Kusanda vya Mwaŵi

Kusanda Mwaŵi ni nthavi ya samuzi na viŵelengero vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikuchitika na kulongosora kwa manambara umo vingachitikira panji kuleka kuchitika. Mwaŵi wa kuchitika ni nambara iyo yili pakati pa 0 na 1; para nambara ya mwaŵi njikuru, ndikuti mwaŵi wakuchitika ngukuruso. Nambala iyi kanandi yikulongosoreka nga ni peresenti (%), kufuma pa 0% mpaka 100%. Chiyelezgero chipusu nkhuponya ndalama ya mbwaghaya (yambura kusankhana). Pakuti ndalama iyi njakwenelera, vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikufumamo ("mitu" na "michira") Vinthu vyose viŵiri ivi vingacitika; chiŵerengero cha "mitu" chikuyana na chiŵerengero cha "michira"; ndipo pakuti palije vyakuchitika vinyake ivyo vingachitika, chiŵelengero cha "mitu" panji "michira" ni 1/2 (icho chingalembekaso kuti 0.5 panji 50%).

Mazgu agha ghapika axiomatic masamu formalization mu probability theory, iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito comene mu vigaŵa vya masambiro nga ni viŵelengero, masamu, sayansi, ndalama, kutchova njuga, vinjeru vyakupangika, kusambira kwa makina, sayansi ya kompyuta, maseŵero theory, na filosofe the drawing expects of the, mwachiyelezgero. Fundo ya mwaŵi theory yikugwiriskirikaso nchito pakulongosora umo vinthu vikwendera na umo ndondomeko zakusuzga vikuchitikira nyengo zose.

Mazgu agha ghapika mazina ghakukhozgeka ghaku khazikiska masamu mu Fundo ya mwaŵi, iyo yikugwiriskirika ncito comene mu vigaŵa vya kusambira nga ni viŵelengero, masamu, sayansi, ndalama, kutchova njuga, mahara ghakupangika, kusambira vya makina, sayansi ya kompyuta, [[filosofi,] pa nkhani ya kukhazikika pafupipafupi uko kukulindilirika. Probability theory yikugwiriskirikaso ncito kurongosora umo vinthu vyakusuzga vikucitikira ndiposo umo vikucitikira nyengo zose.^[1]

Mbiri la lizgu

Lizgu la probability likufuma ku lizgu la Latin probabilitas, Lizgu ili lingang'anamuraso "probity", muyezo wa mazaza ya kaboni mu mulandu wa malango ku Europe, ndipo kanandi wakakolerana na ufumu wa kaboni. Mu nthowa yinyake, ici cikupambana comene na ng’anamuro la mazuŵa ghano la kuthemba, ilo mwakupambana ni chipimilo cha kulemera kwa umboni wa empirical, ndipo likufikapo kufuma ku kughanaghana kwakupangiska na kurongosora kwa viŵelengero.^[2]

Bekaniso

Nkhani ikulu: Outline of probability

Notes

References

↑ Probability Theory. The Britannica website.
↑ Hacking, I. (2006) The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-68557-3 ^{[page needed]}

Bibliography

Kallenberg, O. (2005) Probabilistic Symmetries and Invariance Principles. Springer-Verlag, New York. 510 pp. Template:Isbn
Kallenberg, O. (2002) Foundations of Modern Probability, 2nd ed. Springer Series in Statistics. 650 pp. Template:Isbn
Olofsson, Peter (2005) Probability, Statistics, and Stochastic Processes, Wiley-Interscience. 504 pp Template:Isbn.

External links

Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Ala.-Huntsville)
Template:In Our Time
Probability and Statistics EBook
Edwin Thompson Jaynes. Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Preprint: Washington University, (1996). – HTML index with links to PostScript files and PDF (first three chapters)
People from the History of Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Southampton)
Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages (Univ. of Southampton)
Earliest Uses of Symbols in Probability and Statistics on Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
A tutorial on probability and Bayes' theorem devised for first-year Oxford University students
U B U W E B :: La Monte Young pdf file of An Anthology of Chance Operations (1963) at UbuWeb
Introduction to Probability – eBook Archived 27 Julayi 2011 at the Wayback Machine, by Charles Grinstead, Laurie Snell Source Archived 25 Malichi 2012 at the Wayback Machine (GNU Free Documentation License)
(in English and Italian) Bruno de Finetti, Probabilità e induzione, Bologna, CLUEB, 1993. Template:Isbn (digital version)
Richard Feynman's Lecture on probability.

Template:Glossaries of science and engineering Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

[1] Probability Theory. The Britannica website.

[Emergence-2] Hacking, I. (2006) The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-68557-3 ^{[page needed]}

[1]

[2]