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Mkwawo wa mrangura

Kufuma Wikipedia

 

Mkwawo wa mrangura ni gulu la mirangura iyo yili pa ubali wakugaŵana mauthenga gha data na makina gha kaŵilo kakukhoma. Mirangura yikugwiliska ntchito malango-yotumizga mu milumikizgo ya magesi kuti yiyowoyiskane. Milumikizgo iyi yikupangika na makina yolumikizgiska nthe mawaya ya magesi, mawaya ya ungweru na ya kutumizga mauthenga mu mphepo. Ivyo vikupangiska kuti makina ya mipilingizgoli iyi yindandike mumitundu yakupambana pambana.

Mbiri

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kugwiriskira ntchito mikwawo kukayamba mu vilimika vya m’ma 1960 na ARPANET, iyo yikaŵa pakwamba pa intaneti. Kuluta panthazi nga ni Ethernet (1973) na TCP / IP (1983) kukapanga ma mkwawo gha mazuŵa ghano.[1]

kaGwiliskiro

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma network ghakovwira pa kuyowoyeskana (email, VoIP), kugaŵana vinthu (ma printer, kusunga), na kusanga vinthu kutali (cloud computing). Mbakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya bizinesi, masambiro, na vyakusanguluska.[2]

Paketi ya mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]
Network Packet

Data yikutumizgika mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko ivyo vikuchemeka mapaketi, chilichose chikuŵa na mutu (kufuma/kufika) na payload. Kusintha kwa mapaketi kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora na kugomezgeka.[3]

Topoloje ya mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Topology yikulongosora umo mkwawo yili kupangikira (mwachiyelezgero, nyenyezi, mesh, basi). Ikukhwaska mtengo, kacitiro, na kukura.[4]

Mkwawo wakuŵikapo

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mkwawo wakuŵikapo yikupangika pachanya pa mkwawo yinyake (mwachiyelezgero, VPNs, P2P). Iwo ukupangiska kuti paŵe nthowa zapadera kwambura kusintha kwa thupi.[5]

Malinki gha pa mkwawo

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Malinki ghakulumikizga ma node kwizira mu waya (fiber, copper) panji wambura waya (Wi-Fi, maselo) media. Bandwidth na latency vikupambana kuyana na tekinoloje.[6]

Waya

[lemba | kulemba source]
Bundle of glass threads with light emitting from the ends
Fiber-optic cables are used to transmit light from one computer/network node to another.

Ma mkwawo gha waya ghakugwiriskira ncito makhebo (Ethernet, ghakukolerana). Iwo ŵakupereka liwiro likuru na kugomezgeka kweni ŵakukhumba vinthu vyakuwoneka.[7]

Wambura waya

[lemba | kulemba source]
Black laptop with the router in the background
Computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links.

Ma mkwawo ghambura waya (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) ghakupereka mwaŵi wa kuyenda kweni ghangasuzgika na vyakutimbanizga. Iwo ŵakulamulira vipangizo vya munthu payekha na vya IoT.[8]

Wambura waya

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma mkwawo ghambura waya (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) ghakupereka mwaŵi wa kuyenda kweni ghangasuzgika na vyakutimbanizga. Iwo ŵakulamulira vipangizo vya munthu payekha na vya IoT.[9]

Malo ghakunjilirapo pa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

mkwawo (NIC) yikulumikizga node ku mkwawo. Iwo ukung’anamura data kuŵa vimanyikwiro vyakuti vitumizgike.[10]

Ŵakuwerezgawerezga na Ma Hub

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Ŵakuwerezgawerezga ŵakukuzga vimanyikwiro kuti ŵasazgireko mtunda. Ma hub ghakupharazga data ku vipangizo vyose vyakulumikizgika, ghakusoŵa mahara.[11]

Milatho na Masiwichi

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Milatho yikukoleska vigaŵa vya mkwawo. Kusintha mwamahara data ku vipangizo vinyake, kunozga ntchito.[12]

Ma routa

[lemba | kulemba source]
A typical home or small office router showing the ADSL telephone line and Ethernet network cable connections

Ma router ghakulongozga mauthenga pakati pa ma network (mwachiyelezgero, LAN ya kunyumba ku intaneti). Ŵakugwiriskira ncito matebulo ghakulongozgera pakusankha vinthu.[13]

Mamodemu

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma modem ghakusintha/kusintha vimanyikwiro kuti vitumizgike pa mizere ya foni (DSL) panji pa nthowa za khebo.[14]

Viumba vya moto

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Viumba vya moto vikusefa mauthenga kuti ghaleke kunjira kwambura kuzomerezgeka, kuvikilira ma mkwawo ku vinthu vyakofya.[15]

Ma Protoko

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Ma protocol (malango) ghakulaŵilira kusinthana kwa data. Viyelezgero ivi ni TCP/IP, HTTP, na FTP.[16]

maProtoko ghakumanyikwa

[lemba | kulemba source]
  • HTTP/HTTPS: Kupenja pa webusayiti
  • FTP: Kutumizga mafayilo
  • "SMTP": Imelo [17]

Suite ya Intaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]

TCP / IP ndiyo fawundeshoni ya intaneti: IP yikugwira ntchito ya kupeleka maadiresi, TCP yikuwoneseska kuti vyakupeleka vikugomezgeka.[18]

IEEE 802 IEEE 802 malango ghakukhwaska ma LAN (mwachiyelezgero, Ethernet, Wi-Fi). Iwo ŵakulongosora vyakuwoneka / data link vigaŵa.[19]

Etaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) yikulamulira ma LAN gha waya. Liwiro likuyamba pa 10 Mbps mpaka 400 Gbps.[20]

LAN yambura waya

[lemba | kulemba source]

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kulumikizgana kwambura waya. Mitundu yakumanyikwa yikusazgapo 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) na 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6).[21]

SONET/SDH SONET (yakuwoneka) na SDH (ya pa charu chose) ni vipimo vya ma mkwawo gha fiber ghakuchimbira chomene.[22]

Nthowa yakusinthira yambura kukolerana

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ATM yikutumizga data mu maselo ghakukhazikika (53 bytes). Iwo ukukhozgera mazgu, vidiyo, na data.[23]

Marango maselo

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Ma mkwawo gha mafoni (4G LTE, 5G) ghakupereka intaneti ya mafoni. Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vigongwe vya pa wayilesi kuti ŵapharazgenge.[24]

Kurauta

[lemba | kulemba source]
Routing calculates good paths through a network for information to take. For example, from node 1 to node 6 the best routes are likely to be 1-8-7-6, 1-8-10-6 or 1-9-10-6, as these are the shortest routes.

Kurauta ni kurongozga mu nthowa mauthenga. Router yikusankha nthowa yiwemi ya data kwendela ma algorithm (mwachiyelezgero, OSPF, BGP) kufuma kumoza kuluta kunyakhe.[25]

Sikelo ya malo

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Ma mkwawo ghakupambana na kukura kwake, kufuma ku nanoscale kufikira ku charu chose.[26]

mkwawo wa Nanoskile

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Ma mkwawo gha nanoscale ghakulumikizga vipangizo vichokovichoko kuti viwoneseske vyaumoyo panji chilengiwa.[27]

mkwawo wa malo gha munthu payekha

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma PAN (mwachiyelezgero, Bluetooth) ghakukoleska vipangizo pafupi na munthu uyo ​​wakugwiliskira ntchito (~ 10m mtunda).[28]

mkwawo wa malo ghakukhalamo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma LAN (mwachiyelezgero, ma mkwawo gha maofesi) ghakufika pa malo ghachoko waka (<1km). Ethernet na Wi-Fi ni vyakumanyikwa chomene.[29]

mkwawo wa Kunyumba

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma HAN ghakulumikizga vipangizo vya panyumba vyamahara (vyakuwotcha, magesi) kwizira pa Wi-Fi panji Zigbee.[30]

Storage Area Network

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SANs provide high-speed access to block-level storage (e.g., data centers).[31]

mkwawo wa malo gha pa sukulu

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Ma CAN ghakulumikizga ma LAN mukati mwa yunivesite panji pa sukulu ya kampani.[32]

mkwawo wa msana

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Backbones (fiber ya nkhongono yikuru) yikunyamura magalimoto pakati pa vigaŵa vikuruvikuru (mwachiyelezgero, ISPs).[33]

mkwawo wa msumba Ukuru

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MANs yikuvikilira msumba (mwachiyelezgero, ma TV gha khebo).[34]

mkwawo wa malo ghakuru

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Ma WAN (mwachiyelezgero, intaneti) ghakujumpha mtunda utali, kuseŵezeska mizere ya lendi panji ma satellite.[35]

mkwawo wa paŵekha ya bizinesi

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EPNs ni WANs zakulongozgeka paŵekha za makampani.[36]

mkwawo wa paŵekha

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Ma VPN ghakubisa vyakuchitika pa ma mkwawo gha ŵanthu wose kuti ŵasange vyakuvikilirika kutali.[37]

mkwawo wa pa charu chose

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Ma GAN (mwachiyelezgero, ma mkwawo gha satellite) ghakupereka uthenga pa charu chose.[38]

Kukura kwa bungwe

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Ma network ghakupambana na umo munthu wangasangira na kuŵa na wenecho.[39]

Intaneti

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Intranet ni mkwawo wa paŵekha yakugwiriskira nchito mukati (mwachiyelezgero, portal ya kampani).[40]

Neneti yakusazgikira

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Extranets yikupereka mwaŵi wakuchepa kwa awo ŵakuseŵezeska kuwaro (mwachiyelezgero, ŵakupeleka).[41]

Intaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]
Partial map of the Internet based on 2005 data.[42] Each line is drawn between two nodes, representing two IP addresses. The length of the lines indicates the delay between those two nodes.

Intaneti ni mkwawo wa ŵanthu wose pa charu chose.[43]

Neti ya mdima

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Darknets (mwachiyelezgero, Tor) ni vyambura kumanyikwa, vyakuŵikika pa mkwawo ivyo vikulembeka yayi na injini zakupenjera.[44]

Uteŵeti wa pa Intaneti

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Mauteŵeti (mwachiyelezgero, DNS, DHCP) ghakovwira pa ntchito za mkwawo. Iwo ŵakupanga adiresi na kusankha zina.[45]

Kugwira ntchito kwa mkwawo

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Kugwira ntchito kukuthemba pa bandwidth, kuchedwa, na kugomezgeka.[46]

Kutalika kwa mphira

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Bandwidth ndiyo mlingo ukuru wa data (mwachiyelezgero, 100 Mbps). Bandwidth yikuru yikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi.[47]

Kuchedwa kwa mkwawo

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Kuchedwa (latency) ndiyo nyengo yakuti data yilutenge. Kuchedwa kwakuchepa nkhwakuzirwa chomene ku mapulogalamu gha nyengo yeneco.[48]

Vipimilo vya umo munthu wakuchitira

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Ma metrics ghakusazgapo throughput (liwiro leneko), jitter (kusintha kwakuchedwa), na kutaya kwa mapaketi.[49]

Kuzura kwa Network

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Kukhuŵara kukuchitika para ivyo vikukhumbikwa vikuluska ivyo vingakwaniskika, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti vinthu vichedwe panji kukhira.[50]

Kuzizipizga kwa mkwawo

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Kuzizipizga ni nkhongono ya mkwawo wakuchira kufuma ku kutondeka (mwachiyelezgero, nthowa zambura kukhumbikwa).[51]

Uvikiliro

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Uvikiliro wa pa intaneti ukuvikilira data kuti yileke kuswa malango, kuwukira, na kugwiliskira ntchito mwambura kwenelera.[52]

Uvikiliro wa mkwawo

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Nthowa zakuvikilira zikusazgapo firewall, encryption, na ndondomeko yakumanyira para munthu wanjira mu nyumba (IDS).[53]

Kuwonelera kwa mkwawo

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Kuwonelera kukuwonelera magalimoto kuti ŵawone usange pali vyakofya kweni kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na chisisi.[54]

Kumalizga Kumalizga Kubisa

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E2EE yikuwoneseska kuti awo ŵakudumbiskana pera ndiwo ŵangaŵazga mauthenga (mwachiyelezgero, Chimanyikwiro, WhatsApp).[55]

SSL/TLS

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SSL/TLS yikubisa ivyo vikuchitika pa webusayiti (HTTPS), ndipo yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutegherezga na kuswa vinthu.[56]

Kuwona kwa ma mkwawo

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Ma network ghangawoneka mwakuthupi (hardware) panji mwakughanaghana (mapulogalamu/maseŵero).[57]

Wonaniso

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References

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  1. ↑ "History of Computer Networking".
  2. ↑ "Network Applications". IEEE Communications. 2020.
  3. ↑ Forouzan, Behrouz (2018). Data Communications and Networking. McGraw-Hill.
  4. ↑ "Network Topologies".
  5. ↑ "Overlay Networks". ACM Computing Surveys. 2019.
  6. ↑ Peterson, Larry (2020). Network Link Technologies. Morgan Kaufmann.
  7. ↑ "Wired Networks".
  8. ↑ "Wireless Networking". IEEE Wireless Communications. 2021.
  9. ↑ Dean, Tamara (2019). Networking Essentials. Cengage.
  10. ↑ "Network Interface Cards".
  11. ↑ Odom, Wendell (2020). Network Hardware. Cisco Press.
  12. ↑ "Switching Technologies". IEEE Network. 2018.
  13. ↑ "Router Basics".
  14. ↑ Goralski, Walter (2017). Broadband Networking. Wiley.
  15. ↑ "Firewall Technologies". ACM Security Reviews. 2022.
  16. ↑ Comer, Douglas (2021). Network Protocols. Prentice Hall.
  17. ↑ "Protocol Standards".
  18. ↑ Stevens, Richard (2018). TCP/IP Illustrated. Addison-Wesley.
  19. ↑ "IEEE 802 Standards".
  20. ↑ "Ethernet Evolution". IEEE Communications. 2021.
  21. ↑ Gast, Matthew (2020). Wireless Networks. O’Reilly.
  22. ↑ "SONET/SDH Guide".
  23. ↑ "ATM Networks". IEEE Transactions. 2017.
  24. ↑ Dahlman, Erik (2021). 5G Explained. Academic Press.
  25. ↑ "Routing Basics".
  26. ↑ McCabe, James (2019). Network Design. CRC Press.
  27. ↑ "Nano-Networking". Nature Communications. 2022.
  28. ↑ "PAN Overview".
  29. ↑ Spurgeon, Charles (2018). LAN Technologies. O’Reilly.
  30. ↑ "Smart Home Networks". IEEE IoT Journal. 2021.
  31. ↑ "SAN Basics".
  32. ↑ Hucaby, David (2020). Campus Networks. Cisco Press.
  33. ↑ "Backbone Design". ACM Networking. 2019.
  34. ↑ "MAN Technologies".
  35. ↑ Tanenbaum, Andrew (2021). WAN Essentials. Pearson.
  36. ↑ "Enterprise Networking". Network World. 2020.
  37. ↑ "VPN Security".
  38. ↑ Clark, David (2018). Global Networks. MIT Press.
  39. ↑ "Network Scopes". IEEE Access. 2021.
  40. ↑ "Intranet Design".
  41. ↑ Rhodes, Mark (2019). Extranet Security. Wiley.
  42. ↑ "Maps". The Opto Project. Archived from the original on 2005-01-15.
  43. ↑ "Internet Architecture". ACM SIGCOMM. 2022.
  44. ↑ "Darknet Overview".
  45. ↑ Hunt, Craig (2020). Network Services. O’Reilly.
  46. ↑ "Network QoS". IEEE/ACM Transactions. 2021.
  47. ↑ "Bandwidth Explained".
  48. ↑ Jain, Raj (2018). Network Performance. Morgan Kaufmann.
  49. ↑ "Network Metrics". ACM Performance Reviews. 2020.
  50. ↑ "Congestion Control".
  51. ↑ Medhi, Deepankar (2019). Fault-Tolerant Networks. Springer.
  52. ↑ "Cybersecurity Trends". IEEE Security & Privacy. 2022.
  53. ↑ "Network Security".
  54. ↑ Solove, Daniel (2021). Surveillance Ethics. NYU Press.
  55. ↑ "E2EE Privacy". ACM Security. 2021.
  56. ↑ "TLS Standards".
  57. ↑ Fall, Kevin (2020). Network Visualization. Addison-Wesley.

Further Reading

[lemba | kulemba source]

ikizgo ya magesi kuti yiyowoyiskane. Milumikizgo iyi yikupangika na makina yolumikizgiska nthe mawaya ya magesi, mawaya ya ungweru na ya kutumizga mauthenga mu mu mphepo. Ivyo vikupangiska kuti makina ya mipilingizgoli iyi yindandike mumitundu yakupambana pambana.

Mbiri

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kugwiriskira ntchito mikwawo kukayamba mu vilimika vya m’ma 1960 na ARPANET, iyo yikaŵa pakwamba pa intaneti. Kupita panthazi nga ni Ethernet (1973) na TCP / IP (1983) kukapanga ma mkwawo gha mazuŵa ghano.[1]

kaGwiliskiro

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma network ghakovwira pa kuyowoyeskana (email, VoIP), kugaŵana vinthu (ma printer, kusunga), na kusanga vinthu kutali (cloud computing). Mbakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya bizinesi, masambiro, na vyakusanguluska.[2]

Paketi ya mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Data yikutumizgika mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko ivyo vikuchemeka mapaketi, chilichose chikuŵa na mutu (kufuma/kufika) na payload. Kusintha kwa mapaketi kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora na kugomezgeka.[3]

Topology ya mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Topology yikulongosora umo mkwawo yili kupangikira (mwachiyelezgero, nyenyezi, mesh, basi). Ikukhwaska mtengo, kacitiro, na kukura.[4]

mkwawo wkuŵikapo

[lemba | kulemba source]

mkwawo wkuŵikapo yikupangika pachanya pa mkwawo yinyake (mwachiyelezgero, VPNs, P2P). Iwo ukupangiska kuti paŵe nthowa zapadera kwambura kusintha kwa thupi.[5]

Malinki gha pa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Malinki ghakulumikizga ma node kwizira mu waya (fiber, copper) panji wambura waya (Wi-Fi, maselo) media. Bandwidth na latency vikupambana kuyana na tekinoloje.[6]

Waya

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma mkwawo gha waya ghakugwiriskira ncito makhebo (Ethernet, ghakukolerana). Iwo ŵakupereka liwiro likuru na kugomezgeka kweni ŵakukhumba vinthu vyakuwoneka.[7]

Wambura waya

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma mkwawo ghambura waya (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) ghakupereka mwaŵi wa kuyenda kweni ghangasuzgika na vyakutimbanizga. Iwo ŵakulamulira vipangizo vya munthu payekha na vya IoT.[8]

Wambura waya

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma mkwawo ghambura waya (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) ghakupereka mwaŵi wa kuyenda kweni ghangasuzgika na vyakutimbanizga. Iwo ŵakulamulira vipangizo vya munthu payekha na vya IoT.[9]

Malo ghakunjilirapo pa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

mkwawo (NIC) yikulumikizga node ku mkwawo. Iwo ukung’anamura data kuŵa vimanyikwiro vyakuti vitumizgike.[10]

Ŵakuwerezgawerezga na Ma Hub

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ŵakuwerezgawerezga ŵakukuzga vimanyikwiro kuti ŵasazgireko mtunda. Ma hub ghakupharazga data ku vipangizo vyose vyakulumikizgika, ghakusoŵa mahara.[11]

Milatho na Masiwichi

[lemba | kulemba source]

Milatho yikukoleska vigaŵa vya mkwawo. Kusintha mwamahara data ku vipangizo vinyake, kunozga ntchito.[12]

Ma routa

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma router ghakulongozga magalimoto pakati pa ma network (mwachiyelezgero, LAN ya kunyumba ku intaneti). Ŵakugwiriskira ncito matebulo ghakulongozgera pakusankha vinthu.[13]

Mamodemu

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma modem ghakusintha/kusintha vimanyikwiro kuti vitumizgike pa mizere ya foni (DSL) panji pa nthowa za khebo.[14]

Makhoma gha moto

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma firewall ghakusefa magalimoto kuti ghaleke kunjira kwambura kuzomerezgeka, kuvikilira ma mkwawo ku vinthu vyakofya.[15]

Mapulogalamu ghakudumbiskana

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma protocol (malango) ghakulaŵilira kusinthana kwa data. Viyelezgero ivi ni TCP/IP, HTTP, na FTP.[16]

Mapulogalamu ghakumanyikwa

[lemba | kulemba source]
  • HTTP/HTTPS: Kupenja pa webusayiti
  • FTP: Kutumizga mafayilo
  • "SMTP": Imelo

[17]

Suite ya Intaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]

TCP / IP ndiyo fawundeshoni ya intaneti: IP yikugwira ntchito ya kupeleka maadiresi, TCP yikuwoneseska kuti vyakupeleka vikugomezgeka.[18]

IEEE 802 IEEE 802 malango ghakukhwaska ma LAN (mwachiyelezgero, Ethernet, Wi-Fi). Iwo ŵakulongosora vyakuwoneka / data link vigaŵa.[19]

Etaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) yikulamulira ma LAN gha waya. Liwiro likuyamba pa 10 Mbps mpaka 400 Gbps.[20]

LAN yambura waya

[lemba | kulemba source]

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kulumikizgana kwambura waya. Mitundu yakumanyikwa yikusazgapo 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) na 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6).[21]

SONET/SDH SONET (yakuwoneka) na SDH (ya pa charu chose) ni vipimo vya ma mkwawo gha fiber ghakuchimbira chomene.[22]

Nthowa yakusinthira yambura kukolerana

[lemba | kulemba source]

ATM yikutumizga data mu maselo ghakukhazikika (53 bytes). Iwo ukukhozgera mazgu, vidiyo, na data.[23]

Marango maselo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma mkwawo gha mafoni (4G LTE, 5G) ghakupereka intaneti ya mafoni. Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vigongwe vya pa wayilesi kuti ŵapharazgenge.[24]

Kurauta

[lemba | kulemba source]

Nthowa yikusankha nthowa yiwemi ya data. Ma algorithm (mwachiyelezgero, OSPF, BGP) ghakusintha na kusintha kwa mkwawo.[25]

Sikelo ya malo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma mkwawo ghakupambana na kukura kwake, kufuma ku nanoscale kufikira ku charu chose.[26]

mkwawo w Nanoskile

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma mkwawo gha nanoscale ghakulumikizga vipangizo vichokovichoko kuti viwoneseske vyaumoyo panji chilengiwa.[27]

mkwawo w malo gha munthu payekha

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma PAN (mwachiyelezgero, Bluetooth) ghakukoleska vipangizo pafupi na munthu uyo ​​wakugwiliskira ntchito (~ 10m mtunda).[28]

mkwawo w malo ghakukhalamo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma LAN (mwachiyelezgero, ma mkwawo gha maofesi) ghakufika pa malo ghachoko waka (<1km). Ethernet na Wi-Fi ni vyakumanyikwa chomene.[29]

mkwawo w Kunyumba

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma HAN ghakulumikizga vipangizo vya panyumba vyamahara (vyakuwotcha, magesi) kwizira pa Wi-Fi panji Zigbee.[30]

Storage Area Network

[lemba | kulemba source]

SANs provide high-speed access to block-level storage (e.g., data centers).[31]

mkwawo wa malo gha pa sukulu

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma CAN ghakulumikizga ma LAN mukati mwa yunivesite panji pa sukulu ya kampani.[32]

mkwawo wa msana

[lemba | kulemba source]

Backbones (fiber ya nkhongono yikuru) yikunyamura magalimoto pakati pa vigaŵa vikuruvikuru (mwachiyelezgero, ISPs).[33]

mkwawo wa msumba Ukuru

[lemba | kulemba source]

MANs yikuvikilira msumba (mwachiyelezgero, ma TV gha khebo).[34]

mkwawo wa malo ghakuru

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma WAN (mwachiyelezgero, intaneti) ghakujumpha mtunda utali, kuseŵezeska mizere ya lendi panji ma satellite.[35]

mkwawo wa payekha ya bizinesi

[lemba | kulemba source]

EPNs ni WANs zakulongozgeka paŵekha za makampani.[36]

mkwawo wa payekha

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma VPN ghakubisa vyakuchitika pa ma mkwawo gha ŵanthu wose kuti ŵasange vyakuvikilirika kutali.[37]

mkwawo wa pa charu chose

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma GAN (mwachiyelezgero, ma mkwawo gha satellite) ghakupereka uthenga pa charu chose.[38]

Kukura kwa bungwe

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma network ghakupambana na umo munthu wangasangira na kuŵa na wenecho.[39]

Intaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]

Intranet ni mkwawo w paŵekha yakugwiriskira nchito mukati (mwachiyelezgero, portal ya kampani).[40]

Neneti yakusazgikira

[lemba | kulemba source]

Extranets yikupereka mwaŵi wakuchepa kwa awo ŵakuseŵezeska kuwaro (mwachiyelezgero, ŵakupeleka).[41]

Intaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]

Intaneti ni mkwawo w ŵanthu wose pa charu chose.[42]

Neti ya mdima

[lemba | kulemba source]

Darknets (mwachiyelezgero, Tor) ni vyambura kumanyikwa, vyakuŵikika pa mkwawo ivyo vikulembeka yayi na injini zakupenjera.[43]

Uteŵeti wa pa Intaneti

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mauteŵeti (mwachiyelezgero, DNS, DHCP) ghakovwira pa ntchito za mkwawo. Iwo ŵakupanga adiresi na kusankha zina.[44]

Kugwira ntchito kwa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kugwira ntchito kukuthemba pa bandwidth, kuchedwa, na kugomezgeka.[45]

Kutalika kwa mphira

[lemba | kulemba source]

Bandwidth ndiyo mlingo ukuru wa data (mwachiyelezgero, 100 Mbps). Bandwidth yikuru yikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi.[46]

Kuchedwa kwa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kuchedwa (latency) ndiyo nyengo yakuti data yilutenge. Kuchedwa kwakuchepa nkhwakuzirwa chomene ku mapulogalamu gha nyengo yeneco.[47]

Vipimilo vya umo munthu wakuchitira

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma metrics ghakusazgapo throughput (liwiro leneko), jitter (kusintha kwakuchedwa), na kutaya kwa mapaketi.[48]

Kuzura kwa Network

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kukhuŵara kukuchitika para ivyo vikukhumbikwa vikuluska ivyo vingakwaniskika, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti vinthu vichedwe panji kukhira.[49]

Kuzizipizga kwa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kuzizipizga ni nkhongono ya mkwawo wkuchira kufuma ku kutondeka (mwachiyelezgero, nthowa zambura kukhumbikwa).[50]

Uvikiliro

[lemba | kulemba source]

Uvikiliro wa pa intaneti ukuvikilira data kuti yileke kuswa malango, kuwukira, na kugwiliskira ntchito mwambura kwenelera.[51]

Uvikiliro wa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Nthowa zakuvikilira zikusazgapo firewall, encryption, na ndondomeko yakumanyira para munthu wanjira mu nyumba (IDS).[52]

Kuwonelera kwa mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kuwonelera kukuwonelera magalimoto kuti ŵawone usange pali vyakofya kweni kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na chisisi.[53]

Kumalizga Kumalizga Kubisa

[lemba | kulemba source]

E2EE yikuwoneseska kuti awo ŵakudumbiskana pera ndiwo ŵangaŵazga mauthenga (mwachiyelezgero, Chimanyikwiro, WhatsApp).[54]

SSL/TLS

[lemba | kulemba source]

SSL/TLS yikubisa ivyo vikuchitika pa webusayiti (HTTPS), ndipo yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutegherezga na kuswa vinthu.[55]

Kuwona kwa ma mkwawo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ma network ghangawoneka mwakuthupi (hardware) panji mwakughanaghana (mapulogalamu/maseŵero).[56]

Wonaniso

[lemba | kulemba source]

References

[lemba | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ "History of Computer Networking".
  2. ↑ "Network Applications". IEEE Communications. 2020.
  3. ↑ Forouzan, Behrouz (2018). Data Communications and Networking. McGraw-Hill.
  4. ↑ "Network Topologies".
  5. ↑ "Overlay Networks". ACM Computing Surveys. 2019.
  6. ↑ Peterson, Larry (2020). Network Link Technologies. Morgan Kaufmann.
  7. ↑ "Wired Networks".
  8. ↑ "Wireless Networking". IEEE Wireless Communications. 2021.
  9. ↑ Dean, Tamara (2019). Networking Essentials. Cengage.
  10. ↑ "Network Interface Cards".
  11. ↑ Odom, Wendell (2020). Network Hardware. Cisco Press.
  12. ↑ "Switching Technologies". IEEE Network. 2018.
  13. ↑ "Router Basics".
  14. ↑ Goralski, Walter (2017). Broadband Networking. Wiley.
  15. ↑ "Firewall Technologies". ACM Security Reviews. 2022.
  16. ↑ Comer, Douglas (2021). Network Protocols. Prentice Hall.
  17. ↑ "Protocol Standards".
  18. ↑ Stevens, Richard (2018). TCP/IP Illustrated. Addison-Wesley.
  19. ↑ "IEEE 802 Standards".
  20. ↑ "Ethernet Evolution". IEEE Communications. 2021.
  21. ↑ Gast, Matthew (2020). Wireless Networks. O’Reilly.
  22. ↑ "SONET/SDH Guide".
  23. ↑ "ATM Networks". IEEE Transactions. 2017.
  24. ↑ Dahlman, Erik (2021). 5G Explained. Academic Press.
  25. ↑ "Routing Basics".
  26. ↑ McCabe, James (2019). Network Design. CRC Press.
  27. ↑ "Nano-Networking". Nature Communications. 2022.
  28. ↑ "PAN Overview".
  29. ↑ Spurgeon, Charles (2018). LAN Technologies. O’Reilly.
  30. ↑ "Smart Home Networks". IEEE IoT Journal. 2021.
  31. ↑ "SAN Basics".
  32. ↑ Hucaby, David (2020). Campus Networks. Cisco Press.
  33. ↑ "Backbone Design". ACM Networking. 2019.
  34. ↑ "MAN Technologies".
  35. ↑ Tanenbaum, Andrew (2021). WAN Essentials. Pearson.
  36. ↑ "Enterprise Networking". Network World. 2020.
  37. ↑ "VPN Security".
  38. ↑ Clark, David (2018). Global Networks. MIT Press.
  39. ↑ "Network Scopes". IEEE Access. 2021.
  40. ↑ "Intranet Design".
  41. ↑ Rhodes, Mark (2019). Extranet Security. Wiley.
  42. ↑ "Internet Architecture". ACM SIGCOMM. 2022.
  43. ↑ "Darknet Overview".
  44. ↑ Hunt, Craig (2020). Network Services. O’Reilly.
  45. ↑ "Network QoS". IEEE/ACM Transactions. 2021.
  46. ↑ "Bandwidth Explained".
  47. ↑ Jain, Raj (2018). Network Performance. Morgan Kaufmann.
  48. ↑ "Network Metrics". ACM Performance Reviews. 2020.
  49. ↑ "Congestion Control".
  50. ↑ Medhi, Deepankar (2019). Fault-Tolerant Networks. Springer.
  51. ↑ "Cybersecurity Trends". IEEE Security & Privacy. 2022.
  52. ↑ "Network Security".
  53. ↑ Solove, Daniel (2021). Surveillance Ethics. NYU Press.
  54. ↑ "E2EE Privacy". ACM Security. 2021.
  55. ↑ "TLS Standards".
  56. ↑ Fall, Kevin (2020). Network Visualization. Addison-Wesley.

Further Reading

[lemba | kulemba source]
Kufuma ku "https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mkwawo_wa_mrangura&oldid=112528"