Fanagalo
| Fanakalo | |
|---|---|
| Pidgin Zulu | |
| Region | Southern Africa-KwaZulu-Natal |
| Speakers | L1: none (2022)[1] L2 speakers: 5,000[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | fng |
| Glottolog | fana1235 |
S40A[2] | |
| Linguasphere | 99-AUT-fh |
Fanagalo, panji Fanakalo, ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chomene mu chiyowoyero cha Zulu.[3] Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka chomene mu vyaru vya South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Zambia, na Zimbabwe. Nangauli likuyowoyeka nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri pera, kweni mu 1975 ŵanthu "ŵakukwana vikwi vinandi" ndiwo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici. Apo charu cha South Africa chikamba kujiyimira pawekha, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya Chingelezi, ndipo chikaŵa chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga.
Viyowoyero[lemba | kulemba source]
Zina lakuti "Fanakalo" likufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Nguni icho chikuchemeka fana-ga-lo. Zina linyake la zina ili ni Fanagalo na Fanekolo. Likumanyikwaso kuti Isikula, Lololo panji Isilololo, Piki panji Isipiki, na Silunguboi.
Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵavya ciyowoyero cakulembeka, cilembo ca Fanagalo cikaŵa cakukolerana yayi.
Nga umo vikuŵira na chiyowoyero cha ku Turkey, chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo chikuŵa na mavowel ghanandi. Mu viyowoyero vya Ŵanguni, chilembo chakwamba Mu- panji Ma- chikung'anamura munthu yumoza, apo Bu- panji Ba- chikung'anamura ŵanthu ŵanandi, ntheura Muntu = mwanalume; Bantu = ŵanalume, chomenechomene para ŵakuyowoya za mafuko. Ma-tabele. Mwakuyana waka, chilembo chakwamba Chi- panji Si- chikulongora chiyowoyero icho fuko ili likayowoyanga. Mwachiyelezgero, ŵanalume ŵa fuko la Lozi ŵakuchemeka Ba-rotse (kulemba kwawo nkhuyana yayi), ndipo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Si-lozi.
Ntheura chi-lapa-lapa ni "chilankhulo" icho chili kufuma ku lapa = "pali", ndipo chikuŵa na mazgu ghakuwerezgawerezga.
Mbiri na kugwiliskira nchito[lemba | kulemba source]
Fanagalo ni chiyowoyero chimoza mwa viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa ivyo vikamba kuyowoyeka mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Chiyowoyero ichi chikuchemekaso kuti chiyowoyero cha migodi icho ŵantchito ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵamazge suzgo la chiyowoyero. Tikumanya makora yayi umo chiyowoyero ichi chikapangikira chifukwa pali vigomezgo vyakupambanapambana.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Fanakalo wakapangika chifukwa cha ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana (awo ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana mu South Africa na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi) awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi ya migodi m'ma 1800. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, viyowoyero ivi vikasazgikana ndipo chiyowoyero chinyake chikamba kusangika kuti ŵagege suzgo la ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi. Fanakalo yikathandazgika mu caru cose ndiposo kumwera kwa Africa. Ntheura, chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo chikayowoyekanga nga ni "chiyowoyero cha kukumana nacho" mu migodi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku mafuko ghakupambanapambana mu South Africa na vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu Southern Africa, kweniso pakati pa ŵantchito na ŵantchito [Afirikaans na English speaking] Ŵachizungu, na ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Europe (nga ni Ŵapwitikizi, Ŵapoli na Ŵachijeremani) awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa Fanakalo ŵayowoyenge mu migodi. Kweni ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi chifukwa chakuti chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo ntcha Chizulu ndipo chikuyowoyeka mu chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans na Chingelezi. Kweni mazgu agho ŵali kuboleka mu viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi (nga ni Mozambique, Zimbabwe, na vinyake) ghakumanyikwa yayi.
Fundo yinyake iyo Adendorff na ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakayowoya njakuti chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo chikafuma ku Natal. Chiyowoyero ichi chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhalanga ku Natal na ŵa ku Afrika ŵakafika ku Natal kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, kukiza ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku England. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti chiyowoyero cha Pidgin chikamba chifukwa cha suzgo la kudumbiskana. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi na ŵantchito ŵa ku India awo ŵakaŵatolera ku Natal na ŵamazaza ŵa Britain. Kweni tikwenera kumanya kuti chiyowoyero ichi chikukolerana yayi na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku India. Nakuti viyowoyero vya ku India vikaŵa vyambura kuzirwa pa nkhani ya ndalama. Fanakalo wakasambizgikanga mu migodi ya golide apo ŵanalume ŵa ku Zulu ŵakafumanga ku Natal kuluta ku Witwatersrand kukagwira nchito mu migodi. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakususkana na fundo iyi chifukwa chakuti, kasi vikenda wuli kuti chiyowoyero cha Pidgin kufuma ku Natal chisangike ku migodi ya golide ku Witwatersrand na migodi ya dayamondi ku Kimberly, kweni vikulongora kuti pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Zulu (awo ŵakalutilira kukwera) kufuma ku Natal kuluta ku chigaŵa cha Transvaal na Cape (ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku Orange Free State) kukagwirako ntchito mu migodi iyo yikukhozgera fundo iyi chifukwa migodi yinandi mu South Africa yili mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sotho na Tswana ndiwo ŵakendeskanga chomene, kweni kulije lizgu nanga ndimoza mu chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo ilo lili kufuma ku viyowoyero viŵiri ivi kweniso ku viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu kufuma ku South Africa na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi.
Adendorff wakalongosora mitundu yiŵiri ya ciyowoyero ici, Mine Fanagalo na Garden Fanagalo. Zina laumaliro ili likung'anamura ŵateŵeti ŵa mu nyumba. Pakwamba ŵakachemekanga Kitchen Kaffir. Fanagalo na Kitchen Kaffir wose ŵakawovwira kuti chiyowoyero chiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi, chifukwa Kitchen Kaffir yikapangika kuti yapambaniskenge ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi. (Mu caru ca South Africa, lizgu lakuti "kaffir" likagwiranga nchito nga ni lizgu lakuyuyura ŵanthu ŵafipa, ndipo sono likuwoneka kuti ndakukhozga soni comene. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachihebere lakuti Kafir, kung'anamura wambura kugomezga.)
Pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikapangiska kuti chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo chileke kuŵa chiyowoyero chikuru. Caciŵiri, ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Fanagalo, ico cikang'anamuranga kuti mu mbumba mukaŵavya ciyowoyero ici ndipo kukaŵavya nthowa zinandi zakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ici. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 mu South Africa, boma likayezgayezga kukhozga chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo kuti chiŵe chiyowoyero chachiŵiri.
Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, makampani gha migodi ghakamba kuleka kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo. Kweniso, pakaŵa kuyezgayezga kukhozga ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi mu vigaŵa ivyo Fanagalo yikagwiranga nchito comene. Ravyse (2018) wakulongosora umo Fanagalo wakukanira kususka fundo za boma, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kumususka. Fanagalo wali kukolerana na mitheto ya makampani gha migodi, ndipo kuti walutilire, vikuthemba pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici, m'malo mwa ndondomeko ya makampani. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito viŵiya vya Fanagalo viŵi yayi, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuviwona kuti ni vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya migodi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Fangalo ŵakaŵa ŵakukolerana chomene, ntheura ŵakakana kuti chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi chiŵepo.[4]
Adendorff wakulongosora kuti Fanagalo wali na vilato viheni ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa. Ndipouli, wakuyowoya kuti nyengo zinyake Fanagalo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakati pa ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa, comenecomene awo ŵali ku caru cinyake, kulongora kuti ŵali ku South Africa ndiposo kuti ŵakulongora kuti mbakukolerana. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cifurikansi, nanga ni awo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Rhodesia ŵakalutanga ku Lourenço Marques ku Mozambique (uko sono ni Maputo).
Pali mabuku ghacoko waka, malangizi na madikishonare agho ghalembeka pa nkhani ya Fanagalo.[5][6] Vikuwoneka kuti ŵantchito Ŵachizungu ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabuku agha kuluska awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu.
Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu viyowoyero vinyake[lemba | kulemba source]
Fanagalo ya ku South Africa na Zimbabwe yikuthemba pa mazgu gha Chizulu (pafupifupi 70%), na Chingelezi (pafupifupi 25%) na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma mu ChiAfrikaans (5%). Lizgu ili likuyana yayi na lizgu la Cizulu, ndipo likuyana waka na lizgu la Cingelezi.
Adendorff wakulongosora kuti Mine Fanagalo na Garden Fanagalo ni viyowoyero vyakuyana waka. Iyo wakuti munda wa Fanagalo ukwenera kuwoneka nga uli ku chigaŵa cha Chingelezi, ndipo Mine Fanagalo wakwenera kuwoneka kufupi na chigaŵa cha Zulu.
Mtundu uwu ku Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) ukuchemeka Chilapalapa ndipo ukukhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Shona, apo ku Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) ukuchemeka Cikabanga (wakuchemeka Chikabanga), ndipo nyengo zinyake wakuchemeka Bemba.
Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupambaniska chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo na viyowoyero vya Nguni (nga ni Chizulu na Chixhosa). Lo wakuŵa waka chilembo chakulongora umo vinthu viliri mu Chizulu. Lapha likung'anamura "pano", kweniso likung'anamura "pali" para lizgu lakwamba lalembeka, ndipo likuyowoyaso kuti malo. (Ici cikung'anamura kuti "pa", "pafupi", na vinyake.) Kweni mu Cizulu, lizgu lakuti lapha likung'anamura "pano". Kweniso, Fanagalo wakugwiliskira nchito vimanyikwiro vya wanangwa pera: mina, thina, wena, ena, kung'anamura "ine, ise, imwe, iyo/iye/iwo". Ŵazulu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro pera pakudidimizgira, ndipo ŵakuthemba vilembo ivyo vikulongora umo mazgu gha chiyowoyero ichi ghakugwilira ntchito.
Nyengo iyo yajumpha ya viyowoyero vya viyowoyero ivi yikuŵa na lizgu lakuti -ile (hamba "Nkhuluta, nkhuluta!", hambile "Nkhuluta"), ndipo kunthazi kuli lizgu lakuti azi (azi hamba "nkhuluta").
Wonani viyelezgero viŵiri (makalata ghose ghakuzunulika):-
Koki Lobin
Cock Robin
Zonke nyoni lapa moyo ena kala, ena kala
All birds of air, they cried, they cried
Ena izwile ena file lo nyoni Koki Lobin
They heard the death the bird Cock Robin
Ena izwile, ena file, ena izwile ena file Cocky Lobin.
Kubani ena bulalile Koki Lobin?
Who they killed Cock Robin
Mina kruma lo Sparrow
Me, said the sparrow
Na lo picannin bow and arrow kamina
With the little bow & arrow of mine
Mina bulalile Koki Lobin.
I killed Cock Robin
TANDAZO'
(The Lord's Prayer)
Baba ga tina, Wena kona pezulu,
Father of ours, You are above<
Tina bonga lo Gama ga wena;
We thank (for) the name of you
Tina vuma lo mteto ga wena Lapa mhlaba, fana na pezulu.
Niga tina namuhla lo zinkwa yena izwasisa;
Give us today etc., etc...
Futi, yekelela masono gatina,
Loskati tina yekelela masono ga lomunye.
Hayi letisa tina lapa lo cala; Kodwa, sindisa tina ku lo bubi,
Ndaba Wena kona lo-mteto, lo mandla, na lo dumela, Zonkeskat. Amen.
Wonaniso[lemba | kulemba source]
Ukaboni[lemba | kulemba source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fanakalo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ↑ Mesthrie, Rajend (2007). "Differentiating Pidgin from Early Interlanguage – A Comparison of Pidgin Nguni (Fanakalo) and Interlanguage Varieties of Xhosa and Zulu". Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (in English). 25: 75–89. doi:10.2989/16073610709486447. S2CID 144973893.
- ↑ Ravyse, Natasha (2018). "Against All Odds: The Survival of Fanagalo in South African Mines". Language Matters (in English). 49: 3–24. doi:10.1080/10228195.2018.1440319. S2CID 150025140.
- ↑ Cole, Desmond T. "Fanagalo and the Bantu languages in South Africa." African Studies 12, no. 1 (1953): 1-9.
- ↑ Bold, J. D. Fanagalo: Phrase-book Grammar Dictionary. JL van Schaik, 1990.
- Adendorff, Ralph (2002). "Fanakalo – a Pidgin in South Africa". Language in South Africa (in English). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2.
- Lunga, Violet Bridget (2004). "Mapping African Postcoloniality: Linguistic and Cultural Spaces of Hybridity". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 3 (3): 291–326. doi:10.1163/1569150042442502. ISSN 1569-1500
- Mesthrie, Rajend (2019-08-27). "Fanakalo as a mining language in South Africa: A new overview". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2019 (258): 13–33. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2019-2027. ISSN 0165-2516.