Chisopa mu Africa
Chisopa mu Africa chili na vigaŵa vinandi ndipo chili na nkharo, maluso, na vinjeru vinandi. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakulondezga visopa vya Chikhristu, Chisilamu, na visopa vinyake vya ku Africa.[1] Mu vyaru vya Cikhristu panji Cisilamu, visambizgo vya cisopa nyengo zinyake vikupambana na visambizgo vya visopa vyacikale.[2][3][4]
Visopa vya ku Africa[lemba | kulemba source]
Mu Africa muli visopa vyakupambanapambana.[5] Nangauli nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuyana waka pa nkhani ya chisopa, kweni kanandi ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana.[6] Visopa vyose vya ku Africa vikukolerana na fundo yakuyana ya kusopa ŵasekuru.[7]
Dr. J Omosade Awolalu wakati, mazgu ghakuti "wakale" pa lemba ili ghakung'anamura vinthu vyakwambilira, ivyo vikufuma ku muwiro na muwiro. Chiharo icho chafuma kumasinda, kweni kuti nchinthu cha kumasinda yayi, kweni icho chikukolerana na ivyo vyacitika kale na ivyo vyacitika sono ndiposo ivyo vyacitika sono na vyamuyirayira.[4]
Kanandi ŵakuyowoya za umo vinthu viliri, kweni ŵakumanya kuti Africa ni caru cikuru ico cili na mitundu yinandi iyo yili na mitheto yakupambanapambana, viyowoyero vyambura mapendeko na viyowoyero vinandi.[4]
Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa[lemba | kulemba source]
Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Africa[lemba | kulemba source]
Visopa vya Abrahamu[lemba | kulemba source]
Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵali mu cisopa ca Cikhristu panji Cisilamu. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakusazga cisambizgo ca cisambizgo cawo na cisambizgo ca cisopa ca Abrahamu.[8][9][10][11][12] Visopa vya Abrahamu vili palipose mu Africa. Visopa ivi vikupambana na visopa vinyake vya ku Africa, kweni kanandi vikukolerana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Buku linyake likuti mu 2002, Ŵakhristu ndiwo ŵakaŵa pa ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu 45 pa caru cose, ndipo Ŵasilamu 40 pa 100. Kweniso mu 2002, ŵanthu 45 pa 100 wose mu Africa ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 40.6 pa 100 wose ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu.[13]
Chikhristu[lemba | kulemba source]
Pasono Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu Africa pamoza na Chisilamu. Mu vyaru vinandi vya pa caru capasi muli visopa vinandi vyautesi, nga ni Nazarete Baptist Church mu South Africa na Aladura Church mu Nigeria. Paliso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Seventh-day Adventist na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Matchalitchi ghakale chomene gha Chikhristu mu Africa ni Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, na Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church na Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (awo ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Themba Ezana Mulara likati lazgora Ethiopia kuŵa chinyake mwa vyaru vyakwambilira vya Chikhristu.[14])
Mu vilimika vyakwambilira vya Chikhristu, mu Africa mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene, kusazgapo St. Augustine wa ku Hippo, St. Maurice, Origen, Tertullian, na ŵapapa ŵatatu ŵa Katolika (Victor I, Miltiades, na Gelasius I), kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika mu Baibolo nga ni Simoni wa ku Kirene na nthunguli ya ku Etiyopiya iyo yikabapatizika na Filipu Mupharazgi. Chikhristu chikaŵako mu Ethiopia pambere Themba Ezana Mukuru wa Ufumu wa Axum wandawuse, kweni chisopa ichi chikaŵa chakukhora chomene apo chikapharazgika kuŵa chisopa cha boma mu 330 C.E., ndipo chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira vya Chikhristu.[15]
Buku lakwamba na lakumanyikwa chomene ilo likuyowoya za umo Chikhristu chikambira ku Africa lili mu buku la Milimo ya Ŵapositole. Nangauli Baibolo likuŵachema kuti Ŵaetiyopiya, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Etiyopiya ni malo agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Eguputo.
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu uyu wakaŵa Muyuda, ndipo wakaŵa muteŵeti mu nyumba ya Fumukazi. Tyrannius Rufinus, uyo wakaŵa wakulemba mdauko wa cisopa, nayo wakalemba nkhani yake, nga umo ŵakucitira ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko wa cisopa nga ni Socrates na Sozemius.[16]
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mu nyengo yasono, Cikristu cizamufuma mu vyaru vya ku Europe kuluta ku Africa na Asia. Lamin Sanneh, wakulemba mdauko wa pa Yunivesite ya Yale, wakati: "Chikhristu cha ku Africa chikaŵa chinthu chachilendo yayi, kweni chikaŵa chigaŵa chinyake cha charu icho ŵanthu ŵakachimanyanga yayi.[17] Buku linyake (World Christian Encyclopedia) likuti mu 2025, mu Africa muzamuŵa Ŵakhristu 633 miliyoni.
Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakalongora kuti mu Africa muli Ŵakhristu 2,161,000 awo Mbasilamu.[19]
Chisilamu[lemba | kulemba source]
Chiyuda[lemba | kulemba source]
Chipulikano cha Baha'i[lemba | kulemba source]
Chisopa cha Chihindu[lemba | kulemba source]
Chibuda na visopa vya ŵanthu[lemba | kulemba source]
Visopa vinyake[lemba | kulemba source]
Kuleka Kusopa[lemba | kulemba source]
Kusinthasintha[lemba | kulemba source]
Kupharazga[lemba | kulemba source]
Wonani[lemba | kulemba source]
Maumboni[lemba | kulemba source]
Kuŵerenga[lemba | kulemba source]
Maulalo gha kuwaro[lemba | kulemba source]
- ↑ cornwell, Gordon. Theological Seminary, African Christianity.
- ↑ Restless Spirits: Syncretic Religion Yolanda Pierce, Ph.D. Associate Professor of African American Religion & Literature
- ↑ "AFRICAN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS - Tewahedo - Palo - Serer - Tijaniyyah - Vodon". Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Dr J.O. Awolalu, Studies in Comparative Religion Vol. 10, No. 2. (Spring, 1976).
- ↑ Awolalu, Dr. J.O. Studies in comparative religion.
- ↑ Cheikh Anta Diop The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality, Chicago, L.Hill, 1974. ISBN 1-55652-072-7
- ↑ Vontress, Clemmont E. (2005), "Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa", Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 124–137, doi:10.4135/9781452231648, ISBN 9780761930471, retrieved 2019-11-01
- ↑ Mbiti, John S (1992). Introduction to African religion. East African Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 9780435940027.
often mix.
When Africans are converted to other religions, they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted. In this way they are not losing something valuable, but are gaining something from both religious customs - ↑ Riggs, Thomas (2006). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations. p. 1. ISBN 9780787666125.Although a large proportion of Africans have converted to Islam an Christianity, these two world religions have been assimilated into African culture, and many African Christians and Muslims maintain traditional spiritual beliefs
- ↑ Gottlieb, Roger S (2006-11-09). The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology. ISBN 9780195178722.Even in the adopted religions of Islam and Christianity, which on the surface appear to have converted millions of Africans from their traditional religions, many aspect of traditional religions are still manifest
- ↑ "US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix". AFP.t doesn't seem to be an either-or for many people. They can describe themselves primarily as Muslim or Christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of African traditional religion," Luis Lugo, executive director of the Pew Forum, told AFP.
- ↑ Quainoo, Samuel Ebow (2000-01-01). In Transitions and consolidation of democracy in Africa. ISBN 9781586840402.Even though the two religions are monotheistic, most African Christians and Muslims convert to them and still retain some aspects of their traditional religions
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) ISBN 9780852299562 p.306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions, Foreign Policy, May 2007.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20111110140601/http://www.kebranegast.com/ Kebra Negast
- ↑ Wilmore, Gayraud S. (July 2004). Pragmatic Spirituality. ISBN 9780814793961. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ↑ Hansberry, William Leo. Pillars in Ethiopian History; the William Leo Hansberry African History Notebook. Washington: Howard University Press, 1934.
- ↑ Historian Ahead of His Time, Christianity Today Magazine, February 2007
- ↑ World Council of Churches Report, August 2004
- ↑ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11: 14. Retrieved 20 November 2015.