nkhondo, Kongiresi yikwenera kuzomerezga kutumizga ŵasilikari kuluta ku malo ghanyake kwa mazuŵa ghakujumpha 60, nangauli ndondomeko iyi yikuthemba pa vinthu vyakuyambiska ivyo vindagwiriskikepo ntchito, ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti yileke kugwira ntchito makora. Kweniso, Kongiresi yikupeleka mphaka ku mazaza gha pulezidenti pa ŵasilikari kwizira mu kulamulira ndalama za ŵasilikari na malango ghawo.

Mapulezidenti mu mdauko ŵakambiska nyengo zinandi ndondomeko zakunjira mu nkhondo, kweni ŵakususka ŵayowoya kuti pakaŵa mikangano yinandi iyo mapulezidenti ŵakachitapo nkhondo kwambura kupokera chiphani chakuzomerezgeka, kusazgapo kuluta kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Theodore Roosevelt ku Panama mu 1903, Nkhondo ya Korea, Nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndiposo kuwukira kwa Grenada mu 1983 na Panama mu 1989.

Nkhongono ya usilikari iyo pulezidenti wakulongozga yekha pa nyengo ya nkhondo yasintha chomene.Andrew J. Polsky, Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review George Washington, pulezidenti wakwamba wa United States, wakakhazikiska mwamphamvu kujilambika kwa usilikari ku mazaza gha ŵanthu bweka. Mu 1794, Washington wakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zake za mu dango la malango kuwunganya ŵasilikari ŵa Militia ŵakukwana 12,000 kuti ŵamazge Chiwukirano cha Whiskey, nkhondo iyo yikachitika mu Western Pennsylvania yakukhwaskana na ŵalimi ŵakuvwara vilwero na ŵakupanga moŵa awo ŵakakana kulipira msonkho wa pa moŵa wa mizimu. Mwakuyana na mulembi wa mdauko Joseph Ellis, iyi yikaŵa "nyengo yakwamba ndiposo yimoza pera apo pulezidenti wa America uyo wakaŵa pa udindo wakalongozga ŵasilikari pa malo gha nkhondo", nangauli James Madison wakalongozga kwa kanyengo waka magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa mfuti zikuru pakuvikilira Washington, D.C., pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya 1812."George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief". The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Abraham Lincoln wakachitanga mulimo ukuru pakunozga ndondomeko yose ya nkhondo ndiposo pa ntchito za zuŵa na zuŵa pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Charu ya ku America, 1861–1865; ndipo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakamulumba chomene Lincoln chifukwa cha mahara ghake gha ndondomeko ya nkhondo ndiposo luso lwake lwakusankha na kukhozga ŵalongozgi ŵasilikari nga ni Ulysses S. Grant.James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief (2009) Ulongozgi wa ntchito za zuŵa na zuŵa za ŵasilikari masiku ghano ukupika ku Dipatimenti ya Vyakuvikilira ndipo kanandi ukuchitika kwizira mwa Mlembi wa Vyakuvikilira. Mulongozgi wa Joint Chiefs of Staff pamoza na Combatant Commands ŵakovwira pa ulongozgi wa ntchito izi mwakuyana na Unified Command Plan (UCP) iyo yavomerezgeka na pulezidenti."DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011". United States Department of Defense. Epulelo 8, 2011. Archived from the original on Meyi 13, 2011. Retrieved Febuluwale 25, 2013.10 U.S.C. § 164Joint Chiefs of Staff. About the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Retrieved February 25, 2013.

Nkhongono za vyeruzgo

Further information: [[:Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakapika chigowokero panji kulekelereka na pulezidenti wa United States]]

Pulezidenti Joe Biden pamoza na wakweruzga wa Khoti Likuru Chomene uyo wakamusankha, Ketanji Brown Jackson, kweniso Wachiwiri wa Pulezidenti Kamala Harris (uyo wali kumanyuma) pamanyuma pakuti Brown Jackson wazomerezgeke na Senate ya United States mu 2022

Pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakusankha ŵeruzgi ŵa federo, kusazgapoŵanthu mu Makhoti gha Chikwenu gha United States na Khoti Likuru la United States. Kweni, visankho ivi vikukhumbikwira kuzomerezgeka na Senate pambere ŵangamba mulimo. Kupokelera chizomerezgo cha Senate chingaŵa chinthu chikuru chakususka ku ŵalongozgi awo ŵakukhumba kunyoloska makhoti gha federo kuya na maghanoghano ghawo. Para ŵakusankha ŵeruzgi mu makhoti gha boma gha United States, ŵalongozgi kanandi ŵakuchindika muzgo wakale wa muzgo wa Senate. Ŵalongozgi ŵangaŵaso na mazaza ghakupereka vigowokero na kuchedweska chilango. Gerald Ford wakagowokera Richard Nixon mwezi umoza pamanyuma pa kwamba mulimo wake. Ŵalongozgi kanandi ŵakupereka vigowokero pafupi na para ŵakuti ŵafumepo mu udindo wawo, nga umo Bill Clinton wakagowokera Patty Hearst pa zuŵa lake laumaliro mu udindo; ichi nchakukayikiska kanandi. Malango ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na mazaza gha boma ghakawoneka agho ghakuzomerezga pulezidenti kuti wachite milimo yake mwakujilongozga yekha munjila yinyake. Lakwamba ni ufulu wapadera wa boma, uwo ukuzomerezga pulezidenti kuti waleke kuvumbura nkhani zauzgani izo zikachitika pakati pake nayo pakuchita milimo ya boma. George Washington ndiyo wakayambirizga kudemba ufulu uwu apo Bungwe la Congress likaŵeya kuwona vyalembo vya Muweruzgi Mkuru John Jay kufuma ku chiwerengero cha phangano lakusuzga na Great Britain. Nangauli chindindindi ichi chindalembeke mu Constitution panji dango linyake lililose, kuchita kwa Washington kukapangiska umboni wakwamba wa ufulu uwu. Apo Nixon wakayezga kugwiliskira ntchito ufulu wapadera wa boma kuŵa chifukwa chakukana kupeleka ukaboni uwo ukalongozgeka na Congress mu nyengo ya nkhani ya Watergate, Khoti Likuru likazomerezga mu United States v. Nixon, kuti ufulu wapadera wa boma ukazomerezgeka yayi mu nkhani izo pulezidenti wakayezganga kutaŵaka ku milandu yaupolisi. Apo Bill Clinton wakayezga kugwiliskira ntchito ufulu wapadera wa boma pa nkhani ya nkhani ya Lewinsky, Khoti Likuru likazomerezga mu Clinton v. Jones, kuti ufulu uwu ungagwiliskikaso ntchito yayi mu milandu ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Milandu iyi yikakhazikiska fundo yakale ya malango yakuti ufulu wapadera wa boma ngwaunenesko, nangauli umo ufulu uwu ukufikira nkhathomo undalongosoreke makora. Kuwonjezgapo, makhoti gha federo ghazomerezga ufulu uwu kuti ukhwaskeso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuteŵetera mu nthowa ya boma kweni ghawovwira yayi comene ku uzgani wa nthowa ya boma uwo pulezidenti wandavutikepo. Mwaŵi wakubisa vyamchindindi vya boma ukupeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti na nthambi ya ulongozgi kubisa uthenga panji mabuku ku kufufuza kwa umboni mu milandu ya pa khoti usange kuwonekera kwake kungananga chivikiliro cha charu. Chiyambi cha mwaŵi uwu chikawoneka kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo Thomas Jefferson wakakana kupeleka mabuku gha nkhondo pa mulandu wa chiwembu chakugalukira boma wa Aaron Burr, ndipo pamanyuma mu Totten v. United States, apo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura mulandu uwo ukapelekeka na kazondi wakale wa Union.Template:Cite case Ndipouli, mwaŵi uwu ukazomerezgeka mwalamulo na Khoti Likuru Chomene la United States yayi m'paka pa mulandu wa United States v. Reynolds, apo ukawonekera kuti ni mwaŵi wa common law wa umboni.Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). "Reforming the State Secrets Privilege". American Constitution Society. Retrieved Novembala 9, 2017. Pambere vigaŵa vya pa Seputembala 11 vindachitike, kugwiliskira ntchito mwaŵi uwu kukaŵa kwakuchitika nyengo zinyake waka, kweni kukamba kwasazgikiranga chomene.Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". Political Science Quarterly. 120 (1): 85–112. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x. Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past. Kwambira mu 2001, boma lagwiliskira ntchito mwaŵi uwu mu milandu yinandi ndiposo pa nyengo yakwambilira ya mulandu, ndipo nyengo zinyake ichi chachitiska kuti milandu yimare pambere khoti lindafike pa fundo zikuru za madandawuro, nga umo vikawonekera pa cheruzgo cha Khoti la Apilu la Dera la Naini mu Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc..Savage, Charlie (Sekutembala 8, 2010). "Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A." The New York Times. Retrieved Okutobala 8, 2010.Finn, Peter (Sekutembala 9, 2010). "Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case". The Washington Post. Retrieved Okutobala 8, 2010. Ŵakususka mwaŵi uwu ŵakuti kugwiliskira ntchito kwake kwazgoka nthowa yakubisira milimo ya boma iyo yikaŵa yakwambura kuzomerezgeka panji yakukhozga soni.Glenn Greenwald (Febuluwale 10, 2009). "The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position". Salon. Retrieved Okutobala 8, 2010."Background on the State Secrets Privilege". American Civil Liberties Union. Janyuwale 31, 2007. Retrieved Okutobala 8, 2010. Kasi pulezidenti wali na chivikiliro chakukwana kufuma ku milandu ya pa khoti mpaka pa mlingo wuli, nkhani iyi yikususkana ndipo yakhala yikweruzgikapo mu vyeruzgo vinandi vya Khoti Likuru Chomene. Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) yikadumura mulandu wa boma uwo ukapelekeka ku pulezidenti wakale Richard Nixon chifukwa cha milimo yake ya pa udindo. Clinton v. Jones (1997) yikadumura kuti pulezidenti walije chivikiliro ku milandu ya boma pa milimo iyo wakachita pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti, ndipo yikadumura kuti mulandu wa kuzunura munthu pa nkhani ya kugonana ungapitilirira kwambura kuchedwa, nangauli uyo wakususkika wakaŵa pulezidenti wakukhala pa udindo. Lipoti la Mueller la 2019 pa kunjilirapo kwa Russia mu visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016 likalongosora ukaboni wa kunangiska urunji, kweni ŵakufufuza ŵakakana kupeleka Donald Trump ku mulandu chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya Unduna wa Chilungamo wa United States yakukanizga kususka pulezidenti uyo wachali pa udindo. Lipoti ili likati kufumiska pulezidenti pa udindo na Congress kukaŵa nthowa yimoza yakumazgira suzgo ili. Kufika mu Okutobala 2019, mulandu ukaŵa uchali mu makhoti gha boma pa nkhani ya kusanga malipoti gha msonkho gha Donald Trump pa mulandu wa uheni uwo ukapelekeka na Loya Mukuru wa Chigaŵa cha New York chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha boma la New York.Brown, Tanya Ballard (Okutobala 7, 2019). "President Trump Doesn't Need To Release His Tax Returns — For Now". NPR. Retrieved Epulelo 28, 2020. Makalata gha Office of Legal Counsel agho ghakafuma mu 1973 na 2000 ghakakanizga mukati mwa Unduna wa Chilungamo kususka pulezidenti pa mulandu wa uheni, icho ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵa malango ŵakususkira kweni ŵanyake ŵakuchizomerezga.Prakash, Saikrishna Bangalore (Novembala 2021). "Prosecuting and Punishing Our Presidents". Texas Law Review. 100 (1): 55–113. SSRN 4039230. EBSCOhost 154035452. Retrieved Malichi 31, 2023.

Pakujivikilira ku mulandu wa boma wa uheni pa ivyo wakususkikira kuti wakayezga kunangiska visola vya 2020, mu Janyuwale 2024, Trump wakaphalira Khoti la Apilu la DC Circuit kuti pulezidenti wali na chivikiliro chakukwana ku milandu ya uheni pa vinthu ivyo wachita apo wakaŵa pa udindo. Mwezi wakulondezgapo, gulu la ŵeruzgi ŵatatu la khoti ili likadumura mwakukolerana kuti Trump wakaŵavya mazaza agha. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti khoti la apilu lidumbiskane nkhani ya chivikiliro cha pulezidenti cha mtundu uwu, chifukwa pakaŵavya pulezidenti uyo wakaŵa pa udindo panji wakale uyo wakasuskikapo pa mulandu wa uheni.Alan Feuer; Charlie Savage (Febuluwale 6, 2024). "Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump's Claim of Absolute Immunity". The New York Times. Mu Trump v. United States, pa Julayi 1, 2024, Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura kuti mapulezidenti ŵali na chivikiliro chakukwana para ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazaza ghakuru agho ghali kulembeka mu Dango Likuru, kughanaghana kuti pali chivikiliro pa milimo yinyake ya pa udindo, kweni palije chivikiliro pa milimo ya munthu payekha iyo yikukhwaskana yayi na udindo. Mulandu uwu ukaweleraso ku makhoti ghapasi kuti ghadumbiske kuti ni milimo yili iyo yikwenera kuwoneka kuti nja pa udindo panji nja munthu payekha."What does the immunity ruling mean for Trump's criminal cases?". The Guardian. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti makhoti ghapeleke pulezidenti chivikiliro ku milandu ya uheni.

Maudindo gha ulongozgi

Mutu wa boma

Nga ni mutu wa boma, pulezidenti wakwimira boma la United States ku ŵanthu ŵake ndipo wakwimira charu ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose. Mwachiyelezgero, para mutu wa boma wa charu chinyake wafika pa ulendo wa boma, kanandi pulezidenti wakuchitiska mwambo wakupokelera mutu wa boma uwo ukuchitikira pa South Lawn, mwambo uwo ukambika na John F. Kennedy mu 1961.Abbott, James A.; Rice, Elaine M. (1998). Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-442-02532-8. Pamanyuma pake pakuchitika state dinner iyo pulezidenti wakupeleka mu State Dining Room kumise."The White House State Dinner". The White House Historical Association. Retrieved Novembala 9, 2017.

Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakuponya bola lakwamba la mwambo pa Opening Day mu 1916.

Pulezidenti Bill Clinton wakuwona gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ntchindi pa Buckingham Palace pa ulendo wa boma ku United Kingdom mu 1995.

Nga ni mulongozgi wa charu, pulezidenti wakufiska maudindo ghanandi ghambura kuŵa gha boma chomene agho ghakukhwaskana na mwambo. Mwachiyelezgero, William Howard Taft wakambiska mwambo wa kuponya bola lakwamba la mwambo mu 1910 pa Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., pa Opening Day ya Washington Senators. Pulezidenti waliyose kufuma kwa Taft, kupatulapo Jimmy Carter, waponya bola limoza lakwamba la mwambo pa Opening Day, pa All-Star Game, panji pa World Series, kanandi pakuŵa chikondwelero chikuru.Duggan, Paul (Epulelo 2, 2007). "Balking at the First Pitch". The Washington Post. p. A01. Pulezidenti waliyose kufuma kwa Theodore Roosevelt waŵa pulezidenti wa ntchindi wa Boy Scouts of America."History of the BSA Fact Sheet" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on Juni 29, 2014. Retrieved Novembala 9, 2017.

Mutu wa chipani

Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan wakuyowoya mazgu ghake ghakuzomera kusankhika pa 1984 Republican National Convention.

Kanandi pulezidenti wakuwoneka nga ni mutu ndiposo muyowoyeri wa chipani chake cha ndyali. Kufuma apo visola vya kuwoneska ŵanthu ŵakusankhika (binding primaries) vikambira mu vyaru vinandi vya boma, ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakwimilira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti kanandi ŵakuŵa na wovwiri wa ŵavoti ŵanandi ŵa chipani chawo. Pakuti Nyumba yose ya Ŵimiliri na pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vitatu cha Seneti vikusoleka pa nyengo yimoza na pulezidenti, kupunda kwa ŵakwimira chipani pa visola kanandi kukukolerana na umo wakwimira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti wachitira. Coattail effect, panji kusoŵa kwake, nayo kanandi wakukhwaska ŵakwimira chipani pa visola vya boma na vya mu vigaŵa. Ndipouli, kanandi pakuŵa mphindano pakati pa pulezidenti na ŵanyake mu chipani, ndipo mapulezidenti awo ŵakutaya wovwiri ukuru wa ŵa chipani chawo mu Congress kanandi ŵakuwoneka kuti mbafoka ndiposo ŵakuchita makora yayi. Kweniso, chifukwa United States ni boma la ndondomeko ya phalamende yayi, chipani cha pulezidenti chikusoŵa kanandi unandi wa ŵimiliri mu nyumba yimoza panji zose za Congress, panji pa maudindo gha mabwanamkubwa na mu nyumba za malango za vyaru vinandi.

Mulongozgi wa pa charu chose

Na kukura kwa United States kuŵa charu chankhongono chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ndiposo kuŵa na chuma chikuru chomene pa charu chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, kanandi pulezidenti wakuwoneka nga ni mulongozgi wa pa charu chose, ndipo nyengo zinyake nga ni munthu wa ndyali wali na nkhongono zikuru chomene pa charu. Udindo wa United States nga ni membara mukuru wa NATO, ndiposo ubwezi wake wakukhora na vyaru vinyake vyasambazi panji vya demokilase nga ni ivyo vili mu European Union, vyapangiska kuti pulezidenti wachemekenge kuti "mulongozgi wa charu cha wanangwa".

Ndondomeko ya kusankha

Ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo

Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 ya Dango Likuru yikulongosora vinthu vitatu ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo kuti waŵe pulezidenti. Kuti munthu waŵe pulezidenti wakwenera: waŵe mwenekaya wa United States mwa kubabikira; waŵe na vyaka vyakukwana 35 panji kujumpha; waŵe wakukhala mu United States kwa vyaka vyakukwana 14."Article II. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom". The Interactive Constitution. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center. Retrieved Juni 15, 2018. Munthu uyo wakufiska vyose ivyo vyalembeka pachanya wangatondeka kuŵa pulezidenti usange pali chilichose mwa ivi: Kuyana na Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, usange munthu wakafumiskika pa udindo, wakasangika na mulandu ndiposo wakakanizgika kuŵaso na udindo uliwose wa boma, nangauli pali mphindano za malango pa nkhani yakuti dango ili likukhwaska so udindo wa pulezidenti: ŵanthu pera awo ŵali kukanizgikapo kuyana na dango ili ni ŵeruzgi ŵatatu ŵa boma.Bernstein, Richard D. (Febuluwale 4, 2021). "Lots of People Are Disqualified From Becoming President". The Atlantic (in English). Retrieved Malichi 1, 2021. In addition to the list of people who are ineligible for reasons of mere demographic chance, the Constitution adds a category of people who cannot be elected as a result of their misdeeds. This category includes presidents (along with vice presidents and federal "civil officers") who are impeached, convicted by two-thirds of the Senate, and disqualified for serious misconduct committed while they were in office.Wolfe, Jan (Janyuwale 14, 2021). "Explainer: Impeachment or the 14th Amendment – Can Trump be barred from future office?". Reuters (in English). Retrieved Malichi 1, 2021. Kuyana na Section 3 ya Amendment ya 14, munthu waliyose uyo wakalapa kuti wavikilirenge Dango Likuru ndipo pamanyuma wakagalukira United States ngwakwenelera yayi kuŵa na udindo uliwose wa boma. Ndipouli, kukanizgika uku kungafumiskikapo na voti ya magawo ghaŵiri pa ghatatu gha nyumba yiliyose ya Congress.Moreno, Paul. "Articles on Amendment XIV: Disqualification for Rebellion". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Juni 15, 2018. Kweniso, pali mphindano pa nkhani yakuti dango ili, umo lili kulembekera, lingakanizga munthu kuŵa pulezidenti panji lingakhumbikwira dankha mulandu kuwaro kwa Congress, nangauli pali viyelezgero vya kugwiliskira ntchito amendment iyi pa vinthu vinyake padera pa chilato chake chakwambilira cha kukanizga ŵa Confederacy kuŵa pa maudindo gha boma pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Ŵanaŵene.Vlamis, Kelsey. "Here's how the 14th Amendment could be used to prevent Trump from running again". Business Insider. Retrieved Malichi 1, 2021. Kuyana na Amendment ya 22, palije munthu wangasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti kujumpha kaŵiri. Amendment iyi yikulongosoraso kuti usange munthu wakwenerera wateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti panji pulezidenti wakuchitapo ntchito kwa vyaka vyakujumpha viŵiri vya nyengo iyo munthu munyake wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti, munthu wakwamba wangasolekaso kuŵa pulezidenti kamoza pera.Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (Febuluwale 1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review. 83 (3): 565–635. Archived from the original on Janyuwale 15, 2013. Retrieved Juni 12, 2015.Albert, Richard (Winter 2005). "The Evolving Vice Presidency". Temple Law Review. 78 (4): 811–896. Retrieved Julayi 31, 2018 – via Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School.

Uteŵeti wakale

Nkhani ikulu: List of presidents of the United States by other offices held, List of presidents of the United States by previous experience, and List of presidents of the United States by education

Palije chakukhumbikwa kuti pulezidenti panji ŵakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti ŵaŵepo na udindo unyake pambere ŵandanjire pa udindo panji pa nyengo yeneyiyo. Ndipouli, pulezidenti waliyose, kupatulapo Donald Trump, wali kuŵapo kazembe wa boma, seneta wa United States, membara wa Congress, mulara wa ŵasilikari, panji membara wa nduna za boma. Ntchito iyo mapulezidenti ŵanandi ŵakachitanga ni ya muloya, pakuti ŵanalume 27 pa 45 awo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni pulezidenti ŵakaŵa maloya.International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security, p 10, Shirley V. Scott—2012 Mapulezidenti ŵanyake awo ŵakazakaŵa mapulezidenti ŵakaleka kusambira panji kuchita ntchito ya uloya pambere ŵandazgoke mapulezidenti. Palije nyengo iyo munthu wakakhumbikwiranga kuŵa na katundu kuti waŵe pulezidenti panji kuŵa na udindo unyake wa boma, kweni mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya republic, pakaŵa vyakukhumbikwa vya katundu kuti munthu wavote panji kuti waŵe pa maudindo ghanyake agho ghakafiskanga munthu kuŵa pulezidenti, chomenechomene pa udindo wa kazembe wa boma. Pambere Nkhondo ya Ŵanaŵene yindachitike, chikaŵa chakuzara kuti mapulezidenti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵa katundu munandi: mapulezidenti ŵa ku North kanandi ŵakaŵa na mafamu ghachoko, apo ŵanandi ŵa ku South ŵakaŵa na minda yikuru ndiposo ŵazga."The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump". 24/7 Wall St. 247wallst.com. Novembala 10, 2016. Archived from the original on Epulelo 10, 2019. Retrieved Epulelo 10, 2019.Whitney, Gleaves. "Slaveholding Presidents". Ask Gleaves. Grand Valley State University. Retrieved Okutobala 14, 2020. Nangauli mapulezidenti ŵanyake ŵakamanyuma ŵakafuma mu ukavu ukuru, ŵanyake, nga ni mbumba ya Roosevelt, John Kennedy, na Donald Trump, ŵakafuma mu mbumba zisambazi chomene. Ŵanalume 33 pa 45 awo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni pulezidenti, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose kwambira mu 1953 na wose kupatulapo yumoza kufuma mu 1901, ŵali kuŵa na digiri ya bachelor. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, mapulezidenti 16 ŵakasanga digiri ya Bachelor panji ya pachanya kufuma ku makoleji gha mu Ivy League.

Makampeni na kusankhika

Nkhani ikulu: United States presidential primary and United States presidential nominating convention

Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter (kumazere) wakudumbiskana na wakwimira chipani cha Republican Ronald Reagan pa Okutobala 28, 1980, pa nyengo ya kampeni ya visola vya pulezidenti vya United States ya 1980.

Kampeni ya mazuŵa ghano ya pulezidenti yikwamba pambere visola vyakwambilira vindachitike, ivyo vipani viŵiri vikuru vya ndyali vikugwiliskira ntchito kupatura ŵakwimira pa visola pambere misonkhano yawo ya kusankha wakwimira chipani yindachitike, uko munthu uyo wapunda chomene wakuzgoka wakwimira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti. Kanandi, wakwimira chipani pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakusankha munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndipo chisankho ichi chikuzomerezgeka na msonkhano. Ŵakwimira pa visola ŵakuchita nkhani za kudumbiskana izo zikuwoneskeka pa TV ya charu chose, ndipo nangauli nkhani izi kanandi zikuperekeka ku ŵakwimira Democratic na Republican pera, ŵakwimira vipani vinyake nawo ŵangachemeka, nga ni Ross Perot pa nkhani za 1992. Ŵakwimira pa visola ŵakwendakwenda mu charu chose kulongosora maghanoghano ghawo, kukopa ŵavoti na kupempha ndalama zakwendeskera kampeni. Chigaŵa chikuru cha visola vya mazuŵa ghano chikukhwaskana na kupunda mu vyaru vya boma vyakusintha voti kwizira mu maulendo ghanandi na malonda gha pa mass media.

Visola

Nkhani ikulu: United States presidential election

Mapu gha United States agho ghakulongora unandi wa mavoti gha Electoral College agho ghakapelekeka ku boma lililose na District of Columbia pamanyuma pa 2020 United States census pa visola vya pulezidenti vya 2024 na 2028. Mavoti 270 gha Electoral College ghakukhumbikwa kuti munthu waŵe na unandi pa mavoti 538 agho ghali ghose.

Pulezidenti wakusoleka mwambura kulunjika na ŵavoti ŵa boma lililose na District of Columbia kwizira mu Electoral College, gulu la ŵakusora ilo likupangika pa vyaka vinayi vilivyose kuti lisore pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake pa nyengo ya vyaka vinayi. Nga umo vikulembekera mu Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, boma lililose likuŵa na unandi wa ŵakusora wakuyana na unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵake mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. Amendment ya 23 yikupereka kuti District of Columbia yiŵe na unandi wa ŵakusora uwo yiŵenge nayo usange yikaŵa boma, kweni yingajumphanga yayi uwo boma ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene lili nawo."Twenty-third Amendment". Annenberg Classroom. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. Malichi 29, 1961. Retrieved Julayi 30, 2018. Sono, maboma ghose na District of Columbia ghakusankha ŵakusora ŵawo kwizira mu visola vya ŵanthu wose.Neale, Thomas H. (Meyi 15, 2017). "The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. p. 13. Retrieved Julayi 29, 2018. Mu maboma ghose kupatulapo ghaŵiri, chipani icho tikiti yake ya pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake yapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene mu boma, chikupokera gulu lose la ŵakusora ŵake kuŵa ŵakusora ŵa boma ilo."About the Electors". U.S. Electoral College. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved Ogasiti 2, 2018. Maine na Nebraska vikulondezga yayi ndondomeko iyi ya winner-take-all; vikupereka ŵakusora ŵaŵiri kwa uyo wapunda mu boma lose, na yumoza kwa uyo wapunda mu dela lililose la Congress."Maine & Nebraska". Takoma Park, Maryland: FairVote. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 2, 2018. Retrieved Ogasiti 1, 2018."Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska". 270towin.com. Retrieved Ogasiti 1, 2018. Pa Mande wakwamba pamanyuma pa Chitatu chachiŵiri cha mwezi wa Disembala, pafupifupi masabata ghankhondi na limoza pamanyuma pa visola, ŵakusora ŵakuwungana mu misumba yikuru ya maboma ghawo, na mu Washington, D.C., kuti ŵavotere pulezidenti, ndipo pa pepala linyake la voti, ŵavotere wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Kanandi ŵakuvotera ŵakwimira chipani icho chikaŵasankha. Nangauli palije dango la mu Malango Ghakuru panji la boma ilo likuŵakakamizga kuchita nthena, District of Columbia na maboma 32 ghali na malango agho ghakukhumba kuti ŵakusora ŵavotere ŵakwimira awo ŵali kulayizgika kuvotera."Faithless Elector State Laws". Fair Vote. Archived from the original on Disembala 19, 2016. Retrieved Malichi 4, 2020."Laws Binding Electors". Retrieved Malichi 4, 2020. Kuzomerezgeka kwa malango agha kukakhozgeka mu mulandu wa Chiafalo v. Washington (2020).Howe, Amy (Julayi 6, 2020). "Opinion analysis: Court upholds "faithless elector" laws". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved Julayi 11, 2020.

Pamanyuma pa kuvota, boma lililose likutumizga mbiri yakukhozgeka ya mavoti ghake gha Electoral College ku Congress. Mavoti gha ŵakusora ghakujurika na kuŵerengeka pa ungano wakuphatikizika wa Congress uwo ukuchitika mu sabata yakwamba ya Janyuwale. Usange wakwimira pa visola wapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene gha Electoral College pa udindo wa pulezidenti, sono 270 pa 538, munthu yura wakupharazgika kuŵa wapunda. Para palije uyo wapokera mavoti agha, Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yikwenera kuwungana kuti yisore pulezidenti kwizira mu ndondomeko ya visola vyapadera, umo ŵimiliri, awo ŵakuvota mwakuyimira boma lawo, ndipo boma lililose likupeleka voti yimoza, ŵakusankhapo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi gha Electoral College pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Kuti munthu waŵe pulezidenti, wakwimira pa visola wakwenera kupokera mavoti gha unandi wa maboma, sono 26 pa maboma 50. Mu mbiri ya charu ichi, pali visola viŵiri pera vya pulezidenti ivyo vikamara na visola vyapadera. Mu visola vya 1800, Thomas Jefferson na munyake wa chipani cha Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr ŵakapokera mavoti ghakuyana, 73–73, gha Electoral College, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pakhale visola vyapadera vyakwamba. Vikachitika mwakukolerana na ndondomeko yakwamba iyo yikakhazikiskika na Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 3 ya Dango Likuru, ilo likuti usange ŵanthu ŵaŵiri panji ŵatatu ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi ndiposo ghakuyana, Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yikusankha yumoza wa iwo kuŵa pulezidenti; ndipo uyo waŵa pa malo ghachiŵiri wakuzgoka wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti.Kuroda, Tadahisa. "Essays on Article II: Electoral College". The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Julayi 27, 2018. Pa Febuluwale 17, 1801, Jefferson wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pa voti ya 36, ndipo Burr wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Pamanyuma pake, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika kwizira mu Amendment ya 12 kuti yigwiliskike ntchito pa visola vya 1804.Fried, Charles. "Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Febuluwale 20, 2018. Pakati pajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 25, kusankha pulezidenti kukaweleraso ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri apo palije wakwimira pa visola uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene gha Electoral College, 131 pa 261, mu visola vya 1824. Kuyana na Amendment ya 12, Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yikeneranga kusankha pulezidenti pakati pa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakapokera mavoti ghanandi gha Electoral College: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, na William H. Crawford. Visola vyapadera ivi vyachiŵiri, ndiposo vyamumaliro mpaka sono, vikachitika pa Febuluwale 9, 1825, ndipo vikapangiska kuti John Quincy Adams wasankhike kuŵa pulezidenti pa voti yakwamba.Boller, Paul F. (2004). Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush (2nd revised ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–39. ISBN 978-0-19-516716-0. Retrieved Ogasiti 2, 2018.

Kunjira pa udindo

Nkhani ikulu: [[Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States|Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States]]

Kuyana na Amendment ya 20, nyengo ya vyaka vinayi ya uteŵeti wa pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake yikwamba pa 12 koloko muhanya pa Janyuwale 20, mu chaka icho chikulondezga visola vya pulezidenti ivyo vyajumpha.Larson, Edward J.; Shesol, Jeff. "The Twentieth Amendment". The Interactive Constitution. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center. Retrieved Juni 15, 2018. Nyengo zakwamba za uteŵeti wa pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake izo zikambira pa zuŵa ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti Zuŵa la kunjira pa udindo, zikaŵa nyengo yachiŵiri ya uteŵeti wa Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt na Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti John Nance Garner mu 1937."The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved Julayi 24, 2018. Kale, Zuŵa la Kunjira pa Udindo likaŵa pa Malichi 4. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa deti ili, nyengo yakwamba ya uteŵeti (1933–37) ya ŵanalume aŵa yikachepeskeka na 43 mazuŵa."Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment" (PDF). Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress. pp. 2297–98. Retrieved Julayi 24, 2018. Pambere wandambe kugwiliskira ntchito mazaza gha udindo wake, pulezidenti wakwenera kuyowoya chilapo cha udindo wa pulezidenti, icho chili mu Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 8 ya Dango Likuru. Ichi ndicho chigaŵa chekha cha mwambo wa kunjira pa udindo icho chikukhumbikwa na Dango Likuru:

Nikulapa mwakuzirwa (panji kukhozgera) kuti nichitenge mwakugomezgeka ntchito ya Udindo wa Pulezidenti wa United States, ndipo mwakukwaniska kwane, nisungenge, nivikirirenge, na kudefendera Dango Likuru la United States.Kesavan, Vasan. "Essays on Article II: Oath of Office". The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Ogasiti 2, 2018.

Mapulezidenti kanandi ŵakuŵika woko limoza pa Baibolo apo ŵakulapa chilapo, ndipo ŵakusazgapo mazgu ghakuti "Chiuta wanovwire" paumaliro wa chilapo.NCC Staff (Janyuwale 20, 2017). "How Presidents use Bibles at inaugurations". Constitution Daily. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 4, 2018. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018.Munson, Holly (Julayi 12, 2011). "Who said that? A quick history of the presidential oath". ConstitutionDaily. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 4, 2018. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Nangauli chilapo ichi chingapelekeka na munthu waliyose uyo wali na mazaza gha kulolezgeka na dango kupereka vilapo, mapulezidenti kanandi ŵakulapiskika na Chief Justice wa United States.

Uteŵeti pa udindo

Malire gha nyengo ya uteŵeti

Pulezidenti William McKinley na munyake wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, kazembe wa boma la New York Theodore Roosevelt, c. 1900

Franklin D. Roosevelt wakapunda pa visola vya pulezidenti vinayi, 1932, 1936, 1940, na 1944 pambere Amendment ya 22 yindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, iyo yikakhazikiska malire gha nyengo ziŵiri za uteŵeti.

Apo pulezidenti wakwamba, George Washington, wakapharazga mu Mazgu Ghake Ghaumaliro kuti wazamukwimira yayi pa nyengo yachitatu ya uteŵeti, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "nyengo ziŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wakulondezgeka pamanyuma pakuti Thomas Jefferson wakawuzomerezga pakweru mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri ya uteŵeti, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵamanyuma ŵake ŵaŵiri, James Madison na James Monroe.Neale, Thomas H. (Okutobala 19, 2009). "Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Nangauli mwambo wa nyengo ziŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora chomene, Ulysses S. Grant wakapenja kusankhika pa Msonkhano wa Chipani cha Republican wa 1880 kuti wakwimire pa nyengo yachitatu yakulondezgana yayi, kweni wakatondeka.Waugh, Joan (Okutobala 4, 2016). "Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya Suzgo Likuru la Chuma ndiposo pakukhwimiska wovwiri ku vyaru vya ŵabwezi ŵa nkhondo ivyo vikamenyananga na vyaru vya Axis, Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachitatu ya uteŵeti, ndipo wakaphwanya mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma pake, apo United States yikanjilirapo kale mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachinayi nangauli thupi lake likafowokanga; wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, mazuŵa 82 ghati ghajumphapo kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi ya uteŵeti."Twenty-second Amendment". Annenberg Classroom. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. Retrieved Ogasiti 2, 2018. Pakuzgora nyengo yitali iyo Roosevelt wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti, Amendment ya 22 yikazomerezgeka mu 1951. Amendment iyi yikukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kujumpha kaŵiri, panji kamoza pera usange munthu yura wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti kwa vyaka vyakujumpha viŵiri (myezi 24) pa nyengo ya uteŵeti wa vyaka vinayi ya pulezidenti munyake. Harry S. Truman, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti pa nyengo iyo amendment iyi yikapelekekera ku maboma na Congress, wakafwatulika ku malire agha. Usange nthena yayi, nthena wakaŵavya mwaŵi wakwimira pa nyengo yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga dankha kupenjera, chifukwa wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose yakukhalapo ya Roosevelt ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika pa nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949.

Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kulondezgana pa udindo

Nkhani ikulu: [[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States]]

Kuyana na Chigaŵa 1 cha Amendment ya 25, iyo yikazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakuzgoka pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, panji waleka udindo. Nyifwa za mapulezidenti zachitikapo kanandi, kuleka udindo kwachitikapo kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo yayi. Pambere Amendment ya 25 yindazomerezgeke (iyo yikapambaniska makora nkhani ya kulondezgana pa udindo), Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6, yikayowoyanga waka kuti wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakutora "mazaza na milimo" ya pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita ntchito zake.Feerick, John D. (2011). "Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment". Fordham Law Review. 79 (3). New York City: Fordham University School of Law: 907–949. Retrieved Disembala 13, 2018. Kuyana na ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana pa nkhani yakuti kasi wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakuzgoka nadi pulezidenti para udindo wasoŵa munthu, panji wakuŵa waka wakuchita udindo wa pulezidenti,Feerick, John. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Disembala 13, 2018. icho nthena chikapangiska kuti pachitike visola vyapadera. Pulezidenti William Henry Harrison wakati wafwa mu 1841, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti John Tyler wakapharazga kuti walondezga udindo wose wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala ghose agho ghakalembekanga kwa "Pulezidenti Wakuchita Udindo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomerezga fundo yake.

Umulongozgi mu udindo

Malire gha nyengo ya udindo

Pulezidenti William McKinley na munyake uyo wakapikanga nayo pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kazembe wa New York Theodore Roosevelt, c. 1900

Franklin D. Roosevelt wakathereska visola vinayi vya pulezidenti mu 1932, 1936, 1940, na 1944 pambere Sintho la nambara 22 lindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, ilo likakhazikiska mphaka wa maudindo ghaŵiri.

Apo pulezidenti wakwamba, George Washington, wakapharazga mu Mazgu ghake ghakulekana na udindo kuti walekenge kupikaso pa nyengo yachitatu, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "maudindo ghaŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wakulondezgeka pamanyuma pakuti Thomas Jefferson wakawovwira pakweru fundo iyi mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri awo ŵakamulondezga, James Madison na James Monroe.Neale, Thomas H. (Okutobala 19, 2009). "Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Nangauli mwambo wa maudindo ghaŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora, Ulysses S. Grant wakapenja kusankhika pa Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880 kuti wapike pa nyengo yachitatu yambura kulondezgana, kweni wakatondeka.Waugh, Joan (Okutobala 4, 2016). "Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya Great Depression ndipo wakakhumbanga kovwira ŵabwezi ŵa United States awo ŵakarwanga nkhondo na ŵa Axis, Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhika pa nyengo yachitatu, kuphwanya mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma, apo United States yikachitanga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, wakasankhikaso nangauli thupi lake likamba kufoka; wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, mazuŵa 82 kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi."Twenty-second Amendment". Annenberg Classroom. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. Retrieved Ogasiti 2, 2018. Pakuzgora utali wakuluska wa ulamuliro wa Roosevelt, Sintho la nambara 22 likazomerezgeka mu 1951. Sintho ili likukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kaŵiri kuluska, panji kamoza pera usange munthu yura wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti kwa vyaka vyakuluska viŵiri (myezi 24) vya nyengo ya pulezidenti munyake. Harry S. Truman, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti pa nyengo iyo Sintho ili likatumizgikira ku vyaru na Congress, wakafwatulika ku malire agha. Usange nthena wakafwatulikapo yayi, nthena wakatondekanga kupika pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga pachoko waka, pakuti wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose ya Roosevelt yakusazgikira ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika ku nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949.

Malo ghambura munthu na kulondezgana pa udindo

Nkhani ikulu: [[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States]]

Pasi pa Chigaŵa 1 cha Sintho la nambara 25, ilo likazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakuŵa pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, panji waleka ntchito. Nyifwa zachitika kanandi, kuleka ntchito kwachitika kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo. Pambere Sintho la nambara 25 lindazomerezgeke (ilo likalongosora makora nkhani ya kulondezgana pa udindo), Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6, yikayowoya waka kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakupokera "mazaza na milimo" ya pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka ntchito, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yake.Feerick, John D. (2011). "Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment". Fordham Law Review. 79 (3). New York City: Fordham University School of Law: 907–949. Retrieved Disembala 13, 2018. Pasi pa ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana pa nkhani yakuti kasi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti waŵenge nadi pulezidenti para malo ghaba ghambura munthu, panji waŵenge waka wakuchita ntchito nga ni pulezidenti,Feerick, John. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Disembala 13, 2018. ndipo ichi nthena chikapangiska kuti paŵe visola vyapadera. Pulezidenti William Henry Harrison wakati wafwa mu 1841, Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti John Tyler wakapharazga kuti walondezga udindo wose wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala agho ghakalembekanga ku "Pulezidenti Wakuchita Milimo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomera fundo yake. Para pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵalije wose, Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6 nayo yikupaso mazaza ku Congress kuti yidumbe uyo waŵenge wakuchita ntchito ya pulezidenti para "Pulezidenti na Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti ŵafumiskika pa udindo, ŵafwa, ŵaleka ntchito, panji ŵatondeka kuchita milimo yawo". Dango la Kulondezgana pa Udindo wa Pulezidenti la 1947 (ilo lili mu 3 U.S.C. § 19) likuti usange pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵafumapo pa udindo panji ŵangateŵetera yayi mu nyengo yawo ya udindo, ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti yikulondezga nthowa iyi: wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri, ndipo usange pakukhumbikwa, pulezidenti pro tempore wa Senate, ndipo usange pakukhumbikwaso, ŵalongozgi ŵakwenelera ŵa madipatimenti gha boma awo ŵakupanga Kabineti ya pulezidenti."Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts". CNN. Okutobala 24, 2017. Retrieved Julayi 19, 2018. Kabineti sono yili na ŵanthu 15, ndipo mulembi wa vya kuwaro ndiyo wali pakwamba pa mzere wa kulondezgana pa udindo. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵa Kabineti ŵakulondezga mwakulondezgana na nyengo iyo dipatimenti yawo, panji dipatimenti iyo yikaluta m'malo mwa yawo, yikapangikira. Ŵanthu awo Dango Likuru likuŵazomerezga yayi kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti nawo ŵakukanizgika kupokera mazaza na milimo ya pulezidenti kwizira mu kulondezgana pa udindo. Pakaŵavya munthu wakudumbika na dango uyo wali kuchitapo ntchito ya pulezidenti.

Kupharazga kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito

Nkhani ikulu: [[Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States|Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States]]

Pasi pa Sintho la nambara 25, pulezidenti wangasamuskira kwa kanyengo mazaza na milimo yake kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, uyo pamanyuma wakuŵa pulezidenti wakuchita milimo, para watumizga kalata ku wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri na pulezidenti pro tempore wa Senate yakuyowoya kuti wangakwaniska yayi kuchita milimo yake. Pulezidenti wakupokeraso mazaza ghake para watumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakuyowoya kuti wangachitaso ntchito zake. Nthowa iyi yagwiliskirika ntchito na Ronald Reagan (kamoza), George W. Bush (kaŵiri), na Joe Biden (kamoza), wose pambere ŵandachite opaleshoni.Olsen, Jillian (Novembala 19, 2021). "How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?". St. Petersburg, Florida: WTSP. Retrieved Meyi 11, 2022.Sullivan, Kate (Novembala 19, 2021). "For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power". CNN. Retrieved Novembala 19, 2021. Sintho la nambara 25 likupangaso kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, pamoza na ŵanandi mwa ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa Kabineti, wasamuske mazaza na milimo ya pulezidenti kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti para ŵatumizga kalata yakulembeka ku wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri na pulezidenti pro tempore wa Senate, yakuyowoya kuti pulezidenti wangakwaniska yayi kuchita mazaza na milimo yake. Usange pulezidenti pamanyuma wayowoya kuti kuleka kukwaniska uku kulije, wakupokeraso mazaza ghake, kweni usange wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na Kabineti ŵatumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakuyowoya kuti pulezidenti wangakwaniska yayi, Congress ndiyo yikusankha nkhani iyi. Kuti mazaza gha pulezidenti ghafumiskike, pakukhumbikwa mavoti gha magawo ghaŵiri pa vitatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress.

Kufumiskika pa udindo

Nkhani ikulu: [[Mndandanda wa vyakuyesera kufumiska ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States pa udindo|Mndandanda wa vyakuyesera kufumiska ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States pa udindo]], [[Kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States|Kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States]], and [[Mulandu wa kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States|Mulandu wa kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States]]

Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 4 ya Dango Likuru yikuzomerezga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵakuru ŵa boma, kusazgapo pulezidenti, ŵafumiskike pa udindo chifukwa cha "kupandukira charu, kupokera viwongo, panji milandu yikuru na viheni vikuru". Nkhani I, Chigaŵa 2, Ndime 5 yikupereka mazaza ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri kuti yichite nga ni "juri yikuru" yakuti yisuske ŵalara aŵa na voti ya ŵanandi.Presser, Stephen B. "Essays on Article I: Impeachment". Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Nkhani I, Chigaŵa 3, Ndime 6 yikupereka mazaza ku Senate kuti yichite nga ni khoti, ndipo yingafumiska pa udindo ŵalara awo ŵasangika na mulandu para ŵavotera na ŵanandi ŵakukwana magawo ghaŵiri pa vitatu.Gerhardt, Michael J. "Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment". Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Epulelo 21, 2012. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Ŵapulezidenti ŵatatu ŵasuskika na Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri: Andrew Johnson mu 1868, Bill Clinton mu 1998, na Donald Trump mu 2019 na 2021. Palije nanga njumoza uyo wakasangika na mulandu na Senate. Komiti ya Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya vya Malango yikachita kafukufuku wa kufumiska Richard Nixon pa udindo mu 1973–74 ndipo yikapeleka nkhani zitatu za kufumiska pa udindo ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri kuti yichitepo kanthu. Kweni wakaleka ntchito pambere Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yindavotepo pa nkhani izi.

Kulekeska mazaza

Vinthu vyakususkana navyo vichitikirapo nyengo zinyake kwambura kufika pa kumufumiska pulezidenti pa udindo kuti ŵamazge nkharo yake yakuwoneka nga njambura kupwelera panji chifukwa cha kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito kwa nyengo yitali. Nyengo zinyake, ŵantchito ŵakuleka dala kupeleka mauthenga kwa pulezidenti panji kufuma kwa iyo, kanandi kuti ŵaleke kuchita panji kovwira pulezidenti kulemba malango ghanyake. Ivi vyachitika kufuma apo Mulara wa Ŵantchito ŵa Richard Nixon wakatondeka kutumizga malango ku Kabineti chifukwa cha kumwa chomene kwa pulezidenti, mpaka apo ŵantchito ŵakafumyapo mapepala pa desiki la Donald Trump.David Priess (2018). "2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates". How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541788206. Vyaka vinandi pambere Sintho la nambara 25 lindazomerezgeke, mu 1919, Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakadwala sitiroko iyo yikamulekeska kuchita milimo yinyake. Muwoli wake wakwamba, Edith Wilson, wakabisa nkhani iyi kwa nyengo ku ŵanthu, ndipo mwakususkana, wakaŵa yekha munthu wakuzomerezga ŵanthu kufika kwa pulezidenti (kupatulako dokotala wake), wakamovwiranga na mapepala na kusankha ivyo vikaŵa "vyakuzirwa" kuti vimanyiskike kwa iyo.David Priess (2018). "2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates". How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541788206.

Malipiro

Mbiri ya malipiro gha pulezidenti
Chakachakakhazikiskikira	Malipiro	Malipiro mu2022 USD
1789	$25,000	$614,084
1873	$50,000	$1,221,389
1909	$75,000	$2,442,778
1949	$100,000	$1,229,930
1969	$200,000	$1,596,007
2001	$400,000	$661,079
Malo ghakufumira:"Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites". Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency. University of Michigan. Retrieved Julayi 31, 2020.Williamson, Samuel H. "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved Julayi 31, 2020.

Kwambira mu 2001, malipiro gha chaka gha pulezidenti ghakhala $400,000, pamoza na ndalama za vyakugwiliskira ntchito zakukwana $50,000; akaunti yambura msonkho ya ndalama zakwendera ya $100,000; na akaunti ya ndalama zakuchitira mphwando ya $19,000. Malipiro gha pulezidenti ghakukhazikiskika na Congress, ndipo pasi pa Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 7 ya Dango Likuru, kusazgirako panji kuchepeskako malipiro gha pulezidenti kungamba yayi kugwira ntchito pambere nyengo yakulondezgapo ya pulezidenti yindambe.Longley, Robert (Sekutembala 1, 2017). "Presidential Pay and Compensation". ThoughtCo. Retrieved Julayi 31, 2018.

Malo ghakukhala

For malo ghakukhala gha boma agho Pulezidenti Washington wakakhalanga, see [[:Ulongozgi wa George Washington § Malo ghakukhala]]. For malo ghakukhala gha munthu yekha gha ŵapulezidenti ŵakupambanapambana ŵa United States, see [[:Mndandanda wa malo ghakukhala gha ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States]].

Malo Ghakukhala gha Executive gha White House ku Washington, D.C., ndigho malo ghakukhala gha boma gha pulezidenti. Malo agha ghakasankhika na George Washington, ndipo libwe lakwamba la maziko likayikika mu 1792. Pulezidenti waliyose kwambira John Adams mu 1800 wakhalapo penepapo. Mu nyengo zakupambanapambana za mbiri ya United States, nyumba iyi yikamanyikwanga kuti "Nyumba ya Pulezidenti", "Nyumba ya Mlongozgi", na "Nyumba ya Executive". Theodore Roosevelt ndiyo wakapeleka zina lakuti White House mwalamulo mu 1901."The White House Building". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Boma la federal ndilo likulipira vyakurya vya pa mphwando za boma na milimo yinyake ya boma, kweni pulezidenti yekha ndiyo wakulipira ndalama za kulongoska vyakuvwara, vyakurya vya mbumba yake, na vya ŵalendo ŵake.Bulmiller, Elisabeth (Janyuwale 2009). "Inside the Presidency: Few outsiders ever see the President's private enclave". National Geographic. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on Julayi 14, 2018. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018. Camp David, ilo mwalamulo likuchemeka Naval Support Facility Thurmont, ni msasa wa ŵasilikari uwo uli mu mapiri mu Frederick County, Maryland. Ni malo gha pulezidenti ghakupumulirako ku mizi. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mtende na kupumura, ndipo ghagwiliskirika ntchito chomene kwambira m'ma 1940 pakupokelera ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake."The White House Building". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved Ogasiti 3, 2018.

Kukhala pa Udindo

Malire gha nyengo ya uteŵeti

Purezidenti William McKinley na munyake wake wakuphalirika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti, kazembe wa New York Theodore Roosevelt, c. 1900

Franklin D. Roosevelt wakathereska ma chisankho cha purezidenti vinayi, mu 1932, 1936, 1940, na 1944, pambere Sintho la Malango la 22 lindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, ilo likakhazikiska mphaka wa nyengo ziŵiri za uteŵeti.

Apo purezidenti wakwamba, George Washington, wakapharazga mu mazgu ghake gha kupatura pa udindo kuti wangalutilira yayi kuphalirika nyengo yachitatu, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "nyengo ziŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wa boma apo Thomas Jefferson wakawovwira fundo iyi pakweru mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵalondezgani ŵake ŵaŵiri, James Madison na James Monroe. Nangauli mwambo wa kuteŵetera nyengo ziŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora, Ulysses S. Grant wakapenja kusankhika pa Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880 kuti waphalirikeso nyengo yachitatu yakulondezgana yayi, kweni wakatondeka.

Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya Great Depression ndipo wakakhazikika pa kovwira ŵabwezi ŵa United States pa nkhondo na Axis powers, Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhikaso ku nyengo yachitatu, kuswa mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma pake, apo United States yikachitanga nkhondo mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, wakasankhikaso nangauli thupi lake likalutilira kufoka; wakafwa mazuŵa 82 kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi pa Epulero 12, 1945.

Pakuzgora uteŵeti utali wakuluska wa Roosevelt, Sintho la Malango la 22 likazomerezgeka mu 1951. Sintho ili likukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa purezidenti kanandi kuluska kaŵiri, panji kamoza pera usange wakateŵetera kujumpha vyaka viŵiri (myezi 24) ya nyengo ya vyaka vinayi ya purezidenti munyake. Harry S. Truman, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti pa nyengo iyo sintho ili likatumizgikira ku maboma na Congress, wakafumiskikapo pa malire agha. Usange mphakawavyenge kulekeskeka uku, mphanyi wakazomerezgekanga yayi kuphalirikaso ku nyengo yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga mwachoko kuyipenja, chifukwa wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose yakukhalako ya Roosevelt ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika ku nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949.

Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kulondezgana

Nkhani ikulu: United States presidential line of succession

Mwakuyana na Gawo 1 la Sintho la Malango la 25, ilo likazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wakuŵa purezidenti para purezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, panji waleka yekha. Kufwa kwa purezidenti kwachitika kanandi, kuleka udindo kwachitika kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo.

Pambere Sintho la Malango la 25 lindazomerezgeke (ilo likalongosora makora nkhani ya kulondezgana), Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 likati waka wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wakutora "nkhongono na milimo" ya purezidenti para wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yake. Mwakuyana na ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana usange wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti waŵenge purezidenti nadi para malo ghakhala ghawaka, panji waŵenge waka wakuchita milimo ya purezidenti, ndipo ichi mphanyi chikapangiska kuti paŵe chisankho chapadera.

Pamasinda pakufwa kwa Purezidenti William Henry Harrison mu 1841, Wachiŵiri kwa Purezidenti John Tyler wakapharazga kuti wali kunjira mu udindo uwu wekha, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala agho ghakalembekera "Purezidenti Wakuchita Milimo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomerezga fundo iyi.

Usange malo gha purezidenti na gha wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti ghose ghawaka pa nyengo yimoza, Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 yikovwiraso Congress nkhongono zakulongosora uyo waŵenge wakuchita milimo ya purezidenti para purezidenti na wachiŵiri wake wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yawo.

Presidential Succession Act ya 1947 (iyo yili kulembeka mu 3 U.S.C. § 19) yikulongora kuti usange purezidenti na wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti ŵafumapo pa udindo panji ŵaleka kutondeka kuteŵetera mu nyengo yawo, ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa purezidenti yikulondezgana nthena: Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri, ndipo usange ntchakukhumbikwa, purezidenti pro tempore wa Senate, ndipo usange ntchakukhumbikwiraso, ŵalongozgi ŵakwenelera ŵa madipatimenti gha boma agho ghakupanga Kabineti ya purezidenti.

Kabineti sono yili na ŵanthu 15, ndipo nduna ya vya kuwaro ndiyo yili pa malo ghakwamba mu mzere wa kulondezgana. Nduna zinyake zikulondezgana mwakuyana na nyengo iyo dipatimenti yawo, panji dipatimenti iyo yikazgoka yawo, yikapangikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukanizgika na Dango Likuru kusankhika kuŵa purezidenti nawo ŵakukanizgika kutora nkhongono na milimo ya purezidenti kwizira mu kulondezgana. Palije munthu uyo wakulongosoreka na dango uyo wali kuchitapo milimo ya purezidenti chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi.

Kuphara kuti watondeka kuchita milimo

Nkhani ikulu: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Mwakuyana na Sintho la Malango la 25, purezidenti wangapeleka nkhongono na milimo yake kwa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti kwa nyengo yichoko waka, uyo pamanyuma wakuŵa purezidenti wakuchita milimo, para watumizga kalata kwa Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri na purezidenti pro tempore wa Senate yakulongora kuti watondeka kuchita milimo yake. Purezidenti wakuweleraso ku nkhongono zake para watumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakulongora kuti sono wangachitaso milimo yake. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiliskirika ntchito na Ronald Reagan (kamoza), George W. Bush (kaŵiri), na Joe Biden (kamoza), wose ŵakanozgekanga kuchita opareshoni.

Sintho la Malango la 25 likulongoraso kuti wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti, pamoza na ŵanandi mwa ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa Kabineti, wangatora nkhongono na milimo ya purezidenti mwa kutumizga chikalata chakulembeka kwa Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri na purezidenti pro tempore wa Senate, chakulongora kuti purezidenti watondeka kuchita milimo yake. Usange pamanyuma purezidenti wakuti palije kutondeka kulikose, wakuweleraso ku nkhongono zake, kwambura kuti wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti na Kabineti ŵatumizge chikalata chachiŵiri chakulongora kuti watondeka. Para vyachitika nthena, Congress ndiyo yikusankha nkhani iyi. Kuti purezidenti watoreke nkhongono zake, pakukhumbikwa voti ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress.

Kufumiskika pa udindo

Nkhani ikulu: List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States, Federal impeachment in the United States, and Federal impeachment trial in the United States

Article II, Section 4 ya Dango Likuru yikovwira kufumiska pa udindo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma, kusazgapo purezidenti, chifukwa cha "kupandukira charu, kupokera vimbundi, panji milandu yikuru na viheni vikuru". Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 yikovwira Nyumba ya Wimiliri kuchita nga ni grand jury, ndipo yili na nkhongono zakwambiska mulandu wa impeachment na voti ya ŵanandi. Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 yikovwira Senate kuchita nga ni khoti ilo lili na nkhongono zakufumiska pa udindo ŵanthu awo ŵasangika na mulandu wa impeachment, na voti ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu.

Apurezidenti ŵatatu ŵali kupika mulandu wa impeachment na Nyumba ya Wimiliri: Andrew Johnson mu 1868, Bill Clinton mu 1998, na Donald Trump mu 2019 na 2021. Palije nanga njumoza uyo wakasangika na mulandu mu Senate. Komiti ya Vyamalango ya Nyumba ya Wimiliri yikachita kufufuza kwa impeachment pa Richard Nixon mu 1973–74 ndipo yikapeleka nkhani zitatu za impeachment ku Nyumba ya Wimiliri kuti yivoterenge. Kweni wakaleka udindo pambere Nyumba yindavotere pa nkhani izi.

Kulekeska nkhongono za purezidenti mwa nthowa zinyake

Nthowa zakususkana zinyake zili kugwiliskirika ntchito, kwambura kufumiska purezidenti pa udindo, kuti ŵachitepo kanthu pa purezidenti uyo wakuwoneka kuŵa wakupusa panji uyo wali na suzgo la nyengo yitali. Mu vinyake, ŵantchito ŵakakana dala kupeleka mauthenga ku purezidenti panji kufumira kwa iyo, kanandi kuti ŵalekeske kuchita panji kukhozgera malango agho purezidenti wakakhumbanga kulemba. Ivi vikachitika kufuma pa apo Chief of Staff wa Richard Nixon wakatondeka kutumizga malango ku Kabineti chifukwa cha kumwa chomene kwa purezidenti, m'paka apo ŵantchito ŵakafumiskanga memos pa desiki la Donald Trump.

Vyaka vinandi pambere Sintho la Malango la 25 lindachitike, mu 1919, Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakapwetekeka na stroke iyo yikamulemesa pachoko. Mwanakazi wake, Edith Wilson, wakabisa nkhani iyi kwa nyengo yinyake, ndipo mwakususkana wakazgoka munthu yekha wakuzomerezga ŵanthu kufika kwa purezidenti (kupatulako dokotala wake), wakamovwiranga na mapepala ndipo wakasankhanga uthenga uwo wakaŵa "wakukhumbikwa" kuti ulongoreke kwa iyo.

Malipiro

Mbiri ya malipiro gha purezidenti
Chaka	Malipiro	Malipiro mu 2022 USD
1789	$25,000	$614,084
1873	$50,000	$1,221,389
1909	$75,000	$2,442,778
1949	$100,000	$1,229,930
1969	$200,000	$1,596,007
2001	$400,000	$661,079
Vyakufumira:

Kufuma mu 2001, malipiro gha chaka gha purezidenti ni $400,000, pamoza na ndalama za vyakugwiliskira ntchito zakukwana $50,000; akaunti ya ulendo ya $100,000 yambura msonkho; na akaunti ya kulandilirako ŵalendo ya $19,000. Malipiro gha purezidenti ghakukhazikiskika na Congress, ndipo mwakuyana na Article II, Section 1, Clause 7 ya Dango Likuru, kusazgirako panji kuchepeskako malipiro gha purezidenti kungamba yayi kugwira ntchito pambere nyengo yakulondezgako ya purezidenti yindambe.

Malo ghakukhala

For the official residences in which President Washington resided, see Presidency of George Washington § Residences. For the private residences of the various U.S. presidents, see List of residences of presidents of the United States.

Executive Residence ya White House mu Washington, D.C., ndiyo malo ghakukhala gha boma gha purezidenti. Malo agha ghakasankhika na George Washington, ndipo libwe lakwamba likayikika mu 1792. Purezidenti waliyose kufuma pa John Adams mu 1800 wakhalapo penepapo. Pa nyengo zakupambanapambana mu mbiri ya United States, nyumba iyi yikachemekanga "President's Palace", "President's House", na "Executive Mansion". Theodore Roosevelt ndiyo wakapeleka zina lakuti White House mu 1901. Boma la federali ndilo likulipira chakurya cha boma na vyakuchitika vinyake vya boma, kweni purezidenti yekha ndiyo wakulipira vyakurya vyake, vya banja lake, vya ŵalendo ŵake, kweniso kuwuska malaya ghake.

Camp David, ilo likumanyikwa mwaboma kuti Naval Support Facility Thurmont, ni msasa wa nkhondo wa mu mapiri ku Frederick County, Maryland, ndipo ni malo gha kupumulirako gha purezidenti. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mtende na kuzgeŵa phokoso, ndipo ghagwiliskirika ntchito chomene kulandira ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake kufuma m'ma 1940.

Kuleka ntchito ya pulezidenti (Post-presidency)

Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: Mapulezidenti George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, na Jimmy Carter mu Oval Office pa Janyuwale 7, 2009; Obama wakanjira pa udindo mazuŵa 13 pamanyuma.

Milimo iyo ŵakuchita pamanyuma pa udindo

Mapulezidenti ghanyake ghakale ghakaŵa na ntchito zikuru chomene pamanyuma pakufuma pa udindo. Viyelezgero vikuru ni William Howard Taft, uyo wakaŵa mweruzgi mukuru wa United States, na Herbert Hoover, uyo wakalongozga ntchito zakuweleraso kupanga boma pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose. Mapulezidenti ŵaŵiri ŵakaweleraso ku Congress pamanyuma pakufuma mu White House: John Quincy Adams wakasankhika ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri, uko wakateŵetera vyaka 17, ndipo Andrew Johnson wakaweleraso ku Senate mu 1875, nangauli wakafwa nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma. Mapulezidenti ŵaŵiri nawo ŵakaweleraso ku upulezidenti: Grover Cleveland wakathera pa chisankho cha 1888 ndipo wakatheraso pa chisankho cha 1892, apo Donald Trump wakathera pa chisankho cha 2020 ndipo wakatheraso pa chisankho cha 2024. Ŵapulezidenti ŵanyake ŵakakhalaso ŵakuchita vinandi pa nkhani za pa charu chose, kusazgapo Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, Richard Nixon, na Jimmy Carter.

Mapulezidenti ŵakwambilira ŵakaweleranga ku vikaya vyawo kukulongozga ntchito zachitemwa, panji kulaŵilira milimo yaulimi pa minda yawo na mapulante awo ghakanyalanyazgika apo ŵakaŵa pa udindo. Thomas Jefferson wakambiska University of Virginia pamanyuma pa upulezidenti wake, ndipo wakati wafwa, James Madison ndiyo wakamulondezga nga ni rector. Madison na James Monroe nawo ŵakawovwira kulemba mtundu umoza wa Virginia Constitution, apo John Tyler wakateŵeteranga pa Confederate Constitution na mu Confederate Congress.

Mapulezidenti ŵa pa nyengo iyo ŵaleka udindo ŵangatumika na pulezidenti uyo wali pa udindo kuti ŵafikiskenge mauthenga ghachisisi ku vyaru vinyake panji kuŵa ŵimiliri ŵaboma pa nyifwa za ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na pa vyakuchitika vikuru vya pa charu chose. Richard Nixon wakachita maulendo ghanandi ku vyaru nga ni China na Russia ndipo wakalumbikika nga ni mulongozgi wakumanyikwa chomene. Mu umoyo wake pamanyuma pa upulezidenti, Jimmy Carter wakaŵa mulimbikira wa human rights, muphalamano wa pa charu chose, na mulaŵiliri wa visankho, ndipo wakapokera Nobel Peace Prize. Bill Clinton nayo wakateŵeteranga nga ni nthumwi yambura udindo wa boma, chomenechomene pa kudumbiskana uko kukapangiska kuti ŵamasulike ŵalembi ŵa nkhani ŵa ku America Laura Ling na Euna Lee kufuma ku North Korea.

Pa nyengo ya upulezidenti wake, George W. Bush wakapempha ŵapulezidenti ŵakale George H. W. Bush na Clinton kuti ŵawovwire pa ntchito za wovwiri wa ŵanthu pamanyuma pa 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Pulezidenti Obama nayo wakachita mwakuyana waka pakupempha Clinton na George W. Bush kuti ŵalongozge ntchito zakovwira Haiti pamanyuma pa chindindindi chikuru icho chikaparanya charu ichi mu 2010. Ubwezi wa Clinton na ŵa Bush ŵaŵiri ukaŵa wakwamba yayi pakati pa ŵapulezidenti ŵakale; Carter wakaŵaso na ubwezi na kulemberana makalata na Gerald Ford, apo Thomas Jefferson na John Adams nawo ŵakalemberananga makalata kwa nyengo yitali pamanyuma pa maudindo ghawo.

Clinton walutilira kuŵa wakugwira ntchito za ndyali pamanyuma pa kuleka udindo, wakawovwira muwoli wake Hillary pa kampeni ya 2008 na ya 2016, kweniso wakawovwira Pulezidenti Obama pa kampeni yake ya kusankhikaso mu 2012. Obama nayo walutilira kuŵa wakuchita ndyali pamanyuma pa kuleka udindo, wakawovwira uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wake Joe Biden pa kampeni ya 2020, kweniso wakawovwira muteŵeti wa Biden Kamala Harris pa kampeni yake ya 2024 pamanyuma pakuti Pulezidenti Biden wafumiskepo bid yake ya kusankhikaso.

Pamanyuma pakutaya chisankho cha 2020, Trump wakalutilira kuŵa wakugwira ntchito za ndyali ndipo wakasuskanga chomene mulondezgi wake na chipani cha Democratic Party. Wakasanganaso na milandu yinayi ya uchigeŵenga. Trump wakapharazga kuti waŵengepo pa chisankho cha upulezidenti kachinayi mu 2022, ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka msankho wa chipani chake kachitatu, ndipo wakatheraso pa udindo wa upulezidenti mu 2024.

Penshoni na vyawanangwa vinyake

Former Presidents Act (FPA), iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1958, yikupereka vyawanangwa vya umoyo wose ku ŵapulezidenti ŵakale na ŵalongosi ŵawo, kusazgapo penshoni ya mwezi uliwose, chovwiri cha munkhwala mu vipatala vya ŵasilikari, inshuwalansi ya umoyo, na chivikiliro cha Secret Service. Ndiposo boma likupeleka ndalama za ŵantchito ŵanyake na za ofesi. Dango ili lasinthika kanandi kuti likwezge ndalama za penshoni na za ŵantchito ŵa maofesi. FPA yikupereka yayi vyawanangwa ivi kwa pulezidenti uyo wakafumiskika pa udindo chifukwa cha impeachment.

Mwakuyana na lipoti la Congressional Research Service la 2008:

Ŵalongozgi ŵakuru awo ŵakafumanga pa udindo pambere chaka cha 1958 chindafike kanandi ŵakalutiliranga kuchita ntchito zinyake ndipo ŵakapokeranga wovwiri uliwose yayi kufuma ku boma la federal. Apo mubizinesi Andrew Carnegie wakapharazga ndondomeko mu 1912 yakuti waŵapenge ŵapulezidenti ŵakale penshoni ya $25,000 pa chaka, ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa Congress ŵakawona kuti ntchambura kwenelera kuti kampani ya munthu payekha ndiyo yipelekenge penshoni yanthena. Mu chaka chenechira, dango lakukhazikiska mapenshoni gha ŵapulezidenti likayambiska kudumbiskika kakwamba, kweni likazomerezgeka yayi. Mu 1955, Congress yikawerezgaso kudumbiskana za dango ili chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama agho wakaŵa nagho pulezidenti wakale Harry S. Truman pakulemba ŵantchito ŵa ofesi.

Penshoni yakwezgeka kanandi mwakuzomerezgeka na Congress. Ŵapulezidenti ŵakale ŵakupokera penshoni yakuyana na malipiro gha mlembi wa dipatimenti ya Cabinet wa boma ilo lili pa udindo, agho ghakaŵa $199,700 pa chaka mu 2012. Ŵapulezidenti ŵakale awo ŵakateŵeteraso mu Congress ŵangapokeraso congressional pension. Dango ili likupelekaso ndalama za maulendo na wanangwa wa franking.

Pambere chaka cha 1997 chindafike, ŵapulezidenti wose ŵakale, ŵawoli ŵawo, na ŵana ŵawo ŵasinkhu wa pasi pa vyaka 16 ŵakavikilirikanga na Secret Service mpaka nyifwa ya pulezidenti. Mu 1997, Congress yikadumura dango lakuti chivikiliro cha Secret Service chiŵe cha vyaka 10 pera kufuma apo pulezidenti wafumira pa udindo. Pa Janyuwale 10, 2013, Pulezidenti Obama wakasayina dango ilo likawelereska chivikiliro cha umoyo wose cha Secret Service kwa iyomwene, George W. Bush, na ŵapulezidenti wose awo ŵazamwiza pamanyuma pake. Muwoli wa pulezidenti uyo wakutoraso nthengwa wakuleka kuŵa wakwenelera kupokera chivikiliro cha Secret Service.

Kulemba mabuku

Nkhani ikulu: Mndandanda wa mabuku gha umoyo wa mapulezidenti gha United States

Kufuma apo Ulysses S. Grant wakafumiska buku lake la Personal Memoirs mu 1885, mapulezidenti ghanandi, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose uyo wakakhala wamoyo mpaka wamara nyengo yake kufuma kwa Calvin Coolidge kufika kwa Barack Obama, walemba buku limoza panji ghakujumpha limoza la umoyo wake. Mabuku agha gha umoyo ghakuchita vinthu viŵiri: kuvikilira chuma cha Banja Lakwamba (First Family) (Bill Clinton wakasangapo ndalama zakujumpha $30 miliyoni chifukwa cha kulemba mabuku ghaŵiri), kweniso kuvikilira panji kuwezgeraso mbiri ya upulezidenti wawo.

Kulemba

Nkhani ikulu: Mndandanda wa mabuku gha umoyo wa ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States

Kwambira apo Ulysses S. Grant wakafumiskira buku lake la Mabuku gha Umoyo gha U. S. Grant mu 1885, ŵapurezidenti ŵanandi, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose uyo wakakhala wamoyo m'paka kumalizga nyengo yake ya uteŵeti kufuma kwa Calvin Coolidge mpaka Barack Obama, ŵalemba buku limoza panji vinandi vya umoyo wawo. Mabuku agha ghakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵapurezidenti ghali na vilato viŵiri: kuvikilira ndalama za Banja Lakwamba (mwachiyelezgero, Bill Clinton wakasanga ndalama zakujumpha madola 30 miliyoni kufuma ku kulemba mabuku ghaŵiri), kweniso kuvikilira panji kuwezgerapo mbiri ya ulamuliro wawo.

Malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti na malo ghakale

Nkhani ikulu: Ndondomeko ya malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti and Mndandanda wa nyumba za ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States

Nyumba izo ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States ŵakababikiramo, ŵakakhalamo, panji ŵakapumulirangamo, kanandi zikusungika nga ni nyumba ya museum ndipo zikumanyikwa nga ni Malo Ghakale gha Charu panji kulembeka pa U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Kufuma kumazere kuya kumanja: Ŵapurezidenti Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush, na Jimmy Carter pa kujulira Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George W. Bush ku Dallas mu 2013.

Pulezidenti waliyose kwambira Herbert Hoover wali kupanga malo ghakusungiramo vyakulemba agho ghakumanyikwa kuti laibulale ya pulezidenti kuti ŵasungemo mapepala ghake, marekodi, na vinthu vinyake. Malaibulale agho ghazamala kuzengeka ghakuperekeka na kusungika na National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); ndalama zakwamba zakuzengera na kuvikonzeska zikufuma ku ŵanthu pawokha, osati ku boma la federal. Pasono pali malaibulale 13 gha ŵapurezidenti agho ghali mu ndondomeko ya NARA. Paliso malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti agho ghakusungika na maboma gha vigaŵa, maziko gha ŵanthu pawokha, kweniso mayunivesite, nga ni:

• Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln, iyo yikwendeskeka na Boma la Illinois;
• Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George W. Bush, iyo yikwendeskeka na Southern Methodist University;
• Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George H. W. Bush, iyo yikwendeskeka na Texas A&M University; na
• Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Lyndon Baines Johnson, iyo yikwendeskeka na University of Texas at Austin.

Ŵapurezidenti ŵanyake ŵakawoneseska kuzenga na kujulira malaibulale ghawo ŵekha. Ŵanyake ŵakanozga kuti ŵazakasungikike pamalo agha para ŵafwa. Malaibulale ghanandi gha ŵapurezidenti ghali na madindi gha pulezidenti uyo ghakumulongosora:

• Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Harry S. Truman ku Independence, Missouri;
• Laibulale, Museum na Nyumba ya Uwana ya Dwight D. Eisenhower ku Abilene, Kansas;
• Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ku Yorba Linda, California; na
• Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan ku Simi Valley, California.

Madindi agha ghali kujulika ku ŵanthu wose. Mu viyelezgero vinyake (nga ni vya Nixon), laibulale ya pulezidenti yili pafupi na nyumba yake yakale. Kweni kwa ŵanyake, nga ni Lyndon B. Johnson na Jimmy Carter, laibulale ya pulezidenti na malo ghakale vili mu misumba yakupambana.

Chipani cha ndale

Vipani vya ndale vyalongozga ndale za America kwa nyengo yitali chomene ya mbiri ya charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵadada ŵakwambiska United States ŵakawonanga vipani vya ndale kuti vingagaŵa na kunanga wumoza wa charu, ndipo kuŵapo kwake kukayembekezgekanga yayi apo Dango Likuru la United States likalembekanga mu 1787, vipani vya ndale vyakukhazikika vikamba kuwoneka pakati pa m'ma 1790. Vikafuma ku magulu gha ndale, agho ghakamba kuwoneka mwaluŵiro chomene pamanyuma pakukhazikika kwa boma la federal. Awo ŵakawovwiranga Ulamuliro wa George Washington ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵakukhozgera boma", ndipo pamanyuma ŵakapanga Federalist Party, apo awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakolerana na Democratic-Republican Party.

Chifukwa cha kufipa mtima na nkhongono izo vipani vya ndale vingamanya kuparanya wumoza wa charu, Washington wakakhalira wandale wambura chipani mu nyengo yose ya vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri vya ulamuliro wake. Wakaŵa, ndipo wachali, pulezidenti yekha wa United States uyo wandakhalepo wa chipani chilichose cha ndale. Kwambira pa Washington, pulezidenti waliyose wa United States wakaŵa wa chipani cha ndale apo wakanjiliranga pa udindo. Ndipo kwambira mu 1869, pulezidenti waliyose wakaŵa wa Republican panji Democratic.

Chiŵelengero cha ŵapurezidenti malinga na chipani icho ŵakaŵamo apo ŵakalapanga ntchito pakwamba ni ichi:

Chipani		Chiŵelengero cha ŵapurezidenti	Mazina
	Republican	19	Chester A. Arthur, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, Calvin Coolidge, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gerald Ford, James A. Garfield, Ulysses S. Grant, Warren G. Harding, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, Herbert Hoover, Abraham Lincoln, William McKinley, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, na Donald Trump (wali pa udindo)
	Democratic	15	Joe Biden, James Buchanan, Jimmy Carter, Grover Cleveland, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy, Barack Obama, Franklin Pierce, James K. Polk, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Martin Van Buren, na Woodrow Wilson
	Democratic-Republican	4	John Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, na James Monroe
	Whig	4	Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, na John Tyler
	Federalist	1	John Adams
	National Union	1	Andrew Johnson
	Wambura chipani	1	George Washington

Nyengo ya ŵapurezidenti

Chati ya nyengo iyi yikulongora umo ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States ŵakendeleranga mu nyengo kweniso chipani cha ndale icho ŵakaŵamo pa nyengo iyo ŵakanjiranga pa udindo.

Wonani so

• Outline of American politics

Vinandi

• Edwards, George C. and Thomas G. Howell (eds.). 2009. The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency. Oxford University Press.
• Kernell, Samuel; Jacobson, Gary C. (1987). "Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century" (PDF). Journal of Politics. 49 (4): 1016–1035. doi:10.2307/2130782. JSTOR 2130782. S2CID 154834781.
• Howell, William G. 2023. The American Presidency: An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics. Princeton University Press.
• Sigelman, Lee; Bullock, David (1991). "Candidates, issues, horse races, and hoopla: Presidential campaign coverage, 1888–1988" (PDF). American Politics Quarterly. 19 (1): 5–32. doi:10.1177/1532673x9101900101. S2CID 154283367.
• Tebbel, John William, and Sarah Miles Watts. The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan (Oxford University Press, 1985). online review
• Waterman, Richard W., and Robert Wright. The Image-Is-Everything Presidency: Dilemmas in American Leadership (Routledge, 2018).
• Presidential Studies Quarterly, published by Wiley, is an academic journal on the presidency.

Pa intaneti

• White House homepage
• United States Presidents Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University