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Ndondomeko ya uthenga

Kufuma Wikipedia

Nthowa ya uthenga (IS) ni nthowa yakumanyikwa, sociotechnical, ndondomeko ya bungwe iyo yikupangika kuti yitolere, kupanga, kusunga, na kugaŵira uthenga.[1] Kufuma pa umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera vinthu, ndondomeko za uthenga zili na vigaŵa vinayi: ntchito, ŵanthu, kapangikiro (panji maudindo), na luso.[2] Nthowa zakumanyiskira vinthu zingalongosoreka kuti ni kusazgako vigaŵa vyakusonkheska, kusunga na kupanga data ya kupanga data ya [[kupanga data] chinthu cha digitos icho chikupanga data ku kupangiska kusankha[3] na data iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito kuti yipeleke uthenga na kuwovwira pa chimanyisko.

Nthowa ya uthenga wa pa kompyuta ni nthowa, iyo yili na ŵanthu na makompyuta agho ghakupanga panji kuzgoŵezga uthenga.[4][5] Lizgu ili nyengo zinyake likugwiriskirikaso nchito ku . kuyowoya waka za kompyuta iyo yili na mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta.

"Nthowa zakumanyiskira" ni nthowaso ya masambiro ya masambiro ghakukhwaskana na ndondomeko izo zikuyowoya za uthenga na ma netiweki ghakovwira gha vipangizo vya pa kompyuta na mapulogiramu agho ŵanthu na mabungwe ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakuwunganya, kusefa, kupanga, kupanga ndiposo kugaŵira data.[6] Kukhozgera likuŵikika pa ndondomeko ya uthenga iyo yili na mphaka yakusimikizgika, awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito, awo ŵakunozga, awo ŵakusunga, awo ŵakunjizga, awo ŵakufumamo na nthowa zakudumbiskana izo zayowoyeka pacanya apa.[7][8][9][10]

Nthowa yiliyose yakumanyiskira ŵanthu yikukhumba kovwira ntchito, kulongozga na kusankha vinthu.[11] Nthowa yakumanyiskira ŵanthu ni uthenga na luso lwa kuyowoyeskana (ICT) ilo wupu ukugwiriskira nchito, ndiposo umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira na luso ili kuti ŵawovwire pa ndondomeko ya bizinesi.[12] wakususka kuti kuwona ndondomeko ya uthenga nga ni mtundu wapadera wa ndondomeko ya ntchito kuli na vitumbiko vyake. Nthowa ya ntchito ni nthowa iyo ŵanthu panji makina ŵakuchitira ndondomeko na milimo yakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu kuti ŵapange vinthu panji ntchito zakupambanapambana za makasitomala. Nthowa ya uthenga ni nthowa ya ntchito iyo milimo yikupelekeka ku kukora, kutumizga, kusunga, kusanga, kugwiliskira ntchito na kulongora uthenga.[13]

Pakuŵa nthena, ndondomeko za uthenga zikukolerana na ndondomeko za data ku chigaŵa chimoza na ndondomeko za milimo ku chigaŵa chinyake.[14]

Association for Computing Machinery yikulongosora kuti "Ŵasayansi ŵa ndondomeko ya uthenga [nga] ŵakuŵika mtima [ing] pa kuphatikiza umanyi mayankho na ndondomeko za bizinesi kuti ŵafiske ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa uthenga wa malonda na mabizinesi ghanyake."[15]

Pali mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ndondomeko za uthenga, : kusazgapo ndondomeko yakulongozgera malondas, ndondomeko yakuwovwira pakusankhas, ndondomeko yakulongozgera chimanyiskos, ndondomeko yakulongozgera kusambiras, ndondomeko yakulongozgera database . systems, na ndondomeko zakumanyiskira ŵanthu mu maofesi. Chinthu chakuzirwa chomene ku ndondomeko zinandi za uthenga ni tekinoloje ya uthenga, iyo kanandi yikupangika kuti yiwovwire ŵanthu kuchita milimo iyo wongo wa munthu ukukwaniska yayi, nga ni: kugwiliskira ntchito uthenga unandi, kuchita mawerengero ghakusuzga, na kulongozga vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa nyengo yimoza.

Ma tekinoloje ghakumanyiska ŵanthu ni chinthu chakuzirwa chomene ndiposo chakukhozga chomene icho chikusangika ku ŵalara ŵa boma.[16] Makampani ghanandi ghapanga malo gha mulongozgi wa uthenga (CIO) uyo wakukhala pa wupu wa ŵalara pamoza na mulongozgi mulara. (CEO), mulongozgi wa vya ndalama (CFO), mulongozgi wa ntchito (COO), na . mulongozgi wa ŵasayansi (CTO). CTO wangateŵeteraso nga ni CIO, ndiposo mwakuyana waka. mulongozgi wa chivikiliro cha uthenga (CISO) wakuŵika mtima chomene pa chivikiliro cha uthenga kulongozga.

Vigaŵa 6

[lemba | kulemba source]

Vigaŵa 6 ivyo vikwenera kuwungana pamoza kuti vipangiske ndondomeko ya uthenga ni ivi:[17] mu vilimika vya m’ma 1980 pakaŵa piramidi ya ndondomeko izo zikalongoranga ndondomeko ya bungwe, kanandi ndondomeko zakulongozgera malonda zikaŵanga pasi pa piramidi, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakaŵanga [ 1 ]. [ndondomeko zakumanyiskira ŵalongozgi]], ndondomeko zakovwira pa kusankha vinthu, ndipo kumalizga na . ndondomeko zakumanyiskira ŵalara ŵa boma pachanya. Nangauli chiyelezgero cha piramidi chikulutilira kuŵa chakovwira kufuma waka apo chikapangikira, kweni vinthu viphya vinandi vyapangika ndiposo vigaŵa viphya vya ndondomeko za uthenga vyawoneka, vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikukoleranaso yayi na chiyelezgero chakwamba cha piramidi.

Viyelezgero vinyake vya ndondomeko zanthena ni ivi:

Template:Div col kumapeto

Nthowa yakumanyiskira ŵanthu pa kompyuta (-based) ndiyo yikupangiska kuti IS yigwiriskirenge nchito tekinoloje ya kompyuta kuti yichitenge milimo yinyake panji yose iyo yikunozga. Vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya ndondomeko ya kumanyiska ŵanthu pa kompyuta ni ivi:

  • Hardware ni vipangizo nga ni monita, purosesa, printer, na kiyibodi, vyose vikugwira ntchito pamoza kuti vizomerezge, kugwira ntchito, kulongora data, na uthenga.
  • Software ni mapulogalamu agho ghakuzomerezga kuti hardware yichitenge data.
  • Databases ni kuwunganya mafayilo panji matebulo ghakukolerana agho ghali na data yakukolerana.
  • Networks ni nthowa yakukolerana iyo yikupangiska kuti makompyuta ghakupambanapambana ghagaŵire vinthu.
  • Nthowa ni malango ghakusazga vigaŵa ivyo vili pachanya kuti vipangiske uthenga na kupanga ivyo vikukhumbikwa.

Vigaŵa vinayi vyakwamba (hardware, software, database, na network) ndivyo vikupanga ivyo vikuchemeka kuti pulatifomu ya tekinoloje. Ŵantchito ŵa vya tekinoloje ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vigaŵa ivi kuti ŵapange ndondomeko za uthenga izo zikulaŵilira ndondomeko za chivikiliro, ngozi na umo data yikuchitikira. Ivyo ŵakuchita vikumanyikwa kuti ntchito za tekinoloje.[18] na kupima magazini|yakumaliya1=Aram|yakwamba1=Michael|yakumaliya2=Neumann|yakwamba2=Gustaf|mutu=Kusanda kwa vigaŵa vinandi kwa kupanga pamoza kwa ndondomeko za uthenga wa bizinesi|magazini=Nyuzipepara ya Intaneti na Mapulogalamu 1| kulutilira, kukura kwa pamoza kwa ndondomeko zanthena mukati mwa bungwe na wose awo ŵakuchitako ŵanthu ŵekha. Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu yingapangika mu nyumba (mukati mwa bungwe) panji kupelekeka ku ŵanyawo. Ivi vingafiskika mwa kupereka vigaŵa vinyake panji ndondomeko yose ku ŵanyake.[19] pa kuzenga ndondomeko za IT [20][21][22][23][24] pa kuzenga ndondomeko za IT [25][26][22][27][24]

Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵa IS ŵadumbiskana za umo ndondomeko za uthenga zikuŵira na maziko ghake agho ghakufuma mu visambizgo vinyake vyakulongosora nga ni sayansi ya kompyuta, uinjiniya, masamu, sayansi ya kalongozgiro, cybernetics, na ŵanyake.[28] Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu nazo zingalongosoreka kuti ni msonkho wa vipangizo vyakukhozga, mapulogalamu gha kompyuta, data, ŵanthu, na ndondomeko izo zikukolerana kuti zipangiske uthenga uwemi.

Mazgu ghakuyana

[[Fayilo:IS-Ubale-Chart.jpg|thumb|Ubale wa ndondomeko za uthenga na tekinoloje ya uthenga, sayansi ya kompyuta, sayansi ya uthenga, na bizinesi.]]

Kuyana waka na sayansi ya kompyuta, visambizgo vinyake vingawoneka kuti ni visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na fawundeshoni ya IS. Chigaŵa cha kusambira IS chikukhwaskana na kusambira visambizgo na mikhaliro yakukhwaskana na vyakuchitika vya ŵanthu na vya tekinoloje, ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko za uthenga ziŵe zakukura, kugwiliskira ntchito, na vyakuchitika mu mabungwe na ŵanthu.[29] Kweni, nangauli pangaŵa kugaŵikana kukuru kwa visambizgo pa mphaka, visambizgo vichali vyakupambana na ivyo vikuŵikapo mtima, chilato, na umo vikuchitikira.[30]

Mu fundo yikuru, ndondomeko za uthenga ni fundo ya sayansi iyo yikulongosora vya ndondomeko, vyakulongozga, na vyakuchitika ivyo vikuchitika pakuwunganya, kupanga, kusunga, kugaŵira, na kugwiliskira ntchito uthenga na tekinoloje yakukolerana nayo mu charu . na mabungwe.[30] Lizgu lakuti ndondomeko za uthenga nalo likugwiriskirika nchito kulongosora mulimo wa bungwe ilo likugwiriskira ncito cimanyisko ca IS mu mafakitale, mabungwe gha boma, na mabungwe ghambura kusanga phindu.[30]

Nthowa zakumanyiskira kanandi zikung'anamura kukolerana pakati pa ndondomeko za algorithmic na tekinoloje. Kuchezga uku kungachitika mukati panji ku mphaka ya bungwe. Nthowa ya uthenga ni tekinoloje iyo wupu ukugwiliskira ntchito ndiposo umo mabungwe ghakuchitira na tekinoloje na umo tekinoloje yikugwilira ntchito na ndondomeko ya bizinesi ya wupu. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikupambana na information technology (IT) chifukwa nthowa zakumanyiskira vinthu zili na chigaŵa cha uthenga icho chikukolerana na vigaŵa vya ndondomeko.

Suzgo linyake ilo lilipo na nthowa iyi ndakuti likukanizga kuti munda wa IS uŵe na chidwi na kugwiliskira ntchito ICT kwambura bungwe, nga ni pa malo ghakuchezgerapo, maseŵero gha pa kompyuta, kugwiliskira ntchito pa foni, na vinyake. kufumba kuti, "Kasi ni vigaŵa wuli vya unenesko ivyo vikukhumbikwa chomene mu chigaŵa cha IS na vigaŵa vinyake?"[31] Nthowa iyi, yakuthemba pa filosofe, yikovwira kulongosora yayi . fundo pera, cilato, na ulongozgi, kweniso ucindami, mtende na, udindo wa munda pakati pa vinyake . minda.<wonani> Nyuzipepara ya pa charu chose yakulongosora vya uthenga, 30, 13–20.</ref>

Business informatics ni sambiro lakuyana waka ilo likukhazikika makora mu vyaru vinandi, comenecomene ku Europe. Nangauli Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zayowoyeka kuti zili na "kulongosora-kulongozgeka", business informatics zili na "mazgoro-kulongosoreka" ndipo zikusazgapo uthenga wa tekinoloje vinthu na kuzenga na kukhazikiska-kuwoneska . vinthu.

Nthowa za ntchito

Ŵantchito ŵa mu ndondomeko ya kumanyiska ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu ntchito zakupambanapambana:

  • Ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya uthenga
  • Management information systems – Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu vyakulongozga (MIS) ni nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito pakusankha vinthu, na kulongozga, kulaŵilira, kusanda, na kuwona vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu wupu.
  • Kulongozga ntchito – Kulongozga ntchito ni nthowa yakuyambiska, kunozga, kuchita, kulaŵilira, na kujara ntchito ya gulu kuti lifiske vilato vinyake na kufiska vigaŵa vinyake vya kupambana pa nyengo yakumanyikwa.
  • Enterprise architecture – Nthowa yakulongosoreka makora yakuchitira kafukufuku wa bizinesi, kupanga, kupanga ndondomeko, na kukhazikiska, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakukwana nyengo zose, kuti ndondomeko yiŵe yakunozga na kuchitika.
  • Kupanga IS
  • Bungwe la IS
  • Kusambizga vya IS
  • IS chitetezo
  • IS kufufuza

Pali nthowa zakupambanapambana za ntchito mu chilango cha ndondomeko za uthenga. "Ŵakugwira ntchito awo ŵali na luso lwapadera lwa tekinoloje na maluso ghakukhora ghakudumbiskana ŵazamuŵa na chigomezgo chiwemi. Ŵantchito awo ŵali na luso lwa kulongozga na kupulikiska ndondomeko na fundo za bizinesi ŵazamuŵa na mwaŵi uwemi chomene, chifukwa makampani ghakulaŵiska chomene pa tekinoloje kuti ŵasange ndalama zinandi."[32] Hevner et al. (2004)<wonani>Template:Lembani magazini</ref> wakagaŵa kafukufuku mu IS mu vigaŵa viŵiri vya sayansi kusazgapo sayansi ya nkharo iyo njakupanga na kukhozgera visambizgo ivyo vikulongosora panji kuyowoyerathu nkharo ya ŵanthu panji bungwe na sayansi yakupanga iyo yikutambasura mphaka . ya nkhongono za ŵanthu na za bungwe mwa kupanga vinthu viphya na vyakupangika mwaluso.

Salvatore Malichi na Gerald Smith last1 = Malichi | wakwamba1 = S. | waumaliro2 = Smith | wakwamba2 = G. | chaka = 1995 | mutu = Kupanga na sayansi ya chilengiwa mu Tekinoloje ya Uthenga (IT) | journal = Nthowa Zakovwira Ŵanthu pa Kusankha | buku = 15 | nkhani = 4| masamba = 251-266 | doi=10.1016/0167-9236(94)00041-2| title-link = Uteŵeti wa Uthenga | s2cid = 2625498 }}</ref> wakapanga ndondomeko yakufufuzira vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya tekinoloje ya uthenga .nology kusazgapo vyakufuma mu kafukufuku (vyakufuma mu kafukufuku) na milimo yakuchitira kafukufuku uyu (milimo ya kafukufuku). Ŵakasanga ivyo vikafuma mu kafukufuku nga ni ivi:

  1. Kuzenga ivyo ni fundo izo zikupanga mazgu gha chigaŵa. Iwo ŵakupanga conceptualization iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito pakulongosora masuzgo agho ghali mukati mwa chigaŵa na kulongosora umo ŵangamazgira.
  2. Chiyelezgero icho nchigaŵa cha viganizo panji mazgu ghakulongora ubwezi pakati pa vipangizo.
  3. Nthowa iyo ni ndondomeko (algorithm panji ndondomeko) iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito pakuchita mulimo. Nthowa zikukhazikika pa seti ya vipangizo vyakupangika pasi na kuyimira (chiyelezgero) cha malo ghakumazgira.
  4. Instantiation ni kumanya chinthu chakupangika mu malo ghake.

Kweniso milimo ya kafukufuku kusazgapo:

  1. Kuzenga chinthu chakupangika kuti chichitenge ntchito yinyake.
  2. Kupima chinthu chakupangika kuti muwone usange pali ivyo vyachitika.
  3. Kupelekeka kwa chinthu icho chikugwira ntchito chawonekera, nchakukhumbikwa chomene kumanya chifukwa na umo chinthu ichi chikagwilira ntchito panji chikagwiranga ntchito yayi mukati mwa malo ghake. Ntheura, theorize na kulunjiska visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na vinthu vyakupangika na IT.

Nangauli Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu nga ni chisambizgo zasintha kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 30 sono,[33] fundo yikuru panji chimanyikwiro cha kafukufuku wa IS chichali kugaŵikana pakati pa ŵasambiri.[34] Pali maghanoghano ghaŵiri ghakuru ghakuzingilizga mphindano iyi: maghanoghano ghachoko waka ghakuŵika mtima pa chinthu cha IT nga ni nkhani yikuru ya kafukufuku wa IS, na maghanoghano ghakuru agho ghakuŵika mtima pa kuseŵera pakati pa ŵanthu na ŵaluso . vigaŵa vya IT ivyo vikuŵikika mu nyengo yakusinthasintha.[35] wakuchema ŵasambiri ŵa IS kuti ŵaŵikengepo mtima mwakuyana pa vyose viŵiri vya IT na umo vikuchitikira.

Pakuti kusambira vya ndondomeko ya uthenga ni nchito iyo yikugwiriskirika ncito, awo ŵakugwira nchito mu mafakitale ŵakulindilira kuti kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga wazamusanga vinthu ivyo vingagwiliskirika nchito nyengo yeneyiyo pa nchito. Kweni ivi vikuchitika nyengo zose yayi, chifukwa ŵakusanda vya ndondomeko za uthenga kanandi ŵakusanda nkhani za nkharo mwakukwana chomene kuluska umo ŵadokotala ŵangagomezgera kuti ŵachitenge. Ici cingapangiska kuti ivyo vikusangika pa kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga viŵe vyakusuzga kupulikiska, ndipo vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasuske.[36]

Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, bizinesi yikuyimilirika na kukura kwakukwana kwa mulimo wa Information Systems Function (ISF), chomenechomene pa nkhani ya ndondomeko za bizinesi na ntchito zakovwira. Icho chikazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene kuti .kuwonjezera kupanga na kukhozgera kupanga mtengo. Vinthu, vyakulongozga na vyakuzirwa, mu Vigaŵa vya Masambiro gha Nthowa za Uthenga, D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (Ŵakulemba), Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 89-96, {{doi |

Wupu wa ŵasayansi ŵa pa charu chose awo ŵakusanda vya ndondomeko ya uthenga, Association for Information Systems (AIS), na Komiti yake Yichoko ya Ŵasambiri Ŵalara pa Mabuku (202), ŵakapanga mndandanda wa magazini 11 agho AIS yikuwona kuti ‘ngawemi chomene’.[37] kusazgapo Msonkhano wa ku Australia wakukhwaskana na ndondomeko za uthenga (ACIS), Msonkhano wa Scandinavia pa ndondomeko za uthenga (SCIS), Msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa ndondomeko za uthenga (ISICO), Msonkhano wa Chaputala cha Italy . ya AIS (itAIS), Msonkhano wa Pachaka wa AIS wa Pakati pa Kumanjiliro gha dazi (MWAIS) na Pachaka . Msonkhano wa AIS ya Kummwera (SAIS). EDSIG,[38] agho ghose ghakuchitika chaka chilichose mu Novembala.

Wonaniso

Template:Col-yambani Template:Kupumula kwa Col

Nkhani zakuyana

Template:Kupumula kwa Col

Vigaŵa

Template:Kupumula kwa Col

Kukhazikiska

Template:Col-umaliro

Mazgu ghakulongosora

Template:Kuwoneska

Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira

  • Mvula, R. Kelly na Cegielski, Casey G. (2009). "Mazgu Ghakwamba gha Nthowa Zakumanyiskira: Kupangiska na Kusintha Bizinesi, Buku Lachitatu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628201559/http://www.kuwonjezera kupanga na kukhozgera kupanga mtengo. Vinthu, vyakulongozga na vyakuzirwa, mu Vigaŵa vya Masambiro gha Nthowa za Uthenga, D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (Ŵakulemba), Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 89-96, {{doi |

Wupu wa ŵasayansi ŵa pa charu chose awo ŵakusanda vya ndondomeko ya uthenga, Association for Information Systems (AIS), na Komiti yake Yichoko ya Ŵasambiri Ŵalara pa Mabuku (202), ŵakapanga mndandanda wa magazini 11 agho AIS yikuwona kuti ‘ngawemi chomene’.[39] kusazgapo Msonkhano wa ku Australia wakukhwaskana na ndondomeko za uthenga (ACIS), Msonkhano wa Scandinavia pa ndondomeko za uthenga (SCIS), Msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa ndondomeko za uthenga (ISICO), Msonkhano wa Chaputala cha Italy . ya AIS (itAIS), Msonkhano wa Pachaka wa AIS wa Pakati pa Kumanjiliro gha dazi (MWAIS) na Pachaka . Msonkhano wa AIS ya Kummwera (SAIS). EDSIG,[40] agho ghose ghakuchitika chaka chilichose mu Novembala.

Wonaniso

Template:Col-yambani Template:Kupumula kwa Col

Nkhani zakuyana

Template:Kupumula kwa Col

Vigaŵa

Template:Kupumula kwa Col

Kukhazikiska

Template:Col-umaliro

Mazgu ghakulongosora

Template:Kuwoneska

Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira

  • Mvula, R. Kelly na Cegielski, Casey G. (2009). "Mazgu Ghakwamba gha Nthowa Zakumanyiskira: Kupangiska na Kusintha Bizinesi, Buku Lachitatu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628201559/http://www..html |zuŵa=28.06.2010
  • Nkhongono, Davide (2008). Kugwiriskira ncito MIS - Buku laciŵiri].
  • Lindsay, Yohane (2000). Nthowa zakumanyikwa - Vinthu vyakuzirwa na nkhani]. Yunivesite ya Kingston, Sukulu ya Nthowa Zakumanyiskira
  • Dostal, J. [Nthowa zakumanyikwa za sukulu (Skolni informacni systemy).] Mu Infotech 2007 – uthenga wa mazuŵa ghano na tekinoloje ya kuyowoyeskana mu masambiro. Olomouc, EU: Votobia, 2007. s. 540-546.
  • O’Leary, Timote na Linda. (2008). Vinthu vyakuzirwa vyakukhwaskana na kompyuta vyakwamba vya 2008. McGraw-Hill pa webusayiti.
  • Nkhwantha, S.M. "Nthowa zakumanyiskira: Kuwona mwakudumura mbiri", Datamation, 63-69, Nov. 1968. - Kuwonekera kwa mbiri yakwamba ya IS.

Malinki gha kuwaro

Template:Chigaŵa cha ŵanthu wose

Webusaiti ya mbiri ya IS na AIS]

  • [webusayiti.
  • [www.ercis.org/ Bungwe la Kufufuza vya Nthowa za Kumanyiska Ŵanthu ku Europe]

Template:Vyakumanyikwa Template:Sayansi ya kompyuta Template:Nthowa Template:Kulaŵilira kwa mazaza

* Chigaŵa:Nthowa

References

Page 'Bachelor of Business Information Systems' not found
  1. ↑ Template:Kuzunura buku
  2. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ohara et Template:Kuyowoya za nyuzipepara</ref
  3. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/mutu/ndondomeko-ya-uthenga. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |dazi= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |mutu= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ la bizinesi.com/kulongosora/ndondomeko-ya-uthenga.html "ndondomeko ya uthenga". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |2020811225424. url-mkhaliro= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ntchito= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zuŵa lakufikapo= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zuŵa lakusungiramo vinthu vyakale= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Template:Kuyowoya pa webusayiti
  6. ↑ "Uteŵeti wa Uthenga na Nthowa Zakumanyiskira: Kasi Pali Mpambano Wuli? 2021-11-13". 2020-01-16. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |chiyowoyero= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |webusayiti= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Jessup, Leonard M.; Yosefe S. Valaci (2008). Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano (3rd ed.). Kusindikizga kwa Pearson. Buku la Mazgu p. 416 Mu mabungwe ghanandi, dipatimenti panji chigaŵa icho chikulaŵilira ndondomeko za uthenga na kupanga data chikumanyikwa kuti "ntchito za uthenga".<ref>"Kasi Nthowa zakumanyiskira panji Ntchito zakumanyiskira (IS) ni vichi?". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "1027/ndondomeko-za-uthenga-panji-maseŵero-gha-uthenga-ni" ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Template:Lembani webusayiti
  9. ↑ Template:Lembani webusayiti
  10. ↑ Template:Kuyowoya pa webusayiti
  11. ↑ "Chigaŵa chakwamba cha kupanga ndondomeko yakumanyikwa ya pa charu chose chapasi yakugwiriskira ntchito tekinoloje yasono/Software 55312 Kafukufuku". 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |buku= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |kuzunura ml -mkhaliro= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |magazini= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |peji= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Kroenke, D . M. (2008). Kukumana na MIS. Holo ya Prentice, Mtsinje wa Saddle Wapachanya, NJ Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakupambaniska makora pakati pa ndondomeko ya kumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu, ndondomeko ya kompyuta, na ndondomeko ya bizinesi. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikuŵa na chigaŵa cha ICT kweni zikukhwaskana na ICT pera yayi, zikuŵika mtima pa kugwiliskira ntchito tekinoloje ya uthenga. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu zikupambanaso na ndondomeko ya bizinesi. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikovwira kuti ndondomeko za bizinesi zichitikenge makora.<ref>O'Brien, J A. (2003). Kuyambiska kwa ndondomeko za uthenga: vyakuzirwa vya bizinesi ya e-business. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA Kusintha<ref>Kusintha, S. (2003). "Vifukwa 18 ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko za ntchito zakuthemba pa IT zikwenera kunjilirapo pa 'Chinthu cha IT' nga ni Nkhani Yikuru ya Munda wa IS"], ​​Kudumbiskana ya Wupu wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Ŵanthu , 12 (23), Okutobala, pp. 365–394. Template:Kuyowoya za nyuzipepara
  13. ↑ Alter, S. (2006) Nthowa ya Nthowa ya Ntchito: Kulumikiza Ŵanthu, Ndondomeko, na IT ya Bizinesi . Vyakusatira. Nthowa yakusindikizgirako ntchito, CA
  14. ↑ {{Cite journal|last1=Bacon|first1=C. James|wakumaliya2=Fitzgerald|wakwamba2=Brian|dazi=2001-04-01|mutu=Nthowa ya ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya uthenga| DATABASE ya Kulutilira kwa Uthenga Nthowa zakumanyikwa ni mtundu wa [[kuyowoyeskana] mu umo data yikwimira ndipo yikupangika nga ni mtundu wa kukumbukira kwa ŵanthu. Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu yingawonekaso kuti ni semi-chiyowoyero chakumanyikwa icho chikovwira ŵanthu kusankha na kuchita vinthu. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu ndizo zikusambizgika chomene pa nkhani ya uthenga wa bungwe.<ref>Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vya bizinesi. Palgrave, ku Basingstoke

    Kuwonera mwakudumura

    Siliva na ŵanyake. (1995) wakapeleka maghanoghano ghaŵiri pa IS agho ghakusazgapo mapulogalamu gha kompyuta, vipangizo, data, ŵanthu, na ndondomeko. =Chiyelezgero cha Kusambizga vya Tekinoloje: Fundo ya Masambiro Ghakuzirwa gha MBA|journal=MIS Kotala|dazi=Sep 1995|masamba=361–390|url=http://misq.org/chiyelezgero-cha-kuchezga-vya-uthenga-wa-maziko-gha-mba-core-course.html?SID =k2fh85s9nd5a2ne85qh5a3luso7}}
  15. ↑ Gulu lakukolerana la masambiro gha pa kompyuta 2005. Masambiro gha pa kompyuta gha 2005: Lipoti la Kuwoneseska (pdf)] Template:CC2005-March06Final.pdf
  16. ↑ Rockart et al. (1996) Vinthu 8 vyakuzirwa vya bungwe liphya la IT Sloan Management review.
  17. ↑ {{Cite buku |kumaliya=Stair |kwamba=Ralph |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/ 1305839544 |mutu=Fundo za Nthowa za Kumanyiska |zuŵa=2020 |wakupharazga=Cengage 14.Malo gha Mason, OH.
    1. Hardware: Lizgu lakuti hardware likuyowoya za makina na vipangizo. Mu ndondomeko ya mazuŵa ghano yakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu, chigaŵa ichi chikusazgapo kompyuta na vinthu vyose ivyo vikovwira. Vipangizo vyakovwira vikusazgapo vipangizo vyakunjilirapo na vyakufumamo, vipangizo vyakusungirako na vipangizo vyakupharazgira. Mu ndondomeko za uthenga za pambere kompyuta yindaŵeko, hardware yingaŵa na mabuku gha ledger na inki.
    2. Software: Lizgu lakuti software likuyowoya za mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta na mabuku (usange ghalipo) agho ghakovwira. Mapulogalamu gha pa kompyuta ni malango agho ghakuŵazgika na makina agho ghakulongozga vigaŵa ivyo vili mu vigaŵa vya hardware kuti vigwirenge ntchito mu nthowa izo zikupangiska kuti paŵe uthenga wakukhumbikwa kufuma mu data. Mapulogalamu ghakusungika pa vinthu vinyake vyakunjilirapo/vyakufumapo, kanandi pa diski panji pa tepi. "Software" ya ndondomeko ya uthenga wa pambere kompyuta yindaŵeko yikaŵa na umo hardware yikanozgekera kuti yigwiriskike nchito (mwachiyelezgero, mitu ya mizati mu buku la ledger) na malango ghakugwiriskira nchito (buku la ndondomeko ya katalogo ya khadi).
    3. Data: Data ni fundo izo zikugwiriskirika nchito na ndondomeko kuti zipangiske uthenga wakukhumbikwa. Mu ndondomeko za mazuŵa ghano zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu, kanandi ŵakusunga vinthu ivyo vikuŵazgika na makina pa diski panji pa tepi m’paka apo kompyuta yivikhumbe. Mu ndondomeko za uthenga za pambere kompyuta yindaŵeko, kanandi data yikasungikanga mu nthowa iyo ŵanthu ŵangaŵazga.
    4. Nthowa: Ndondomeko ni ndondomeko izo zikulaŵilira umo ndondomeko ya uthenga yikugwilira ntchito. "Nthowa ni ku ŵanthu ivyo mapulogalamu ghali ku hardware" ni ntharika yakumanyikwa iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito kulongosora mulimo wa ndondomeko mu ndondomeko.
    5. Ŵanthu: Nthowa yiliyose yikukhumba ŵanthu usange yikukhumba kuŵa yakovwira. Kanandi chinthu icho chikulekeskeka chomene pa ndondomeko iyi ni ŵanthu, ndipo panji ndicho chikupangiska chomene kuti ndondomeko za uthenga zichitike makora panji zitondeke. Ivi vikusazgapo "ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makompyuta pera yayi, kweni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito na kuteŵetera makompyuta, awo ŵakusunga data, na awo ŵakukhozgera netiweki ya makompyuta".<ref>Kroenke, D. M. (2015). Vinthu vyakuzirwa vya MIS. Masambiro gha Pearson
    6. Internet: Intaneti ni chinthu icho chikusazgapo data na ŵanthu. (Nangauli chigaŵa ichi nchakukhumbikwa yayi kuti chigwirenge ntchito.)
    Data ndiyo bulawuro pakati pa hardware na ŵanthu. Ici cikung’anamura kuti data iyo tikutora ni data pera mpaka apo tikunjilirepo ŵanthu. Pa nyengo iyo, data yikuŵa uthenga.

    Mitundu

    chigunwe|Mndandanda wa Vigaŵa Vinayi |250px Kuwona kwa "chikhalidwe" kwa ndondomeko za Uthenga izo zikusangika mu mabuku ghakusambizgira<ref>Laudon, K.C. na Laudon, J.P. Nthowa zakumanyiskira vyakulongozga, Macmillan, 1988.
  18. ↑ Rainer, R. Mazgu ghakwamba gha Nthowa Yakumanyiskira: Wovwiri na Kusintha Bizinesi Buku Lachinayi. New Jersey: John Wiley na Ŵana ŵake, Inc., 2012. Nthowa zinyake zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu zikovwira vigaŵa vinyake vya mabungwe, zinyake zikovwira mabungwe ghose, ndipo zinyake zikovwira magulu gha mabungwe. Dipatimenti yiliyose panji malo ghakugwilira ntchito mu wupu ghali na msonkho wake wa mapulogiramu ghakugwiriskira ncito panji ndondomeko za uthenga. Nthowa izi zakumanyiskira malo ghakugwira ntchito (FAIS) ni nkhongono zakovwira pa IS yose iyo ni, mahara gha bizinesi nthowa na dashboard.[ukaboni ukukhumbika apa] Nga umo zina likuyowoyera, FAIS yiliyose likuwovwira ntchito yinyake mu wupu, mwachiyelezgero: kupenda ndalama, ndalama, kupanga-kugwira ntchito kulongozga (POM) IS, malonda IS, na ŵanthu IS. Pa nkhani ya ndalama na kupenda ndalama, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za IT kuti ŵamanye umo ndalama zizamuŵira na umo bizinesi yikuchitikira, kuti ŵamanye uko ndalama zingafuma makora na umo zingagwiriskikira ntchito, ndiposo kuti ŵachitenge kafukufuku kuti ŵawoneseske kuti wupu uwu uli makora chomene ndiposo kuti malipoti ghose gha vya ndalama na mabuku ghake ghali ghaunenesko. Mitundu yinyake ya ndondomeko ya uthenga wa bungwe ni FAIS, ndondomeko yakupangira malondas, kunozga vyakugwiriskira ncito vya bizinesi, kujiyimira paŵekha kwa ofesi ndondomeko, ndondomeko yakumanyiskira ŵalongozgi, ndondomeko yakovwira pa kusankha vinthu, . ndondomeko ya ŵamanyi, dashibodi ya ŵalaraŵalara, dongosolo la kulongozga vyakupeleka, na malonda gha pa kompyuta dongosolo. Dashboards ni mtundu wapadera wa IS uwo ukuwovwira ŵalongozgi wose ŵa bungwe. Iwo ŵakupereka mwaŵi wa kusanga uthenga mwaluŵiro ndiposo kusanga mwaluŵiro uthenga wakunozgeka mu nthowa ya malipoti. Nthowa za ŵamanyi zikuyezgayezga kurongosora mulimo wa ŵamanyi ŵa ŵanthu mwa kugwiliskira nchito luso lwa kughanaghana, cimanyisko, na luso mu cigaŵa cinyake.

    Kutukuka

    Dipatimenti ya vyakupangapanga mu mabungwe ghakurughakuru yikutemwa chomene kukhuŵilizga pakupanga, kugwiliskira ntchito, na kugwiliskira ntchito vyakupangapanga mu bizinesi. Nthowa na ndondomeko zakupambanapambana zingaseŵezeskeka kuti paŵe na kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya uthenga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakupanga vinthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito nthowa yakupangira vinthu nga ni dongosolo la umoyo (SDLC), kuti ŵapange ndondomeko ya uthenga mu vigaŵa. Vigaŵa vya umoyo wa kupanga ndondomeko ni ndondomeko, kusanda ndondomeko, na ivyo vikukhumbikwa, ndondomeko ya kupanga, kupanga, kuphatikizga na kuyezga, kukhazikiska na kugwira ntchito, na kupwelelera. Kafukufuku wasonosono apa wakukhumba kupangiska kuti<ref>Template:Zunurani magazini
  19. ↑ {{cite book|title=Using MIS|chaka=2009|wakupharazga=Kroenke|isbn=978-0-13-713029-0|kulembeska| ni kugaŵika kwa malo kwa th .e gulu la chitukuko (kufumira ku nyanja, ndondomeko ya uthenga wa pa charu chose). Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu pa kompyuta, yakulondezga ng’anamuro la Langefors,<ref>{{zunura buku|lakumaliya= Börje Langefors|mulembi-link= Börje Langefors|mutu=Kusanda kwa Visambizgo vya Uthenga Nthowa zakulembera, kusunga, na kuthandazga mazgu gha viyowoyero, ndiposo zakusangirapo fundo kufuma ku mazgu ghanthena agha . mazgu ghakuyowoya. Nthowa zakumanyiskira malo, nthowa zakumanyiskira malo, na nthowa zakumanyiskira masoka gha chilengiwa ni viyelezgero vya nthowa zakumanyiskira ivyo vikuwoneka, kweni zingawoneka mwakukwana nga ni nthowa zakumanyiskira malo. Kupanga ndondomeko kukuchitika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikusazgapo:<ref>{{zunura buku|mutu=Masambiro gha pa kompyuta|chaka=2008|wakupharazga=Frederick Nyawaya|
    • Kumanya suzgo na kulongosora
    • Kuwunganya uthenga
    • Vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko yiphya
    • Kapangilo ka ndondomeko
    • Kuzenga kwa ndondomeko
    • Kukhazikiska ndondomeko
    • Kuwoneseska na kunozga

    Nga ni chilango cha masambiro

    Munda wa masambiro uwo ukuchemeka information systems ukukhwaska mitu yakupambanapambana kusazgapo kusanda na kupanga ndondomeko, kupanga makompyuta, kuvikilira uthenga, kulongozga database, na ndondomeko zakovwira pakusankha vinthu. Kulaŵilira uthenga kukukhwaskana na masuzgo ghakuchitika na ghakusambizgika ghakusonkheska na kusanda uthenga mu malo gha ntchito ya bizinesi kusazgapo vipangizo vyakupangira bizinesi, kupanga mapulogalamu na kukhazikiska, malonda gha pa kompyuta, kupanga vyakupharazgira vya pa intaneti, migodi ya data, na wovwiri wakusankha . Kudumbiskana na kupanga ma netiweki kukukhwaskana na tekinoloje ya kuyowoyeskana pa foni. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikukoleska bizinesi na sayansi ya kompyuta mwakugwiliskira ntchito visambizgo vya uthenga na kupenda kuti ŵasambire mitundu yakupambanapambana ya bizinesi na ndondomeko zakukhwaskana na algorithmic <ref>Template:Kuzunura Web
  20. ↑ Template:Yowoyani pa webusayiti
  21. ↑ Template:Kuyowoya pa webusayiti
  22. 1 2 Template:Kuzunura magazini
  23. ↑ Template:Zunura magazini Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid parameter "zina" in <ref> tag. The supported parameters are: dir, follow, group, name.
  24. 1 2 {{ cite nyuzipepara |kumaliya=Coy |kwamba=Wolfgang |zuŵa=Juni 2004 |mutu=Pakati pa visambizgo |magazini=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin |buku=36 |magazini=2 |masamba=7–10 |issn= 0097-8418 |quote=Sayansi ya kompyuta yingaŵa mu mtima wa ndondomeko izi. Fumbo leneco ndakuti tileke kughanaghanira mphaka za malango na nthowa zake zakupambanapambana yayi, kweni tijure malango kuti ghagwirenge ntchito pamoza. Tikwenera kusambira kuzenga milatho, kuti tileke kwamba mu mphambano pakati pa visambizgo | 2001 |mutu=Masambiro ghanyake viyerezgero vyakusazga sayansi ya kompyuta na kusanda ndondomeko ya uthenga, viyezgelero, mitego, mwaŵi, kuzomerezgeka, na ivyo vikuchitika |journal=Journal ya Sayansi ya Makompyuta mu Makoleji |volume=17 |issue=2 |e gulu la chitukuko (kufumira ku nyanja, ndondomeko ya uthenga wa pa charu chose). Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu pa kompyuta, yakulondezga ng’anamuro la Langefors,<ref>{{zunura buku|lakumaliya= Börje Langefors|mulembi-link= Börje Langefors|mutu=Kusanda kwa Visambizgo vya Uthenga Nthowa zakulembera, kusunga, na kuthandazga mazgu gha viyowoyero, ndiposo zakusangirapo fundo kufuma ku mazgu ghanthena agha . mazgu ghakuyowoya. Nthowa zakumanyiskira malo, nthowa zakumanyiskira malo, na nthowa zakumanyiskira masoka gha chilengiwa ni viyelezgero vya nthowa zakumanyiskira ivyo vikuwoneka, kweni zingawoneka mwakukwana nga ni nthowa zakumanyiskira malo. Kupanga ndondomeko kukuchitika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikusazgapo:<ref>{{zunura buku|mutu=Masambiro gha pa kompyuta|chaka=2008|wakupharazga=Frederick Nyawaya|
    • Kumanya suzgo na kulongosora
    • Kuwunganya uthenga
    • Vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko yiphya
    • Kapangilo ka ndondomeko
    • Kuzenga kwa ndondomeko
    • Kukhazikiska ndondomeko
    • Kuwoneseska na kunozga

    Nga ni chilango cha masambiro

    Munda wa masambiro uwo ukuchemeka information systems ukukhwaska mitu yakupambanapambana kusazgapo kusanda na kupanga ndondomeko, kupanga makompyuta, kuvikilira uthenga, kulongozga database, na ndondomeko zakovwira pakusankha vinthu. Kulaŵilira uthenga kukukhwaskana na masuzgo ghakuchitika na ghakusambizgika ghakusonkheska na kusanda uthenga mu malo gha ntchito ya bizinesi kusazgapo vipangizo vyakupangira bizinesi, kupanga mapulogalamu na kukhazikiska, malonda gha pa kompyuta, kupanga vyakupharazgira vya pa intaneti, migodi ya data, na wovwiri wakusankha . Kudumbiskana na kupanga ma netiweki kukukhwaskana na tekinoloje ya kuyowoyeskana pa foni. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikukoleska bizinesi na sayansi ya kompyuta mwakugwiliskira ntchito visambizgo vya uthenga na kupenda kuti ŵasambire mitundu yakupambanapambana ya bizinesi na ndondomeko zakukhwaskana na algorithmic <ref>Template:Kuzunura Web
     Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Coy 2004 7–10" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Template:Yowoyani pa webusayiti
  26. ↑ Template:Kuyowoya pa webusayiti
  27. ↑ Template:Zunura magazini Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid parameter "zina" in <ref> tag. The supported parameters are: dir, follow, group, name.
  28. ↑ Culnan, M. J. Kupanga Mapu ya Kapangidwe ka Mahara ka MIS, 2019 . 1980–1985: Kusanda kwakuyowoyeka pamoza, MIS Kotala, 1987, pp. 341–353. Msonkhano Wakwamba wa Pacharu Chose pa Nthowa za Kumanyiskira Ŵanthu, E. McLean (ed.), Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. IYO. 1991, pp. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu: Nthowa yakumanyikwa?, McGraw- Hill, London, 1997.
  29. ↑ John, W., na Joe, P (2002) "Kupanga ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya uthenga." Ed yachitatu. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sussex. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
  30. 1 2 3 Template:Zunura web
  31. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid parameter "basden," in <ref> tag. The supported parameters are: dir, follow, group, name. Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content
  32. ↑ { {kuzunura webusayiti|mupharazgi=Sloan Ntchito Yakukhoma Pakati; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation|chaka=2008|mutu=Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu Vimanyikwiro vya tekinoloje ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa ntchito ya malonda gha mazuŵa ghano, vikupereka mwaŵi unandi wa ntchito. Munda wa ndondomeko za uthenga ukusazgapo ŵanthu awo ŵali mu mabungwe agho ghakupanga na kuzenga ndondomeko za uthenga, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko izo, na ŵanthu awo ŵali na udindo wa kulongozga ndondomeko izo. Kukhumba kwa ŵanchito ŵa IT ŵa chikhalidwe nga mbakupanga mapulogalamu, ŵakusanda vya bizinesi, ŵakusanda ndondomeko, na ŵakupanga vinthu nkhwakuzirwa chomene. Ntchito zinandi izo zikulipilika makora zilipo mu vigaŵa vya tekinoloje ya Information. Pamwamba pa mndandanda uwu pali mulara wa ŵalara ŵa boma (CIO). CIO ndiyo ni mulara uyo wakulaŵilira ntchito ya IS. Mu mabungwe ghanandi, CIO wakugwira ntchito na mulara wa ŵalara (CEO), mulara wa vya ndalama (CFO), na ŵalara ŵanyake. Ntheura, wakuchitako mwamwamphu pa ndondomeko ya kupanga ndondomeko ya gulu.

    Bachelor wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Bizinesi

    {{{chigaŵa}}}
    Msumba ukulu{{{chalo}}}
    Msumba ukulu{{{msumba ukulu}}}
    Ukulu wa malo{{{ukulu wa malo}}} km²
    Ẇanthu{{{ŵanthu}}} ab.

    Kafukufuku

    Kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga kanandi wakusambizga ŵanthu ŵanandi wakukhwaskana na kusambira umo ndondomeko za uthenga zikukhwaskira nkharo ya ŵanthu, magulu, na mabungwe.<ref>Galliers, R.D., Markus, ML, & Newell, S (Ŵakulemba) (2006). Kufufuza Nthowa za Kafukufuku wa Nthowa za Uthenga. New York, NY: Routledge. ]] (2002). Ma Labyrinths gha Uthenga: Kususka Nzeru za Nthowa.] Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
  33. ↑ "Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu: kasi ni sayansi ya mtundu wuli?". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.203.4718. doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00072-9. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |buku= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |chaka= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lakumaliya1= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |magazini= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |masamba= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |nkhani= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |wakwamba1= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Template:Zunura magazini {wonani> Template:Kuyowoya za nyuzipepara {wonani> Template:Kuyowoya za nyuzipepara
  35. ↑ Mansour, O., Ghazawneh, A. (2009) Kafukufuku mu Nthowa za Uthenga: Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo zose kwa nkhongono za IT mu nyengo ya kompyuta ya ŵanthu, mu Molka-Danielsen, J. (Ed.): Nkhani za Seminara ya Kafukufuku wa Nthowa za Uthenga za 32 ku Scandinavia, IRIS 32, Kupanga Kwakusazgapo, Koleji ya Yunivesite ya Molde, Molde, Norway, Ogasiti 2019. 9–12, 2009. ISBN 978-82-7962-120-1. waumaliro1 = Orlikowski | wakwamba1 = W. | waumaliro2 = Iakono | wakwamba2 = C. | chaka = 2001 | mutu = Kafukufuku wakulongosora: kupenja chomene "IT" mu kafukufuku wa IT—kuchema ku theorizing pa IT artifact | journal = Kafukufuku wa Nthowa za Uthenga | buku = 12 | nkhani = 2| masamba = 121-134 | 12.2.121.9700 s2cid = 10833059 }}
  36. ↑ Imvi; Kukhala. "Kukhumbikwa kwa Kafukufuku wa Information Systems Kuwonekeraso: Kufiska Kwakubisika, Layizgo Lambura Kufiskika, Panji Upusikizgi Wakulongozgeka?". Kupharazga kwa wupu wa ndondomeko za uthenga. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.00823. {{cite journal}}: Missing |author1= (help); Unknown parameter |buku= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |chaka= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |doi-kufika= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lakumaliya6= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |masamba= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |mlembi-kulumikizga4= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |mlembi-kulumikizga= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |nkhani= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |wakwamba1= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |wakwamba2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |wakwamba3= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |wakwamba4= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |wakwamba5= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |wakwamba6= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |waumaliro1= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |waumaliro4= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |waumaliro5= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ {{Cite web |title=Kafukufuku - Wupu wa vyakumanyikwa (AIS) Kuyana na AIS, mndandanda uwu wa magazini ukumanyiska nkhani zakukhwaskana na nkhani, nthowa, na kusiyana kwa malo. Nthowa zakuwoneseska ni zakukhozga, ŵabali ŵa mu wupu wakulemba ŵakuchindikika na kumanyikwa chomene, ndipo pali ŵaŵazgi ŵa pa charu chose ndipo ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa. Mndandanda uwu ukugwiriskirika ncito (panji ukwenera) kugwiriskirika ncito, pamoza na ŵanyake, nga ni fundo yakurongosora pakukwezgeka na kuŵapo ndiposo, comenecomene, pakupima umo ŵasambiri ŵakucitira makora. Maungano ghanandi gha pa chaka maungano gha ndondomeko ya uthenga ghakuchitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya charu, ndipo ghanandi ghakuwoneseska ŵanyawo. AIS yikulongozga mwaluŵiro Msonkhano wa Pacharu Chose pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (ICIS) na Msonkhano wa America pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (AMCIS), apo AIS yikulongozga maungano ghakukolerana<ref>{{cite web|url=http:// nyumba.aisnet.org/kulongora maungano|zuŵa-lakufikira=2012-02-10|url ya malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale 2012-02-15 kusazgapo Msonkhano wa Pacific Asia pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (PACIS), Msonkhano wa Europe pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (ECIS), Msonkhano wa Mediterranean pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (MCIS), Msonkhano wa Pachanya pa Kulaŵilira Vinthu vya Uthenga (Conf-IRM . ) na msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa Wuhan wakukhwaskana na bizinesi ya pa Intaneti (WHICEB). Maungano gha mu chaputala cha AIS<ref>Template:Lembani pa webusayiti mabuku 478
  38. ↑ {{lembani webusaiti {cite web|url=http://www.aitp.org%7Ctitle=Bungwe la Ŵasambizgi ŵa vya Tekinoloje pa Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu na masambiro gha pa kompyuta<ref>{{lembani pa webusayiti. Msonkhano wa Kafukufuku Wakugwiriskira Ntchito pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska<ref>Template:Cite Maungano gha ISCAP – EDSIGCON & CONISAR
  39. ↑ {{Cite web |title=Kafukufuku - Wupu wa vyakumanyikwa (AIS) Kuyana na AIS, mndandanda uwu wa magazini ukumanyiska nkhani zakukhwaskana na nkhani, nthowa, na kusiyana kwa malo. Nthowa zakuwoneseska ni zakukhozga, ŵabali ŵa mu wupu wakulemba ŵakuchindikika na kumanyikwa chomene, ndipo pali ŵaŵazgi ŵa pa charu chose ndipo ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa. Mndandanda uwu ukugwiriskirika ncito (panji ukwenera) kugwiriskirika ncito, pamoza na ŵanyake, nga ni fundo yakurongosora pakukwezgeka na kuŵapo ndiposo, comenecomene, pakupima umo ŵasambiri ŵakucitira makora. Maungano ghanandi gha pa chaka maungano gha ndondomeko ya uthenga ghakuchitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya charu, ndipo ghanandi ghakuwoneseska ŵanyawo. AIS yikulongozga mwaluŵiro Msonkhano wa Pacharu Chose pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (ICIS) na Msonkhano wa America pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (AMCIS), apo AIS yikulongozga maungano ghakukolerana<ref>{{cite web|url=http:// nyumba.aisnet.org/kulongora maungano|zuŵa-lakufikira=2012-02-10|url ya malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale 2012-02-15 kusazgapo Msonkhano wa Pacific Asia pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (PACIS), Msonkhano wa Europe pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (ECIS), Msonkhano wa Mediterranean pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (MCIS), Msonkhano wa Pachanya pa Kulaŵilira Vinthu vya Uthenga (Conf-IRM . ) na msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa Wuhan wakukhwaskana na bizinesi ya pa Intaneti (WHICEB). Maungano gha mu chaputala cha AIS<ref>Template:Lembani pa webusayiti mabuku 478
  40. ↑ {{lembani webusaiti {cite web|url=http://www.aitp.org%7Ctitle=Bungwe la Ŵasambizgi ŵa vya Tekinoloje pa Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu na masambiro gha pa kompyuta<ref>{{lembani pa webusayiti. Msonkhano wa Kafukufuku Wakugwiriskira Ntchito pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska<ref>Template:Cite Maungano gha ISCAP – EDSIGCON & CONISAR

Template:Informatics Template:Computer science Template:Systems

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