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Kulongozga mlimo

Kufuma Wikipedia

Template:Business administration Ulamuliro wa milimo ni nthowa ya kulaŵilira ntchito ya gulu kuti vilato vyose vya mulimo vifiskike mukati mwa vyakulimira ivyo vyapeleka.[1] Ukaboni uwu kanandi ukulembeka mu vinyake vyakulongozga mulimo, ivyo vikunozgeka pakwamba kwa nthowa yakupanga vinthu. Vyakulimira vikuru ni mumpaka wa ntchito, nyengo, na chuma chakutemeka.[2] Chigezgo chachiŵiri ni kunozga chomene kugaŵira kwa vyakukhumbikwa na kuvigwiliskira ntchito kuti vilato ivyo vikaŵikika kale vifiskike.

Chilato cha ulamuliro wa milimo ni kupanga mulimo wakufiskika uwo ukukolerana na vilato vya mwenecho. Mu vyakuchitika vinandi, chilato cha ulamuliro wa milimo ni kusontha panji kunozga dango la mwenecho kuti vilato vyake vifiskike mwakwenelera. Vilato vya mwenecho vikati vyakhazikika, vikwenera kulongozga vyakusankha vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali mu mulimo uwu ŵakupanga—chiyelezgero, ŵalaŵiliri ba milimo, ŵanozgi ba vyakuoneka, ŵazengi ŵakuru, na ŵazengi ŵachoko. Vilato vya ulamuliro wa milimo ivyo vili kulembeka uheni panji ivyo vili kukanizgika chomene vikuŵika nthumbo nthowa ya kusankha vinthu.

Mulimo (Project) ni ntchito ya kanyengo na ya chapadera iyo yapangika kuti yifumiske katundu, uteŵeti, panji chakufumapo chinyake na pakwambira na pakumalira (kanandi pakuŵa na mphaka ya nyengo, ndiposo mphaka ya chuma panji ŵantchito) iyo yikuchitika kuti yifiske vilato vyapadera, chomenechomene kuti yifiske kusintha kuwemi panji kusazgirapo mtengo.[3][4] Kachitiro ka milimo ka kanyengo aka kakupambana na ntchito ya mazuŵa ghose (panji kachitiro),[5] izo ni ntchito zakuzunzikazunzi, zanyengozose panji zakufika pafupi kuŵa zanyengozose kuti zifumiske katundu panji uteŵeti. Pa kachitiro, ulamuliro wa nthowa zakupangira vinthu zakupambana izi ukukhumbikwa luso la luso lapadera na nthowa za ulamuliro.[6]

Mbiri

[lemba | kulemba source]

Pambere chaka cha 1900 chindafike, milimo ya unyanziri wa chizengi kanandi yikalamuliranga na ŵanozgi ŵakale, ŵanyanziri, na ŵazengi ŵakuru ŵenecho, chiyelezgero, Vitruvius (m'ma 100 BCE), Christopher Wren (1632–1723), Thomas Telford (1757–1834), na Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859).[7] M'ma 1950, mawupu ghakayamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero na maluso gha ulamuliro wa milimo mwakulongozgeka chomene pa milimo yakusuzga ya unyanziri.[8]

Henry Gantt (1861–1919), mapiŵi wa maluso gha kupanga ndondomeko na ulamuliro

Nga ni chisambizgo, ulamuliro wa milimo ukakura kufuma mu vigaŵa vinandi kusazgapo chizengi cha boma, unyanziri, na ntchito zikuru za uvikiliro wa nkhondo.[9] Ŵasekuru ŵaŵiri ŵa ulamuliro wa milimo ni Henry Gantt, uyo wakumbika kuti ni mapiŵi wa maluso gha kupanga ndondomeko na ulamuliro,[10] uyo wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito tchati cha Gantt nga ni chilwero cha ulamuliro wa milimo (panji Harmonogram iyo yikapelekeka dankha na Karol Adamiecki);[11] ndipo uyo munyake ni Henri Fayol chifukwa cha kupanga milimo yinkhondi ya ulamuliro iyo yikapanga fawundeshoni ya kumanyuma kwa ulamuliro wa milimo na mapulogiramu.[12] Wose ŵaŵiri Gantt na Fayol ŵakaŵa ŵasambi ŵa maghanoghano gha Frederick Winslow Taylor pa nkhani ya ulamuliro wa sayansi. Ntchito yake ni yeneiyo yikajula nthowa ku vilwero vya mazuŵa gano vya ulamuliro wa milimo kusazgapo work breakdown structure (WBS) na kugaŵira kwa vyakugwiliskira ntchito.

M'ma 1950 mukaŵa pakwambira na pakumalira pa nyengo ya mazuŵa gano ya ulamuliro wa milimo, apo vigaŵa vikuru vya unyanziri vikakolerana kuti vigwire ntchito nga ni chimoza. Ulamuliro wa milimo ukamba kumanyikwa nga ni chisambizgo chapadera icho chikufuma mu chisambizgo cha ulamuliro pamoza na nthowa ya unyanziri.[13] Ku United States, pambere m'ma 1950 ghandafike, milimo yikalamuliranga mwavyaka-vyaŵaka, pakugwiliskira ntchito chomene matchati gha Gantt na maluso gha boma yayi. Pa nyengo iyo, nthowa ziŵiri za masamu za kupanga mndandanda wa milimo zikapangika. Nthowa ya nthowa yakuzirwa chomene (CPM) yikapangika nga ni ntchito yakukolerana pakati pa Wupu wa DuPont na Wupu wa Remington Rand pakulaŵilira milimo ya kunozga malo ghapangira vinthu. Nthowa ya kupima na kulaŵilira pulogiramu (PERT), yikapangika na Ofesi ya Milimo Yapadera ya Ŵasilikari ŵa pa Maji ya ku U.S. pamoza na Lockheed Corporation na Booz Allen Hamilton nga ni chigaŵa cha pulogiramu ya sitima zapasi ya Polaris missile.[14]

PERT na CPM vikuyanako chomene mu kachitiro kake kweni vichali na kupambana kunyake. CPM yikugwiliskira ntchito ku milimo iyo yikughanaghana nyengo zakutemeka; nyengo izo ntchito yiliyose yichitikirenge zikumanyikwa. PERT, ku chigaŵa chinyake, yikuzomerezga nyengo za ntchito izo zili na mwaŵi wa kusintha; nyengo izo ntchito yiliyose yichitikirenge zili na kukayika panji zikupambana. Chifukwa cha kupambana kukuru uku, CPM na PERT vikugwiliskira ntchito pa malo ghakupambana. Maluso gha masamu agha ghakazara luŵiro mu makampani ghawekha yanandi.

Tchati cha PERT cha mulimo wa myezi yinkhondi na vilingo vinkhondi

Pa nyengo yimoza, apo nthowa za kupanga mndandanda wa milimo zikapangikanga, luso la kupimira mtengo wa mulimo, ulamuliro wa mtengo na sayansi ya chuma ya unyanziri vikaŵa mukukura, na ntchito ya Hans Lang na ŵanyake. Mu 1956, Wupu wa America wa Ŵanyanziri ŵa Mtengo (sono ni AACE International) ukapangika na ŵalaŵiliri ŵakwambilira ŵa ulamuliro wa milimo na vigaŵa vyakukolerana na kupanga ndondomeko, kupimira mtengo, na ulamuliro wa milimo. AACE yikalutilira na ntchito yake ndipo mu 2006, yikafumiska nthowa yakwamba yakukolerana ya kusamalira milimo yose (total cost management framework).

Mu 1969, Project Management Institute (PMI) ukapangika ku USA.[15] PMI wakufumiska buku lakwamba la A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) mu 1996 na William Duncan nga ni mulembi mukuru, ilo likulongosora maluso gha ulamuliro wa milimo agho ngakuzunzikazunzi ku "milimo yinandi, nyengo yinandi."[16]

Mitundu

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Nthowa za ulamuliro wa milimo zingagwiliskira ntchito ku mulimo uliwose. Kanandi zikunozgeka kuyana na mtundu wa mulimo chifukwa cha ukulu, kachitiro, panji chigaŵa cha ntchito. Chiyelezgero, chigaŵa cha chizengi, icho chikulaŵilira vya kupeleka vinthu nga ni nyumba, nthowa, na maburiji, chapanga nthowa yake yapadera ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikuchemeka construction project management ndipo mwenemumo ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo ŵangasambizgika na kupokera vikalata.[17] Chigaŵa cha luso la uthenga (IT) nacho chakula mwakuti chipange nthowa yake ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikuchemeka IT project management iyo yikupambana pakulaŵilira vya kupeleka katundu wa luso na uteŵeti uwo ukukhumbikwa kujumpha mu vigaŵa vyakupambana nga ni kupanga ndondomeko, kusontha, kupanga, kupima, na kupeleka. Biotechnology project management yikulaŵilira chomene vya kusuzga kwa kafukufuku wa luso la vyamoyo na kukuza kwake.[18] Localization project management yikusazgapo kugwiliskira ntchito maluso yanandi gha ulamuliro wa milimo pa ntchito za kung'anamura nangauli ŵanandi ŵakuwona ulamuliro uwu nga ni chisambizgo chakupambana chomene. Chiyelezgero, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo ŵali na ntchito yakuzirwa pakunozga kung'anamura nanga ni apo ŵakuyowoya yayi chiyowoyero cha kung'anamura uko, chifukwa ŵakumanya makora vilato vya sambiro kuti ŵapange vyakusankha vyakwenelera.[19] Mwakuyanako, research study management nayo yingagwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo.[20] Kuliso ulamuliro wa milimo ya boma uwo ukulaŵilira milimo yose ya boma, iyo yingachitika na mawupu gha boma panji kupeleka ku makampani gha kunja. Kugaŵirapo kunyake kwa ulamuliro wa milimo kuli pa mtundu wa vinthu vyakuoneka (hard) panji vyosakhwaseka (soft).

Chakupambana yayi pakati pa mitundu yose ya ulamuliro wa milimo ni chakuti yikulaŵilira vilato vitatu vyakuzirwa: nyengo, khalidwe la ntchito, na mtengo. Milimo yiwemi ni yeneiyo yamalizgika pa mndandanda wa nyengo, mukati mwa chuma chakutemeka, ndipo kuyana na vilingo vya khalidwe ivyo vikazomerezgeka kale.[21]

Pa mtundu uliwose wa ulamuliro wa milimo, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo ŵakupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito vilingo vyakuzunzikazunzi (templates) ivyo ni vyapadera ku chigaŵa icho ŵakuchita ntchito. Ichi chikuzomerezga kuti ndondomeko za milimo ziŵe zakufiskika chomene na zakuzunzikazunzi, na chilato chakuti chisazgirepo khalidwe la ntchito, kuchepeska mtengo wa kupeleka, na kuchepeska nyengo yakufiskira vyakufumapo vya mulimo.

Nthowa

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Sambiro la mu 2017 likati kufiskika kwa mulimo uliwose kukuthemba pa umo vigaŵa vinayi vikukolerana na kachitiro ka vinthu uko kukukhwaska mulimo, ivi vikuchemeka ma P yanayi:[22]

  • Ndondomeko (Plan): Milimo ya kupanga ndondomeko na kunegherera.
  • Kachitiro (Process): Nthowa yose ku milimo yose na ulamuliro wa mulimo.
  • Ŵanthu (People): Kusazgapo umo ŵakukolerana na kuyowoyeskana.
  • Mazaza (Power): Mizere ya ulamuliro, ŵakupanga vyakusankha, mapulani gha mawupu, malango gha kachitiro na vinyake vyanthena.

Pali nthowa zinandi za kulinganya na kumalizga milimo ya mulimo, kusazgapo vigaŵa-vigaŵa, kachitiro kakuchepeska waste (lean), kachitiro kakuzunzikazunzi (iterative), na kachitiro kakusazgirapo (incremental). Paliso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikasazgika ku kupanga ndondomeko ya milimo, chiyelezgero, kuyana na vyakufumapo (kuyana na katundu) panji milimo (kuyana na kachitiro).

Nanga nthowa iyo yagwiliskirika ntchito yiŵe ya mtundu uli, kughanaghanira mwakupwelelera kukwenera kupelekeka ku vilato vya mulimo vyose, nyengo, na mtengo, ndiposo ntchito na milimo ya ŵose awo ŵalimo na ŵeneco ŵa mulimo.[23]

Ulamuliro wa kufiska vyandulo

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Ulamuliro wa kufiska vyandulo (BRM) ukusazgirapo maluso gha ulamuliro wa milimo mwa kulaŵilira chomene pa vyakufumapo (vyandulo) vya mulimo m'malo mwa katundu panji vyakufumapo waka, ndipo panyuma pake kupima umo ichi chikuchitikira kuti mulimo uŵe pa nthowa. Ichi chingawovwira kuchepeska mwaŵi wa mulimo wakumala kuŵa wakutondeka chifukwa cha kupeleka vinthu ivyo vikazomerezgeka (outputs) kweni kutondeka kupeleka vyandulo (outcomes) vya vinthu ivyo.

Sazgapo apo, BRM yikukhumba kusimikizga kukolerana kwa vilato vya mulimo na nthowa za bizinesi.

Nthowa ya nthowa yakuzirwa chomene

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Nthowa ya nthowa yakuzirwa chomene (CPM) ni nthowa ya masamu ya kusankha mndandanda wa milimo. Ni nthowa ya mazuŵa ghose iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito pakupanga ndondomeko ya milimo iyo yikunegherereka. Nthowa ya CPM yikupima ndondomeko ya milimo, ntchito iyo yikukhumbikwa, umo vikuthembana, na nyengo ya mwaŵi (float time) kuti yasankhe utali wa mulimo uwo ukukhumbikwa. Mwantheura, kuyana na kulongosora, nthowa yakuzirwa ni nthowa ya ntchito pa tchati iyo yirije nyengo ya mwaŵi yiliyose yakuŵapo (panji nyengo yichoko chomene).

Ulamuliro wa milimo wa mnyololo wakuzirwa

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Ulamuliro wa milimo wa mnyololo wakuzirwa (CCPM) ni kugwiliskira ntchito kwa theory of constraints (TOC) pakupanga ndondomeko na kusamalira milimo ndipo yapangika kuti yamalane na kukayika uko kukuŵapo pa kusamalira milimo, uku yikughanaghanira kuchepa kwa vyakugwiliskira ntchito (vya thupi, luso la ŵanthu, ndiposo ulamuliro na mwaŵi wa wovwiri) ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti mulimo uchitike.

Chilato ni kusazgirapo kwenda kwa milimo mu wupu (throughput). Pakugwiliskira ntchito vigaŵa vitatu vyakwamba vya vigaŵa vinkhondi vya TOC, vyakulimira vya nthowa ya milimo yose, ndiposo vyakugwiliskira ntchito, vikuzunulika. Kuti vyakulimira ivi vigwire ntchito, milimo pa mnyololo wakuzirwa yikupelekeka mwaŵi wakwamba kuluska milimo yinyake yose.

Ulamuliro wa mtengo uwo wapangika

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Ulamuliro wa mtengo uwo wapangika (EVM) ukusazgirapo ulamuliro wa milimo na maluso gha kunozga kulaŵilira kwa mulimo.[24] Ichi chikulongora umo mulimo ukulutira ku nthazi mwa ntchito na mtengo.

Ulamuliro wa milimo wakuzunzikazunzi na wakusazgirapo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Pa masambiro ghakuzirwa gha ulamuliro wa milimo, chawonekera kuti nthowa za vigaŵa-vigaŵa ntha zikukolerana makora na milimo iyo ni yikulu chomene na ya makampani yanandi, na vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa ivyo ni vyambura kulongosoreka makora, vyakukayikiska, panji vyakusintha luŵiro, panji milimo iyo yili na mwaŵi ukulu wa ngozi, kuthembana, na maluso gha mazuŵa gano agho ghakusintha luŵiro.

Vinthu vyakusuzga ivi vikusamalika makora na nthowa yakupenja-penja panji yakuzunzikazunzi na yakusazgirapo. Nthowa zinandi za ulamuliro wa milimo yakuzunzikazunzi na yakusazgirapo zakura, kusazgapo ulamuliro wa milimo wa agile, dynamic systems development method, na extreme project management. Nthowa ya Scrum ni nthowa iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito chomene iyo yikugaŵa vilato vya ntchito mu kuzunzikazunzi uko kukuchemeka 'sprints'.[25][26]

Ulamuliro wa milimo wa Lean

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Ulamuliro wa milimo wa Lean ukugwiliskira ntchito maghanoghano kufuma mu kupanga vinthu kwa lean kuti upeleke vyandulo na waste yichoko ndiposo nyengo yifupi.

Ndandanda ya umoyo wa mulimo

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Pali vigaŵa vinkhondi ku ndandanda ya umoyo wa mulimo; ivyo vikumanyikwa nga ni magulu gha kachitiro. Gulu lililose la kachitiro likulongora mndandanda wa kachitiro kakukolerana pakusamalira ntchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambana ivyo vikwenera kumala. Mtundu uwu wa nthowa ya mulimo kanandi ukuchemeka "traditional"[27] panji "waterfall".[28] Magulu gha kachitiro vinkhondi ni:

Vigaŵa vyakupambana vya mulimo wa unyanziri
  1. Kuyambiska
  2. Kupanga Ndondomeko
  3. Kufiska
  4. Kulaŵilira na Kulongozga
  5. Kumalizga


[Image of the project management lifecycle phases]


Mawupu ghanyake ghangagwiliskira ntchito kusintha kwa vigaŵa ivi vya mulimo na kuvithya mazina ghanyake kuti vikolerane na wupu. Chiyelezgero, pakugwira ntchito pa kusontha kwa nyumba na chizengi, milimo kanandi yikuluta mu vigaŵa nga ni kupanga ndondomeko-pakwamba, kusontha kwa ghanoghano, kusontha kwa tchati, kukuza kusontha, vithuzi vya chizengi (panji vikalata vya dango), na ulamuliro wa chizengi.

Nangauli nthowa ya vigaŵa-vigaŵa yikugwira ntchito makora ku milimo yichoko na yakulongosoreka makora, kanandi yikuzisa chigezgo panji kutondeka pa milimo yikulu chomene, panji iyo ni yakusuzga chomene panji iyo yili na vyambura kulongosoreka makora, nkhani, na ngozi.

Ulamuliro wakuthemba pa kachitiro

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Kusazgapo ulamuliro wakuthemba pa kachitiro kwendeskeka na kugwiliskira ntchito kwa nthowa za kukhwima (maturity models) nga ni OPM3 na CMMI (capability maturity model integration).

[Image of the Capability Maturity Model]


Ulamuliro wa kupanga kwa mulimo

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Ulamuliro wa kupanga kwa mulimo ni kugwiliskira ntchito ulamuliro wa kachitiro (operations management) pa kupeleka milimo ya chuma. Nthowa ya ulamuliro wa kupanga kwa mulimo yili pa muwono wakuti mulimo uli nga ni nthowa ya kupangira vinthu, mwenemumo mulimo ukung'anamura vyakunjizga (vinthu vyambura kunozgeka, uthenga, ŵantchito, makina) kuŵa vyakufumapo (katundu na uteŵeti).[29]

Kupanga ndondomeko yakuthemba pa katundu

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Kupanga ndondomeko yakuthemba pa katundu ni nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yili na kulinganya, yakuthemba pa kuzunula katundu yose (milimo iyo yikupelekeka) iyo yikukasazgirapo pa kufiska vilato vya mulimo. Mwantheura, yikulongosora mulimo uwemi nga ni uwo ukulaŵilira katundu uwo wafuma m'malo mwa kachitiro panji ntchito waka.[30] Kugwiliskira ntchito chomene kwa nthowa iyi ni PRINCE2.[31]

Magulu gha kachitiro

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Vigaŵa vya kukuza mulimo[32]

Mwavyakale (kuyana na nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito), ulamuliro wa milimo ukusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi: magulu gha kachitiro gha ulamuliro wa milimo yanayi panji yankhondi, na nthowa ya ulamuliro. Nanganthowa panji mazina agho yikugwiliskira ntchito yaŵe ya mtundu uli, kachitiro kakuyana ka ulamuliro wa milimo panji vigaŵa vya kukuza vigwiliskirikenge ntchito. Magulu gha kachitiro ghakuru kanandi ghakusazgapo:[33]

  • Kuyambiska
  • Kupanga Ndondomeko
  • Kupanga panji Kufiska
  • Kulaŵilira na Kulongozga
  • Kumalizga

Mu vigaŵa vya milimo ivyo vili na chigaŵa chikuru chakupenja-penja (chiyelezgero, kafukufuku na kukuza), vigaŵa ivi vingasazgirapo vigaŵa vya kusankha (vyakusankha vya kuluta panji kuleka) apo kulutilira kwa mulimo kukuchezgeka na kusankhika.

Ulamuliro wa milimo ukuthemba pa unandi wa maungano kuti ulongozge kachitiro ka vinthu. Chiyelezgero, pali ungano wa kuyambiska, uwo kanandi ukusazgapo ŵeneco ŵa mulimo pa kuyambika kwa mulimo. Maungano gha milimo panji makomiti gha milimo ghakuzomerezga gulu la mulimo kulongosora na kulaŵilira ndondomeko za kachitiro. Makomiti ghakulongozga ghakugwiliskira ntchito pakusamuka pakati pa vigaŵa na kumalana na nkhani. Ndondomeko ya milimo yose na mawoneshero gha mapulogiramu vikuchitika mu mawupu agho ghakwendeska milimo yinandi pa nyengo yimoza. Maungano gha masambiro agho yasambirika ghakuchitika kuti yakhozge masambiro. Maungano ghose agha ghakugwiliskira ntchito maluso agho ghakusangika mu sayansi ya maungano, chomenechomene pakulongosora chilato, mndandanda wa ŵanthu, na nthowa za kachitiro.

Kuyambiska

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Kachitiro ka gulu lakuyambiska[32]

Kachitiro kakuyambiska kakusankha kachitiro na mumpaka wa mulimo.[34] Usange chigaŵa ichi ntha chachitika makora, mwaŵi nguchoko wakuti mulimo uŵe uwemi pakufiska vyakukhumbikwa vya bizinesi. Vinthu vyakuzirwa vya ulamuliro wa milimo ivyo vikukhumbikwa apa ni kupulikiska malo gha bizinesi na kusimikizga kuti ulamuliro wose wakukhumbikwa wasazgika mu mulimo. Kusoŵa kulikose kukwenera kulembeka ndipo fundo yakunozga yikwenera kupelekeka.

Chigaŵa chakuyambiska chikwenera kusazgapo ndondomeko iyo yikusazgapo vigaŵa vyakulondolapo. Vigaŵa ivi vingalembeka mu mndandanda wa vikalata ivyo vikuchemeka Vikalata vya Kuyambiska Mulimo. Vikalata vya Kuyambiska Mulimo ni mndandanda wa vikalata ivyo vikupangika kuti vipange ndondomeko ya utali wa mulimo. Ivi kanandi vikusazgapo:

  • fundo ya mulimo (ghanoghano kumanyuma kwa mulimo, chilato chose, utali wa nyengo)
  • mumpaka wa mulimo (ko mulimo ukuluta na kachitiro kake)
  • product breakdown structure (PBS) (kugaŵira kwa vyakufumapo na vigaŵa vyake)
  • work breakdown structure (WBS) (kugaŵira kwa ntchito iyo yikwenera kuchitika, mpaka ku milimo ya mazuŵa ghose)
  • responsibility assignment matrix (RACI – Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed) (ntchito na milimo yakukolerana na vyakufumapo)
  • mndandanda wa nyengo wa kanyengo (vilingo vyakuzirwa, mazuŵa ghakuzirwa, nyengo yakumalizga)
  • kupima vyakukhumbikwa vya bizinesi kuyana na vilato ivyo vingapimika
  • kulaŵilira kachitiro ka vinthu ka panyengo iyi
  • kupima chuma kwa mitengo na vyandulo, kusazgapo chuma chakutemeka
  • kupima ŵeneco ŵa mulimo, kusazgapo ŵagwiliskiri ntchito na ŵantchito wovwiri wa mulimo
  • dango la mulimo kusazgapo mitengo, ntchito, vyakufumapo, na mndandanda wa nyengo
  • kupima SWOT: nkhongono, kutereka, mwaŵi, na ngozi ku bizinesi

Kupanga Ndondomeko

[lemba | kulemba source]


[Image of project planning process]

Pamanyuma pa chigaŵa chakuyambiska, mulimo ukunozgeka mu ndondomeko yakwenelera (wonani chiyelezgero cha tchati cha kachitiro).[32] Chilato chikuru ni kunozga nyengo, mtengo, na vyakugwiliskira ntchito mwakwenelera kuti papimike ntchito yakukhumbikwa na kulaŵilira ngozi panyengo yakufiska mulimo. Nga ni umo viliri mu gulu la kuyambiska, kutondeka kunozga ndondomeko yakwenelera kukuchepeska mwaŵi wa mulimo wakufiska vilato vyake.

Kupanga ndondomeko ya mulimo kanandi kukuŵa na:[35]

  • kusankha nthowa ya ulamuliro wa mulimo yakulondezga (chiyelezgero, usange ndondomeko yilinganyikenge yose pakwamba, mwakuzunzikazunzi, panji mu maghonjo gha kulutilira);
  • kupanga longosoro la mumpaka wa mulimo;
  • kusankha gulu lakunozga ndondomeko;
  • kuzunula vyakufumapo na kupanga ndondomeko ya kugaŵira katundu na ntchito;
  • kuzunula milimo yakukhumbikwa kuti vyakufumapo vifiskike na kulunganya milimo mu ndondomeko yakukolerana;
  • kupima vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyakukhumbikwa pa milimo;
  • kupima nyengo na mtengo wa milimo;
  • kupanga mndandanda wa nyengo;
  • kupanga chuma chakutemeka (budget);
  • kunozgera ngozi;
  • kupanga nthowa zakusimikizgira khalidwe la ntchito;
  • kupokera chizomerezgo cha boma kuti ntchito yambe.

Vinthu vinyake, nga ni kunozgera nthowa ya kuyowoyeskana na ulamuliro wa mumpaka wa ntchito, kuzunula ntchito na milimo ya ŵanthu, kusankha vinthu vyakugula vya mulimo, na kuchita ungano wa kuyambiska navyo ni vyakukhumbikwa.

Pa milimo ya kupanga katundu muphya, kusontha kwa kachitiro ka katundu wakumalizga kungachitika panyengo yimoza na milimo ya kupanga ndondomeko ndipo kungawovwira gulu lakunozga panyengo yakuzunula vyakufumapo na milimo ya ndondomeko.

Kufiska

[lemba | kulemba source]
Kachitiro ka gulu lakufiska[32]

Panyengo yakufiska, munthu wakwenera kumanya malango gha ndondomeko agho ghakukhumbikwa kuchitika. Chigaŵa chakufiska chikuzomerezga kuti vyakufumapo vya ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo vichitike mwakwenelera. Chigaŵa ichi chikusazgapo kugaŵira makora, kukoleranya, na kulaŵilira ŵantchito na vyakugwiliskira ntchito vinyake nga ni vinthu na chuma. Chifumapo cha chigaŵa ichi ni vyakufumapo vya mulimo (project deliverables).

Vyakulembeka vya mulimo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Kulemba chilichose mu mulimo ni nthowa yakuzirwa yakufiskira vilato. Kuti chuma, mumpaka wa ntchito, na kachitiro ka luŵiro vilutilire, mulimo wakwenera kuŵa na vikalata vya thupi vyakukolerana na ntchito yiliyose. Kufumira mu vikalata vyakwenelera, ntchipusu kuwona usange vyakukhumbikwa vya mulimo vifiskika panji yayi. Kweniso, vikalata vikupeleka uthenga wa ivyo vyamalizgika kale pa mulimo uwo. Vyakulembeka mu mulimo wose vikupeleka nthowa ya ukaboni kwa waliyose uwo wakukhumba kuweleramo na kulaŵiska ntchito iyo yikachitika kale. Mu vyakuchitika vinandi, kulemba ni nthowa yiwemi chomene yakulaŵiliramo na kulongozga vigaŵa vyapadera vya mulimo. Na vikalata vyakwenelera, kufiskika kwa mulimo kungalondezgeka na kuwoneka apo mulimo ukuluta panji. Usange vyachitika makora, kulemba kungamba kuŵa msana wa kufiskika kwa mulimo.

Kulaŵilira na Kulongozga

[lemba | kulemba source]
Kachitiro ka gulu lakulaŵilira na kulongozga[32]

Kulaŵilira na kulongozga kuli na vigaŵa ivyo vikuchitika kuti kuwoneke umo mulimo ukufiskikira mwakuti masuzgo agho ghangaŵapo ghamanyikwe pa nyengo yake na nthowa zakunozgera zitolereke usange nkhwakukhumbikwa. Chandulo chikuru ni chakuti kachitiro ka mulimo kakuwonereka na kupimika nyengo na nyengo kuti pamanyikwe kupambana na ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo.

Kulaŵilira na kulongozga vikusazgapo:[36]

  • Kupima milimo ya mulimo iyo yikuchitika ('apo tili');
  • Kulaŵilira vigaŵa vya mulimo (mtengo, khama, mumpaka, na vinyake) pakuyaniska na ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo ('apo tikwenera kuŵa');
  • Kuzunula nthowa zakunozgera kuti masuzgo na ngozi vimalane navyo mwakwenelera ('Kasi tingawelera bwanji pa nthowa yiwemi');
  • Kuchitapo kanthu pa vinthu ivyo vingatimbanya ulamuliro wa kusintha mwakuti masinthidwe ghazomerezgeka pera ndigho ghachitike.

Mawonekero ghaŵiri ghakuru ghakovwira pakulaŵilira na kulongozga milimo. Ku chigaŵa chinyake, magulu gha mapangano ghakupeleka malango na vyakukhuŵilizga ivyo kanandi vikovwirika na vilango. Ku chigaŵa chinyake, ŵasambi ŵa bizinesi na ulamuliro ŵaŵika pamaso ntchito ya ŵakukoleranya (abo ŵakuchemekaso ŵeneco ŵa milimo) kuti vilato vya mulimo vifiskike. Pa nyengo yimoza, kafukufuku wasono mu ulamuliro wa milimo wafumbura umo mapangano na ŵakukoleranya ŵakugwilira ntchito pamoza. Ŵanyake ŵayowoya kuti nthowa ziŵiri izi zikugwira ntchito nga ni zakunjira mu malo mwa zinyake.

Mu milimo ya vigaŵa vinandi, kachitiro ka kulaŵilira na kulongozga kukupeleka uthenga pakati pa vigaŵa vya mulimo, kuti kachitike nthowa zakunozgera panji zakutchinjilizga kuti mulimo ukolerane na ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo.

Kupwelelera mulimo ni kachitiro kakulutilira, ndipo kikusazgapo:[33]

  • Kulutilira kovwira ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ŵakumalizga
  • Kunozga maunandi (errors)
  • Kunozga katundu panyengo na panyengo
Ghanjo la kulaŵilira na kulongozga

Pa chigaŵa ichi, ŵapimi ŵa maakaunti ŵakwenera kulaŵiska pa umo masuzgo gha ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ghakunozgekera mwaluŵiro na mwakwenelera.

Mu mulimo uliwose wa chizengi, mumpaka wa ntchito ungasintha. Kusintha nkhwakuyana na kwakwenelera mu kachitiro ka chizengi. Masinthidwe ghangaŵa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kusontha kwakukhumbikwa, kusintha kwa malo, kusangika kwa vinthu, masinthidwe ghakuchemeka na ŵazengi, unyanziri wa mtengo, na kukhwaskika na ŵanthu ŵachitatu. Kuluska kufiska kusintha uko, kusintha kanandi kukhumbikwa kulembeka kuti kulongore ivyo vyazengeka nadi. Ichi chikuchemeka ulamuliro wa kusintha (change management). Mwantheura, mwenecho kanandi wakhumba ukaboni wakumalizga wakulongora masinthidwe ghose. Chifumapo cha khama ili ni icho mu makampani ŵakuchema "as-built drawings". Kulembeka kwa vikalata vya chizengi ni ntchito yakuzirwa chomene iyo yikuchitika na wovwiri wa mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta panji kupwelelera vikalata vya thupi.

Usange masinthidwe ghasazgika mu mulimo, usambazi wa mulimo ukwenera kupimikaso. Nkhwakuzirwa kuleka kutaya chilato chakwamba cha mulimo. Usange masinthidwe ghasazgikana chomene, chifumapo icho chikulindizgika chingatondeka kulongora chifukwa cha chuma icho chikapelekeka pakwamba. Ulamuliro wa milimo uwemi ukumanya vigaŵa ivi, ndipo ukulondezga na kulaŵilira umo vinthu vikulutira, mwakuti mulimo ukhale mukati mwa nyengo na chuma icho chikapangika pakwamba kwa mulimo.

Kumalizga

[lemba | kulemba source]


[Image of the project closing process]

Kachitiro ka gulu lakumalizga[32]

Kumalizga kuli na kupokelera kwa boma kwa mulimo na kuumalizga. Milimo ya ulamuliro yikusazgapo kusungira vikalata (archiving) na kulemba masambiro agho yasambirika (lessons learned).

Chigaŵa ichi chili na:[33]

  • Kumalizga pangano: Malizgani na kunozga pangano lililose (kusazgapo kumalana na nkhani zilizose zambura kumala) na kumalizga pangano lililose lakukhwaska mulimo panji chigaŵa cha mulimo.
  • Kumalizga mulimo: Malizgani milimo yose mu magulu ghose gha kachitiro kuti mulimo panji chigaŵa cha mulimo chimalizgike mwaboma.

Chigaŵa ichi chikusazgapo kupimaso kwa pamanyuma pa kufiska mulimo (post-implementation review). Ichi ni chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha mulimo kuti gulu la mulimo lisambirepo pa ivyo vyachitika na kuvigwiliskira ntchito ku milimo ya nthazi. Kanandi kupima uku kuli na kulaŵiska pa vinthu ivyo vyenda makora na kupima vinthu ivyo vyenda uheni pa mulimo kuti pasangike masambiro.

Ulongozgi wa mulimo na nthowa zake

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ulongozgi wa mulimo ukufiska kachitiro kakusimikizga na kulongozga panyengo yakuchita mulimo kuti ukhalire pa kachitiro na vilato ivyo vili kulembeka.[37] Ukwenera kukhazikika nga ni ntchito yakujiyimira payekha mu ulamuliro wa milimo.

Ntchito yakukolerana ya unyanziri wa mtengo yikulaŵilira chomene ulamuliro wa mtengo wa mulimo. Milimo yinyake mu ulongozgi wa mulimo yikusazgapo:

  • kupanga vigaŵa vyakovwira pakupeleka uthenga wakwenelera na kuunozga
  • kukhazikiska nthowa ya kuyowoyeskana panyengo yakupambana pa vigaŵa vya mulimo
  • kukuza luso la uthenga la mulimo lakuthemba pa intranet panji kukhazikiska nthowa ya kupimira kachitiro ka mulimo (KPI)
  • kupima kupambana kwa vinthu na kupanga maghanoghano gha malango gha mulimo
  • kukhazikiska nthowa zakufiskira ndondomeko yakwenelera ya mulimo, kachitiro ka ntchito, ulongozgi, na ulamuliro
  • kupanga uthenga wambura kubisika pakati pa vigaŵa vya mulimo.

Kufiskika kwa milimo iyi kungachitika mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa na vilwero vya ulongozgi wa mulimo. Nthowa izi zikusazgapo:

  • kupima chuma (investment analysis)
  • kupima mtengo na chandulo (cost–benefit analysis)
  • kupima chandulo cha mtengo (value benefit analysis)
  • kafukufuku wa ŵanthu ŵaluso (expert surveys)
  • masamu gha chiyelezgero (simulation calculations)
  • kupima ngozi (risk-profile analysis)
  • kupima kwa vilingo (milestone trend analysis)
  • kupima mtengo (cost trend analysis)
  • kuyaniska pakati pa chilato na icho chachitika nadi.

Ulongozgi wa mulimo ni chigaŵa cha mulimo icho chikuusunga pa nthowa, panyengo, na mukati mwa chuma.[36] Ulongozgi ukwamba pakwamba kwa mulimo na kupanga ndondomeko ndipo ukumalira panyuma pa kufiska mulimo na kupimaso kwake. Milimo yingapimika (audited) apo mulimo ukulutilira. Kupima kwa boma kanandi kuli pa ngozi panji kukolerana na malango. Mulimo uliwose ukwenera kupimika usange ukukhumbikwa ulongozgi uli: ulongozgi unandi chomene ukutaya nyengo, ulongozgi uchoko chomene uli na ngozi yikulu.

Nthowa za ulongozgi zikukhumbikwa pa mtengo, ngozi, khalidwe la ntchito, kuyowoyeskana, nyengo, kusintha, kaguliro ka vinthu, na ŵantchito. Kweniso, ŵapimi ŵa maakaunti ŵakwenera kulaŵiska pa umo milimo yiliri yakuzirwa ku vyakulembeka vya chuma, umo ŵeneco ŵa mulimo ŵakuthemera pa ulongozgi, na unandi wa ulongozgi uwo ulipo.

Vimanyikwiro vya milimo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Pali vimanyikwiro vinkhondi vyakuzirwa vya mulimo: (i) Ukwenera kuŵa na mazuŵa ghakutemeka gha kuyambira na kumalizga. (ii) Ukuchitika na kumalizgika na gulu la ŵanthu. (iii) Chifumapo chake ni kupeleka kwa katundu panji uteŵeti wapadera. (iv) Ni wa kanyengo pera. (v) Ukukulirako na kulongosoreka m'mipata m'mipata.

Viyelezgero ni: kusontha galimoto liphya panji kulemba buku.

Kusuzga kwa mulimo

[lemba | kulemba source]


[Image of the Cynefin framework]

Kusuzga na kachitiro kake vili na ntchito yakuzirwa mu ulamuliro wa milimo. Nangauli pali kudumbiskana kunandi pa nkhani iyi, masambiro ghakulongora kusoŵa kwa kulongosora na kupulikiska makora kusuzga pa nkhani ya kusamalira milimo yakusuzga.

Kusuzga kwa mulimo ni chimanyikwiro cha mulimo icho chikupangiska kuti kuŵe kwakusuzga kupulikiska, kuwonerera, na kusunga kachitiro kake kose, nanga pangaŵa uthenga wakukwana pa mulimo uwo.

Kuzunula milimo yakusuzga nkhwakuzirwa chomene ku malo gha unyanziri gha milimo yinandi.

Chifukwa chakuti kusuzga kwa mulimo na kachitiro kake vili vyakukolerana chomene, nkhwakuzirwa kulongosora na kupima kusuzga kwa mulimo kuti ulamuliro uŵe uwemi.

Kusuzga kungachitika mu nthowa izi:

  • Kusuzga kwa ndondomeko (structural complexity): kuli na vigaŵa vinandi vyakupambana ivyo vili vyakukolerana. Kanandi vikusazgapo unandi, mitundu, na umo vigaŵa vya mulimo vikuthemerana.
  • Kusuzga kwa kachitiro (dynamic complexity): kuli na vinthu nga ni kukayika, kusintha, na kavuluvulu.

Kuyana na Cynefin framework, milimo yakusuzga yingagaŵika mu:

Milimo yambura kusuzga, yakusuzga panji, yakusuzga chomene, na ya kavuluvulu - kuyana na Cynefin framework
  • Yambura kusuzga (simple/clear): Vinthu vikumanyikwa kale, vili vyakukhazikika, ndipo chifukwa na chifumapo vili vyambura kubisika. Yingamalizgika na malango gha mazuŵa ghose na nthowa ziwemi.
  • Yakusuzga panji (complicated): Vinthu vinyake vikumanyikwa yayi kweni vingaŵako. Mulimo uwu ungagaŵika mu vigaŵa vichoko vyambura kusuzga. Ungamalizgika na ŵanthu ŵaluso, kupima, na kugaŵa vigaŵa.
  • Yakusuzga (complex): Vinthu vinandi vikumanyikwa yayi, ndipo kachitiro kake kakuzizwa. Chifumapo chake ni chikuru kuluska kusazga kwa vigaŵa vyake.
  • Yakusuzga chomene (chaotic): Vinthu vikumanyikwa yayi nalo. Palije nthowa iyo yikuwoneka poyera. Chifukwa na chifumapo vili vyambura kumanyikwa nanga pangaŵa panyuma pakuchita.

Pakugwiliskira ntchito kupima kusuzga kwa ntchito, Elliott Jaques wakugaŵa milimo na ntchito ya mulimo mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya kusuzga kwa mulimo kuyana na utali wa nyengo na kusuzga kwa chifumapo cha mulimo.

Vyandulo kufuma mu kupima Kusuzga kwa Mulimo ni kunozga mwaŵi wa ŵanthu pakupeleka nyengo yakwenelera ya kumalizga mulimo, pamoza na luso lakwenelera la mulaŵiliri wa mulimo na gulu lake.

Kusuzga kuwemi, kwakwenelera, na kuheni

[lemba | kulemba source]
Nthowa ya kusuzga kuwemi, kwakwenelera na kuheni iyo yikapelekeka na Stefan Morcov

Mwakuyanako na malango gha kusuzga kwakukhumbikwa, kusuzga kwa mulimo nyengo zinyake kukukhumbikwa kuti mulimo ufiske vilato vyake, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa na vyandulo viwemi. Kuyana na ivyo kusuzga kukupangiska, Stefan Morcov wakayowoya kuti kugaŵika mu Kuwemi, Kwakwenelera, panji Kuheni.

  • Kusuzga kuwemi ni kusuzga uko kukusazgirapo mtengo ku mulimo, ndipo chandulo chake ku kufiskika kwa mulimo ni chikuru kuluska vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika.
  • Kusuzga kwakwenelera (requisite) ni kusuzga uko kukhumbikwa kuti mulimo ufiske vilato vyake, panji uko chandulo chake chikuyana na vinthu viheni, panji mtengo wakunozgera vinthu viheni ni ukuru kuluska kusuzga uko.
  • Kusuzga kuheni ni kusuzga uko kukukandizga kufiskika kwa mulimo.

Ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Mulaŵiliri wa mulimo ni munthu uyo wali na luso mu ulamuliro wa milimo. Vigaŵa vinandi vya kupanga vinthu, unyanziri wa kusontha, na unyanziri wa mafakitale vili na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo.

Kufiskika kwa mulimo pakuyaniska na kachitiro ka ulamuliro

[lemba | kulemba source]

Pali nthowa ya kutimbanya kufiskika kwa mulimo na kufiskika kwa ulamuliro wa mulimo. Kufiskika kwa mulimo kuli na mawonero ghaŵiri:

  • mawonero gha kachitiro, i.e. kupeleka vyakufumapo vyakwenelera; ichi chikuchemeka kachitiro ka ulamuliro wa mulimo panji ukhondo wa mulimo.
  • mawonero gha chifumapo, i.e. kupeleka vyandulo viwemi; ichi chikuchemeka kachitiro ka mulimo (panji nyengo zinyake kufiskika kwa mulimo).

Vilingo vya kufiskika kwa ulamuliro wa mulimo vili vyakupambana na vilingo vya kufiskika kwa mulimo. Ulamuliro wa mulimo ukuchemeka wakufiskika usange mulimo uwo wapika wamalizgika mukati mwa nyengo iyo yikazomerezgeka, wafiska mumpaka uwo ukazomerezgeka na kuŵa mukati mwa chuma icho chikazomerezgeka.

Vilingo vyakuzirwa vikusida vyandulo vyakuzirwa vya pamanyuma pa kumalizga mulimo ivyo vili na vigaŵa vinayi: chifumapo (katundu), chandulo (outcomes), na kukhwaskika kwa nthazi (impact) panyengo ya umoyo wa katundu uyo. Vilingo vya pamanyuma ivi vikulongora kachitiro ka katundu wa mulimo, uteŵeti panji chifumapo, panyuma pa kumalizga mulimo na kuupeleka. Mu mazgu ghamanyaka, mulimo ukuchemeka wakufiskika, usange wafiska vilato vya bizinesi ivyo vikazunulika pakwamba kwa mulimo.

Ulamuliro wa Ngozi

[lemba | kulemba source]


[Image of project risk assessment matrix]

Dipatimenti ya Uvikiliro ya ku United States yikunena kuti "Mtengo, Mndandanda wa Nyengo, Kachitiro, na Ngozi" ni vinthu vinayi ivyo ŵanthu ŵaluso mu kaguliro ka vinthu (procurement) ŵakulaŵiska na kuyaniska pakulondezga umo pulogiramu yiliri.[38] Paliso vilingo vya vyaru vyose (international standards). Ulamuliro wa ngozi ukugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya kuzunula masuzgo gha nthazi na kupulikiska ivyo vingachitika kuti patoleke vyakusankha vyakovwira pa milimo. Nthowa ya ulamuliro wa ngozi mu kampani (ERM) nayo yili na ntchito ikuru mu ulamuliro wa ngozi wose.

Ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ntchito na zinyake

[lemba | kulemba source]

Ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ntchito (WBS) ni ndondomeko yakukolerana iyo yikulongora umo milimo yakukhumbikwa pakufiska chilato yikugaŵikira mu vigaŵa vichoko – chiyelezgero pa mndandanda wa milimo (portfolio), pulogiramu, mulimo, na pangano. WBS yingalaŵiska pa katundu, uteŵeti, panji kachitiro ka bizinesi (wonani chiyelezgero mu ndondomeko ya lipoti ya NASA (2001)).[39] Padera pa WBS ya kusamalira mumpaka wa mulimo, paliso ndondomeko ya kugaŵira gulu (OBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira mtengo (CBS), na ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ngozi (RBS).

WBS yingapangika pakuyambira na chilato chakumalizga na kuchigaŵira m’mipata yakwenelera kuyana na ukulu, nyengo, na udindo (chiyelezgero: nthowa zikuru, vigaŵa vya nthowa, milimo, na vigaŵa vya milimo), ivyo vikusazgapo masitepu ghose ghakukhumbikwa kufiska chilato.[40]

Ndondomeko iyi yikupeleka chimango chakukolerana pakupeleka ndondomeko yose na ulongozgi wa pangano, ndipo ni fawundeshoni ya kugaŵa ntchito mu vigaŵa vyakumanyikwa apo pangano la ntchito lingapangikira na malipoti gha luso, nyengo, mtengo, na maora gha ntchito kukhazikika.

Ichi ni chigaŵa chakuzirwa chomene pakupima usange ndondomeko njiwemi, ndipo ni chinthu chakwamba icho chikugwiriskira ntchito panyengo yakunozgera mulimo. Chiyelezgero, WBS yikugwiriskira ntchito panyengo iyo mndandanda wa nyengo ya mulimo ukupangika, mwakuti kagwiliskiridwe ntchito ka vigaŵa vya ntchito kakhalire mu vyakulembeka.

Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ntchito (WBS), nthowa zinyake zakugaŵira ni: ndondomeko ya kugaŵira gulu (OBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira katundu (PBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira mtengo (CBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ngozi (RBS), na ndondomeko ya kugaŵira vyakugwiliskira ntchito (ResBS).

Vilingo vya vyaru vyose

[lemba | kulemba source]

Pali vilingo vinandi vya ulamuliro wa milimo, kusazgapo:

  • Vilingo vya ISO nga ni ISO 9000 vya ulamuliro wa khalidwe la ntchito, na ISO 10006:2003.
  • ISO 21500:2012 – Ulongozgi pa ulamuliro wa milimo. Ichi chikaŵa chilingo chakwamba cha vyaru vyose chakukhwaska ulamuliro wa milimo icho chikafumiskika na ISO.
  • ISO 21502:2020, ISO 21503:2022 (Ulongozgi wa mapulogiramu), na ISO 21504:2015 (Ulongozgi wa mndandanda wa milimo).
  • ISO 31000:2009 – Ulamuliro wa ngozi.
  • Individual Competence Baseline (ICB) kufuma ku International Project Management Association (IPMA).
  • Capability Maturity Model (CMM) kufuma ku Software Engineering Institute.
  • PMBOK Guide kufuma ku Project Management Institute (PMI).
  • PRINCE2 kufuma ku AXELOS.
  • PM2: Nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikapangika na European Commission.

Ulamuliro wa mapulogiramu na nthowa za milimo

[lemba | kulemba source]

Milimo yinyake, nanga yingaŵa yakuyana panji yakupambana, yingalaŵilirika nga ni ulamuliro wa mapulogiramu. Mapulogiramu ni mndandanda wa milimo iyo yikovwira chilato chimoza. Apo milimo yiliyose yili na mumpaka na nyengo yakumanyikwa, chilato cha pulogiramu chikulongosoreka mu nthowa yakufatuka panji.

Kusazgapo pa mapulogiramu na mndandanda wa milimo (portfolios), paliso nthowa zinyake nga ni: nthowa za milimo (project networks), milimo yakuru (mega-projects), panji mapulogiramu ghakuru (mega-programs). Milimo yakuru iyi yikuzunulika kuti njapadera chomene pa ukulu, mtengo, na luso lwakukhumbikwa.

Ulamuliro wa mndandanda wa milimo

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Makampani ghanandi ghakugwiliskira ntchito icho chikuchemeka project portfolio management (PPM) nga ni nthowa yakusankhira milimo yakwenelera na kugwiliskira ntchito luso la ulamuliro wa milimo pakupeleka vyandulo ku ŵanthu panji mabungwe.

Mndandanda wa milimo (portfolios) ni mndandanda wa milimo yakuyana. Ulamuliro wa mndandanda vikovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora na kuchepeska ngozi mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakuyana pa milimo yose. Kanandi makampani ghakupanga maofesi gha ulamuliro wa milimo (PMO) kuti ghasamalire mndandanda uwu mu nthowa yakunozgeka.

Mapulogiramu gha ulamuliro wa milimo

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Mapulogiramu gha ulamuliro wa milimo (software) ni mapulogiramu gha mu kompyuta agho ghakovwira pakupanga ndondomeko, kunozga, na kulaŵilira vyakugwiliskira ntchito, na kufiska mapulani. Kuyana na umo pulogiramu yiliri, yingasazgapo kupima mtengo, mndandanda wa nyengo, ulongozgi wa chuma, kugaŵira ŵantchito, kuyowoyeskana, na ulamuliro wa vikalata. Kuyaniska kwa mapulogiramu agha kukulongora vimanyikwiro vyakupambana ivyo vili mu mapulogiramu ghakupambana.

Ulamuliro wa milimo wa pa nthazi

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Ulamuliro wa milimo wa pa nthazi (VPM) ni ulamuliro wa mulimo uwo ukuchitika na gulu lakutali (virtual team). Kulaŵilira mulimo wa pa nthazi nkhwakupambana chomene na milimo ya mazuŵa ghose, chifukwa kukusazgapo nkhani za ntchito ya kutali, kukolerana kwa vyaru na vyaru (mitheto, nyengo yakupambana, na viyowoyero).

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Wonaniso

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Vyakunozgera

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  21. ↑ Esselink, Bert (2000). A Practical Guide to Localization. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 428. ISBN 978-9-027-21956-5.
  22. ↑ Mesly, Olivier (Disembala 15, 2016). Project Feasibility: Tools for Uncovering Points of Vulnerability. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781498757911..
  23. ↑ Cf. The Bridger (blog), "Project management: PMP, Prince 2, or an Iterative or Agile variant"
  24. ↑ Mahmoudi, Amin; Bagherpour, Morteza; Javed, Saad Ahmed (2021). "Grey Earned Value Management: Theory and Applications". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 68 (6): 1703–1721. Bibcode:2021ITEM...68.1703M. doi:10.1109/tem.2019.2920904. ISSN 0018-9391. S2CID 202102868.
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  33. 1 2 3 PMI (2010). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, pp. 27–35.
  34. ↑ Nathan, Peter; Gerald Everett Jones (2003). PMP certification for dummies, p. 63.
  35. ↑ Kerzner, Harold (2003). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (8th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-22577-0.
  36. 1 2 Lewis, James P. (2000). The project manager's desk reference: a comprehensive guide to project planning, scheduling, evaluation, and systems. p. 185.
  37. ↑ Becker, Jarg; Kugeler, Martin; Rosemann, Michael (2003). Process Management: A guide for the design of business processes. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 9783540434993.
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  39. ↑ NASA NPR 9501.2D. May 23, 2001.
  40. ↑ Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stellman05
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