Nkhondo ya Kitos

Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na chigaluka cha Ŵayuda ku Yudeya. Pala mwapenjanga kuwukira kwa Ŵayuda kwa nyengo yimoza mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Roma, wonani Diaspora Revolt.

Nkhondo ya Kitos
Part of Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma
Mapu gha Yudeya (ghaswesi), Chigaŵa cha Roma uko khumbo la Ŵayuda la kujiyimira pawokha likapangiska Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma
Date 117 CE Location Yudeya Result Kutonda kwa Ŵaroma Territorial changes Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
Ufumu wa Roma	Ŵayuda
Commanders and leaders
TrajanTemplate:Natural Causes Lusius QuietusTemplate:Assassinated	Lukuas  Julianus  Pappus  Gamliel IITemplate:Natural Causes
Casualties and losses
Ŵakufwa ŵa Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki: 200,000 ku Cyrene, 240,000 ku Cyprus (mwakuyana na Cassius Dio). Chiŵelengero chambura kumanyikwa cha ŵakufwa ku Eguputo, Mesopotamiya, Yudeya, na Siriya.	Kunangika na kusamuskika kwa magulu gha Ŵayuda ku North Africa, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, na Eguputo

Nkhondo ya Kitos yikachitika mu chaka cha 117, nga ni chigaŵa cha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma. Malemba ghakale gha Chiyuda ghakuyidatisha ku vyaka 52 kufuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma (66–73) na vyaka 16 pambere Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba chindambe (132–136). Nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhondo zinyake za Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma, Nkhondo ya Kitos yikapangiskika na kusakhutira kwa Ŵayuda ku Ufumu wa Roma. Maghanoghano agha, agho panji ghakakura chomene pamanyuma pa kunangika kwa Tempile Lachiŵiri na Ŵaroma mu chaka cha 70, ghakapangiska viwukirano vinyake vikuruvikuru vya Ŵayuda mu Yudeya na mu Near East yose, kusazgapo Eguputo, Libya, Cyprus, na Mesopotamiya.

Pamanyuma pakuti chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda ku Mesopotamiya chikatondeska, fumu ya Roma Trajan yikimika mulara wake wa nkhondo Lusius Quietus (uyo wakamanyikwangaso kuti Kitos) kuŵa consul na bwanamkubwa wa Yudeya. Malemba gha m'masinda gha Chisiriya ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, kweni ŵakatondeka kwenekura na ŵankhondo ŵa Roma. Ndipouli, kugomezgeka kwa malemba agha kukukayikika, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuchita chenjerero chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukhozgera uwu kufuma ku ŵalembi ŵa Chigiriki na Chiaroma Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo ŵakaŵa magwero ghakuru gha vyakuchitika vya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma.

Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Roma awo ŵakazingilizga Lida, uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵabali Julian na Pappus. Ŵanthu aŵa awo ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu Talmud.

Nangauli Ŵaroma ŵakatondeska viwukirano vinandi vya Ŵayuda, vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakukhwaskana, ndipo ichi chikapangiska mulondezgi wa Trajan, Hadrian, kusamuska kwamuyirayira Legio VI Ferrata ku Kaisareya Maritima. Malo agha ghakafika pachanya pa suzgo apo Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba chikamba mwasonosono pamanyuma pake, chikamba na kukhazikiskika kwa boma lakujiyimira pawokha la Ŵayuda na ŵawukiri ndipo chikamara na kukomeka na kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu Yudeya mose, kweniso panji kunangika panji kunangikira chomene kwa malegion ghatatu gha Roma.

Zina

Hebrew: פולמוס קיטוס, romanized: Polemos Ḳiṭus ni zina lakubudika (panji kwizira mu Chiaramu cha Ŵapalestina Ŵachiyuda) kufuma ku Koine Greek: Πόλεμος του Κυήτου, romanized: Pólemos tou Kuḗtou, lit. 'Nkhondo ya Quietus', kufuma ku zina la bwanamkubwa wa Roma wa Yudeya, Lusius Quietus, uyo wakatondeska chiwukirano ichi.

Mazina ghakuti "Nkhondo ya Kitos", "Chiwukirano cha Diaspora", na "Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma" kanandi ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakupambana yayi, kweni mazina ghaŵiri ghakwamba ghakupulikikwa makora nga ni vigawo vya nkhondo yikuru iyi.

Mbiri yakwamba

Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda (66–73 CE)

Nkhani ikulu: Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma

Kusuzgana pakati pa Ŵayuda ŵa mu Ufumu wa Roma na ŵanthu Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma kukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 CE, ndipo pachokopachoko kukafika pa vyakuchitika vyankhaza vinandi, chomenechomene mu Yudeya, uko nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Yudeya ŵakawukiranga mwankhaza Ufumu wa Roma. Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitikaso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu, nga ni kukoma Ŵayuda ku Alexandria, uko kukalondezganga gulu likuru la Ŵayuda la ku Alexandria mu chigaŵa cha Eguputo. Ndipouli, kupatulako Alexandria, Ŵayuda ŵa mu diaspora ŵakakhalanga makora mu Ufumu wa Roma mose ndipo ŵakagomezganga boma la Roma kuti lisungilire wanangwa wawo.

Kukura kwa kusuzgana uku kukafika pachanya ndipo kukaphulika kuŵa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma, iyo yikamba mu chaka cha 66. Nkhondo zakwamba zikachitika chifukwa cha kusuzgana kwa chisopa pakati pa Ŵagiriki na Ŵayuda, kweni pamanyuma zikakura kuŵa viphikiro vyakususka msonkho na kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa Roma. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Roma mu Yudeya likathereskeka mwaluŵiro na ŵawukiri, ndipo fumu yakukolerana na Ŵaroma Herod Agrippa II wakachimbira ku Yerusalemu, pamoza na ŵalara ŵa Roma, kuluta ku Galileya. Cestius Gallus, legate wa Siriya, wakiza na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Siriya, ilo likaŵa ku XII Fulminata, lakovwirika na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, kuti wawuskepo mtende na kutondeska chiwukirano. Ndipouli, legion iyi yikategheka na ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ndipo yikatondeka pa Nkhondo ya Beth Horon, icho chikaziziswa chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa Roma.

Pamanyuma pake, kutondeska chiwukirano ichi kukapelekeka kwa General Vespasian na mwana wake Titus, awo ŵakawunganya malegion ghanayi ndipo ŵakamba kuluta mu charu chose, kwambira ku Galileya mu chaka cha 67. Chiwukirano chikamara apo malegion agho ghakalongozgekanga na Titus ghakazingilizga na kunanga malo ghakuru gha ŵawukiri ku Yerusalemu mu chaka cha 70, ndipo pamanyuma ghakatondeska malo ghanyake ghose gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa ghachali kukana.

Kusuzgika mu Yudeya

Pamanyuma pakutondeska kukana kwa ŵawukiri ku Mesopotamiya, Quietus wakapika ntchindi ya consulship ndipo Trajan wakamupa ubwanamkubwa wa Yudeya. Vyakuchitika vya pa nyengo iyi vikupulikikwa makora yayi, kweni mwakuyana na ŵasambizgi nga ni Pucci Ben Zeev, vikuwoneka kuti pakaŵa funde la kusuzgika kwa Ŵayuda ilo Lucius Quietus wakatondeska.

Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo. Ndipouli, nkhani zakudumuka na zakumanyuma zikupereka kumanya kunyake. Chimoza mwa viboni ivi ni cholembedwa chakufuma ku Sardinia, icho chikulemba expeditio Judaeae pakati pa nkhondo izo Trajan wakachita. Kusazgapo apo, magwero ghaŵiri gha m'masinda gha Chisiriya ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, uko ŵakatondeka na Ŵaroma.

Nkhondo izi panji zikapangiskika na milimo ya kusopa ya Ŵaroma mu Yerusalemu. Mwakuyana na Hippolytus, legion ilo likiza na Trajan likakhazikiska chikozgo icho chikamanyikwanga kuti Kore pa Phiri la Tempile, mulimo uwo Ŵayuda ŵakawuwonanga nga nkhufipiska malo ghawo ghatuŵa chomene. Ukaboni wa malemba ghakuseŵeka pa malibwe ukulongora kuti pakaŵaso chakuchitika chakuyana waka: cholembedwa chimoza chikulongora kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Legio III Cyrenaica ŵakapeleka jotchero panji chikozgo kwa chiuta wa Chigiriki na Chieguputo Serapis mu Yerusalemu mu chaka chaumaliro cha ulamuliro wa Trajan (116 CE).

Magwero gha Arabbi ghakulongosora nkhani ya Julian na Pappus, iyo panji yikachitika mu nyengo iyi ya kusuzgika mu Yudeya. Panji Quietus wakazingilizga Lida, uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa Julian na Pappus. Suzgo likakura chomene mwakuti patriarch Rabban Gamaliel II, uyo wakaŵa wakajara mwenemumo ndipo wakafwa pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, wakazomerezga kuzizipizga nanga ni pa Ḥanukkah. Arabbi ŵanyake ŵakasuska fundo iyi. Pamanyuma pake Lida likapoka, ndipo Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵakawukira ŵakakomeka; "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu Talmud. Pappus na Julian ŵakaŵa pakati pa awo Ŵaroma ŵakakoma chaka icho, ndipo ŵakazgoka ŵakufwira chipulikano pakati pa Ŵayuda.

Lusius Quietus, uyo Trajan wakamuwonanga mwantchindi yikuru ndipo wakateŵetera Roma makora, wakafumiskika mwakachetechete pa udindo wake apo Hadrian wakaŵa kuti wakhozga mazaza gha ufumu. Wakakomeka mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa mu chilimwe cha 118, panji chifukwa cha dango la Hadrian. Hadrian wakapanga visankho vyambura kukondwereska, kusazgapo kumazga nkhondo, kuleka vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi ivyo Trajan wakathereska, na kukhozga mphaka za kumafumiro gha dazi. Nangauli wakaleka chigaŵa cha Mesopotamiya, wakimikaso Parthamaspates—uyo wakachimbizgika ku Ctesiphon na Osroes uyo wakawelera—kuŵa fumu ya Osroene iyo yikawuskikaso. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, Osroene yikakhalilira kujiyimira payokha mwakukayikiska nga ni boma lakupatura pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri agha. Vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakusuzga kwa Ŵaroma, awo ŵakeneranga pasi pa Hadrian kusamuska Legio VI Ferrata kwamuyirayira ku Kaisareya Maritima mu Yudeya.

Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakukana kuti pakaŵapo nkhondo yiliyose mu Yudeya pa nyengo ya Chiwukirano cha Diaspora. Ŵakulemba mdauko Eric M. Meyers na Mark A. Chancey, mwachiyelezgero, ŵakulemba kuti "chiwukirano ichi chikawoneka kuti chikafika yayi ku Yudeya, uko kwiza kwa legion yachiŵiri kuti yikhozge Legion Yachikhumi kukapangiska chivikiliro chakukwanira ku viwukirano vinyake." Mwakuyana waka, Fergus Millar wakuti "palije ukaboni wakukhozgeka wa chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda mu Yudeya" pa nyengo yimoza na Chiwukirano cha Diaspora.

Pamanyuma pa nkhondo

Kusintha kwa udindo wa chigaŵa na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi

Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Kitos, Yudeya yikasinthika pa nkhani za boma na vya ŵasilikari. Chigaŵa ichi chikakweskeka kufuma pa udindo wa praetorian kuya ku udindo wa consul, ndipo ichi chikazomerezga kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi. Nga ni chigaŵa cha kusintha uku, legion yachiŵiri, panji Legio II Traiana, yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi pafupifupi c. 120 CE. Pamanyuma pa Quietus, ŵabwanamkubwa ŵakulondezgapo ŵa chigaŵa ichi nawo ŵakaŵa na udindo wa consul. Pakati pawo pakaŵa Lucius Cossonius Gallus, uyo wakimikika kuŵa consul mu 116 ndipo wakalamulira Yudeya pakati pa 118 na 120, kweniso Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus, consul suffectus mu 119, uyo wakaŵa bwanamkubwa pakati pa 122 na 125.

Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba

Nkhani ikulu: Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba

Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitika mu Yudeya mu 130 CE, apo Hadrian wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndipo wakadumura kuzengaso msumba wakunangika wa Yerusalemu kuŵa koloni la Roma la Aelia Capitolina, ilo likathya zina lake. Chisankho ichi, pamoza na dango panji lakukanizga kukotora, chikapangiska kuti Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba chiyambe, icho chikaŵa chiwukirano chachikulu chaumaliro cha Ŵayuda ndiposo kuyezga kwakumazgira kwa kujitolela wanangwa wa mtundu wawo. Pakwamba ŵawukiri ŵakathereska Ŵaroma, ŵakakhazikiska kwa nyengo yichoko waka boma lakujiyimira pawokha ndipo ŵakasuzga chomene nkhongono za ŵasilikari ŵa Roma. Pakuzgora, Roma yikawunganya gulu likuru chomene la ŵasilikari ndipo yikamalizga chiwukirano ichi na kuwukira kwakuluska vyose pa Ŵayuda ŵa ku Yudeya, kuŵazgora ŵazga na kuŵasamuskira ku malo ghanyake mwavinandi, kunanga mizi ya ku Yudeya, na kukanizga mitheto ya Chiyuda, ivyo vikakhalilira m'paka apo Hadrian wakafwira mu 138. Yudeya yikasinthika zina kuŵa Siriya Palaestina.

Mabuku

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Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro

• BAR KOKBA AND BAR KOKBA WAR" nkhani yakufuma ku Jewish Encyclopedia Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (public domain)
• Cyprus: In Roman Times" nkhani yakufuma ku Jewish Encyclopedia Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (public domain)
• Cyrene" nkhani yakufuma ku Jewish Encyclopedia Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (public domain)
• Chiwukirano kulimbana na Trajan, pa livius.org
• Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 4.2.